33:
124:
enhancing agricultural productivity. In the
Anthropocene epoch, marked by human impact on the environment, there has been a substantial increase in the global cover of annuals. This shift is primarily attributed to the conversion of natural systems, often dominated by perennials, into annual cropland. Currently, annual plants cover approximately 70% of croplands and contribute to around 80% of worldwide food consumption.
103:, particularly in the aftermath of disturbances. For instance, after fields are abandoned, annuals may initially colonize them but are eventually replaced by long-lived species. However, in certain Mediterranean systems, a unique scenario unfolds: when annuals establish dominance, perennials do not necessarily supplant them. This peculiarity is attributed to
120:. These differences in life history strategies profoundly affect ecosystem functioning and services. For instance, annuals, by allocating less resources belowground, play a minor role in reducing erosion, storing organic carbon, and achieving lower nutrient- and water-use efficiencies than perennials.
87:
posits that annual plants are favored when adult mortality is higher than seedling (or seed) mortality, i.e., annuals will dominate environments with disturbances or high temporal variability, reducing adult survival. This hypothesis finds support in observations of increased prevalence of annuals in
123:
The distinctions between annual and perennial plants are notably evident in agricultural contexts. Despite constituting a minor part of global biomass, annual species stand out as the primary food source for humankind, likely owing to their greater allocation of resources to seed production, thereby
115:
Annual plants commonly exhibit a higher growth rate, allocate more resources to seeds, and allocate fewer resources to roots than perennials. In contrast to perennials, which feature long-lived plants and short-lived seeds, annual plants compensate for their lower longevity by maintaining a higher
926:
Foley, Jonathan A.; DeFries, Ruth; Asner, Gregory P.; Barford, Carol; Bonan, Gordon; Carpenter, Stephen R.; Chapin, F. Stuart; Coe, Michael T.; Daily, Gretchen C.; Gibbs, Holly K.; Helkowski, Joseph H.; Holloway, Tracey; Howard, Erica A.; Kucharik, Christopher J.; Monfreda, Chad (22 July 2005).
95:
Globally, the prevalence of annual plants shows an upward trend with an increasing human footprint. Moreover, domestic grazing has been identified as contributing to the heightened abundance of annuals in grasslands. Disturbances linked to activities like grazing and agriculture, particularly
79:
ancestors. However, recent research challenges this notion, revealing instances where perennials have evolved from annual ancestors. Intriguingly, models propose that transition rates from an annual to a perennial life cycle are twice as fast as the reverse transition.
540:
Díaz, Sandra; Lavorel, Sandra; McIntyre, Sue; Falczuk, Valeria; Casanoves, Fernando; Milchunas, Daniel G.; Skarpe, Christina; Rusch, Graciela; Sternberg, Marcelo; Noy-Meir, Imanuel; Landsberg, Jill; Zhang, Wei; Clark, Harry; Campbell, Bruce D. (February 2007).
63:, and then dies. Globally, 6% of all plant species and 15% of herbaceous plants (excluding trees and shrubs) are annuals. The annual life cycle has independently emerged in over 120 different plant families throughout the entire
88:
regions with hot-dry summers, with elevated adult mortality and high seed persistence. Furthermore, the evolution of the annual life cycle under hot-dry summer in different families makes it one of the best examples of
990:
Pimentel, David; Cerasale, David; Stanley, Rose C.; Perlman, Rachel; Newman, Elise M.; Brent, Lincoln C.; Mullan, Amanda; Chang, Debbie Tai-I (15 October 2012).
107:
in the system—both annual dominance and perennial states prove stable, with the ultimate system state dependent on the initial conditions.
777:"Trade-offs between seed output and life span – a quantitative comparison of traits between annual and perennial congeneric species"
132:
In 2008, it was discovered that the inactivation of only two genes in one species of annual plant leads to its conversion into a
96:
following
European settlement, have facilitated the invasion of annual species from Europe and Asia into the New World.
824:"Contrasting dynamics of seed banks and standing vegetation of annuals and perennials along a rainfall gradient"
608:"Contingent factors explain average divergence in functional composition over 88 years of old field succession"
104:
655:"Priority Effects and Nonhierarchical Competition Shape Species Composition in a Complex Grassland Community"
32:
1087:
712:"Alternative States in Plant Communities Driven by a Life-History Trade-Off and Demographic Stochasticity"
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283:"The Evolution of Annual and Perennial Plant Life Histories: Ecological Correlates and Genetic Mechanisms"
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174: – Plants that flower and set seeds only once - Plant that flowers & sets seeds once, then dies.
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Hjertaas, Ane C.; Preston, Jill C.; Kainulainen, Kent; Humphreys, Aelys M.; Fjellheim, Siri (2023).
397:"The evolutionary responses of life-history strategies to climatic variability in flowering plants"
84:
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In various ecosystems, the dominance of annual plants is often a temporary phase during secondary
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493:"The contribution of plant life and growth forms to global gradients of vascular plant diversity"
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Vico, Giulia; Manzoni, Stefano; Nkurunziza, Libère; Murphy, Kevin; Weih, Martin (January 2016).
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Clark, Adam Thomas; Knops, Johannes M. H.; Tilman, Dave (March 2019). Bardgett, Richard (ed.).
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Taylor, Amanda; Weigelt, Patrick; Denelle, Pierre; Cai, Lirong; Kreft, Holger (November 2023).
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Uricchio, Lawrence H.; Daws, S. Caroline; Spear, Erin R.; Mordecai, Erin A. (February 2019).
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92:. Additionally, annual prevalence is also positively affected by year-to-year variability.
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Boyko, James D.; Hagen, Eric R.; Beaulieu, Jeremy M.; Vasconcelos, Thais (November 2023).
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Traditionally, there has been a prevailing assumption that annuals have evolved from
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333:"Convergent evolution of the annual life history syndrome from perennial ancestors"
136:. Researchers deactivated the SOC1 and FUL genes (which control flowering time) of
162: – Flowering plant that takes two years to complete its biological life cycle
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Melzer, S; Lens, F; Gennen, J; Vanneste, S; Rohde, A; Beeckman, T (2008).
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446:"Life-History Consequences of Natural Selection: Cole's Result Revisited"
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Glover, Jerry D.; Reganold, John P.; Cox, Cindy M. (September 2012).
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Poppenwimer, Tyler; Mayrose, Itay; DeMalach, Niv (8 November 2023).
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208:"Revising the global biogeography of annual and perennial plants"
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DeMalach, Niv; Kigel, Jaime; Sternberg, Marcelo (1 March 2023).
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The evolutionary and ecological drivers of the annual life cycle
56:
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DeMalach, Niv; Shnerb, Nadav; Fukami, Tadashi (1 August 2021).
36:
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Perspectives in Plant
Ecology, Evolution and Systematics
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Charnov, Eric L.; Schaffer, William M. (November 1973).
543:"Plant trait responses to grazing – a global synthesis"
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Traits of annuals and their implication for agriculture
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Annual Review of
Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics
168: – Plant that lives for more than two years
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881:"Plant perennials to save Africa's soils"
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992:"Annual vs. perennial grain production"
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299:10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110218-024638
281:Friedman, Jannice (2 November 2020).
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146:common in perennial plants, such as
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929:"Global Consequences of Land Use"
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47:is a plant that completes its
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850:10.1016/j.ppees.2023.125718
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1008:10.1016/j.agee.2012.05.025
337:Frontiers in Plant Science
234:10.1038/s41586-023-06644-x
142:. This switch established
350:10.3389/fpls.2022.1048656
105:alternative stable states
953:10.1126/science.1111772
716:The American Naturalist
659:The American Naturalist
632:10.1111/1365-2745.13070
450:The American Naturalist
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547:Global Change Biology
55:to the production of
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139:Arabidopsis thaliana
90:convergent evolution
39:are an annual plant.
945:2005Sci...309..570F
624:2019JEcol.107..545C
559:2007GCBio..13..313D
85:life-history theory
612:Journal of Ecology
128:Molecular genetics
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891:(7416): 359–361.
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49:life cycle
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1002:: 1–9.
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