421:
221:, despite protests from the passengers of the ship. Since its discovery by Europeans in the early 16th century, the island had been a valuable stopover for European ships rounding Africa. However, it became increasingly dangerous, as ships would attack each other there. On 14 March 1602, they arrived at Saint Helena, but were quickly approached by two Dutch vessels. Suspicious of the vessels, the crew of the
160:
58:. There, a conflict broke out between their ship and two Dutch vessels. Corea narrowly survived an extortion attempt by the Dutch, and managed to join Carletti. They were held as hostages, and arrived in the Netherlands around 7 July 1602. They then traveled through Paris and northern Italy, and eventually arrived in Florence on 12 July 1606. Later, Carletti wrote that Corea had settled in Rome.
467:. The subject's identity and even ethnicity are not known with certainty, Wortley proposed that the subject's clothing was distinctly Korean and not Chinese. If the portrait is of a Korean, it is possibly the first known depiction of a Korean by a Western artist. The portrait drew significant attention; in 1983 it was sold at a Christie's auction for
252:, and both of them on copper... Wearing them, he plunged into the sea and was quickly picked up by those sailors, who thought that he had something of great value to them. And when they saw what these things were, they gave them back to him, and as he already was in their boat, let him remain there, and thus took him to their ship...
91:; if true, the sketch would be the first known depiction of a Korean by a Westerner. But in 2016, historians Weststeijn and Gesterkamp identified a very similar drawing that they believe Ruben based his sketch on, and the theorized original has a written note that identifies the subject as a Chinese man named
66:
on the basis of numerous people there with that surname. This link has become the subject of cultural exchange programs between Italy and South Korea. Recent genetic tests and surname analyses suggest this is unlikely but still possible. Since 1934, it has been theorized that Corea is the subject of
303:
Since the early 20th century, a number of theories about Corea have been repeated by media and academic sources that are now considered unsupported by the known sparse evidence on Corea. The proliferation and persistence of these theories has been considered to have been exacerbated by the exciting
236:
initiated the battle. The Dutch helped repair the damaged ship, but the process took days, and the ship was continually at risk of sinking. Carletti was allowed to board the Dutch ships because he had many valuables with him, but others were initially told to stay behind. According to
Carletti, the
245:
ne of my servants, of the Korean nation, played a trick on them despite the fact that he did not know how to swim and was aware that they were not accepting servants or slaves like himself. Around his neck he hung two of my little pictures, one on which was painted a crucified Christ, whereas the
241:. The Dutch asked the occupants to swim over to one of their boats for safety. A number of people drowned this way, and swimmers who made it over were cut with swords and killed. However, swimmers who offered the Dutch valuables were allowed aboard. Carletti mentions Corea again in this context:
484:
However, a 2016 paper by
Weststeijn and Gesterkamp drew international attention for proposing an alternate theory about the subject. The scholars found a very similar drawing from a book that is believed to predate Rubens' drawing. They proposed that Rubens had based his sketch on that original
474:
Kwak Cha-seop wrote in his 2004 book about this theory, and leaned supportive of it on the basis of his own analysis of the subject's clothing. He also argued it was possible (but still uncertain) that Corea had met with Rubens in Rome around July 1606 to
October 1608. In 2015, South Korean art
61:
In the 20th century, Corea's story drew significant attention in South Korea. Concurrently, a number of theories proliferated about Corea that are not known to be supported by evidence. Since 1932, it has been theorized that Corea has living descendents in the
Italian village of
481:) challenged these claims. He argued that the clothes looked more Chinese (based on a forensic reconstruction of the cut-off top and bottom portions of the portrait), and also noted that the 1606–1608 dates conflicted with the general consensus that the portrait was from 1617.
356:), in which it was briefly mentioned that genetic studies on people in Albi did not significantly suggest Korean descendency. However, it also noted that hundreds of years had passed since Corea's lifetime, and that it may be difficult to detect Korean descendency now.
369:), in which he argued it is very unlikely that Europeans of the surname Corea were descendents of António Corea. He argued this on the basis of the genetic tests and the possibility that the surname "Corea" was descended from or related to the surname "Curia".
497:
After Kim Seong-u's 1979 article, Corea's story captured the imagination of the South Korean public. Interest in Corea reached a climax by 1992: the 400th anniversary of the beginning of the
Japanese invasions. That year, a musical entitled
489:, and the scholars were able to deduce information about Yppong meeting Dutch sailors in Asia then visiting the Netherlands for several months. Corea arrived in the Netherlands a little over a year after Yppong's departure back to Asia.
332:) wrote in 2004 about being unsure of these claims. The surname "Corea" also exists in Spain, which has led some to speculate that these people may descend from Corea as well, perhaps from when Albi was under Spanish rule.
1245:
409:, in which Lee claims Corea was a child at the time of his enslavement. This claim was then repeated for decades afterwards by both historians and reporters. However, there was reportedly no evidence provided for it.
155:. Having had them baptized, I took them with me to Goa in India, and there set them free. I brought one of them with me to Florence, and I think that today he is to be found in Rome, where he is known as António.
326:) published a popular article in 1979 that explored this theory, and further theorized that Corea had married an Italian woman named Anunchi Ita. However, another South Korean scholar Kwak Cha-seop (
583:, 'monk'), but reportedly provided no evidence for this claim, and scholars do not believe evidence for this exists. Despite this, the South Korean media repeated this claim even until 1984.
151:
Out of they brought an infinite number of men and women, boys and girls, of every age, and they all were sold as slaves at the very lowest prices. I bought five of them for little more than twelve
793:, pp. 200–201, 226. On page 226, Carletti mentions that he departed Goa on 25 December 1601 after having spent twenty-one months there. Twenty-one months before that date is around March 1600.
339:
invited some of Corea's supposed descendents (including one man also named António Corea, who was head of a Korean cultural society in Italy), as well as the mayor of Albi, to visit Korea.
256:
Carletti and the others who made it to the Dutch ship became hostages. They were reportedly kept in poor and cramped conditions, which caused several deaths. They arrived on the island of
121:, tens of thousands of Korean slaves were taken from Korea to Japan, with the first shipment being taken in October 1592. From there, they were exported primarily to other parts of Asia.
335:
In 1989, the mayor of Albi installed a monument in a Corea Square, which was dedicated to the supposed meeting of Corea and
Anunchi Ita. In early November 1992, the South Korean
143:, Japan as a slave. In June 1597, Carletti arrived in Nagasaki, where he eventually purchased Corea and four other Koreans. Carletti briefly wrote of this in his travelogue
163:
A map of
Carletti's travels. Corea traveled with Carletti beginning with their departure from Nagasaki in March 1598 to at earliest their arrival in Zeeland, July 1602.
316:
in
Calabria as early as 1620, on the basis that a village called Albi had more than 500 people with that surname. Rome-based South Korean reporter Kim Seong-u (
118:
43:
50:, Japan. There, he was purchased by Carletti around 1597. They left Japan in March 1598 and visited China, Malaysia, and India. After rounding the
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for me and the three servants I was taking with me: one of the
Japanese nation, a Korean, and the other a Mozambique Negro [
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Another theory has it that Corea became part of the
Catholic clergy in Italy, but there is again no known evidence for this.
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It is not explicitly mentioned whether Corea was with him for this journey, although Corea was attested to being in Rome.
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524:). The book was a bestseller, and sold more than two million copies by 1994. Around this time, another novel entitled
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264:, then departed again on 2 May. The Dutch left many Portuguese people behind on the relatively barren island.
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merchant and traveler, who was in the process of a westward circumnavigation of the Earth around this period.
1152:
The Portuguese Slave Trade in Early Modern Japan: Merchants, Jesuits and Japanese, Chinese, and Korean Slaves
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Carletti and Corea traveled together until they reached Europe. They left Japan in March 1598, and landed in
198:
eighteen or twenty times, and promised to give him cover my expenses for the whole voyage up to arrival at
448:
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António Corea (his European name) was a Korean who was captured during the Japanese invasions and taken to
80:
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nature of Corea's story, as well as insufficient factchecking by both the media and by several academics.
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Little is known about Corea's life; he is attested to only briefly in a travelogue by his Italian master
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In 1932, Japanese historian Yamaguchi Masayuki (山口正之) claimed that Corea's descendents had settled near
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was a Korean slave who was taken to Italy. He is possibly the first Korean to have set foot in Europe.
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initiated a battle. After several days of fighting and the imminent sinking of their ship, the
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In 1934, British art historian Claire Stuart Wortley theorized that Corea is the subject of a
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508:), which was reportedly inspired by Corea's story, was produced. In 1993, author O Se-yeong (
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drawing. Accompanying text described the subject of the drawing as a Chinese merchant named
232:
The Dutch apologized and claimed that they did not intend to fight, but responded after the
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Yamaguchi also claimed that Carletti was in the clergy; he referred to Carletti as a
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Netherlands Yearbook for History of Art / Nederlands Kunsthistorisch Jaarboek Online
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1172:"A new identity for Rubens's 'Korean man': Portrait of the Chinese merchant Yppong"
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606:"Migration and the Korean Diaspora: A Comparative Description of Five Cases"
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I made an agreement with the pilot of that ship, who had sailed around the
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by around March 1600. They departed on 25 December 1601 aboard the
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324,000, which was the highest ever sum paid for such a sketch.
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275:, Netherlands on either 6 July or 7 July 1602. Carletti went to
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171:. In December 1599, they departed from there and arrived in
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before the late 19th century. However, during the 1592–1598
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Slavery in Korea § Japanese and Portuguese slave trade
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Koreans enslaved during the Japanese invasions (1592–1598)
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Weststeijn, Thijs; Gesterkamp, Lennert (22 October 2016).
514:) published a novel inspired by Corea's story entitled
534:) was also published. In 2015, South Korean President
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689:
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Kim Seong-u claimed that Corea was from the city of
295:, then finally arrived in Florence on 12 July 1606.
1010:"[단독] "루벤스 '한복 입은 남자' 주인공은 조선인 아닌 중국상인 이퐁""
359:Kwak Cha-seop published a book in 2004 entitled
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16:First Korean to visit Europe (fl. 16th/17th c.)
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1211:KBS 역사추리 – 임진왜란은 노예전쟁이었다 1부 / KBS 19960906 방송
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1149:De Sousa, Lúcio (21 January 2019).
175:twenty days later. They stopped by
29: late 16th and 17th centuries
1077:Lee, Jin-Yeong (30 January 2004).
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346:published a documentary entitled
1122:Weststeijn & Gesterkamp 2016
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968:"루벤스 作 〈한복 입은 남자〉로 본 神話의 탄생과 소멸"
690:Weststeijn & Gesterkamp 2016
373:Biographical details about Corea
113:Relatively few Koreans left the
42:. Corea was enslaved during the
299:Additional theories about Corea
1044:Park, Soo-mee (3 March 2004).
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109:Korean diaspora § History
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1138:Carletti, Francesco (1964) .
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398:has an article by historian
604:Yoon, In-Jin (March 2012).
119:Japanese invasions of Korea
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1236:17th-century Korean people
1141:My voyage around the world
1008:손, 영옥 (27 December 2018).
966:김, 성동 (25 November 2015).
714:손, 호철 (19 November 2019).
145:My Voyage Around the World
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1188:10.1163/22145966-90000784
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716:"포르투갈에 끌려온 조선인 노예를 생각하다"
475:historian Noh Seong-du (
446:sketch informally named
366:조선청년 안토니오 코레아, 루벤스를 만나다
832:sainthelenaisland.info
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463:) by Flemish artist
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337:Ministry of Culture
258:Fernando de Noronha
1251:Korean expatriates
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190:. Carletti wrote:
179:, then arrived in
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125:Francesco Carletti
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728:26 February
724:(in Korean)
452: [
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403: [
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320::
262:Saint James
239:Saint James
234:Saint James
227:Saint James
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188:Saint James
84: [
72: 1617
1230:Categories
1090:9 February
1057:9 February
1022:9 February
591:References
461:Korean Man
269:Middelburg
213:Kidnapping
129:Florentine
103:See also:
99:Background
74:sketch by
1196:2214-5966
1155:. Brill.
638:143696849
630:1369-183X
521:베니스의 개성상인
314:Catanzaro
249:ecce homo
135:Biography
67:a famous
980:14 April
837:25 April
721:Pressian
531:안토니오 꼬레아
353:안토니오 꼬레아
141:Nagasaki
48:Nagasaki
1216:YouTube
1132:Sources
293:Bologna
273:Zeeland
185:galleon
173:Malacca
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505:불멸의 피리
493:Legacy
487:Yppong
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318:Korean
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200:Lisbon
177:Cochin
153:scudos
127:was a
107:, and
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634:S2CID
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550:Notes
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289:Milan
285:Turin
277:Paris
169:Macau
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1157:ISBN
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626:ISSN
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1184:doi
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511:오세영
478:노성두
344:MBC
329:곽차섭
323:김성우
205:sic
181:Goa
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