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as physician’s individual practices were insufficient in accommodating for large numbers of people with large varieties of issues. To deal with this
Fourcroy proposed a program in 1791 to establish more effective clinical laboratories. Along with proposing these hospitals, and the idea that they should be staffed by young physicians well versed in modern sciences, Fourcroy wanted to include material obtained in post-mortem examinations in analysis of humans and how they are affected by disease. This idea was important in linking clinical observations to post-mortem findings, allowing development of new medicine. Although many reform proposals of the time were ignored, Fourcroy had a degree of success because of his political positions. Ultimately, Fourcroy was able to set up a teaching laboratory at the Ecole de Sante in Paris, beginning the development of modern clinical laboratories.
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448:, concluding that the two studies no longer shared objectives nor methods. While natural historians of his era merely described and preserved that which they studied, as Fourcroy believed, it was chemists who now sought to uncover the most fundamental structures of the natural world by experimental analysis. In his publications, Fourcroy referred to many other contemporary chemists as well as those from other nations, proposing that the extensive chemical reform being done was a collaborative effort.
374:, which integrated medicine and surgery and established health schools that taught both of these fields to all students. Prior to this law, medical education was heterogeneous throughout France, with several different colleges and universities operating under varying standards. The law pushed by Fourcroy unified the French medical education system under centralized authority, and led to the issuing of national licensing years later.
444:," even Bucquet described new developments in pneumatic chemistry in 1778 as a "great revolution in chemistry." However, it was Fourcroy that began to better describe the term by lengthening the time scale and broadening the map of nations that were contributing to the Chemical revolution in his written works. It was Fourcroy who had initially noted the division that chemistry had undergone from
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While observing the 18th century clinics of
Fourcroy’s time, he observed several problems. Fourcroy noticed that physicians got accustomed to seeing the diseases of an individual patient but failed in considering a large number of cases comparatively. There was also practical problems with this idea,
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tradition that had proceeded him, such as extraction and qualitative analysis, Fourcroy concluded that the brain was composed of fatty acids in combination with bases along with recording some physical properties of the substance. His third memoir was a continuation of the separations and extractions
320:
Fourcroy's views and studies grew from
Bucquet. Fourcroy was a critic of earlier use of chemistry in medicine and saw great importance in studying the chemical materials of plants and animals, particularly for medical use. The majority of this work was done alongside Vauquelin, who became Fourcroy's
337:
memoirs, he was as much a teacher and an organizer as an original investigator. Beginning in 1791, Fourcroy would go on to publish three memoirs compounding his series of biological experiments, most of which had to do with the chemistry of the human brain. In his first, he described the conditions
347:
he performed on brain matter and addition to his growing compendium of the brain's chemical constituents. One of the most fruitful results of this work was the rediscovery of phosphorus in the brain, reintroducing the 1719 discovery by Johann Thomas
Hensing.
595:
Smeaton, W. "Fourcroy, 1755 -1809", Heffer & Sons, Cambridge, 1962, p. 58 – Discusses reasonable evidence that
Fourcroy not only saved several physicians/scientists but also that he tried to save Lavoisier at the cost of his own
231:
studies, and after many difficulties caused by lack of means he finally obtained his doctor's diploma in 1780. He taught chemistry from (1783–1787) at the
Veterinary School of Alfort. Fourcroy's attention was turned specifically to
411:
government as well. As an important counselor to
Bonaparte, Fourcroy was appointed Minister of Public Instruction in 1802, responsible for education in France at all levels, which he held until his death in December 1809.
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538:: although active, though secret, participation cannot be proved against Fourcroy, "he can scarcely be acquitted of time-serving indifference." See the works in the Bibliography below for other opinions.
325:
which detailed his investigations of chemistry and body materials. Fourcroy was convinced that "the successes of chemistry would one day change the face of medicine and result in beneficial revolution."
43:
407:
in the process, which he held for about ten months. He would subsequently hold other high ranking positions and directorships in educational institutes and museums during the revolutionary regime and
592:
Kersaint, G. Mémoires du Muséum
National d'Histoire Naturelle, Antoine François de Fourcroy, sa vie et son oeuvre, Editions du Muséum, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1966, p. 59
486:, was honored by a Citation for Chemical Breakthrough Award from the Division of History of Chemistry of the American Chemical Society, presented at the Académie des Sciences (Paris) in 2015.
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released a three episode documentary series about the search for the basic chemical elements, highlighting seven historical scientists in particular. In episode one of
395:, beginning his participation in 1793, where he strived to make positive impacts to French education. By the end of that year, after holding several positions in the
338:
of the brains of the cadavers that he studied. In his second, he would recount his continuing chemical experimentation on the fatty matter in the brain, now known as
1071:
260:
Last work published by
Foucroy before his death, the "Système des connaissances chimiques et de leurs applications aux phénomènes de la nature et de l'art", 1801.
256:
1151:
647:
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Louis
Bernard Guyton de Morveau, Jean-Henri Hassenfratz, Antoine-François Fourcroy, Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier, Pierre-Auguste Adet, Claude Louis Bertholet
532:
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Bensaude-Vincent, Bernadette (1990). "A view of the chemical revolution through contemporary textbooks: Lavoisier, Fourcroy and Chaptal".
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Fourcroy also had a prominent role in developing law that would affect medical education in France. Fourcroy collaborated with physician
502:
769:
Sourkes, Theodore (1992). "The origins of neurochemistry: The chemical study of the brain in France at the end of the 18th century".
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On 16 December 1809, the very day on which he died in Paris, Fourcroy was created a count of the French empire. He is buried in the
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La Médecine éclairée par les sciences physiques, ou Journal des découvertes relatives aux differentes parties de l'art de guérir,
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Guyton de Morveau, Louis Bernard; Lavoisier, Antoine Laurent; Berthollet, Claude-Louis; Fourcroy, Antoine-François de (1787).
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Buttner, J. (1992). "The programme devised in 1791 by Fourcroy for the establishment of clinical laboratories".
240:(1746–1780), the professor of chemistry at the Medical School of Paris. In 1784 Fourcroy was chosen to succeed
523:
By his conduct as a member of the Convention, Fourcroy has been accused of contributing to Lavoisier's death.
489:
391:
Outside the scope of his varied scientific work, Fourcroy was involved in the events taking place during the
556:, "Out of Thin Air," Fourcroy's character is played by Yan Tual as he assists Lavoisier in his discovery of
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Les collections artistiques de la Faculté de médecine de Paris : inventaire raisonné / par Noé Legrand
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821:"The Officiers de Santé of the French Revolution: A Case Study in the Changing Language of Medicine"
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assistant in 1784. During this period of work with Vauquelin, Fourcroy founded his own journal:
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enumerates fifty-nine memoirs by Fourcroy alone, and fifty-eight written with others, mostly
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One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
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Entomologia Parisiensis, sive, Catalogus insectorum quae in agro Parisiensi reperiuntur ...
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Tractrix: Yearbook for the History of Science, Medicine, Technology, and Mathematics
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509:, and it is known that Baudin had a copy of one of Fourcroy's texts with him on the
371:
342:, as well as the inorganic components present. By using newer methods than the
1021:. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign School of Chemical Sciences. 2015
992:. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign School of Chemical Sciences. 2015
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974:. Paris, France: Chez Cuchet (Sous le Privilége de l’Académie des Sciences).
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273:, which he helped to make widely known by his own voluminous writings. The
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872:. United States of America: Cambridge University Press. pp. 26, 28.
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651:. Vol. 10 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 751.
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Although Fourcroy's name appears on a large number of chemical and also
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308:’.This name ‘ptene’ or ‘ptène’ was reported as an early synonym for
912:. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 405–410.
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505:, Australia, is named after Fourcroy. The cape was named during
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American Chemical Society, Division of the History of Chemistry
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American Chemical Society, Division of the History of Chemistry
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Title page of a 1787 copy of "Méthode de Nomenclature Chimique"
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in the household of the Duke of Orléans. On the advice of the
180:; 15 June 1755 – 16 December 1809) was a French
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Science and the Practice of Medicine in the Nineteenth Century
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Honorary members of the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences
304:, he identified a metal in a platinum residue they called ‘
244:(1718–1784) as lecturer in chemistry at the college of the
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Antoine-François de Fourcroy's 1787 publication entitled
269:
Fourcroy was one of the earliest converts to the views of
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897:. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins Press. p. 33.
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Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences
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of Fourcroy, repelled such charges. According to the
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In 1801, Fourcroy was elected a foreign member of the
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Digital version of Entomologia Parisiensis at Gallica
691:"Osmium vs. 'Ptène': The Naming of the Densest Metal"
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910:Essays and Papers in the History of Modern Science
689:Haubrichs, Rolf; Zaffalon, Pierre-Leonard (2017).
440:Fourcroy was not the first to publish the phrase "
370:to create a report that would be the basis of the
1172:Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
248:, where his lectures attained great popularity.
378:Work in Laboratory and Medical Clinic Procedure
935:The British Journal for the History of Science
553:The Mystery of Matter: Search for the Elements
8:
1041:"The Discovery and Exploration of Australia"
808:. Paris, France: Masson (Paris). p. 76.
48:Fourcroy with the first volume of his book
1072:"OPB to Premiere New PBS Chemistry Series"
1012:"Citation for Chemical Breakthrough Award"
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1167:Members of the French Academy of Sciences
895:Medicine at the Paris Hospital, 1794–1848
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399:, he was elected as the president of the
293:, was a major contribution to systematic
188:. Fourcroy collaborated with Lavoisier,
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430:Museum of the History of Medicine, Paris
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115:Co-founded Modern Chemical Nomenclature
587:A General System of Chemical Knowledge
354:A marble bust of Fourcroy designed by
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503:Bathurst Island, Northern Territory
50:Systeme des connaissances chimiques
1070:Wallace, Kelly (13 October 2014).
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1152:Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery
695:Johnson Matthey Technology Review
458:Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
316:Biological and Neurochemical Work
200:, a work that helped standardize
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971:Méthode de Nomenclature Chimique
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572:Méthode de nomenclature chimique
507:Baudin's expedition to Australia
472:Méthode de Nomenclature Chimique
198:Méthode de nomenclature chimique
484:Louis Bernard Guyton de Morveau
285:. Fourcroy's 1785 publication,
664:"ANTOINE FRANÇOIS DE FOURCROY"
279:Catalogue of Scientific Papers
177:[ɑ̃twanfʁɑ̃swafuʁkʁwa]
1:
1182:19th-century French chemists
1157:18th-century French chemists
819:Crosland, M (1 April 2004).
474:, published with colleagues
147:Jean Baptiste Michel Bucquet
36:Antoine-François de Fourcroy
662:Universalis, Encyclopædia.
580:The Philosophy of Chemistry
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643:Fourcroy, Antoine François
405:Committee of Public Safety
1122:Scanned works by Fourcroy
1110:Antoine-François Fourcroy
947:10.1017/S0007087400028089
837:10.1017/s0025727300007407
436:"The Chemical Revolution"
169:Antoine François Fourcroy
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18:Antoine François Fourcroy
893:Ackerknecht, EH (1967).
708:10.1595/205651317x695631
668:Encyclopædia Universalis
501:, at the western tip of
908:Guerlac, Henry (1977).
648:Encyclopædia Britannica
589:(11 volumes, 1801–1802)
534:Encyclopædia Britannica
480:Claude Louis Berthollet
403:, taking a seat on the
302:Louis Nicolas Vauquelin
283:Louis Nicolas Vauquelin
227:(1748–1794) he took up
157:Louis Nicolas Vauquelin
783:10.1093/jhmas/47.3.322
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465:Père-Lachaise Cemetery
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291:Étienne Louis Geoffroy
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184:and a contemporary of
101:Père Lachaise Cemetery
1147:Scientists from Paris
1112:at Wikimedia Commons
804:Legrand, Noé (1911).
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356:Antoine-Denis Chaudet
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212:Fourcroy was born in
202:chemical nomenclature
173:French pronunciation:
1162:French entomologists
1051:on 23 September 2009
1045:australiaoncd.com.au
868:Bynum, W.F. (1994).
497:It is believed that
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442:Chemical revolution
397:National Convention
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368:Francois Chaussier
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289:, co-written with
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1108:Media related to
542:Modern References
476:Antoine Lavoisier
452:Awards and honors
393:French Revolution
360:Pierre Cartellier
358:and completed by
225:Félix Vicq-d'Azyr
194:Claude Berthollet
190:Guyton de Morveau
186:Antoine Lavoisier
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121:Scientific career
16:(Redirected from
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670:(in French)
519:Controversy
372:Law of 1794
300:Later with
1131:Categories
1055:25 October
919:0801819148
601:References
467:in Paris.
409:Napoleon's
344:alchemical
295:entomology
218:apothecary
208:Early life
68:1755-06-15
955:143663200
546:In 2014,
527:, in his
512:Géographe
426:Lemmonier
271:Lavoisier
234:chemistry
222:anatomist
131:Chemistry
1086:17 April
855:15151105
751:11623096
362:in 1811.
791:1401893
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182:chemist
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56:c. 1800
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558:oxygen
482:, and
416:Legacy
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310:osmium
192:, and
127:Fields
1015:(PDF)
951:S2CID
306:ptène
252:Works
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