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452:. This gave him influence outside those circles normally associated with an architect of his age. From 1928 to 1930, Raymond designed and remodelled the American, Soviet and French embassies. He also undertook work for the Rising Sun Petroleum Company, designing 17 earthquake-proof and fireproof employee houses, the general office building, the manager's residence and two prototype service stations, one in steel and the other in concrete. All were constructed in an
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585:. He and his wife's goal was to "create a physical and intellectual environment that mirrored and supported their approach to modern design, one that synthesized International Style developments with lessons learned from Japan's craft tradition". They hoped that the lifestyle and design ethos that they would create, would be simpler and more in tune with nature, similar in set up to Frank Lloyd Wright's
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768:. Its choice was treated with great resentment by the Japanese who felt that favouritism was shown by the Occupation authorities in allowing an American company to utilise a prominent site that would have served better as a park. Taking influence from Le Corbusier, Raymond responded to this criticism by masterplanning the site by using a
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in 1956, one has the feeling that
Raymond's achievements were always somehow grudgingly received by his compatriots. And even now, over 50 years later... there remains a silent consensus in the field that is reluctant to acknowledge the unrivalled excellence and breathtaking scope of Raymond's architectural career.
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Prefecture for a Music Centre to house the Gunma
Symphony Orchestra. Out of respect for the historic site and the budget constraints, he designed a building built on three premises: it would have an economical structural system, there would be equality of sight lines and acoustics for each seat, and
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After the war, Raymond's practice with Tuttle, Seelye and Place was dissolved. He formed a new company with Slovak architect, Ladislav Leland Rado (1909–1993), and named it
Raymond & Rado. Although this company lasted until Raymond's death in 1976, they practised apart, with Rado in the New York
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Raymond's techniques endeared him to the
Japanese architectural psyche, and in 1958, the editor of the architectural magazine Shinkenchiku, Yoshioka Yasugoro remarked, "it is doubtful that concrete is handled with such pains anywhere except in Japan. The idea of an exposed concrete surface seems to
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When Wright left, Raymond set up his own office, he advertised himself as a specialist in reinforced concrete. He was aware of its textural properties from Cass
Gilbert, its structural ones from Wright, and its benefits in relation to earthquake proofing. His first major independent project in 1921
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Ignored by Henry-Russell
Hitchcock, Jr and Philip Johnson in their curatorial celebration of the International Style in 1932, and despite the homecoming exhibition of his work staged in the Rockefeller Center in 1939 and the AIA New York Chapter Medal of Honor that was awarded to him 17 years later
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Initially, Nakashima, Francois Sammer (a Czech architect who had worked for Le
Corbusier in Russia), and Chandulal (a devotee who had trained as an engineer), built a full-scale model of the dormitory in order to test the feasibility of the design, and then used it as a laboratory to further refine
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The long, rectilinear, two-storey building, had a double cantilevered frame supported on a single row of concrete columns. These columns tilted outwards from a vertical position. Floor to ceiling glazing on the second storey opened out onto a balcony running the length of the building. It included
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On the
Reinanzaka House, the labourers were skilled in the use of wood, and helped Raymond engrain the texture of cedar onto the concrete. This was further explored on the Tetsuma Akaboshi and the Morinosuke Kawasaki houses, where the concrete walls of the luxurious interiors were imprinted with
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Located to the east of the Nanzan Campus is the Divine Word
Seminary Chapel (1962). This is a building that exploits the plastic capacity of concrete, with two intersecting shells forming a bell tower. These are punctured with vertical slots which allow light to radiate along the curved interior
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Raymond's initial encounter with the work of Frank Lloyd Wright came in 1908–1910 when he saw a small monograph and later (1910) a large portfolio of Wright's work published in Berlin. In his autobiography, Raymond recounts how deeply he and his fellow students were impressed by Wright's design:
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Raymond developed a prospectus for aspiring architects to come and live and study at New Hope and he attracted at least 20. In addition to teaching practical design solutions, the apprentices had hands-on work with various building trades. Farm work and hay making contributed a physical aspect.
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With the approach of the Second World War, Raymond moved back to New York, ending the New Hope experiment. He formed a partnership with civil engineer Arthur Tuttle, structural engineer Elwyn Seelye and mechanical engineer Clyde Place. With the country's emphasis on the war effort, the company
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Raymond sought to mitigate the effects of the
Pondicherry climate and oriented the Golconde dormitory (as it became known), so that its main facades faced north and south to make use of the prevailing breeze. A combination of moveable louvres on the exterior skin and woven teak sliding doors
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cypress textures. On the Karuizawa Studio, workmen polished the concrete with sand and straw to reveal the texture of the aggregate. Whilst at Nanzan University, the south facing facades were cast with checkerboard patterns, with applied metalwork casting abstract shadows on the surface.
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and the schematic design was completed in 1936. Although Raymond had envisioned that the dormitory would be completed in six months, Sri Aurobindo was concerned that the noise of construction would disturb the ashram, so he decided that the building would be constructed by its residents.
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Although he remained as Wright's chief assistant for one year, Raymond soon became bored with the work. He became concerned that "the design had nothing in common with Japan, its climate, its traditions, its people and its culture". Also, whilst his work with Gilbert showed him the great
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for permission to enter occupied Japan in order to participate in the reconstruction process. His staff from Reymondo Kenchiku Sekkei Jimusho had looked after the drawings and documents of the office through the war and Raymond decided to reopen the office.
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Although Raymond's technique of exposing and perfecting concrete surfaces would come to be seen as "typically Japanese" over time, it is important to note that this entailed polishing and waterproofing the exposed surface rather than covering it with white
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the construction methods. Nakashima's duties included doing very explicit detail drawings showing, for example, the design of the concrete formwork. Devotees even donated brass utensils so that they could be melted down to make door handles and hinges.
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Noémi's influence on Raymond during the inter-war years was substantial. She encouraged him to break away from Wright's rigid style and explore the design of the Reinanzaka House. She increased her interest in Japanese art and philosophy, including
208:, he explored traditional Japanese building techniques combined with the latest In American building innovations. Raymond applied these principles to a wide range of residential, commercial, religious, and institutional projects in Japan, America,
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type construction using unplaned timber logs. The office served as a proving ground for the latest American building innovations including veneered plywood and suspended metal ductwork for forced air heating. Taking influence from Le Corbusier's
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309:"Wright had restated the principles of building; he had overcome the cell, liberated the plan, made space flow, given buildings a human scale and blended them with nature, all in a romantic, sensual and original way that left us breathless."
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Please be assured that there is no bitterness between us, but–as you yourself say–you made a slight mistake, that is you neglected to send me a note when you published the images of your Tokyo house, which is very pretty, by the way.
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Once the students had become settled, Raymond sought real-world projects for them to work upon, to put his theories into practice. Projects included an assortment of houses and extensions in New Jersey, Connecticut and Long Island.
391:. His desire to free himself from Wright's influence led him to explore spatial relationships between living, working and dining areas and how spaces could be closed off with folding screens.The house is built almost entirely of
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Although Raymond proposed continuing working for Wright, he was eventually dismissed in January 1921. In February of the same year, he set up the American Architectural and Engineering Company in Tokyo with Leon Whittaker Slack.
996:, which was one of the first reinforced concrete buildings in Tokyo. Raymond used precast concrete to form decorative elements for the building, such as window mullions. In a partially successful experiment, he used wooden
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It is considered the first large building in which Raymond managed to use his principles of simplicity, economy of materials, elegance and lightness learned from his residential works. Raymond cited the design of the
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Antonin Raymond died at St. Mary's Hospital in Langhorne, Pennsylvania, on 25 October 1976, aged 88. His wife Noémi died four years later, aged 91. Raymond Architectural Design Office continues to practice in Tokyo.
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She expanded her design repertoire to include textiles, rugs, furniture, glass and silverware. Noémi exhibited in Tokyo in 1936 and New York in 1940, and her textiles were chosen by American designers like
1022:, the Golconde dormitory used a monolithic concrete structure with deep overhangs and louvres to adapt to specific climatic conditions. The building pioneered the use of reinforced concrete in India.
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664:, New Jersey (1943). Controversially, in 1943, Raymond was asked to design a series of middle class Japanese style homes so that the Army could test the effectiveness of ordnance (specifically
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He began studying painting at the Independent School of Art in the Lincoln Square Arcade Building in 1912, but was forced to curtail a painting trip to Italy and North Africa with the onset of
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Despite winning awards when first completed, the Reader's Digest Building was demolished in 1963 to be replaced by the nine-floor Palaceside Building, a mixed used office building designed by
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In January 1938, Raymond, Noémi, and their son left Tokyo bound for America. This six-month journey took them initially to the Indian subcontinent and then on to Europe, including a trip to
863:. Raymond achieved these aims by using a series of 12 centimetres (4.7 in) thick, reinforced concrete ribs connected together like an accordion and spanning 60 metres (200 ft).
737:. The church acted as a social centre for employees of the Ossorio sugar cane refinery. The church is regarded as one of the first examples of modern sacred architecture in the country.
700:. This helped to restart the building boom there after the war. This was mainly achieved through contacts made in his previous practice and those that he and Rado made in New York.
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Raymond's use of a traditional post and beam structure in concrete for the Reinanzaka House was a technique that was adopted by post war Japanese architects such as Kenzo Tange.
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on his return from Japan in 1949. She wanted a design that would show the best that America could offer. The site acquired for the building was opposite the Hirakawa Gate of the
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The practice were also responsible for a number of parks and recreation buildings across the United States in the late 1940s, built largely to commemorate victory in the war.
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360:, commenced in 1924, Raymond's architecture can be seen to still be heavily influenced by Wright. Its low, hipped roof and overhanging eaves are reminiscent of Wright's
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in 1905. Raymond started at the Reálné gymnasium (secondary school aimed at more technical/practical sciences) in Kladno, then continued at a similar school in Prague.
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Through the influence of a mutual friend, Frank Lloyd Wright agreed to employ Raymond in May 1916. Initially, Raymond and Noémi worked with Frank Lloyd Wright at
926:. When they both moved to Taliesin she became interested in 3D design. She also polished her knowledge of Japanese crafts, becoming a broker for clients such as
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mats) as a unit of measure to set out the building's structure. Again he used fusuma partitions and shoji screens, but in a modern way to divide up the spaces.
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Noémi also contributed to the design of the studio in Nishiazabu and a series of Raymond's villas during the 1950s, including the Hayama Villa (1958).
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Raymond sought to use the design and construction of the office as a platform to inform prototype dwellings for the post war reconstruction of Japan.
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300:, and they were wed on 15 December 1914. In early 1916 he became an American citizen, naturalizing his name, AntonĂn Reimann, to Antonin Raymond.
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There, he began a three-year employment with Cass Gilbert, working on a number of projects including external architectural details for the
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Medal of Honor by the New York Chapter of American Institute of Architects, The Third Order of Merit of the Rising Sun by Emperor Hirohito
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retaining walls and a flat roof supported in each corner with a redwood post. The wide expanse of glazing created a modernist pavilion.
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668:) intended for use in targeted air bombing raids on Tokyo and other Japanese cities. These houses were eventually erected on the
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In 1939, Raymond's architectural practice in the United States began with the purchase and conversion of his farm and studio in
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1957 First Honor Award of the American Institute of Architects and the Yawata Steel Worker's Union Memorial Hall Award of Merit
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918:. During Raymond's period of training as a painter, Noémi supported them both by doing graphic work for publications like the
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to Japan from 1926 to 1939, in which year the Czech diplomacy was closed down after the occupation of the European country by
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technical innovations from America including acoustic ceiling tiles, underfloor electricity ducts and fluorescent lighting.
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concrete. Raymond's workforce were enthusiastic in their use of this new material, likening it to the walls of traditional
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permitted ventilation without compromising on privacy. The building is still in use as an ashram today. It was the first
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possibilities of concrete, Wright did not see concrete in the same way, preferring to encase it with brickwork or carved
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289:. His experience on the latter of these gave him an insight into the structural and textural properties of concrete.
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in 1932, he was asked to design it. His links to golfer Shiro Akaboshi also led to several residential commissions.
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district of Tokyo to build his new office and living quarters. The office was built using the traditional Japanese
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architect. Raymond was born and studied in Bohemia (now part of the Czech Republic), working later in the
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screens. The rooms were filled with objects of art, including rugs designed by Noémi and crockery by the
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woodblock prints and introduced Raymond to various influential people, including the mystic philosopher
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722:, in the Philippines, Raymond worked with liturgical artist Ade Bethune, to produce mosaic murals and a
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for texture and structure that he would refine throughout his six-decade career. At studio practices in
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1965 Design Award from the Architectural Institute of Japan for his design of Nanzan University, Nagoya
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to Swiss-French parents, Noémi moved to New York in 1900, and later studied Fine Art and Philosophy at
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inspired layout with the building set in gardens with sculptures by the Japanese American sculptor,
468:. He acknowledged that further contribution of Corbusier's ideas to the practice came in 1930, when
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office and Raymond in Tokyo. Whilst Raymond explored pottery and sculpture (making friends with
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Since the Reinanzaka House, Raymond had been interested in the work of Swiss-French architect
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rather than rainwater downpipes. The interior too was well in advance of other houses of the
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1334:"Antonin Raymond, an Architectural Journey from Bohemia to Japan in the Early 20th Century"
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Projects in the United States during the late 1940s allowed Raymond to gain a foothold in
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The Making of a Modern Japanese Architecture: From the Founders to Shinohara and Isozaki
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The Raymonds modified the house to create a more open plan feel, separated by Japanese
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After a number of staff changes, the practice was renamed Antonin Raymond, Architect.
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Yawata Steel Otani Gymnasium, KitaKyushu (1955), (GoogleEarth 33.862184,130.806841)
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In 1935, Raymond's office had accepted a commission to design a dormitory for the
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Crafting a Modern World: The Architecture and Design of Antonin and Noemi Raymond
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Crafting a Modern World: The Architecture and Design of Antonin and Noemi Raymond
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In 1937 in Tokyo, Antonin, Noémi and a number of Japanese architects, including
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Reinanzaka House, Golconde Dormitory, Reader’s Digest Offices, Nanzan University
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inside the reinforced concrete church. The interior was adorned with colourful
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In 1922, Raymond had been admitted to Tokyo Golf Club and when it relocated to
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296:. On his trip back to New York, he met his future wife and business partner,
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A collection of writings and lectures, published by Kajima Shuppansha, Tokyo
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St. Joseph the Worker Church, Victorias City, Negros, the Philippines (1949)
676:". Raymond admitted in his autobiography that he was not proud of the work.
476:. Based upon Le Corbusier's unbuilt residential scheme for Mr. Errazuris in
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published by Charles E. Tuttle Company of Rutland, Vermont and Tokyo, Japan
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focused on US army contracts. Their work included: prefabricated houses at
266:, studying under Josef Schultz and Jan Koula. He completed his studies in
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2001:. By Helfrich, Kurt; Whitaker, William. Princeton Architectural Press.
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expressed Raymond's fondness for inexpensive, simple materials. It had
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to imprint a texture onto the concrete (but he chose to cover it up).
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camp in Idaho, so that they could come and live at the New Hope farm.
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Makers of 20th-Century Modern Architecture: A Bio-Critical Sourcebook
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Japan Architect (Spring 2005). "Docomomo Japan: The 100 Selections".
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Extract of a letter from Le Corbusier to Antonin Raymond, 7 May 1935.
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American citizen in 1916, Raymond became the honorary consul for the
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Golconde dormitory of the Sri Aurobindo Ashram in Pondicherry (1935)
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storehouses. The house itself had metal fenestration, tubular steel
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Maekawa Kunio and the Emergence of Japanese Modernist Architecture
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as being an external imitation of the Reader's Digest Building.
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published by the International Architectural Association, Tokyo
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fit in with Japanese ideas of decor." Post war architects like
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Divine Word Seminary Chapel of Nanzan University, Nagoya (1962)
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Summer House, Karuizawa (1933), today part of the Peynet Museum
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Watakushi to nihon kenchiku (Myself and Japanese Architecture)
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In 1961, he was commissioned to design the Catholic-based
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that for many years has served as the headquarters of the
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The American School in Japan, Meguro Campus, Tokyo (1927)
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in southeast India. A preliminary site visit was made by
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Tokyo Woman's Christian College Chapel/Auditorium (1934)
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914:. Here, she was influenced by the painter and educator
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have become famous for their use of exposed concrete.
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forming a new firm, Reymondo Kenchiku Sekkei JimushĹŤ.
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with the use of cantilevered tubular steel furniture.
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Recipients of the Order of the Rising Sun, 3rd class
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364:. This early work also demonstrates his interest in
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In 1906 Raymond entered Vysoká Škola Technická, the
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2056:Japan Architect (Spring 1999). "Antonin Raymond".
1059:Tokyo Woman's Christian College, Tokyo (1921–1938)
2145:"Golconde: The First Modernist Building in India"
2090:Johnson, Donald Leslie; Langmead, Donald (2013).
2019:Golconde: The Introduction of Modernism in India
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1180:1956 Medal of Honor by the New York Chapter of
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2016:Gupta, Pankaj Vir; Mueller, Christine (2021).
979:Interior of St. Anselm's Church, Tokyo (1954)
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1211:Antonin Raymond: His Work in Japan 1920–1935
1065:Hoshi University Main Building, Tokyo (1924)
480:, he designed a summer house for himself in
2267:Czech Technical University in Prague alumni
2041:. New York: Princeton Architectural Press.
383:After their own house was destroyed in the
2037:Helfrich, Kurt; Whitaker, William (2006).
1151:Rikkyo Niiza Junior and Senior High School
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2272:Recipients of the Order of the White Lion
823:Nanzan University campus in Nagoya (1964)
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1125:Yaskawa Head Offices, KitaKyushu, (1954)
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1092:Morinosuke Kawasaki House, Tokyo (1934)
854:In 1955, Raymond began a commission in
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1976:Modern Architecture a Critical History
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1177:Award for the Reader's Digest Building
1110:Raymond House and Studio, Azabu (1951)
639:and his family, releasing them from a
635:In May 1943, the Raymonds vouched for
161:(10 May 1888 – 25 October 1976) was a
1113:Reader's Digest Offices, Tokyo (1951)
950:to cover furniture in their designs.
428:Italian embassy villa in Nikko (1928)
283:Austin, Nichols and Company Warehouse
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2182:Antonin Raymond and George Nakashima
1997:Frampton, Kenneth (2006). Foreword.
1140:St. Michael's Church, Sapporo (1960)
1089:Akeboshi Tetsuma House, Tokyo (1933)
235:Raymond was born on 10 May 1888, in
196:gave him an insight into the use of
2200:Raymond Architectural Design Office
1077:Italian Embassy Villa, Nikko (1929)
890:Influence of his wife Noémi Raymond
2277:People from New Hope, Pennsylvania
2120:Reynolds, Jonathan McKean (2001).
304:Employment with Frank Lloyd Wright
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2113:Antonin Raymond: An Autobiography
1978:(Revised and enlarged ed.).
1332:Gloaguen, Yola (Winter 2016–17).
1246:Antonin Raymond: An Autobiography
1227:Architectural Association Journal
1163:Boys Primary School, Tokyo (1966)
1137:Moji Golf Club, KitaKyushu (1959)
1119:St. Anselm's Church, Tokyo (1954)
1018:Predating Le Corbusier's work in
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2242:20th-century American architects
1182:American Institute of Architects
1175:Architectural Institute of Japan
1213:published by JĂ´nan Shoin, Tokyo
1156:Nanzan University Campus (1964)
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358:Tokyo Woman's Christian College
324:. In 1917 he enlisted with the
2126:University of California Press
1259:Czech Republic–Japan relations
1153:, Niiza Campus, Saitama (1963)
1116:Cunningham House, Tokyo (1954)
1086:Summer House, Karuizawa (1933)
1062:Reinanzaka House, Tokyo (1924)
827:Raymond purchased land in the
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2252:American expatriates in Japan
2196:(in Japanese, Flash required)
1341:The Friends of Czech Heritage
1146:St. Paul Church, Shiki (1963)
1098:Raymond Farm, New Hope (1939)
1083:Tokyo Golf Club, Asaka (1932)
1080:Troedsson Villa, Nikko (1931)
352:Japan and the Inter-war years
219:Along with British architect
1935:Helfrich & Whitaker 2006
1920:Helfrich & Whitaker 2006
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1409:Helfrich & Whitaker 2006
1373:Helfrich & Whitaker 2006
1354:Helfrich & Whitaker 2006
1317:Helfrich & Whitaker 2006
1300:Helfrich & Whitaker 2006
1225:The Works of Antonin Raymond
1143:New Studio, Karuizawa (1962)
815:Gunma Music Center (1955–61)
748:In 1947, Raymond petitioned
744:The Reader's Digest Building
420:Czechoslovak Consul in Japan
330:American Expeditionary Force
328:, serving overseas with the
108:Czechoslovak, later American
1974:Frampton, Kenneth (1990) .
1959:Johnson & Langmead 2013
1134:Hayama Villa, Hayama (1958)
994:Hoshi Pharmaceutical School
680:Practice with Ladislav Rado
270:in 1910 before leaving for
264:Czech Polytechnic Institute
2298:
2257:Czech expatriates in Japan
2152:Stewart, Dennis B (2002).
454:International Modern Style
2232:20th-century Czech people
2111:Raymond, Antonin (1973).
2022:(2nd ed.). Actar D.
1159:Chapel and Lecture Hall,
1129:St. Alban's Church, Tokyo
1071:, Yamate, Yokohama (1927)
912:Columbia Teachers College
647:The war years (1941–1945)
140:
128:
43:
2205:8 September 2019 at the
2192:8 September 2019 at the
2187:Raymond Digital Archives
1947:Gupta & Mueller 2021
1619:Gupta & Mueller 2021
1604:Gupta & Mueller 2021
1592:Gupta & Mueller 2021
1290:, 30 October 1976, p. 10
844:(based upon the size of
807:Experimentation in Tokyo
656:, New Jersey (1942) and
608:designer Minagawa Masu.
1191:Order of the Rising Sun
930:wife, Pauline Gibling.
924:New York Herald Tribune
577:The New Hope experiment
519:Articles of Association
379:Reinanzaka House (1924)
173:. Raymond was also the
97:Langhorne, Pennsylvania
2158:Kodansha International
2143:Sharma, Komal (n.d.).
2115:. Charles E Tuttle Co.
1760:Stewart (1987), p. 165
1055:
1035:
988:
980:
973:
903:
824:
816:
786:Hiroshima Peace Museum
583:New Hope, Pennsylvania
534:
504:
437:
429:
385:Great KantĹŤ earthquake
380:
247:) to Alois Reimann, a
202:New Hope, Pennsylvania
154:
1218:Architectural Details
1050:Ehrismann Residence,
1049:
986:
978:
902:in New York, ca. 1914
897:
822:
814:
709:Long Island Rail Road
670:Dugway Proving Ground
532:
494:
474:Japanese architecture
460:Corbusier inspiration
446:Czechoslovak Republic
435:
427:
378:
225:architecture in Japan
1821:Japan Architect 2005
1448:Japan Architect 2005
1286:"Deaths Elsewhere",
957:A legacy in concrete
898:Antonin Raymond and
546:Sri Aurobindo Ashram
525:Sri Aurobindo Ashram
1582:, pp. 134–135.
1149:St. Paul's Chapel,
1102:The Huyler Building
1069:Ehrismann Residence
1032:Ken Tadashi Oshima
928:Rudolph Schindler's
705:Great River Station
703:Their single story
641:Japanese internment
587:Taliesin Fellowship
573:building in India.
440:Despite becoming a
411:International Style
2262:People from Kladno
1189:1964 Third Class,
1056:
989:
981:
904:
825:
817:
801:Mainichi Newspaper
760:Building from Mrs
612:Students included
535:
438:
430:
381:
326:United States Army
279:Woolworth Building
194:Frank Lloyd Wright
75:Kingdom of Bohemia
2103:978-1-136-64056-8
1980:Thames and Hudson
1811:, pp. 57–58.
1717:, pp. 55–56.
1411:, pp. 66–67.
916:Arthur Wesley Dow
868:Nanzan University
750:General MacArthur
482:Karuizawa, Nagano
144:
143:
16:(Redirected from
2289:
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1033:
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906:Born in 1889 in
674:Japanese Village
637:George Nakashima
558:George Nakashima
405:and traditional
368:and the work of
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833:post and lintel
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766:Imperial Palace
758:Reader's Digest
746:
735:Alfonso Ossorio
682:
649:
618:Carl Graffunder
614:JunzĹŤ Yoshimura
598:partitions and
579:
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515:JunzĹŤ Yoshimura
490:Oeuvre complète
462:
422:
354:
306:
298:Noémi Pernessin
233:
159:AntonĂn Reimann
155:AntonĂn Raymond
147:Antonin Raymond
100:
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89:25 October 1976
81:
79:Austria-Hungary
68:
62:
60:
59:
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57:AntonĂn Reimann
39:
38:AntonĂn Raymond
30:
29:Czech architect
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2013:
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1961:, p. 263.
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891:
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878:, others with
808:
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762:DeWitt Wallace
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486:butterfly roof
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362:Prairie Houses
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334:Imperial Hotel
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1484:Frampton 1990
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1461:
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1434:
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1898:, p. 9.
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1392:
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1343:(16): 10–13.
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1288:Miami Herald
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291:
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261:
234:
218:
190:Cass Gilbert
187:
183:Nazi Germany
158:
146:
145:
91:(1976-10-25)
31:
26:
2227:1976 deaths
2222:1888 births
829:Nishi Azabu
790:Kenzo Tange
724:lacquerware
691:Ade Bethune
658:Camp Shanks
654:Camp Kilmer
626:Alvar Aalto
550:Pondicherry
442:naturalized
407:rain chains
294:World War I
214:Philippines
157:), born as
105:Nationality
67:10 May 1888
2216:Categories
1968:References
1631:Sharma n.d
1020:Chandigarh
1010:Tadao Ando
948:Louis Kahn
727:tabernacle
713:fieldstone
552:, part of
239:, Central
212:, and the
113:Occupation
63:1888-05-10
2083:0448-8512
1270:Footnotes
861:fly tower
571:modernist
517:, signed
403:trellises
342:Oya Stone
322:Wisconsin
243:(now the
231:Biography
133:Buildings
116:Architect
2203:Archived
2190:Archived
1253:See also
1030:—
998:formwork
966:—
731:frescoes
662:Fort Dix
314:Taliesin
287:Brooklyn
281:and the
253:Catholic
198:concrete
936:ukiyo-e
886:walls.
876:pilotis
838:modulor
718:In the
707:on the
393:in situ
356:In the
268:Trieste
241:Bohemia
2164:
2132:
2100:
2081:
2045:
2026:
2005:
1986:
1168:Awards
1161:Rikkyo
1131:(1956)
1054:(1927)
1052:Yamate
1027:tiles.
908:Cannes
880:shells
872:Nagoya
846:tatami
606:Mingei
595:fusuma
539:Prague
257:Prague
237:Kladno
175:Consul
121:Awards
99:, U.S.
71:Kladno
1337:(PDF)
1244:1973
1239:Jiden
1237:1970
1230:1967
1223:1962
1216:1938
1209:1935
1173:1952
601:shĹŤji
478:Chile
210:India
206:Tokyo
171:Japan
151:Czech
2162:ISBN
2130:ISBN
2098:ISBN
2079:ISSN
2043:ISBN
2024:ISBN
2003:ISBN
1984:ISBN
922:and
689:and
624:and
616:and
398:kura
204:and
192:and
169:and
149:(or
86:Died
53:Born
1193:by
870:in
842:ken
788:by
733:by
548:in
316:in
285:in
249:Jew
177:of
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2077:.
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1982:.
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1828:^
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1611:^
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1307:^
1277:^
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