2334:(GDP) and is largely concentrated in Antananarivo. Key industries include soap production, food and tobacco processing, brewing, textiles, and leather manufacturing, employing around 5.5 percent of the workforce. The city's extensive infrastructure and its role as the economic center of the country make it a favorable location for large businesses. Business owners are drivers of growth for the city; in 2010, 60 percent of all new buildings in the country were located in Antananarivo, most of which were built for commercial purposes. Unemployment and poverty are also growing, fueled in part by an inadequately skilled and unprofessional workforce and the lack of a comprehensive national strategy for economic development since 2009. Formal sector job growth has not kept pace with population growth, and many residents earn their livelihood in the informal sector as street vendors and laborers. Under Ravalomanana, construction in the capital increased sharply; twelve new supermarkets were constructed in two years.
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of a combination of war, forced labor, disease and harsh measures of justice, the population of
Imerina fell from 750,000 to 130,000 during this period. In the final years of the Kingdom of Imerina, the population of Antananarivo had recovered to between 50,000 and 75,000; most of the population were slaves who were largely captured in provincial military campaigns. In 1950, Antananarivo's population was around 175,000. By the late 1990s the population of the metropolitan area had reached 1.4 million, and – while the city itself now has a population of 1,275,207 (at the 2018 Census) – with suburbs lying outside the city limits it had grown to almost 2.3 million in 2018. The metropolitan area is thus home to nearly 10 percent of the island's 25.68 million residents. Rural migration to the capital propels this growth; the city's population exceeds that of the other five provincial capitals combined.
65:
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2187:) as market day, when merchants would erect stalls shaded with white parasols, which extended throughout the valley forming what has been called the largest open-air marketplace in the world. The market caused traffic congestion and safety hazards prompting government officials to divide and relocate the Friday merchants to several other districts in 1997. The city's other main commercial and administrative neighborhoods, which spread out from Analakely and extend into the adjacent plain, were established by the French, who drained and filled in the extant rice fields and swampland to create much of the area's design and infrastructure. The
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stone casing is the only remnant of the royal residences to survive a 1995 fire at the site. For 25 years, the roofless shell dominated the skyline; its west wall collapsed in 2004. In 2009, the stone casing had been fully restored and the building was re-roofed. It is illuminated at night. Conservation and reconstruction work at the site is ongoing. The city skyline is a jumble of colorful, historic houses and churches. More recent residential and commercial buildings and family rice fields occupy lower terrain throughout the capital. The
Betsimitatatra and other rice fields surround the city.
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appropriate to use for the dead. British missionaries introduced brick-making to the island in the 1820s, and French industrialist Jean
Laborde used stone and brick to build his factories over the next few decades. It was not until the royal edict on construction materials was lifted in the 1860s that stone was used to encase the royal palace. Many aristocrats, inspired by the royal palace and the two-story, brick houses with wrapped verandas and divided interior spaces built by British missionaries, copied the British model for their own large homes in the
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2199:) and rural migrants, have occupied the flood-prone lower districts bordering the Betsimitatatra rice fields to the west of the city. This area is connected to Analakely by a tunnel constructed by the French in the early 20th century. The tunnel opens toward Lake Anosy and the national Supreme Court buildings and provides access to the residential neighborhood of Mahamasina and its stadium. The bordering neighborhood of Anosy was developed in the 1950s to house most of the national ministries and the Senate. Anosy, the planned residential district of
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Betsimitatatra paddy fields and the grassy plains beyond. The city gradually spread out from this central point to cover the hillsides; by the late 19th century it had expanded to the flat terrain at the base of the hills. These plains are susceptible to flooding during the rainy season; they are drained by the Ikopa River, which skirts the capital to the south and west. The western slopes and plains, being best protected from cyclone winds originating over the Indian Ocean, were settled before those to the east.
2400:. Other historic buildings include the Ambatondrafandrana tribunal where Ranavalona I dispensed judgment, the second residence of Rainilaiarivony with its indigenous medicinal plant garden, the recently renovated Soarano railroad station, four late 19th-century memorial churches built to commemorate early Malagasy Christian martyrs, the tomb of Prime Minister Rainiharo, and the early 20th century pavilions of the Analakely market. Open-air markets include Le Pochard and the artisan market at Andravoahangy. The
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2459:; it regularly hosts concerts, dance, and other arts performances, expositions, and novelty events like monster truck rallies. The city lacks a dedicated classical music performance space, and concerts by international artists are infrequent. Performances of classical, jazz, and other foreign musical genres, modern and contemporary dance, theater, and other arts occur at cultural arts centers funded by foreign governments or private entities. Among the best-known of these is the
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and specialists are trained there. Neonatal and antenatal care are significantly better in
Antananarivo than elsewhere on the island. Despite the presence of facilities and trained personnel, the high cost of health care places it beyond the reach of most residents of Antananarivo. Pharmaceuticals are imported, making them particularly unaffordable; traditional herbal medicines remain popular and are readily available in local markets frequented by most of the population.
2267:, prevents the destruction of historic buildings and other structures, and establishes construction codes that ensure new structures follow historic aesthetics. It also provides for awareness-raising campaigns in favor of historic preservation and undertakes projects to restore dilapidated historic buildings and sites. Under this plan, 19th-century sites, like the Ambatondrafandrana tribunal and the second residence of Rainilaiarivony, have been renovated.
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and local news are available in
Malagasy, French, and English. Forty percent of Antananarivo residents own a television receiver. All major Malagasy newspapers are printed in the city and are widely available. Communications services in Antananarivo are the best in the country. Internet and mobile telephone networks are readily available and affordable, although service disruptions occur periodically. The
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Ravalomanana (1998–2001), street lights were installed or repaired throughout the city to improve night-time safety. He increased the number of police officers on the streets, leading to a drop in crime. As of 2012, the city lacks a comprehensive strategy for reducing crime. The recent increase in crime and the inadequate response from the CUA has prompted the growth of private security firms in the city.
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community. Behoririka, to the east of
Soarano, is built around a lake of the same name and abuts the sprawling Andravoahangy district at the eastern edge of the city. Antanimena borders Soarano and Behoririka to the north. A tunnel built by the French in the early 20th century cuts through the hillside; it connects Ambohijatovo with Ambanidia and other residential areas in the south of the city.
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662:, Ny Havana Andriamanjato, appointed in March 2014. Limited funds and mismanagement have hampered consecutive CUA efforts to manage overcrowding and traffic, waste management, pollution, security, public water and electricity, and other challenges linked to explosive population growth. Major historic landmarks and attractions in the city include the reconstructed royal palaces and the
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waterways. Air pollution from vehicle exhaust, residential coal-burning stoves, and other sources is worsening. While the city has set up clean water pumps, they remain inadequate and are not distributed according to population density, with poor access in the poorest and most populous parts of the city. Antananarivo is one of the two urban areas in
Madagascar where
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city. In 2007, two-thirds of
Antananarivo residents had access to electricity, while ten percent of households owned a scooter, car or another motor vehicle. Running water was installed in fewer than 25 percent of homes, small restaurants, and businesses in 2007, necessitating the collection of water from household wells or neighborhood pumps and the use of outdoor
1222:, effecting policies that further transformed the city. In 1881, he reinstated mandatory universal education first introduced in 1820 under Radama I, requiring the construction of numerous schools and colleges, including teacher training colleges staffed by missionaries and the nation's first pharmacy, medical college, and modern hospital. Rainilaiarivony built the
1094:, successfully conquered Antananarivo in 1793; he reunited the provinces of Imerina, ending the civil war. He moved the kingdom's political capital back to Antananarivo in 1794, and declared Ambohimanga the kingdom's spiritual capital, a role it still maintains. Andrianampoinimerina created a large marketplace in Analakely, establishing the city's economic center.
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meet the requisite criteria for parceling, such as land where floodwater runoff is diverted. Much of this marginal land has been illegally occupied and developed by land-seeking residents, creating shantytown slums in pockets throughout the lower portions of the city. This uncontrolled development poses sanitation and safety risks to residents in these areas.
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Rainilaiarivony and contains a museum featuring historic artifacts of the
Kingdom of Imerina, including items saved from the fire at the Rova. Downhill from the palaces is Andohalo square, where Merina kings and queens delivered speeches to the public. Tsimbazaza Zoo displays many of the island's unique animal species and a complete skeleton of the extinct
1210:("upper town"). As the population grew, the city expanded to the west; by the late 19th century it extended to the northern hilltop neighborhood of Andohalo, an area of low prestige until British missionaries made it their preferred residential district and built one of the city's memorial churches here from 1863 to 1872. From 1864 to 1894, Prime Minister
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1076:(noble) subcaste, both within the neighborhoods of Antananarivo and in the countryside surrounding the capital. These territorial divisions were strictly enforced; members of subcastes were required to live within their designated territories and were not authorized to stay for extended periods in the territories reserved for others. Numerous
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160 km (99 mi) from the east coast and 330 km (210 mi) from the west coast. The city occupies a commanding position on the summit and slopes of a long, narrow, rocky ridge extending north and south for about 4 km (2 mi) and rising to about 200 m (660 ft) above the extensive rice fields to the west.
1465:), characterized by mild, dry winters and warm, rainy summers. The city receives nearly all of its average annual rainfall between November and April. Frosts are rare in the city; they are more common at higher elevations. Daily mean temperatures range from 22.1 °C (71.8 °F) in December to 15.6 °C (60.1 °F) in July.
2787:, established under the French colonial administration. The Centre National de Télé-Enseignement de Madagascar (CNETMAD) is located in Antananarivo. The city hosts many private pre-primary, primary and secondary schools and the national network of public schools. The city houses multiple French international schools, including
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appeal to Merina listeners of all ages by playing traditional and contemporary music of the highlands region. Youth-oriented stations play a blend of
Western artists and Malagasy performers of Western genres, as well as fusion and coastal musical styles. Evangelical broadcasts and daily international
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The majority of the city's residents move about Antananarivo on foot. The CUA sets and enforces rules that govern a system of 2,400 franchised private minibuses running on 82 numbered routes throughout the city. An additional 2,000 minibuses managed by the Ministry of Transportation run along 8 lines
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In general, the availability and quality of health care are better in Antananarivo than elsewhere in Madagascar, although it remains inadequate across the country relative to that in more developed countries. One of Madagascar's two medical schools is located in Antananarivo; most medical technicians
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is reflected in the many concerts, cabarets, dance clubs, and other musical venues throughout Antananarivo. In the dry season, outdoor concerts are regularly held in venues including the Antsahamanitra amphitheater and Mahamasina Stadium. Concerts and nightclubs are attended mainly by young people of
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detached from the main building. In 2007, 60 percent of households were using shared public latrines. Most homes use charcoal for daily cooking; stocks of charcoal and rice are kept in the kitchen. The average city household spends just under half of its budget on food. Owing to its increasingly high
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Before the mid-19th century, all houses and marketplaces in Antananarivo, and throughout Madagascar, were constructed of woods, grasses, reeds, and other plant-based materials viewed as appropriate for structures used by the living. Only family tombs were built from stone, an inert material viewed as
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and other livestock, the fabrication of bricks, and other traditional livelihoods. Access to land is guaranteed and protected by law for every resident of the city. The CUA manages requests to lease or purchase land, but demand dramatically outstrips supply, and much of the unallocated land fails to
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Antananarivo encompasses three ridges that intersect at their highest point. The Manjakamiadana royal palace is located at the summit of these hills and is visible from every part of the city and the surrounding hills. The Manjakamiadina was the largest structure within the rova of Antananarivo; its
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Greater Antananarivo is a continuous, urbanized area spreading beyond the city's official boundaries for 9 km (5.6 mi) north to south between Ambohimanarina and Ankadimbahoaka, and 6 km (3.7 mi) west to east between the Ikopa River dike and Tsiadana. The population of the greater
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issued a royal decree that permitted the use of stone and brick construction in buildings other than tombs. LMS missionaries' first brick house was built in 1869; it bore a blend of English, Creole, and Malagasy design and served as a model for a new style of house that rapidly spread throughout the
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public utility company by the City of Antananarivo. In response, Mayor Rajoelina undertook an audit that identified and sought to address long-standing procedural irregularities and corruption in the city's administration. The CUA continues to be challenged by a shortage of revenues relative to its
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Antananarivo has been the largest city on the island since at least the late 18th century, when its population was estimated at 15,000. By 1810, the population had grown to 80,000, before declining dramatically between 1829 and 1842 during the reigns of Radama I and especially Ranavalona I. Because
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in September 1894, prompting the queen's surrender after a cannon shell blasted a hole through a building at the Rova, causing major casualties. The damage was never repaired. Andohalo square was remodeled to feature a gazebo, walkways, and planted landscaping. Claiming the island as a colony, the
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are Ankadifotsy on the eastern hills and Ambatonakanga and Isoraka to the west, all of which are largely residential. Isoraka has developed lively nightlife, with houses converted to upscale restaurants and inns. Isoraka also houses the tomb of Prime Minister Rainiharo (1833–1852), whose sons and
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closest to the Rova contains much of the city's pre-colonial heritage and is considered it's historic part. It includes the royal palace, Andafiavaratra Palace—the former residence of Prime Minister Rainilaiarivony, Andohalo—the principal town square until 1897, a cathedral near Andohalo built to
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The city's neighborhoods emerge from historic ethnic, religious, and caste divisions. The assignment of certain neighborhoods to particular noble sub-castes under the Kingdom of Imerina established divisions; the highest-ranking nobles were typically assigned to neighborhoods closest to the royal
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The large population in Antananarivo and the high density of its residential zones pose challenges to public health, sanitation, and access to clean drinking water. Processing and disposal of industrial and residential waste are inadequate. Wastewater is often discharged directly into the city's
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lowered living standards for the average resident of the city. The end of state subsidies, rapid inflation, higher taxes, widespread impoverishment, and the decline of the middle class was especially evident in Antananarivo, as was the growing wealth of a tiny political and economic elite in the
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The official boundaries of the city of Antananarivo encompass an urban area of approximately 86.4 km (33.4 sq mi). It was founded 1,480 m (4,860 ft) above sea level at the apex of three hill ranges that converge in a Y form, 200 m (660 ft) above the surrounding
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and converted into presidential offices. Under the French, tunnels were constructed through two of the city's largest hills, connecting disparate districts and facilitating the town's expansion. Streets were laid with cobblestones and later paved; sewer systems and electricity infrastructure was
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brought nearly two-thirds of the island under his control. The British diplomats who concluded trade treaties with Radama recognized him as the "ruler of Madagascar", a position he and his successors claimed despite never managing to impose their authority over the larger portion of the island's
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from Analamanga through King Andriamasinavalona's reign. This sovereign gave the growing city its current name; he established the Andohalo town square outside the town gate, where all successive sovereigns delivered their royal speeches and announcements to the public, and assigned the names of
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Despite ongoing efforts by the Ministry of Domestic Security, crime has worsened in Antananarivo since 2009. Between 1994 and 1998, the city had an average of eight to twelve police officers for every 10,000 inhabitants; large cities typically have closer to fifteen. Under the mayorship of Marc
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The city has numerous monuments, historic buildings, sites of significance, and traditions related to the customs and history of the Central Highlands people. The city skyline is dominated by the Rova of Antananarivo. The nearby Andafiavaratra Palace was the home of 19th-century Prime Minister
994:, who migrated to the region from the southeast coast, seized the location as the site of his capital city. According to oral history, he deployed a garrison of 1,000 soldiers to successfully capture and guard the site. The hill and its city retained the name Analamanga until the reign of King
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runs from the gardens of Ambohijatovo south of the market pavilions, through Analakely to the city's railroad station at Soarano. To the west of Soarano lies the dense commercial district of Tsaralalana; it is the only district to be built on a grid and is the center of the city's South Asian
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Antananarivo is situated approximately 1,280 m (4,199 ft) above sea level in the Central Highlands region of Madagascar, at 18.55' South and 47.32' East. The city is located centrally along the north–south axis of the country, and east of the center along the east–west axis. It is
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autonomy; a wide range of mechanisms have been established to facilitate governance, although they are of limited effectiveness. An urban master plan guides major policies for city management but personnel within the mayoral office commonly lack the urban planning and management ability to
1180:("Malagasy house"), it is typically a two-story, brick building with four columns on the front that support a wooden veranda. In the latter third of the 19th century, these houses quickly replaced most of the traditional wooden houses of the city's aristocratic class. The growing number of
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are densely populated and lively, containing residences, historic sites, and businesses. The neighborhood of Antaninarenina contains the historic Hôtel Colbert, numerous jewelers' shops and other luxury goods stores, and administrative offices. In addition to Antaninarenina, the principal
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These problems were diminished but not eliminated under the mayoral administration of Marc Ravalomanana, who prioritized sanitation, security, and public administration. He obtained funds from international donors to establish garbage collection and disposal systems, restore dilapidated
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in the Isoraka neighborhood features exhibits on the history and cultures of Madagascar's diverse ethnic groups. The Pirates Museum in Tsaralalàna explains the history of maritime pirates and the story of the pirates in Madagascar and their mysterious Republic of Libertalia.
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had ascended the throne upon his father's death in 1810, Antananarivo was the largest and most economically important city on the island, with a population of over 80,000 inhabitants. Radama opened the city to the first European settlers, artisan missionaries of the
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effectively implement the plan in response to long-term and immediate needs. This challenge is compounded by the high turnover rate of mayors and staff that frequently disrupts initiatives begun by previous CUA administrations. A mayor under former President
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into the neighboring suburbs. These interlinked bus systems served around 700,000 passengers each day. These minibuses often fail to meet safety standards or air quality requirements and are typically overcrowded with passengers and their cargo. Police and
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Government television and radio broadcasting centers, and the headquarters of numerous private stations are located in Antananarivo. Eighty percent of households in Antananarivo own a radio; the medium is popular across social classes. Stations like
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has challenged the city's infrastructure, producing shortages of clean water and electricity, sanitation and public health problems, and heavy traffic congestion. There are more than 5,000 church buildings in the city and its suburbs, including an
1048:(statute labor) to construct a massive system of irrigated paddy fields and dikes around the city to provide adequate rice for the growing population. These paddy fields, of which the largest is called the Betsimitatatra, continue to produce rice.
2371:-wrapped remains from the family tomb, rewrapping it with fresh silk shrouds and returning it to the tomb. Relatives, friends, and neighbors are invited to take part in the music, dancing, and feasting that accompanies the event. The
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and a foundry in the Antananarivo neighborhood of Isoraka. Ranavalona oversaw improvements to the city's infrastructure, including the construction of the city's two largest staircases at Antaninarenina and Ambondrona, which connect
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annually, while annual revenues average around $ 12 million. In good years, the CUA can reserve $ 1–2 million to spend on city improvement projects. By 2008, the city's treasury had accumulated 8.2 billion Malagasy
2203:(often abbreviated to "67") and the neighborhood of Isotry are among the city's most densely populated, crime-ridden and impoverished neighborhoods. Approximately 40 percent of inhabitants with electricity in their homes in the
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Upon Andriamasinavalona's death in 1710, Imerina split into four warring quadrants, and Antananarivo was made the capital of the southern district. During the 77-year civil war that followed, the eastern district's capital at
2283:. The city's history as the island's major center for politics, culture, and trade has ensured a cosmopolitan mix of ethnic groups from across the island and overseas. Most Antananarivo residents have strong ties to their
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French administration retained Antananarivo as its capital and transcribed its name as Tananarive. They chose Antaninarenina as the site for the French Governor General's Residency; upon independence, it was renamed
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Most of Madagascar's public and private universities are located in Antananarivo. This includes the country's oldest higher education institute, the College of Medicine established under the Merina monarchy and the
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expenses caused by the high cost of retaining a large number of CUA personnel, weak structures for managing revenues from public rents and inadequate collection of tax revenues from city residents and businesses.
2496:, the Rex and the Ritz, both of which were built in the colonial era. These venues do not show international releases but occasionally screen Malagasy films or are used for private events and religious services.
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After independence in 1960, the pace of growth increased further. The city's population reached 1.4 million by the end of the 20th century; in 2013, it was estimated at nearly 2.1 million. Uncontrolled
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hill ranges. King Andrianampoinimerina established the city's first marketplace on the grounds today occupied by the market's tile-roofed pavilions, constructed in the 1930s. Andrianampoinimerina decreed Friday
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to generate hydraulic power for industrial manufacturing. Radama established a military training ground on a flat plain called Mahamasina at the base of Analamanga near the lake. Radama's subjugation of other
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1275:, planned commercial areas like the arcades lining either side of the avenue, large parks, city squares, and other landmark features were built. A railway system connecting Soarano station at one end of the
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mayor with the support of two vice presidents, all of whom are appointed by the president. The position of President of the Special Delegation has been held by Ny Hasina Andriamanjato since March 2014.
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to the southeast via Antsirabe and Fianarantsoa, but since 2019 passenger trains have not been operated anymore. The city's principal railway station is centrally located at Soarano at one end of the
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The residents of urban areas—in particular Antananarivo—have been hardest hit by economic downturns and economic policy shifts. The national economic crisis in the mid-1970s and early 1980s, and the
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prompted the building of large-scale embankments along the edges of the Betsimitatatra rice fields and the establishment of new ministerial complexes on newly drained land in the Anosy neighborhood.
647:, who eventually controlled over two-thirds of the island, leading him to be considered the King of Madagascar by European diplomats. Antananarivo remained the island's capital after Madagascar was
2287:(ancestral village), where the extended family and typically a family tomb or burial place is located; many older residents leave the city upon retirement to return to their rural area of origin.
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is located in the Antanimora district of the city. The facility has a maximum capacity of 800 inmates and has been reported to be severely overcrowded, at times housing more than 4000 detainees.
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prompted the construction of stone churches throughout the highlands, as well as four memorial churches on key sites of martyrdom among early Malagasy Christians under the reign of Ranavalona I.
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The city served as the capital of the Kingdom of Imerina until 1710 when Imerina split into four warring quadrants. Antananarivo became the capital of the southern quadrant until 1794, when King
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infrastructures such as roads and marketplaces, and replanted public gardens. To improve sanitation in the city, he constructed public latrines in densely populated and highly frequented areas.
2515:. The team trains and plays domestic matches at Maki Stadium in Antananarivo. Constructed in 2012, the stadium has a capacity of 15,000 and houses a gym and administrative offices for the team.
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Palais de Justice d'Ambatondrafandrana, Court of Justice located "At the stone of Rafandrana". The site contains the stone erected by the ancient king Rafandrana but is now the location of the
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586:, who continue to form the majority of the city's 1,274,225 (2018 Census) inhabitants. The surrounding urban areas have a total metropolitan population approaching three million. All eighteen
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obtain it illegally by splicing into city power lines. In these areas, houses are more vulnerable to fires, flooding, and landslides, which are often triggered by the annual cyclone season.
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Left to right: Lake Anosy Central Antananarivo, jacarandas blooming, Lake Anozy, royal chapel, bust of Philibert Tsiranana, Mausolée national Andrainarivo, train station, presidential office
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palace and were required to live in higher elevation portions of the city. During and after French colonization, the expansion of the city continued to reflect these divisions. Today, the
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captured the province and restored it as the capital of a united Kingdom of Imerina, also bringing neighboring ethnic groups under Merina control. These conquests continued under his son,
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571:. It has more universities, nightclubs, art venues, and medical services than any city on the island. Several national and local sports teams, including the championship-winning national
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assist in regulating traffic at peak periods in the morning and evening, or around special events and holidays. Private licensed and unlicensed taxis are common; most vehicles are older
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court, open on three sides per Radama's order that all trials be open to public view. Nearby is the Ampamarinana, "Place of hurling", a precipice where Christians were martyred in 1849.
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Antananarivo was already a major city before the colonial era. After expelling the Vazimba who inhabited the town at the peak of Analamanga hill, Andrianjaka chose the site for his
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As the historic capital of Imerina, Antananarivo is centrally located in the homeland of the Merina people, who comprise about 24 percent of the population and are the largest
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1310:; by 1950 its population had grown to 175,000. Roads connecting Antananarivo to surrounding towns were expanded and paved. The first international airport was constructed at
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numerous locations within the city based on the names of similar sites in the nearby village of Antananarivokely. Andriamasinavalona designated specific territories for the
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is located approximately 15 kilometres (9 miles) from the center of the city, connecting Antananarivoto to all national airports. Ivato is the hub of the national airline
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created "red zones"; areas where public gathering and protests were prohibited. On 28 June 2001, Ravalomanana abolished these areas, liberalizing freedom of assembly.
1162:, and Manjakamiadana (built 1839–1841), the largest palace at the Rova. Laborde also produced a wide range of industrial products at factories in the highland village
2925:. Branches and feeder roads from these major highways connect the city to the national road network. Antananarivo was connected by train to Toamasina to the east and
2251:(CUA) has increasingly sought to protect and restore the city's architectural and cultural heritage. In 2005, CUA authorities partnered with the city planners of the
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is mainly residential and viewed as a prestigious area in which to live; many of the city's wealthiest and most influential Malagasy families live there. The part of
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2263:, areas of the city benefiting from legal protection and financial support for their historic and cultural heritage. The plan, which is being implemented by the
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2670:(administrative sub-districts); it has historically been administered by an elected mayor and associated staff. Since the 2009 political crisis, in which the
2365:, an ancestor reburial ceremony. This ceremony typically occurs five to seven years after the death of a relative and is celebrated by removing the relative's
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was also built. A city plan written in 1956 created suburban zones where large houses and gardens were established for the wealthy. In 1959, severe floods in
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was established in 1897. Beyond these planned spaces, neighborhoods densely populated by working-class Malagasy expanded without state oversight or control.
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Antananarivo has suffered from debt and mismanagement. The CUA estimated in 2012 that the cost of running the city to international standards would reach
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1082:(taboos), including injunctions against the construction of wooden houses by non-nobles and the presence of swine within the city limits, were imposed.
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Until the mid-19th century, the city remained largely concentrated around the Rova of Antananarivo on the highest peak, an area today referred to as
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539:. The administrative area of the city, known as Antananarivo-Renivohitra ("Antananarivo-Mother Hill" or "Antananarivo-Capital"), is the capital of
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cost, consumption of meat by city residents has sharply declined since the 1970s; the urban poor eat meat on holidays only once or twice a year.
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became increasingly populous under French colonial authority, which targeted them for redesign and development. Today, the neighborhoods in the
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2941:, and is the only airport on the island hosting long-haul carriers. Direct flights connect Antananarivo to cities in South Africa and Europe.
2244:("Malagasy house"), rapidly spread throughout the Central Highlands of Madagascar, where it remains the predominant house construction style.
2145:) settled at the periphery of the noble districts, gradually spreading along the slopes of the lower hills during the late 19th century. This
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2898:. Newer vehicles congregate near hotels and other locales frequented by foreigners willing or able to pay higher prices for better services.
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in the Mahamasina neighborhood is the country's only indoor performance space built to international standards. It was built in 1995 by the
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commemorate early Malagasy Christian martyrs, the city's most intact historic entrance gate and the 19th-century houses of Merina nobles.
1267:, which spread along the lower hilltops and slopes of the city centered around the French residency. Modern urban planning was applied in
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and the tombs of Merina royalty. The city was established in around 1610 or 1625 according to varying accounts. Early Merina kings used
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2800:
93:
217:
184:
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King Andrianampoinimerina, and the Early History of Antananaviro and Ambohimanga, in The Antananarivo Annual and Madagascar Magazine
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948:
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156:
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2444:; these performances are more popular with older and rural audiences than among urban youth. Nightlife is the most animated in the
6160:
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4053:"Habitat traditionnel ancien par JP Testa (1970), Revue de Madagascar: Evolution syncrétique depuis Besakana jusqu'au trano gasy"
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has been affiliated since 1948 with the historic secondary school of the same name. All four teams train and play local games in
1271:("lower town"), which expanded from the base of the city's central hills into the surrounding rice fields. Major boulevards like
452:
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and Rainilaiarivony are buried with him. Bordering these neighborhoods are the commercial areas of Besarety and Andravoahangy.
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100:
4606:
2758:, France, established in 1962, is not active. In 2019, the Mayor of the Commune Urbaine Antananarivo was inviting the City of
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Agriculture is the mainstay of the Malagasy economy. The land is used for the cultivation of rice and other crops, raising of
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2117:
1379:
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970:
611:
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3354:
Campbell, Gwyn (October 1991). "The state and pre-colonial demographic history: the case of nineteenth-century Madagascar".
3028:
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6607:
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1171:("the middle town") to the central marketplace at Analakely. In 1867, following a series of fires in the capital, Queen
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125:
6602:
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3021:"Madagascar: Regions, Cities & Urban Communes - Population Statistics, Maps, Charts, Weather and Web Information"
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75:
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1368:. The city has repeatedly been the site of large demonstrations and violent political clashes, including the 1972
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572:
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2318:, the city's main thoroughfare, is bordered on both sides by shopping arcades built by the French in the 1930s.
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Antananarivo area was estimated at 3 million people in 2012; it is expected to rise to 6 million by 2030.
1394:
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442:
285:
2426:
the middle to upper classes who can afford the entrance fees. More affordable are performances of traditional
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hit the city in January of that year, causing multiple deaths and significant damage to almost 7,000 houses.
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5695:
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are located 15 km (9.3 mi) south of the city. The city hosts diplomatic missions of 21 countries.
1252:
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built the staircases connecting the market at Analakely to Antaninarenina (pictured) and Ambondrona in 1832.
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552:
4918:"Enquête Nationale sur le Suivi des indicateurs des Objectifs du Millénaire pour le Développement (ENSOMD)"
4649:
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1021:
82:
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In 2017, Antananarivo was ranked as the 7th worst city for particulate-matter air pollution in the world.
2718:
2608:
2331:
5621:
2960:
6597:
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5773:
5658:
2978:
2674:, Andry Rajoelina, unconstitutionally seized power as head of state, the CUA has been administered by a
2671:
2485:
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663:
595:
349:
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5108:"Rapport de l'OMS : Antananarivo, parmi les villes les plus polluées au monde – Midi Madagasikara"
4999:
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region. The city sits at 1,280 m (4,199 ft) above sea level in the center of the island, the
5162:"AFRICA / Madagascar Magician / But some ask if cleanup campaign by capital's mayor is only skin deep"
4309:
The Martyr Church: a Narrative of the Introduction, Progress and Triumph of Christianity in Madagascar
632:(1675–1710), who renamed it Antananarivo ("City of the Thousand") in honor of Andrianjaka's soldiers.
118:
6503:
4860:"Liste des institutions supérieures dont les offers de formation ont reçu l'habilitation du MESUPRES"
4505:
2650:
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2113:
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636:
621:
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2717:—in debts under previous mayors. In 2008, water was cut off at public pumps, and there were regular
2421:
The arts scene in Antananarivo is the largest and most vibrant in the country. Madagascar's diverse
2215:
5825:
2456:
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introduced. Water, previously obtained from springs at the foot of the hill, was brought from the
602:, and other origins, are represented in the city. It was founded circa 1610, when the Merina King
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Antananarivo is the capital of Madagascar, and the federal governance structures, including the
2375:
is costly; many families sacrifice higher living standards to set aside money for the ceremony.
5077:"Air Pollution Ranking in 32 Cities â€" How Does Yours Measure Up? (State of Pollution Series)"
2166:
1187:
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5447:
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5396:
5375:
5354:
5324:
5303:
5275:
5254:
4286:
3287:
Berg, Gerald M. (1988). "Sacred Acquisition: Andrianampoinimerina at Ambohimanga, 1777–1790".
2966:
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1993:
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648:
616:
497:
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328:
4729:
3881:"Patrimoine – La première phase des travaux terminée: Le "rova" renaît de ses cendres".
1238:
The colonial French Residency serves today as a presidential office and has been renamed the
1136:
south. Thereafter, Merina sovereigns declared Antananarivo the capital of the entire island.
5138:
3766:
3363:
3296:
2812:
2696:
2538:, the largest sporting venue in the country. The men's basketball teams Challenger and SOE (
2252:
2195:
Since pre-colonial times the lower classes, including those descended from the slave class (
907:
851:
773:
701:
434:
5633:
5485:
Madagascar: An Historical and Descriptive Account of the Island and its Former Dependencies
2178:
The commercial center of town, Analakely, is located on the valley floor between these two
551:. It has been the country's largest population center since at least the 18th century. The
6311:
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5416:(in French). Vol. 4. Antananarivo, Madagascar: Imprimerie Officielle de Tananarive.
4307:
3088:
2359:
In Antananarivo and throughout the highlands, Merina and Betsileo families practice the
17:
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987:
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548:
320:
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is headquartered in Antananarivo, and private international shipping companies like
2448:
neighborhoods of Antaninarenina, Tsaralalana, Behoririka, Mahamasina, and Andohalo.
6528:
6450:
6441:
6371:
6046:
5815:
4673:"La CUA et les coupures d'eau et d'électricité: Antananarivo est-elle sanctionnée?"
4347:"Piratenmuseum Madagaskar - Musée de Pirates Madagascar - Pirate Museum Madagascar"
3186:
Capital Cities around the World: An Encyclopedia of Geography, History, and Culture
2918:
2580:
2565:
2462:
2388:
1348:
1307:
1284:
1155:
1151:
1143:
1109:
was created in the 19th century to provide hydraulic power to industrial factories.
1078:
532:
389:
365:
49:
6333:
4924:
4702:
4419:
3660:"Several dead in Madagascar stadium crush at opening of Indian Ocean Island Games"
2826:, is located in Antananarivo. Other major dance schools based in the city include
5567:
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5441:
5411:
5390:
5369:
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5297:
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6366:
6116:
5956:
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2721:
of city street lights because of 3.3 million ariary of unpaid debts to the
1353:
1338:
1311:
1257:
1087:
991:
640:
603:
2762:
in Malaysia to enter into a sister relationship with the City of Antananarivo.
6552:
6508:
6404:
6388:
6377:
6360:
6355:
6237:
6166:
6091:
5939:
5895:
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2361:
2347:
2338:
1299:
1215:
1127:
1106:
679:
540:
536:
408:
310:
298:
4528:
Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices
3793:
World Meteorological Organization Climatological Standard Normals (1991–2020)
2639:
was completed in 2009 and replaced the original town hall burned in the 1972
268:
255:
6427:
6382:
6289:
6262:
2922:
2914:
2906:
2527:
1280:
1159:
1139:
667:
425:
5271:
General history of Africa: Africa in the nineteenth century until the 1880s
2690:
The mayoral administration of the CUA is empowered to govern the city with
1314:, 45 km (28 mi) outside the city; this was replaced in 1967 with
1044:
4262:(Vol. IV 1889–1892 ed.). London: Press of the L.M.S. pp. 486–487
6557:
6514:
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6086:
6079:
6057:
6052:
6041:
6029:
6023:
6016:
6005:
5873:
5632:
4540:
4128:"OHCHR | Humanizing the prison world: A diplomatic victory in Madagascar"
3425:"D'Antaninarenina à Ambondrona: Andry Rajoelina revisite son adolescence"
2926:
2751:
2519:
2432:
1361:
1163:
1114:
1072:
644:
4098:"Madagascar's presidential election: Will the yoghurt tycoon take over?"
1055:
Sovereigns addressed the public at the historic town square of Andohalo.
6538:
6519:
6497:
6464:
6322:
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6305:
6294:
6271:
6257:
6248:
6188:
6122:
6068:
5994:
5978:
5906:
5884:
5879:
5851:
4758:. Chinese-African People's Friendship Association. 2014. Archived from
4097:
3765:(in French). Commune Urbaine d'Antananarivo. March 2012. Archived from
2910:
2891:
2817:основная общеобразовательная школа при Посольстве России на Мадагаскаре
2743:
2739:
2657:, the Supreme Court, and the presidential office are housed there. The
2523:
983:
607:
567:
and the headquarters of many national and international businesses and
107:
5392:
Vivre à Tananarive: géographie du changement dans la capitale malgache
1122:(LMS) who arrived in 1820 and opened the city's first public schools.
6344:
6243:
6232:
6221:
6215:
6210:
6204:
6199:
6182:
6149:
6144:
6127:
6074:
6063:
6011:
5983:
5945:
5934:
5923:
5912:
5901:
3249:
2747:
2722:
2709:
2641:
1370:
1226:
in 1873 as his residence and office at a site near the royal palace.
430:
5323:(10th ed.). Guilford, Connecticut: The Globe Pequot Press Inc.
1038:(fortified royal compound), which expanded over time to enclose the
5569:
Madagascar sous Ravalomanana: La vie politique malgache depuis 2001
5006:. Russian Embassy School in Antananarivo. Retrieved on 6 July 2018.
2261:
Zones de Protection du Patrimoine Architectural, Urbain et Paysager
6492:
6486:
6459:
6399:
6393:
6349:
6327:
6171:
6138:
5989:
5972:
5967:
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5857:
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2970:
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2872:
2769:
2630:
2620:
2564:
2412:
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2310:
2214:
2165:
2107:
1419:
1337:
1289:
1233:
1186:
1138:
1101:
1050:
1020:
4445:
Rakotoharimanana, Volana; Saraléa, Judicaëlle (January 7, 2012).
3795:. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from
6338:
6193:
6111:
5917:
4984:
4960:
4167:
4165:
3864:
3862:
2755:
2323:
628:. The city retained the name Analamanga until the reign of King
5788:
5654:
5650:
4378:
4376:
4374:
4372:
3949:
3947:
3945:
3943:
3941:
3939:
3937:
3924:
3922:
3920:
3918:
3916:
3914:
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3330:
2511:
is nicknamed the Makis after the local word for the indigenous
1318:
approximately 15 km (9 mi) from the city center. The
5638:
4892:"CNTEMAD – Centre National du Télé-Enseignement de Madagascar"
3763:"Actes du séminaire international sur le développement urbain"
2754:, Canada. A sister city relationship between Antananarivo and
1424:
Map of the Country 20 Miles around Antananarivo, Madagascar (
937:
881:
812:
740:
568:
5413:
Colonie de Madagascar: Notes, reconnaissances et explorations
3545:
3543:
3541:
3539:
3537:
3535:
3533:
3531:
3518:
3516:
3514:
3512:
3510:
2901:
The city is encircled by a ring road and connected by direct
1002:("City of the Thousand") in honor of Andrianjaka's soldiers.
848:, and the pronunciation of the old French name Tananarive is
797:
779:
5464:
Madagascar revisitée: en voyage avec Françoise Raison-Jourde
4996:
4475:. International Rugby Board. August 23, 2007. Archived from
4354:
3129:
3127:
3125:
3123:
3121:
614:. Declaring it the site of his capital, Andrianjaka built a
4568:"Commune d'Antananarivo: Olga Rasamimanana nommée vice-pds"
3391:
3389:
3144:
3142:
928:
922:
872:
857:
818:
803:
788:
746:
731:
716:
5446:(in French). Antananarivo, Madagascar: Karthala Éditions.
5410:
Government of France (1898). "L'habitation à Madagascar".
5350:
David Griffiths and the Missionary "History of Madagascar"
4834:"Madagascar Council wants to bring more tourists to Sabah"
4285:. Princeton: Markus Wiener Publishers. pp. 163, 186.
4034:
4032:
4030:
4028:
4026:
4024:
4022:
3722:
3720:
3718:
3716:
3714:
3712:
3710:
4895:
916:
866:
725:
707:
5515:
Health, Nutrition, and Population in Madagascar, 2000–09
5340:
Tantara ny andriana eto Madagasikara (histoire des rois)
4447:"American center: Le high tech au service de la culture"
3885:(in French). Antananarivo, Madagascar. December 2, 2010.
2330:
Industry accounts for around 13 percent of Madagascar's
2738:
agreements with four cities. The city was twinned with
2120:, the city's highest hill, which dominates its skyline.
1214:
governed Madagascar alongside three successive queens,
620:(fortified royal dwelling) that expanded to become the
4642:"Andry Rajoelina hérite de 41 milliards fmg de dettes"
968:
Antananarivo was originally the site of a town called
3561:
2170:
The city's historic Zoma market, established by King
2141:
Under the Kingdom of Madagascar, the commoner class (
949:
925:
919:
910:
893:
869:
863:
860:
827:
800:
794:
791:
782:
776:
755:
728:
722:
719:
710:
704:
4449:(in French). L'Express de Madagascar. Archived from
3578:"2005 population estimates for cities in Madagascar"
3160:
3010:
Institut National de la Statistique Madagascar (web)
2507:
is considered the national sport of Madagascar. The
1400:
On 26 August 2023, at least 12 people died during a
1322:
was constructed in the Ankatso neighborhood and the
940:
934:
913:
884:
878:
854:
815:
809:
785:
743:
737:
713:
5766:
5750:
5714:
5688:
5421:McLean Thompson, Virginia; Adloff, Richard (1965).
3841:"Antananarivo Climate Normals 1981–2010 (Humidity)"
3819:"Antananarivo Climate Normals 1961–1990 (Sunhours)"
2877:The Soarano train station is located at the end of
2605:
Association of Bible Baptist Churches in Madagascar
931:
875:
806:
734:
473:
463:
451:
441:
424:
417:
406:
398:
387:
382:
374:
363:
358:
347:
342:
334:
316:
304:
284:
37:
4784:(in French). Vivre au Québec. 2014. Archived from
3604:"AFP: Hundreds protest Madagascar mayor's sacking"
2259:strategy for creating a classification system for
1090:rose in prominence. The last king of Ambohimanga,
658:(CUA) under the direction of its President of the
5443:Maisons royales, demeures des grands à Madagascar
5342:(in French). Antananarivo: Imprimerie catholique.
5106:Madagasikara, Redaction Midi (October 31, 2018).
4256:Tacchi, A. (1892). Sibree, J.; Baron, R. (eds.).
3901:"Madagascar: Antananarivo – Love Me, Love Me Not"
3821:. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
2742:, Armenia in 1981. The city is also twinned with
1126:introduced brickmaking to the island and created
582:Antananarivo was historically the capital of the
4092:
4090:
3114:Oxford Dictionary: Tananarive (American English)
3052:Institut National de la Statistique, Madagascar.
2518:Several soccer teams are based in Antananarivo;
4836:. Daily Express. March 27, 2019. Archived from
4599:"Antananarivo – Les neuf défis d'Andriamanjato"
3965:
3883:Le Quotidien de la Réunion et de l'Océan Indien
3692:Fruits of Toil in the London Missionary Society
982:. Analamanga was established by a community of
6572:An unrecognised or partially-recognised nation
5214:
5202:
5190:
5051:
4496:
4494:
4406:
4394:
4382:
4243:
4231:
4219:
4207:
4195:
4183:
4171:
4081:
4013:
4001:
3989:
3977:
3953:
3928:
3868:
3738:
3338:
563:, and Supreme Court are located there, as are
5800:
5666:
4051:Andriamihaja, Nasolo Valiavo (July 5, 2006).
3757:
3755:
3753:
3751:
3749:
3747:
2570:Immaculate Conception Cathedral, Antananarivo
1176:capital and across the highlands. Termed the
698:The English pronunciation of Antananarivo is
518:), also known by its colonial shorthand form
8:
6105:Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
3048:
3046:
2822:The nation's most prestigious dance school,
2542:) are based in Antananarivo and play in the
2430:or Malagasy operettas at Isotry Theater and
1059:Successive Merina sovereigns ruled over the
5243:Bibliography of the history of Antananarivo
5226:
5133:Geslin, Jean-Dominique (January 15, 2007).
4865:(in French). MESUPRES. 2014. Archived from
4333:
4156:
3549:
3522:
3423:Rakotoarilala, Ninaivo (January 15, 2013).
3133:
2526:are associated with the Analamanga region;
1451:Köppen-Geiger climate classification system
5807:
5793:
5785:
5673:
5659:
5651:
5572:(in French). Paris: Editions L'Harmattan.
5488:. Vol. 1. New York: Macmillan and Co.
5137:(in French). Jeune Afrique. Archived from
5063:
5039:
5027:
5015:
4810:(in French). Ville de Nice. Archived from
4038:
3726:
2835:Club de danse Kera arts'space à Antanimena
2613:Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Antananarivo
1472:Climate data for Antananarivo (1991–2020)
1468:
34:
6623:Populated places established in the 1620s
5706:Joseph Ravoahangy Andrianavalona Hospital
5495:Encyclopedia of African History, Volume 1
5374:(in French). New York: Editions Olizane.
4974:École de l'Alliance française d'Antsahabe
4923:(in French). INSTAT. 2014. Archived from
4566:Rakotomalala, Mahefa (December 3, 2013).
4059:(in French). Antananarivo. Archived from
3894:
3892:
3572:
3570:
3489:
3418:
3416:
3407:
3380:
3244:
3242:
2801:École de l'Alliance française d'Antsahabe
651:in 1897, and after independence in 1960.
5536:Madagascar: Profil urbain d'Antananarivo
4703:"Yerevan – Twin Towns and Sister Cities"
4504:. Sport Madagascar. 2009. Archived from
3789:"Antananarivo Climate Normals 1991–2020"
3695:. London: John Snow & Co. p. 44
3349:
3347:
3321:
3172:
1158:to construct the tomb of Prime Minister
5467:(in French). Paris: Karthala Editions.
5423:The Malagasy Republic: Madagascar today
4808:"Villes jumelées avec la Ville de Nice"
3689:London Missionary Society, ed. (1869).
3501:
3477:
3465:
3395:
3274:
3221:
3003:
2488:; The American Center is funded by the
1113:By the time Andrianampoinimerina's son
472:
450:
440:
423:
381:
373:
357:
341:
333:
283:
248:
176:
168:
140:
55:
5512:Sharp, Maryanne; Kruse, Joana (2011).
5317:Bradt, Hilary; Austin, Daniel (2011).
5296:Appiah, Anthony; Gates, Henry (2010).
5253:(in French). Berlin: Berger-Levrault.
5135:"Ravalomanana le PDG de la République"
4728:Stoiljkovic, Milena (April 28, 2013).
4627:
4597:Radasimalala, Vonjy (March 21, 2014).
4541:"Madagascar: Embassies and Consulates"
4426:from the original on December 11, 2013
4422:. Goethe Institut Antananarivo. 2013.
4108:from the original on December 25, 2012
3670:from the original on November 21, 2023
3584:from the original on December 24, 2018
3453:
3252:. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. 2012.
3233:
3209:
3197:
3148:
3095:from the original on September 3, 2014
3069:from the original on September 3, 2014
2809:Russian Embassy School in Antananarivo
2174:(1787–1810), was discontinued in 1997.
1154:invited a shipwrecked craftsman named
27:Capital and largest city of Madagascar
5172:from the original on October 20, 2013
5114:from the original on January 19, 2019
5087:from the original on January 19, 2019
4736:from the original on January 12, 2014
4709:from the original on October 31, 2019
4543:. Embassypages.com. August 22, 2014.
3847:from the original on November 4, 2016
3640:from the original on January 24, 2022
3435:from the original on February 8, 2021
2803:. It also houses an American school,
2664:The CUA is divided into six numbered
2540:Équipe du Stade olympique de l'Emyrne
1263:This period saw a major expansion of
960:
843:
545:highest national capital by elevation
526:
513:
496:
462:
416:
405:
397:
386:
362:
346:
315:
303:
7:
4547:from the original on October 6, 2014
4312:. London: John Snow and Co. p.
2589:World Communion of Reformed Churches
2585:Church of Jesus Christ in Madagascar
2555:2011 African Basketball Championship
2257:Plan Vert – Plan Bleu
1324:Museum of Ethnology and Paleontology
1248:French military invaded Antananarivo
224:
191:
5539:(in French). Nairobi, Kenya: UNON.
5302:. London: Oxford University Press.
5160:Robinson, Katya (August 21, 2000).
3630:"10 killed by floods in Madagascar"
2830:Université Catholique de Madagascar
2530:is associated with the CUA and the
2225:houses predominate in the historic
204:Location in Madagascar & Africa
5461:Nativel, D.; Rajaonah, F. (2009).
5389:Fournet-Guérin, Catherine (2007).
5353:. Leiden, the Netherlands: Brill.
4526:J. Gordon Melton, Martin Baumann,
3606:. February 4, 2009. Archived from
3256:from the original on June 29, 2011
25:
4640:Randria, N. (December 22, 2007).
4138:from the original on June 5, 2020
3562:McLean Thompson & Adloff 1965
2492:. Antananarivo has two dedicated
2469:Alliance française d'Antananarivo
6035:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
5641:The New Student's Reference Work
5606:
5299:Encyclopedia of Africa, Volume 1
5268:Ade Ajayi, Jacob Festus (1998).
4473:"Madagascar take Sevens honours"
3031:from the original on May 7, 2023
2265:Institut des Métiers de la Ville
2087:Source 1: NOAA (sun, 1961-1990)
1306:The city expanded rapidly after
986:, the island's first occupants.
906:
850:
842:. The Malagasy pronunciation is
772:
700:
291:
223:
216:
190:
183:
155:
145:
124:
117:
106:
99:
92:
81:
74:
63:
6618:Regional capitals in Madagascar
5830:states with limited recognition
5742:American School of Antananarivo
4671:Randria, N. (January 7, 2008).
4502:"Association Sportive Malgache"
2805:American School of Antananarivo
2553:were used to host the official
1194:was the home of Prime Minister
974:, meaning "Blue Forest" in the
654:The city is now managed by the
370:85 km (33 sq mi)
6628:1620s establishments in Africa
6613:Populated places in Analamanga
4782:"Villes-jumelages de Montréal"
4705:. Yerevan Municipality. 2013.
4530:, ABC-CLIO, USA, 2010, p. 1768
3899:Hellier, Chris (Summer 1999).
3289:The Journal of African History
3063:"Dictionary.com: Antananarivo"
2981:provide services to the city.
2682:) composed of a president and
2249:Commune urbaine d'Antananarivo
1380:2009 Malagasy political crisis
1294:Jacarandas planted during the
656:Commune Urbaine d'Antananarivo
610:inhabitants of the village of
1:
5425:. Stanford University Press.
2734:Antananarivo has established
2549:The sports facilities of the
2402:Museum of Art and Archaeology
2343:structural adjustment program
688:Museum of Art and Archaeology
402:15,000/km (39,000/sq mi)
5722:Lycée Français de Tananarive
5701:Mahamasina Municipal Stadium
5395:. Paris: Karthala Editions.
5249:Acquier, Jean-Louis (1997).
3188:, ABC-CLIO, USA, 2013, p. 15
3089:"Dictionary.com: Tananarive"
2807:, and a Russian school, the
2789:Lycée Français de Tananarive
2730:Twin towns and sister cities
2583:churches and temples :
2536:Mahamasina Municipal Stadium
1406:Mahamasina Municipal Stadium
1374:that brought down President
378:1,276 m (4,186 ft)
5758:Ivato International Airport
5493:Shillington, Kevin (2004).
5251:Architectures de Madagascar
4987:. Retrieved on 5 July 2018.
4963:. Retrieved on 5 July 2018.
4679:(in French). Archived from
4648:(in French). Archived from
4605:(in French). Archived from
4574:(in French). Archived from
3966:Nativel & Rajaonah 2009
3250:"Royal Hill of Ambohimanga"
2935:Ivato International Airport
1945:Average precipitation days
1731:Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
1591:Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
1316:Ivato International Airport
694:Pronunciation and etymology
468:Ivato International Airport
317:Historic Countries/Colonies
6644:
6577:British Overseas Territory
5566:Vivier, Jean-Loup (2007).
5240:
3356:Journal of African History
2879:L'Avenue de l'Indépendance
2785:University of Antananarivo
2776:University of Antananarivo
2551:University of Antananarivo
2379:Historic sites and museums
2316:L'Avenue de l'Indépendance
2091:
2086:
1471:
1366:Roman Catholic Archdiocese
1320:University of Antananarivo
1009:
590:, as well as residents of
478:www.mairie-antananarivo.mg
32:Capital city in Madagascar
6567:
5840:
5823:
5338:Callet, François (1908).
4730:"World Sister Cities Day"
3368:10.1017/S0021853700031534
3301:10.1017/S002185370002363X
3161:Government of France 1898
2816:
2659:main presidential offices
2597:Lutheran World Federation
2579:, they are predominantly
2039:
1991:
1944:
1870:
1800:
1730:
1660:
1590:
1520:
1515:
1512:
1509:
1506:
1503:
1500:
1497:
1494:
1491:
1488:
1485:
1482:
1479:
1476:
1457:with dry season defined (
1455:humid subtropical climate
1410:Indian Ocean Island Games
1120:London Missionary Society
606:(1612–1630) expelled the
249:
177:
169:
141:
56:
47:
5929:Central African Republic
5689:Buildings and structures
5628:(archived 30 March 2007)
5622:Antananarivo Renivohitra
5518:. New York: World Bank.
5440:Nativel, Didier (2005).
3184:Roman Adrian Cybriwsky,
2931:Avenue de l'Indépendance
2593:Malagasy Lutheran Church
2490:United States government
2189:Avenue de l'Indépendance
2116:is built on the peak of
1408:, during the opening of
1395:2022 Antananarivo floods
1358:Roman Catholic cathedral
1298:bloom in October around
1277:Avenue de l'Indépendance
1273:Avenue de l'Indépendance
1012:Timeline of Antananarivo
18:Antananarivo, Madagascar
5732:Lycée La Clairefontaine
5696:Ambohitsorohitra Palace
5497:. New York: CRC Press.
5482:Oliver, Samuel (1886).
5347:Campbell, Gwyn (2012).
5227:Bradt & Austin 2011
4603:L'Express de Madagascar
4572:L'Express de Madagascar
4334:Bradt & Austin 2011
4306:Ellis, William (1870).
4283:A History of Madagascar
4157:Appiah & Gates 2010
4057:L'Express de Madagascar
3523:Appiah & Gates 2010
2967:national postal service
2905:(national highways) to
2793:Lycée La Clairefontaine
2478:Cercle Germano-Malgache
1253:Ambohitsorohitra Palace
1240:Ambohitsorohitra Palace
845:[antananaˈrivʷ]
649:colonized by the French
498:[antananaˈrivʷ]
354:Naina Andriantsitohaina
5594:Antananarivo City Hall
5064:Sharp & Kruse 2011
5040:Sharp & Kruse 2011
5028:Sharp & Kruse 2011
5016:Sharp & Kruse 2011
4281:Brown, Mervyn (2006).
3905:Travel Africa Magazine
2954:
2882:
2828:Le Club de Danse de l'
2779:
2646:
2609:Baptist World Alliance
2572:
2436:at the city's outdoor
2418:
2392:
2332:gross domestic product
2319:
2238:. The model, known as
2230:
2201:Soixante-Sept Hectares
2175:
2159:later Prime Ministers
2121:
2096:(humidity, 1981-2010)
1429:
1360:. Antananarivo is the
1343:
1303:
1296:French colonial period
1243:
1199:
1147:
1133:Malagasy ethnic groups
1110:
1056:
1029:
588:Malagasy ethnic groups
565:21 diplomatic missions
207:Show map of Madagascar
6476:São Tomé and Príncipe
5826:Dependent territories
5774:Antananarivo stampede
5002:July 5, 2018, at the
4979:July 5, 2018, at the
4955:July 5, 2018, at the
4840:on September 26, 2019
4104:. December 20, 2001.
3799:on September 17, 2023
3025:www.citypopulation.de
2993:(born 1937), botanist
2979:United Parcel Service
2952:
2876:
2845:Health and sanitation
2773:
2672:Mayor of Antananarivo
2634:
2568:
2472:, both funded by the
2416:
2386:
2314:
2281:Malagasy ethnic group
2218:
2169:
2161:Rainivoninahitriniony
2111:
1453:, Antananarivo has a
1423:
1341:
1293:
1279:in Antananarive with
1237:
1224:Andafiavaratra Palace
1192:Andafiavaratra Palace
1190:
1182:Christians in Imerina
1142:
1105:
1098:Kingdom of Madagascar
1070:(commoners) and each
1054:
1024:
664:Andafiavaratra Palace
350:Mayor of Antananarivo
325:Malagasy Protectorate
269:18.91000°S 47.52500°E
237:Antananarivo (Africa)
6608:Cities in Madagascar
5818:of African countries
5553:on December 11, 2013
5229:, pp. 105, 159.
4930:on September 4, 2014
4872:on September 3, 2014
4609:on September 3, 2014
4578:on December 14, 2013
4508:on December 31, 2018
4453:on December 14, 2013
3636:. January 18, 2022.
3610:on February 26, 2014
2778:was founded in 1958.
2417:Cinemas Rex and Ritz
2172:Andrianampoinimerina
1521:Record high °C (°F)
1382:, which resulted in
1218:, Ranavalona II and
1092:Andrianampoinimerina
682:, four 19th-century
637:Andrianampoinimerina
535:and largest city of
399: • Density
5624:– official website
5533:UN-Habitat (2012).
5215:Fournet-Guérin 2007
5205:, pp. 275–276.
5203:Fournet-Guérin 2007
5191:Fournet-Guérin 2007
5141:on January 26, 2012
5083:. August 11, 2017.
5052:Fournet-Guérin 2007
4898:on January 16, 2021
4814:on October 29, 2012
4788:on January 12, 2014
4762:on January 12, 2014
4683:on October 19, 2013
4652:on October 19, 2013
4479:on October 24, 2012
4407:Fournet-Guérin 2007
4395:Fournet-Guérin 2007
4383:Fournet-Guérin 2007
4336:, pp. 162–163.
4244:Fournet-Guérin 2007
4232:Fournet-Guérin 2007
4220:Fournet-Guérin 2007
4210:, pp. 267–268.
4208:Fournet-Guérin 2007
4196:Fournet-Guérin 2007
4184:Fournet-Guérin 2007
4172:Fournet-Guérin 2007
4082:Fournet-Guérin 2007
4014:Fournet-Guérin 2007
4002:Fournet-Guérin 2007
3990:Fournet-Guérin 2007
3978:Fournet-Guérin 2007
3954:Fournet-Guérin 2007
3929:Fournet-Guérin 2007
3869:Fournet-Guérin 2007
3769:on January 26, 2012
3739:Fournet-Guérin 2007
3666:. August 26, 2023.
3480:, pp. 122–124.
3339:Fournet-Guérin 2007
3212:, pp. 563–565.
3175:, pp. 114–115.
3163:, pp. 918–919.
3151:, pp. 654–656.
2676:délégation spéciale
2509:national rugby team
2457:Government of China
2341:'s imposition of a
2219:Nineteenth-century
1801:Record low °C (°F)
1661:Daily mean °C (°F)
1376:Philibert Tsiranana
1150:Radama's successor
962:[tananaʁiv]
515:[tananaʁiv]
274:-18.91000; 47.52500
265: /
6603:Capitals in Africa
5737:Collèges de France
5634:"Tananarivo"
4677:Madagascar Tribune
4646:Madagascar Tribune
4420:"Qui Sommes Nous?"
4357:on January 4, 2023
3843:. .pogodaiklimat.
3429:Madagascar Tribune
2955:
2883:
2780:
2680:special delegation
2647:
2619:). There are also
2573:
2480:, a branch of the
2442:Alliance française
2419:
2393:
2320:
2231:
2176:
2122:
1430:
1390:as head of state.
1344:
1304:
1244:
1200:
1148:
1111:
1061:Kingdom of Imerina
1057:
1030:
1017:Kingdom of Imerina
996:Andriamasinavalona
676:Mahamasina Stadium
660:Special Delegation
630:Andriamasinavalona
626:Kingdom of Imerina
579:, are based here.
240:Show map of Africa
6585:
6584:
6227:Equatorial Guinea
5962:Rep. of the Congo
5782:
5781:
5614:Madagascar portal
5579:978-2-296-18554-8
5546:978-92-1-132472-3
5525:978-0-8213-8538-8
5504:978-1-57958-245-6
5474:978-2-8111-0174-9
5453:978-2-84586-539-6
5432:978-0-8047-0279-9
5402:978-2-84586-869-4
5381:978-2-88086-387-6
5368:Desmonts (2004).
5360:978-90-04-20980-0
5330:978-1-84162-341-2
5309:978-0-19-533770-9
5281:978-0-520-06701-1
5274:. Paris: UNESCO.
5260:978-2-7003-1169-3
3398:, pp. 76–66.
3224:, pp. 63–64.
2903:routes nationales
2655:National Assembly
2601:Assemblies of God
2577:places of worship
2561:Places of worship
2544:Palais des Sports
2513:ring-tailed lemur
2486:German government
2474:French government
2453:Palais des Sports
2301:Antanimora Prison
2154:neighborhoods of
2100:
2099:
1994:relative humidity
1388:Marc Ravalomanana
1334:Post-independence
1230:French Madagascar
998:, who renamed it
980:Malagasy language
976:Central Highlands
557:National Assembly
486:
485:
329:French Madagascar
16:(Redirected from
6635:
5809:
5802:
5795:
5786:
5675:
5668:
5661:
5652:
5647:
5645:
5636:
5627:
5616:
5611:
5610:
5609:
5583:
5562:
5560:
5558:
5549:. Archived from
5529:
5508:
5489:
5478:
5457:
5436:
5417:
5406:
5385:
5364:
5343:
5334:
5313:
5292:
5290:
5288:
5264:
5230:
5224:
5218:
5212:
5206:
5200:
5194:
5188:
5182:
5181:
5179:
5177:
5157:
5151:
5150:
5148:
5146:
5130:
5124:
5123:
5121:
5119:
5103:
5097:
5096:
5094:
5092:
5073:
5067:
5061:
5055:
5049:
5043:
5037:
5031:
5025:
5019:
5013:
5007:
4994:
4988:
4970:
4964:
4946:
4940:
4939:
4937:
4935:
4929:
4922:
4914:
4908:
4907:
4905:
4903:
4894:. Archived from
4888:
4882:
4881:
4879:
4877:
4871:
4864:
4856:
4850:
4849:
4847:
4845:
4830:
4824:
4823:
4821:
4819:
4804:
4798:
4797:
4795:
4793:
4778:
4772:
4771:
4769:
4767:
4752:
4746:
4745:
4743:
4741:
4725:
4719:
4718:
4716:
4714:
4699:
4693:
4692:
4690:
4688:
4668:
4662:
4661:
4659:
4657:
4637:
4631:
4625:
4619:
4618:
4616:
4614:
4594:
4588:
4587:
4585:
4583:
4563:
4557:
4556:
4554:
4552:
4537:
4531:
4524:
4518:
4517:
4515:
4513:
4498:
4489:
4488:
4486:
4484:
4469:
4463:
4462:
4460:
4458:
4442:
4436:
4435:
4433:
4431:
4416:
4410:
4404:
4398:
4392:
4386:
4380:
4367:
4366:
4364:
4362:
4353:. Archived from
4351:piratenmuseum.ch
4343:
4337:
4331:
4325:
4324:
4322:
4320:
4303:
4297:
4296:
4278:
4272:
4271:
4269:
4267:
4253:
4247:
4241:
4235:
4229:
4223:
4217:
4211:
4205:
4199:
4193:
4187:
4181:
4175:
4169:
4160:
4154:
4148:
4147:
4145:
4143:
4124:
4118:
4117:
4115:
4113:
4094:
4085:
4079:
4073:
4072:
4070:
4068:
4063:on July 14, 2011
4048:
4042:
4036:
4017:
4011:
4005:
3999:
3993:
3987:
3981:
3975:
3969:
3963:
3957:
3951:
3932:
3926:
3909:
3908:
3896:
3887:
3886:
3878:
3872:
3866:
3857:
3856:
3854:
3852:
3837:
3831:
3830:
3828:
3826:
3815:
3809:
3808:
3806:
3804:
3785:
3779:
3778:
3776:
3774:
3759:
3742:
3736:
3730:
3724:
3705:
3704:
3702:
3700:
3686:
3680:
3679:
3677:
3675:
3656:
3650:
3649:
3647:
3645:
3626:
3620:
3619:
3617:
3615:
3600:
3594:
3593:
3591:
3589:
3574:
3565:
3559:
3553:
3550:Shillington 2004
3547:
3526:
3520:
3505:
3499:
3493:
3487:
3481:
3475:
3469:
3463:
3457:
3451:
3445:
3444:
3442:
3440:
3420:
3411:
3405:
3399:
3393:
3384:
3378:
3372:
3371:
3351:
3342:
3336:
3325:
3319:
3313:
3312:
3284:
3278:
3272:
3266:
3265:
3263:
3261:
3246:
3237:
3231:
3225:
3219:
3213:
3207:
3201:
3195:
3189:
3182:
3176:
3170:
3164:
3158:
3152:
3146:
3137:
3134:Shillington 2004
3131:
3116:
3111:
3105:
3104:
3102:
3100:
3085:
3079:
3078:
3076:
3074:
3059:
3053:
3050:
3041:
3040:
3038:
3036:
3017:
3011:
3008:
2953:Newspaper vendor
2824:K'art Antanimena
2818:
2752:Montreal, Quebec
2716:
2705:
2697:Didier Ratsiraka
2461:Centre Culturel
2247:Since 1993, the
2156:la ville moyenne
1948:
1469:
1364:of Madagascar's
1265:la ville moyenne
1169:la ville moyenne
964:
956:
952:
947:
946:
943:
942:
939:
936:
933:
930:
927:
924:
921:
918:
915:
912:
901:
897:
891:
890:
887:
886:
883:
880:
877:
874:
871:
868:
865:
862:
859:
856:
847:
838:
834:
830:
825:
824:
821:
820:
817:
814:
811:
808:
805:
802:
799:
796:
793:
790:
787:
784:
781:
778:
766:
762:
758:
753:
752:
749:
748:
745:
742:
739:
736:
733:
730:
727:
724:
721:
718:
715:
712:
709:
706:
549:island countries
530:
525:
517:
512:
500:
482:
464:Major Airport(s)
435:East Africa Time
297:
295:
294:
280:
279:
277:
276:
275:
270:
266:
263:
262:
261:
258:
241:
227:
226:
220:
208:
194:
193:
187:
159:
149:
128:
121:
110:
103:
96:
85:
78:
67:
35:
21:
6643:
6642:
6638:
6637:
6636:
6634:
6633:
6632:
6588:
6587:
6586:
6581:
6563:
6562:
6548:
6533:
6455:
6436:
6422:
6285:
6266:
5836:
5819:
5813:
5783:
5778:
5762:
5746:
5727:Lycée Peter Pan
5710:
5684:
5679:
5631:
5625:
5612:
5607:
5605:
5602:
5590:
5580:
5565:
5556:
5554:
5547:
5532:
5526:
5511:
5505:
5492:
5481:
5475:
5460:
5454:
5439:
5433:
5420:
5409:
5403:
5388:
5382:
5367:
5361:
5346:
5337:
5331:
5316:
5310:
5295:
5286:
5284:
5282:
5267:
5261:
5248:
5245:
5239:
5234:
5233:
5225:
5221:
5213:
5209:
5201:
5197:
5189:
5185:
5175:
5173:
5159:
5158:
5154:
5144:
5142:
5132:
5131:
5127:
5117:
5115:
5105:
5104:
5100:
5090:
5088:
5075:
5074:
5070:
5062:
5058:
5050:
5046:
5038:
5034:
5026:
5022:
5014:
5010:
5004:Wayback Machine
4995:
4991:
4981:Wayback Machine
4971:
4967:
4957:Wayback Machine
4950:Lycée Peter Pan
4947:
4943:
4933:
4931:
4927:
4920:
4916:
4915:
4911:
4901:
4899:
4890:
4889:
4885:
4875:
4873:
4869:
4862:
4858:
4857:
4853:
4843:
4841:
4832:
4831:
4827:
4817:
4815:
4806:
4805:
4801:
4791:
4789:
4780:
4779:
4775:
4765:
4763:
4756:"Sister Cities"
4754:
4753:
4749:
4739:
4737:
4727:
4726:
4722:
4712:
4710:
4701:
4700:
4696:
4686:
4684:
4670:
4669:
4665:
4655:
4653:
4639:
4638:
4634:
4626:
4622:
4612:
4610:
4596:
4595:
4591:
4581:
4579:
4565:
4564:
4560:
4550:
4548:
4539:
4538:
4534:
4525:
4521:
4511:
4509:
4500:
4499:
4492:
4482:
4480:
4471:
4470:
4466:
4456:
4454:
4444:
4443:
4439:
4429:
4427:
4418:
4417:
4413:
4405:
4401:
4393:
4389:
4381:
4370:
4360:
4358:
4345:
4344:
4340:
4332:
4328:
4318:
4316:
4305:
4304:
4300:
4293:
4280:
4279:
4275:
4265:
4263:
4255:
4254:
4250:
4242:
4238:
4230:
4226:
4218:
4214:
4206:
4202:
4194:
4190:
4182:
4178:
4170:
4163:
4155:
4151:
4141:
4139:
4126:
4125:
4121:
4111:
4109:
4096:
4095:
4088:
4080:
4076:
4066:
4064:
4050:
4049:
4045:
4039:UN-Habitat 2012
4037:
4020:
4012:
4008:
4000:
3996:
3988:
3984:
3976:
3972:
3964:
3960:
3952:
3935:
3927:
3912:
3898:
3897:
3890:
3880:
3879:
3875:
3867:
3860:
3850:
3848:
3839:
3838:
3834:
3824:
3822:
3817:
3816:
3812:
3802:
3800:
3787:
3786:
3782:
3772:
3770:
3761:
3760:
3745:
3737:
3733:
3727:UN-Habitat 2012
3725:
3708:
3698:
3696:
3688:
3687:
3683:
3673:
3671:
3658:
3657:
3653:
3643:
3641:
3628:
3627:
3623:
3613:
3611:
3602:
3601:
3597:
3587:
3585:
3576:
3575:
3568:
3560:
3556:
3548:
3529:
3521:
3508:
3500:
3496:
3488:
3484:
3476:
3472:
3464:
3460:
3452:
3448:
3438:
3436:
3422:
3421:
3414:
3406:
3402:
3394:
3387:
3379:
3375:
3353:
3352:
3345:
3337:
3328:
3320:
3316:
3286:
3285:
3281:
3273:
3269:
3259:
3257:
3248:
3247:
3240:
3232:
3228:
3220:
3216:
3208:
3204:
3196:
3192:
3183:
3179:
3171:
3167:
3159:
3155:
3147:
3140:
3132:
3119:
3112:
3108:
3098:
3096:
3087:
3086:
3082:
3072:
3070:
3061:
3060:
3056:
3051:
3044:
3034:
3032:
3019:
3018:
3014:
3009:
3005:
3000:
2987:
2961:Fenon'ny Merina
2947:
2871:
2847:
2797:Lycée Peter Pan
2768:
2732:
2715:US$ 4.6 million
2714:
2713:—approximately
2704:US$ 100 million
2703:
2667:arrondissements
2629:
2617:Catholic Church
2563:
2546:at Mahamasina.
2532:AS Saint Michel
2522:Analamanga and
2502:
2482:Goethe-Institut
2411:
2381:
2357:
2309:
2293:
2273:
2255:to develop the
2213:
2106:
2101:
1946:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1461:, bordering on
1447:
1418:
1384:Andry Rajoelina
1342:Senate building
1336:
1232:
1212:Rainilaiarivony
1196:Rainilaiarivony
1100:
1019:
1014:
1008:
978:dialect of the
959:in English and
954:
950:
909:
905:
899:
895:
853:
849:
836:
832:
828:
775:
771:
764:
760:
756:
703:
699:
696:
684:martyr churches
523:
510:
480:
327:
323:
292:
290:
273:
271:
267:
264:
259:
256:
254:
252:
251:
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244:
243:
242:
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234:
233:
232:
228:
211:
210:
209:
206:
205:
202:
201:
200:
199:
195:
173:
170:Nickname:
165:
164:
163:
162:
153:
152:
137:
134:
133:
132:
131:
130:
129:
122:
113:
112:
111:
104:
97:
88:
87:
86:
79:
70:
69:
68:
52:
43:
40:
33:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6641:
6639:
6631:
6630:
6625:
6620:
6615:
6610:
6605:
6600:
6590:
6589:
6583:
6582:
6580:
6579:
6574:
6568:
6565:
6564:
6561:
6560:
6549:
6547:
6546:
6535:
6524:
6522:
6511:
6500:
6489:
6478:
6467:
6456:
6454:
6453:
6438:
6424:
6409:
6407:
6396:
6385:
6374:
6363:
6352:
6341:
6330:
6319:
6308:
6297:
6286:
6284:
6283:
6268:
6253:
6251:
6240:
6229:
6218:
6207:
6196:
6185:
6174:
6163:
6152:
6141:
6130:
6119:
6108:
6095:
6082:
6071:
6060:
6049:
6038:
6019:
6008:
5997:
5986:
5975:
5964:
5953:
5942:
5931:
5920:
5909:
5898:
5887:
5876:
5865:
5854:
5842:
5841:
5838:
5837:
5824:
5821:
5820:
5814:
5812:
5811:
5804:
5797:
5789:
5780:
5779:
5777:
5776:
5770:
5768:
5764:
5763:
5761:
5760:
5754:
5752:
5748:
5747:
5745:
5744:
5739:
5734:
5729:
5724:
5718:
5716:
5712:
5711:
5709:
5708:
5703:
5698:
5692:
5690:
5686:
5685:
5680:
5678:
5677:
5670:
5663:
5655:
5649:
5648:
5629:
5618:
5617:
5601:
5600:External links
5598:
5597:
5596:
5589:
5586:
5585:
5584:
5578:
5563:
5545:
5530:
5524:
5509:
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5490:
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5431:
5418:
5407:
5401:
5386:
5380:
5365:
5359:
5344:
5335:
5329:
5314:
5308:
5293:
5280:
5265:
5259:
5238:
5235:
5232:
5231:
5219:
5217:, p. 276.
5207:
5195:
5183:
5152:
5125:
5098:
5068:
5056:
5054:, p. 107.
5044:
5032:
5020:
5008:
4989:
4965:
4941:
4909:
4883:
4851:
4825:
4799:
4773:
4747:
4720:
4694:
4663:
4632:
4620:
4589:
4558:
4532:
4519:
4490:
4464:
4437:
4411:
4409:, p. 180.
4399:
4387:
4368:
4338:
4326:
4298:
4291:
4273:
4248:
4246:, p. 141.
4236:
4234:, p. 104.
4224:
4222:, p. 106.
4212:
4200:
4198:, p. 279.
4188:
4186:, p. 317.
4176:
4174:, p. 275.
4161:
4159:, p. 115.
4149:
4119:
4086:
4084:, p. 171.
4074:
4043:
4018:
4016:, p. 232.
4006:
4004:, p. 221.
3994:
3982:
3980:, p. 312.
3970:
3968:, p. 126.
3958:
3933:
3910:
3888:
3873:
3871:, p. 297.
3858:
3832:
3810:
3780:
3743:
3741:, p. 153.
3731:
3706:
3681:
3651:
3621:
3595:
3566:
3564:, p. 271.
3554:
3552:, p. 159.
3527:
3525:, p. 114.
3506:
3494:
3492:, p. 439.
3490:Ade Ajayi 1998
3482:
3470:
3468:, p. 327.
3458:
3446:
3412:
3410:, p. 167.
3408:Ade Ajayi 1998
3400:
3385:
3383:, p. 165.
3381:Ade Ajayi 1998
3373:
3362:(3): 415–445.
3343:
3326:
3324:, p. 454.
3314:
3295:(2): 191–211.
3279:
3267:
3238:
3236:, p. 221.
3226:
3214:
3202:
3200:, p. 522.
3190:
3177:
3165:
3153:
3138:
3136:, p. 158.
3117:
3106:
3080:
3054:
3042:
3012:
3002:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2995:
2994:
2991:Lucile Allorge
2986:
2985:Notable people
2983:
2946:
2943:
2939:Air Madagascar
2870:
2867:
2856:bubonic plague
2846:
2843:
2767:
2764:
2731:
2728:
2637:Hôtel de Ville
2628:
2625:
2562:
2559:
2501:
2498:
2484:funded by the
2410:
2407:
2380:
2377:
2356:
2353:
2308:
2305:
2292:
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2272:
2269:
2212:
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2102:
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2077:
2074:
2071:
2068:
2065:
2062:
2059:
2056:
2053:
2050:
2047:
2044:
2042:sunshine hours
2037:
2036:
2033:
2030:
2027:
2024:
2021:
2018:
2015:
2012:
2009:
2006:
2003:
2000:
1997:
1989:
1988:
1985:
1982:
1979:
1976:
1973:
1970:
1967:
1964:
1961:
1958:
1955:
1952:
1949:
1942:
1941:
1936:
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1478:
1474:
1473:
1467:
1446:
1443:
1417:
1414:
1402:crush incident
1335:
1332:
1328:la ville basse
1269:la ville basse
1231:
1228:
1220:Ranavalona III
1204:la haute ville
1099:
1096:
1018:
1015:
1007:
1004:
695:
692:
672:Tsimbazaza Zoo
666:, the tomb of
528:[tana]
484:
483:
475:
471:
470:
465:
461:
460:
455:
449:
448:
445:
439:
438:
428:
422:
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419:
415:
414:
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404:
403:
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396:
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385:
384:
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372:
371:
368:
361:
360:
356:
355:
352:
345:
344:
340:
339:
336:
332:
331:
321:Merina Kingdom
318:
314:
313:
308:
302:
301:
288:
282:
281:
247:
246:
236:
230:
229:
222:
221:
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203:
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116:
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105:
98:
91:
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89:
80:
73:
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71:
62:
61:
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14:
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6037:
6036:
6032:
6031:
6026:
6025:
6020:
6018:
6014:
6013:
6009:
6007:
6003:
6002:
5998:
5996:
5992:
5991:
5987:
5985:
5981:
5980:
5976:
5974:
5970:
5969:
5965:
5963:
5959:
5958:
5954:
5952:
5951:Guinea-Bissau
5948:
5947:
5943:
5941:
5937:
5936:
5932:
5930:
5926:
5925:
5921:
5919:
5915:
5914:
5910:
5908:
5904:
5903:
5899:
5897:
5893:
5892:
5888:
5886:
5882:
5881:
5877:
5875:
5871:
5870:
5866:
5864:
5860:
5859:
5855:
5853:
5849:
5848:
5844:
5843:
5839:
5835:
5831:
5827:
5822:
5817:
5810:
5805:
5803:
5798:
5796:
5791:
5790:
5787:
5775:
5772:
5771:
5769:
5765:
5759:
5756:
5755:
5753:
5749:
5743:
5740:
5738:
5735:
5733:
5730:
5728:
5725:
5723:
5720:
5719:
5717:
5713:
5707:
5704:
5702:
5699:
5697:
5694:
5693:
5691:
5687:
5683:
5676:
5671:
5669:
5664:
5662:
5657:
5656:
5653:
5644:
5642:
5635:
5630:
5623:
5620:
5619:
5615:
5604:
5599:
5595:
5592:
5591:
5587:
5581:
5575:
5571:
5570:
5564:
5552:
5548:
5542:
5538:
5537:
5531:
5527:
5521:
5517:
5516:
5510:
5506:
5500:
5496:
5491:
5487:
5486:
5480:
5476:
5470:
5466:
5465:
5459:
5455:
5449:
5445:
5444:
5438:
5434:
5428:
5424:
5419:
5415:
5414:
5408:
5404:
5398:
5394:
5393:
5387:
5383:
5377:
5373:
5372:
5366:
5362:
5356:
5352:
5351:
5345:
5341:
5336:
5332:
5326:
5322:
5321:
5315:
5311:
5305:
5301:
5300:
5294:
5283:
5277:
5273:
5272:
5266:
5262:
5256:
5252:
5247:
5246:
5244:
5236:
5228:
5223:
5220:
5216:
5211:
5208:
5204:
5199:
5196:
5193:, p. 65.
5192:
5187:
5184:
5171:
5167:
5163:
5156:
5153:
5140:
5136:
5129:
5126:
5113:
5110:(in French).
5109:
5102:
5099:
5086:
5082:
5081:CleanTechnica
5078:
5072:
5069:
5066:, p. 19.
5065:
5060:
5057:
5053:
5048:
5045:
5042:, p. 40.
5041:
5036:
5033:
5030:, p. 74.
5029:
5024:
5021:
5018:, p. 64.
5017:
5012:
5009:
5005:
5001:
4998:
4993:
4990:
4986:
4982:
4978:
4975:
4969:
4966:
4962:
4958:
4954:
4951:
4945:
4942:
4926:
4919:
4913:
4910:
4897:
4893:
4887:
4884:
4868:
4861:
4855:
4852:
4844:September 26,
4839:
4835:
4829:
4826:
4813:
4809:
4803:
4800:
4787:
4783:
4777:
4774:
4761:
4757:
4751:
4748:
4735:
4732:. In Serbia.
4731:
4724:
4721:
4708:
4704:
4698:
4695:
4682:
4678:
4674:
4667:
4664:
4651:
4647:
4643:
4636:
4633:
4630:, p. 13.
4629:
4624:
4621:
4608:
4604:
4600:
4593:
4590:
4577:
4573:
4569:
4562:
4559:
4546:
4542:
4536:
4533:
4529:
4523:
4520:
4507:
4503:
4497:
4495:
4491:
4478:
4474:
4468:
4465:
4452:
4448:
4441:
4438:
4425:
4421:
4415:
4412:
4408:
4403:
4400:
4397:, p. 70.
4396:
4391:
4388:
4385:, p. 69.
4384:
4379:
4377:
4375:
4373:
4369:
4356:
4352:
4348:
4342:
4339:
4335:
4330:
4327:
4315:
4311:
4310:
4302:
4299:
4294:
4292:9781558762923
4288:
4284:
4277:
4274:
4261:
4260:
4252:
4249:
4245:
4240:
4237:
4233:
4228:
4225:
4221:
4216:
4213:
4209:
4204:
4201:
4197:
4192:
4189:
4185:
4180:
4177:
4173:
4168:
4166:
4162:
4158:
4153:
4150:
4137:
4133:
4132:www.ohchr.org
4129:
4123:
4120:
4107:
4103:
4102:The Economist
4099:
4093:
4091:
4087:
4083:
4078:
4075:
4062:
4058:
4054:
4047:
4044:
4040:
4035:
4033:
4031:
4029:
4027:
4025:
4023:
4019:
4015:
4010:
4007:
4003:
3998:
3995:
3992:, p. 79.
3991:
3986:
3983:
3979:
3974:
3971:
3967:
3962:
3959:
3956:, p. 16.
3955:
3950:
3948:
3946:
3944:
3942:
3940:
3938:
3934:
3931:, p. 12.
3930:
3925:
3923:
3921:
3919:
3917:
3915:
3911:
3906:
3902:
3895:
3893:
3889:
3884:
3877:
3874:
3870:
3865:
3863:
3859:
3846:
3842:
3836:
3833:
3820:
3814:
3811:
3803:September 17,
3798:
3794:
3790:
3784:
3781:
3768:
3764:
3758:
3756:
3754:
3752:
3750:
3748:
3744:
3740:
3735:
3732:
3728:
3723:
3721:
3719:
3717:
3715:
3713:
3711:
3707:
3699:September 12,
3694:
3693:
3685:
3682:
3669:
3665:
3661:
3655:
3652:
3639:
3635:
3631:
3625:
3622:
3609:
3605:
3599:
3596:
3583:
3579:
3573:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3558:
3555:
3551:
3546:
3544:
3542:
3540:
3538:
3536:
3534:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3519:
3517:
3515:
3513:
3511:
3507:
3504:, p. 25.
3503:
3498:
3495:
3491:
3486:
3483:
3479:
3474:
3471:
3467:
3462:
3459:
3456:, p. 78.
3455:
3450:
3447:
3434:
3431:(in French).
3430:
3426:
3419:
3417:
3413:
3409:
3404:
3401:
3397:
3392:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3377:
3374:
3369:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3350:
3348:
3344:
3341:, p. 34.
3340:
3335:
3333:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3322:Campbell 2012
3318:
3315:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3283:
3280:
3277:, p. 30.
3276:
3271:
3268:
3260:September 22,
3255:
3251:
3245:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3230:
3227:
3223:
3218:
3215:
3211:
3206:
3203:
3199:
3194:
3191:
3187:
3181:
3178:
3174:
3173:Desmonts 2004
3169:
3166:
3162:
3157:
3154:
3150:
3145:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3130:
3128:
3126:
3124:
3122:
3118:
3115:
3110:
3107:
3094:
3090:
3084:
3081:
3068:
3064:
3058:
3055:
3049:
3047:
3043:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3016:
3013:
3007:
3004:
2997:
2992:
2989:
2988:
2984:
2982:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2963:
2962:
2951:
2944:
2942:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2899:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2880:
2875:
2868:
2866:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2851:
2844:
2842:
2840:
2839:Le Club Mills
2836:
2832:
2831:
2825:
2820:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2777:
2772:
2765:
2763:
2761:
2760:Kota Kinabalu
2757:
2753:
2750:, China; and
2749:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2720:
2712:
2711:
2700:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2668:
2662:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2644:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2626:
2624:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2571:
2567:
2560:
2558:
2556:
2552:
2547:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2516:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2499:
2497:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2470:
2465:
2464:
2458:
2454:
2449:
2447:
2446:ville moyenne
2443:
2439:
2435:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2415:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2399:
2398:elephant bird
2390:
2385:
2378:
2376:
2374:
2370:
2369:
2364:
2363:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2344:
2340:
2335:
2333:
2328:
2325:
2317:
2313:
2306:
2304:
2302:
2297:
2290:
2288:
2286:
2282:
2277:
2270:
2268:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2253:Île-de-France
2250:
2245:
2243:
2242:
2237:
2228:
2224:
2223:
2217:
2210:
2208:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2193:
2190:
2186:
2181:
2180:ville moyenne
2173:
2168:
2164:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2151:ville moyenne
2148:
2147:ville moyenne
2144:
2139:
2136:
2132:
2126:
2119:
2115:
2110:
2103:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2081:
2078:
2075:
2072:
2069:
2066:
2063:
2060:
2057:
2054:
2051:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:Mean monthly
2038:
2034:
2031:
2028:
2025:
2022:
2019:
2016:
2013:
2010:
2007:
2004:
2001:
1998:
1995:
1990:
1986:
1983:
1980:
1977:
1974:
1971:
1968:
1965:
1962:
1959:
1956:
1953:
1950:
1943:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1874:
1873:precipitation
1869:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1799:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1729:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1659:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1589:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1519:
1475:
1470:
1466:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1444:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1428:, 1869, p.44)
1427:
1422:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1398:
1396:
1391:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1372:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1350:
1340:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1301:
1297:
1292:
1288:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1261:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1241:
1236:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1183:
1179:
1174:
1173:Ranavalona II
1170:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1134:
1129:
1125:
1124:James Cameron
1121:
1116:
1108:
1104:
1097:
1095:
1093:
1089:
1083:
1081:
1080:
1075:
1074:
1069:
1068:
1062:
1053:
1049:
1047:
1046:
1041:
1040:royal palaces
1037:
1036:
1028:
1023:
1016:
1013:
1005:
1003:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
972:
966:
963:
958:
957:
945:
903:
902:
889:
846:
841:
840:
823:
769:
768:
751:
693:
691:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
652:
650:
646:
642:
638:
633:
631:
627:
623:
622:royal palaces
619:
618:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
584:Merina people
580:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
529:
521:
516:
508:
504:
499:
494:
490:
479:
476:
469:
466:
459:
456:
454:
446:
444:
436:
432:
429:
427:
420:
412:
410:
407: •
401:
393:
391:
388: •
377:
369:
367:
364: •
353:
351:
348: •
337:
330:
326:
322:
319:
312:
309:
307:
300:
289:
287:
278:
250:Coordinates:
219:
186:
158:
148:
127:
120:
109:
102:
95:
84:
77:
66:
51:
46:
36:
30:
19:
6598:Antananarivo
6551:
6542:(economic),
6537:
6529:Yamoussoukro
6527:
6513:
6502:
6491:
6480:
6469:
6458:
6451:South Africa
6442:Bloemfontein
6440:
6426:
6412:
6398:
6387:
6376:
6372:Burkina Faso
6365:
6354:
6343:
6332:
6321:
6310:
6299:
6288:
6270:
6256:
6242:
6231:
6220:
6209:
6198:
6187:
6176:
6165:
6154:
6143:
6132:
6121:
6110:
6098:
6097:
6085:
6084:
6073:
6062:
6051:
6047:Sierra Leone
6040:
6028:
6022:
6021:
6010:
5999:
5988:
5977:
5966:
5955:
5944:
5933:
5922:
5911:
5900:
5891:Antananarivo
5890:
5889:
5878:
5867:
5856:
5845:
5833:
5682:Antananarivo
5681:
5640:
5568:
5555:. Retrieved
5551:the original
5535:
5514:
5494:
5484:
5463:
5442:
5422:
5412:
5391:
5370:
5349:
5339:
5319:
5298:
5285:. Retrieved
5270:
5250:
5222:
5210:
5198:
5186:
5174:. Retrieved
5165:
5155:
5143:. Retrieved
5139:the original
5128:
5116:. Retrieved
5101:
5089:. Retrieved
5080:
5071:
5059:
5047:
5035:
5023:
5011:
4992:
4968:
4944:
4932:. Retrieved
4925:the original
4912:
4900:. Retrieved
4896:the original
4886:
4874:. Retrieved
4867:the original
4854:
4842:. Retrieved
4838:the original
4828:
4816:. Retrieved
4812:the original
4802:
4790:. Retrieved
4786:the original
4776:
4764:. Retrieved
4760:the original
4750:
4738:. Retrieved
4723:
4713:November 14,
4711:. Retrieved
4697:
4685:. Retrieved
4681:the original
4676:
4666:
4654:. Retrieved
4650:the original
4645:
4635:
4623:
4611:. Retrieved
4607:the original
4602:
4592:
4582:December 10,
4580:. Retrieved
4576:the original
4571:
4561:
4549:. Retrieved
4535:
4527:
4522:
4510:. Retrieved
4506:the original
4481:. Retrieved
4477:the original
4467:
4455:. Retrieved
4451:the original
4440:
4428:. Retrieved
4414:
4402:
4390:
4359:. Retrieved
4355:the original
4350:
4341:
4329:
4317:. Retrieved
4308:
4301:
4282:
4276:
4264:. Retrieved
4258:
4251:
4239:
4227:
4215:
4203:
4191:
4179:
4152:
4140:. Retrieved
4131:
4122:
4110:. Retrieved
4101:
4077:
4065:. Retrieved
4061:the original
4056:
4046:
4041:, p. 8.
4009:
3997:
3985:
3973:
3961:
3904:
3882:
3876:
3849:. Retrieved
3835:
3825:November 30,
3823:. Retrieved
3813:
3801:. Retrieved
3797:the original
3792:
3783:
3771:. Retrieved
3767:the original
3734:
3729:, p. 7.
3697:. Retrieved
3691:
3684:
3674:November 21,
3672:. Retrieved
3663:
3654:
3642:. Retrieved
3624:
3612:. Retrieved
3608:the original
3598:
3586:. Retrieved
3557:
3502:Nativel 2005
3497:
3485:
3478:Nativel 2005
3473:
3466:Nativel 2005
3461:
3449:
3437:. Retrieved
3428:
3403:
3396:Nativel 2005
3376:
3359:
3355:
3317:
3292:
3288:
3282:
3275:Nativel 2005
3270:
3258:. Retrieved
3229:
3222:Acquier 1997
3217:
3205:
3193:
3185:
3180:
3168:
3156:
3109:
3099:September 1,
3097:. Retrieved
3083:
3073:September 1,
3071:. Retrieved
3057:
3033:. Retrieved
3024:
3015:
3006:
2959:
2956:
2930:
2919:Fianarantsoa
2902:
2900:
2887:
2884:
2878:
2863:
2860:
2858:is endemic.
2852:
2848:
2838:
2834:
2827:
2823:
2821:
2781:
2733:
2708:
2701:
2691:
2689:
2683:
2675:
2665:
2663:
2648:
2640:
2636:
2574:
2548:
2543:
2539:
2517:
2503:
2477:
2467:
2463:Albert Camus
2460:
2452:
2450:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2431:
2428:vakindrazana
2427:
2420:
2394:
2389:Ionic column
2372:
2366:
2360:
2358:
2336:
2329:
2321:
2315:
2298:
2294:
2285:tanindrazana
2284:
2278:
2274:
2271:Demographics
2264:
2260:
2256:
2248:
2246:
2239:
2235:
2232:
2226:
2220:
2211:Architecture
2204:
2200:
2196:
2194:
2188:
2184:
2179:
2177:
2155:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2140:
2134:
2130:
2127:
2123:
2114:royal palace
2093:
1875:mm (inches)
1462:
1458:
1448:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1399:
1392:
1369:
1349:urban sprawl
1345:
1327:
1308:World War II
1305:
1285:Fianarantsoa
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1262:
1245:
1207:
1203:
1201:
1177:
1168:
1156:Jean Laborde
1152:Ranavalona I
1149:
1144:Ranavalona I
1112:
1084:
1077:
1071:
1065:
1058:
1043:
1033:
1031:
1000:Antananarivo
999:
969:
967:
697:
655:
653:
634:
615:
581:
519:
506:
489:Antananarivo
488:
487:
390:Capital city
366:Capital city
338:1610 or 1625
231:Antananarivo
198:Antananarivo
161:Coat of arms
50:Capital city
39:Antananarivo
29:
6544:Ivory Coast
6532:(political)
6433:legislative
6367:Ouagadougou
6277:legislative
6117:South Sudan
6033:(factual),
5957:Brazzaville
5869:Addis Ababa
5626:(in French)
5557:December 7,
5287:February 3,
5118:January 18,
5091:January 18,
4902:February 3,
4792:January 12,
4766:January 12,
4740:January 12,
4628:Vivier 2007
4512:December 8,
4457:December 8,
4430:December 8,
3644:January 18,
3454:Oliver 1886
3234:Oliver 1886
3210:Callet 1908
3198:Callet 1908
3149:Callet 1908
3035:January 16,
2975:DHL Express
2736:sister city
2505:Rugby Union
2440:theater or
2348:pit toilets
2236:haute ville
2227:haute ville
2205:ville basse
2131:haute ville
1312:Arivonimamo
1258:Ikopa River
1088:Ambohimanga
992:Andrianjaka
965:in French.
641:Ambohimanga
604:Andrianjaka
481:(in French)
272: /
6592:Categories
6509:Seychelles
6405:Cape Verde
6389:Porto-Novo
6378:Port Louis
6361:Mauritania
6356:Nouakchott
6238:Mozambique
6167:Libreville
6161:D.R. Congo
6092:Somaliland
6027:(claimed)/
5896:Madagascar
5371:Madagascar
5320:Madagascar
5241:See also:
5237:References
4934:August 30,
4876:August 30,
4687:August 10,
4656:October 6,
4613:August 27,
4551:August 27,
4361:January 4,
4112:2 December
4067:1 December
3773:August 31,
3634:Africanews
2746:, Russia;
2627:Government
2575:Among the
2373:famadihana
2362:famadihana
2339:World Bank
2241:trano gasy
2222:trano gasy
2118:Analamanga
2092:Source 2:
1947:(≥ 1.0 mm)
1449:Under the
1386:replacing
1300:Lake Anosy
1216:Rasoherina
1178:trano gasy
1128:Lake Anosy
1107:Lake Anosy
1045:fanampoana
1010:See also:
971:Analamanga
686:, and the
680:Lake Anosy
612:Analamanga
575:team, the
553:presidency
547:among the
541:Analamanga
537:Madagascar
531:), is the
524:pronounced
511:pronounced
507:Tananarive
447:(+261) 023
383:Population
343:Government
311:Analamanga
299:Madagascar
260:47°31′30″E
257:18°54′36″S
42:Tananarive
6428:Cape Town
6419:executive
6383:Mauritius
6334:N'Djamena
6290:Mogadishu
6263:executive
6100:Jamestown
5751:Transport
5715:Education
5176:6 October
4142:April 28,
3664:France 24
3614:March 25,
3309:153668345
2923:Toamasina
2915:Antsirabe
2907:Mahajanga
2888:gendarmes
2869:Transport
2766:Education
2719:brownouts
2645:protests.
2623:mosques.
2581:Christian
2528:USCA Foot
2438:cheminots
2433:hira gasy
2104:Cityscape
1416:Geography
1281:Toamasina
1160:Rainiharo
1027:city gate
668:Rainiharo
443:Area code
426:Time zone
413:2,300,000
394:1,274,225
375:Elevation
6558:Cameroon
6515:Windhoek
6504:Victoria
6471:São Tomé
6447:judicial
6414:Pretoria
6301:Monrovia
6281:Eswatini
6178:Lilongwe
6156:Kinshasa
6134:Khartoum
6087:Hargeisa
6080:Zimbabwe
6058:Botswana
6053:Gaborone
6042:Freetown
6030:Tifariti
6024:El Aaiún
6017:Tanzania
6006:Djibouti
6001:Djibouti
5874:Ethiopia
5816:Capitals
5588:See Also
5170:Archived
5112:Archived
5085:Archived
5000:Archived
4977:Archived
4953:Archived
4734:Archived
4707:Archived
4545:Archived
4483:July 24,
4424:Archived
4319:July 27,
4266:July 27,
4136:Archived
4106:Archived
3845:Archived
3668:Archived
3638:Archived
3588:April 1,
3582:Archived
3433:Archived
3254:Archived
3093:Archived
3067:Archived
3029:Archived
2927:Manakara
2896:Citroens
2892:Renaults
2684:de facto
2635:The new
2520:AS Adema
2135:la haute
2082:2,626.2
1992:Average
1940:(46.12)
1880:(12.30)
1871:Average
1378:and the
1362:see city
1354:Anglican
1208:la haute
1164:Mantasoa
1115:Radama I
1073:andriana
645:Radama I
600:European
493:Malagasy
6553:Yaoundé
6539:Abidjan
6520:Namibia
6498:Tunisia
6482:Tripoli
6465:Morocco
6323:Nairobi
6317:Comoros
6306:Liberia
6295:Somalia
6272:Lobamba
6258:Mbabane
6249:Lesotho
6123:Kampala
6069:Burundi
5995:Senegal
5979:Conakry
5907:Eritrea
5885:Algeria
5880:Algiers
5852:Nigeria
5834:italics
5832:are in
5767:History
5646:. 1914.
5145:25 June
4818:24 June
3439:June 3,
2911:Toliara
2813:Russian
2744:Vorkuta
2740:Yerevan
2692:de jure
2524:Ajesaia
2494:cinemas
2355:Culture
2307:Economy
1938:1,171.4
1935:(8.90)
1930:(4.61)
1925:(1.55)
1920:(0.30)
1915:(0.21)
1910:(0.24)
1905:(0.22)
1900:(0.58)
1895:(1.76)
1890:(6.15)
1885:(9.31)
1866:(41.0)
1861:(54.3)
1856:(49.3)
1851:(46.8)
1846:(42.8)
1841:(43.2)
1836:(41.0)
1831:(41.7)
1826:(44.2)
1821:(50.5)
1816:(53.8)
1811:(56.1)
1806:(55.0)
1796:(58.3)
1791:(62.8)
1786:(60.6)
1781:(57.7)
1776:(54.0)
1771:(51.6)
1766:(51.3)
1761:(52.9)
1756:(57.2)
1751:(60.6)
1746:(63.0)
1741:(63.5)
1736:(63.3)
1726:(67.3)
1721:(71.8)
1716:(70.7)
1711:(68.4)
1706:(64.4)
1701:(61.3)
1696:(60.1)
1691:(61.7)
1686:(65.8)
1681:(69.3)
1676:(71.1)
1671:(71.4)
1666:(71.4)
1656:(76.3)
1651:(80.8)
1646:(80.8)
1641:(78.8)
1636:(75.0)
1631:(70.9)
1626:(68.7)
1621:(70.3)
1616:(74.3)
1611:(77.9)
1606:(79.2)
1601:(79.3)
1596:(79.5)
1586:(94.8)
1581:(90.0)
1576:(94.8)
1571:(91.2)
1566:(88.7)
1561:(84.9)
1556:(81.3)
1551:(81.3)
1546:(85.8)
1541:(87.6)
1536:(88.0)
1531:(88.7)
1526:(89.6)
1445:Climate
1404:at the
1006:History
984:Vazimba
624:of the
608:Vazimba
592:Chinese
533:capital
474:Website
453:Climate
335:Founded
286:Country
6534:
6437:
6423:
6345:Niamey
6312:Moroni
6267:
6244:Maseru
6233:Maputo
6222:Malabo
6216:Zambia
6211:Lusaka
6205:Angola
6200:Luanda
6183:Malawi
6150:Rwanda
6145:Kigali
6128:Uganda
6075:Harare
6064:Gitega
6012:Dodoma
5984:Guinea
5946:Bissau
5940:Gambia
5935:Banjul
5924:Bangui
5913:Bamako
5902:Asmara
5643:
5576:
5543:
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5450:
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5327:
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5166:SFGate
4289:
3851:May 4,
3307:
2977:, and
2799:, and
2748:Suzhou
2723:Jirama
2710:ariary
2651:Senate
2642:rotaka
2621:Muslim
2500:Sports
2476:. the
2197:andevo
2094:Pogoda
2079:201.1
2076:232.7
2073:251.0
2070:249.5
2067:235.0
2064:213.9
2061:206.1
2058:228.8
2055:220.5
2052:199.1
2049:178.0
2046:210.5
1477:Month
1371:rotaka
1356:and a
988:Merina
953:-ə-nə-
596:Indian
561:Senate
503:French
418:
306:Region
296:
6493:Tunis
6487:Libya
6460:Rabat
6400:Praia
6394:Benin
6350:Niger
6328:Kenya
6172:Gabon
6139:Sudan
5990:Dakar
5973:Egypt
5968:Cairo
5863:Ghana
5858:Accra
5847:Abuja
4928:(PDF)
4921:(PDF)
4870:(PDF)
4863:(PDF)
3305:S2CID
2998:Notes
2971:FedEx
2945:Media
2423:music
2368:lamba
2291:Crime
1987:79.8
1984:13.6
1957:11.0
1954:14.3
1951:16.8
1933:226.0
1928:117.1
1888:156.2
1883:236.6
1878:312.3
1516:Year
990:King
577:Makis
573:rugby
431:UTC+3
409:Urban
6339:Chad
6194:Togo
6189:Lomé
6112:Juba
5918:Mali
5828:and
5574:ISBN
5559:2013
5541:ISBN
5520:ISBN
5499:ISBN
5469:ISBN
5448:ISBN
5427:ISBN
5397:ISBN
5376:ISBN
5355:ISBN
5325:ISBN
5304:ISBN
5289:2011
5276:ISBN
5255:ISBN
5178:2012
5147:2012
5120:2019
5093:2019
4997:Home
4985:AEFE
4961:AEFE
4936:2014
4904:2021
4878:2014
4846:2019
4820:2013
4794:2014
4768:2014
4742:2014
4715:2013
4689:2012
4658:2012
4615:2014
4584:2013
4553:2014
4514:2013
4485:2012
4459:2013
4432:2013
4363:2023
4321:2019
4287:ISBN
4268:2019
4144:2020
4114:2012
4069:2010
3853:2016
3827:2013
3805:2023
3775:2014
3701:2016
3676:2023
3646:2022
3616:2013
3590:2014
3441:2013
3262:2012
3101:2014
3075:2014
3037:2024
2921:and
2837:and
2774:The
2756:Nice
2466:and
2451:The
2409:Arts
2324:zebu
2299:The
2185:Zoma
2143:hova
2112:The
1996:(%)
1981:9.0
1978:4.3
1975:1.0
1972:1.1
1969:0.9
1966:1.4
1963:2.0
1960:4.4
1923:39.3
1898:14.7
1893:44.6
1859:12.4
1819:10.3
1814:12.1
1809:13.4
1804:12.8
1794:14.6
1789:17.1
1784:15.9
1779:14.3
1774:12.2
1769:10.9
1764:10.7
1759:11.6
1754:14.0
1749:15.9
1744:17.2
1739:17.5
1734:17.4
1724:19.6
1719:22.1
1714:21.5
1709:20.2
1704:18.0
1699:16.3
1694:15.6
1689:16.5
1684:18.8
1679:20.7
1674:21.7
1669:21.9
1664:21.9
1654:24.6
1649:27.1
1644:27.1
1639:26.0
1634:23.9
1629:21.6
1624:20.4
1619:21.3
1614:23.5
1609:25.5
1604:26.2
1599:26.3
1594:26.4
1584:34.9
1579:32.2
1574:34.9
1569:32.9
1564:31.5
1559:29.4
1554:27.4
1549:27.4
1544:29.9
1539:30.9
1534:31.1
1529:31.5
1524:32.0
1513:Dec
1510:Nov
1507:Oct
1504:Sep
1501:Aug
1498:Jul
1495:Jun
1492:May
1489:Apr
1486:Mar
1483:Feb
1480:Jan
1393:The
1283:and
1246:The
1079:fady
1067:hova
1035:rova
1025:Old
955:REEV
900:REEV
839:-voh
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2029:71
2026:69
2023:70
2020:74
2017:76
2014:77
2011:77
2008:77
2005:79
2002:80
1999:79
1918:7.5
1913:5.4
1908:6.2
1903:5.5
1864:5.0
1854:9.6
1849:8.2
1844:6.0
1839:6.2
1834:5.0
1829:5.4
1824:6.8
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896:NAN
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