909:
855:
1055:(July 1934 to March 1935) was the first attempt anywhere to bring Nazis to justice, and saw 76 Hitlerites imprisoned and four sentenced to death – though this was commuted to life imprisonment. By 1938, however, Memel was becoming a difficult issue for a regime spending a quarter of its budget on defence and expensive army modernisation, and the Nazis were able to win 26 of 29 seats in elections. The following year, Smetona surrendered Memel to Hitler and declared a state of emergency – he never lost his distaste for Hitler and Nazism, having been so discredited by the loss of Memel that members of the Lithuanian political opposition were appointed to his cabinet to try recovering credibility and domestic stability.
975:
990:
1342:
439:
1165:
1059:
776:
3211:
1039:; for the next decade, Smetona ruled by decree, without a parliament, making his regime on paper one of the most arbitrary in the world. Even when the Seimas was reconvened, it was composed entirely of Smetona's adherents; Smetona thus effectively retained all governing power in the nation. In 1938, a third constitution was enacted that retained the general authoritarian character of the 1928 document, and declared that political power in the state was "indivisible."
3232:
998:
335:
33:
1276:. Smetona saw no need for such a committee and criticized the choice of Galvanauskas. The diplomats were not receptive to Smetona – he had no funds, authority or political influence. Nevertheless, Smetona signed the so-called Kybartai Act – a backdated document supposedly written in Kybartai before his exile. The Act dismissed
3244:
1366:
wife, returned to get his fur coat. It took just a few minutes for him to be overcome by the smoke. Julius tried to return into the burning building to save his father but was forced out by the smoke and fire. Smetona was found lying on the kitchen floor on the second floor of Julius' flat. He was not burned.
1071:
Lithuania did advance economically: industrial output – mainly directed to domestic demand – when he was overthrown by the Soviet invasion was twice what it had been before the coup that brought him to power, and the country's transport network had been greatly improved by the construction of railways from
1365:
spotted the smoke seeping in under the door. Sofija opened the door and she and
Smetona began descending the stairs. Smetona, apparently decided that he could not go outside without a coat – he was recovering from the flu and was to give a talk in the coming weeks – and without saying anything to his
1102:
in June of that year, Smetona proposed armed resistance against the
Soviets. but most of the government and army commanders believed that the country was not capable of effective resistance with Soviet troops stationed inside Lithuania. On 15 June, Smetona turned his presidential duties over to Prime
1042:
The regime repeatedly arrested and imprisoned members of the already-banned
Communist Party – as with almost all interwar European dictatorships, the claimed threat of Communism was the source of its legitimacy and the regime executed the original leadership five days after coming to power. However,
931:
Smetona was known for his tolerant stance towards Jews and his radical opponents nicknamed him as "Jewish King". Under
Smetona's rule in Lithuania, not a single anti-Jewish law was passed and high-ranking Lithuanian officials, including ministers, did not publicly say anti-Jewish statements. Smetona
1046:
In 1935, Smetona suffered a blow when farmers in south-east
Lithuania organised a strike and refused to sell their products. Reprisals led to five deaths and 456 farmers being arrested. This exacerbated long-standing tensions within his regime between hardliners arguing for more rigid authoritarian
1027:
as prime minister. One year later, he dissolved parliament and on 15 May 1928, with the approval of the government, he promulgated a new constitution with more extensive presidential powers. In 1929, he removed
Voldemaras and assumed dictatorial powers. He was re-elected president in 1931 and 1938,
557:
In autumn 1896, the administration of the
Jelgava Gymnasium forced Lithuanian students to recite their prayers in Russian while Latvian and German students were allowed to use their native languages. Smetona and other students refused and were expelled. Most later agreed to pray in Russian and were
1070:
Smetona's government was cautious about industrialisation, as its support base lay in the dominant rural population. As dictator, Smetona did nothing to encourage direct foreign investment, which remained extremely limited throughout his time in office. Nonetheless, during
Smetona's dictatorship,
944:
also did not tolerate anti-Jewish attacks and severely punished their participants, especially activists. Consequently, Jews were widely sympathetic towards
Smetona and his rule. However, his regime did not tolerate insults of the German government and actively repressed suspected communists. For
1256:
for U.S. visas. The request was granted, but only on condition that while
Smetona was in the U.S., he would not be considered the leader or representative of any state or government. It was a humiliating condition, but Smetona accepted it and left for Bern, Switzerland on 18 September. Musteikis
1047:
control over Lithuanian life, and moderates who wanted liberalisation. These difficulties, however, were already becoming overshadowed by the threat of Nazi Germany. Smetona's regime was the first in Europe to put Nazis on trial: as early as 8 February 1934, action was taken against Nazis in the
471:
Pro-Gymnasium, which had no age restrictions. Smetona was an exemplary student (one of the top two students) and received a tuition waiver. As a superintendent of a student dormitory, he also received free housing and was able to support himself by providing private lessons. Three other future
1137:
in 1990, it has taken the position that Merkys' takeover of the presidency was illegal and unconstitutional, since Smetona never formally resigned. Lithuania thus does not recognize Merkys or Paleckis as legitimate presidents, and contends that all subsequent actions leading up to the Soviet
953:
commandants to "severely punish all those who insult the German Government in any way, as well as those who deliberately agitate against Lithuanian Jews; to suppress the activity of all those Jewish organizations which appear to be under Communist cover or succumb to Communist influence".
1196:, but the regiment was stopped by a delegation sent from Kaunas to retrieve the president. Smetona decided to cross the border without delay, but Lithuanian border guards would not allow him to pass. Around midnight, a local man led Smetona, his bodyguard and adjutant across the shallow
932:
considered Jews not as foreigners, but as Lithuanian citizens of foreign nationality and himself acted against antisemitic acts with his statements which were later followed by actions of governmental institutions (e.g. censorship). The Lithuanian courts, war commandants,
1075:
to Klaipėda and from Kaunas to the south and north-east. In contrast, Smetona was more generous in support for the agricultural sector, which at the time provided almost all of Lithuania's exports despite occasionally protesting against the regime.
1402:
The couple were survived by their daughter, Marija Danutė Smetonaitė (1905–1992), son Julius Rimgaudas Smetona (1913–1974) and Julius' sons, Anthony Algirdas Smetona (1939–2012), Juozas Smetona (1940–1996) and Vytautas Julius Smetona (born 1955).
446:
Smetona's father died in 1885 when Smetona was only 11 years old and, despite financial difficulties, a year later Smetona – the only of his siblings – was sent to the primary school in Taujėnai where instruction was in Russian due to the
804:(Lithuania's Echo), working as its publisher and its editor-in-chief. In the first issue of the newspaper, Smetona wrote that the most important goal of the Lithuanian nation was the re-establishment of an independent Lithuanian state.
1179:
On the morning of 15 June, just after the government decided to accept the Soviet ultimatum, Smetona made hasty preparations to flee the country. He was accompanied by his wife, his son and daughter and their spouses and children,
695:
until 1915. He became an active participant in Lithuanian cultural life and, up until becoming president in December 1926, devoted substantial amounts of time and effort to the Lithuanian press. Two years later, he married
1372:
The official record said that the fire was caused by an overheated furnace. Some believe, however, that due to Smetona's continued political activities, the fire was started by the Russian Intelligence Service (called the
904:
that had staged the Klaipėda Revolt, which gave him greater name-recognition. More than once, he was elected to its central board. Between 1924 and 1940, he was the vice-chairman of the board of the International Bank.
585:, managed to secure an audience with Delyanov, who allowed the Lithuanians to pray in Latin and the expelled students to continue their education. Smetona did not return to Jelgava and finished up at Gymnasium No. 9 in
1043:
despite propaganda that Communists were a "non-Lithuanian force invading the country", they continued to operate underground with growing membership and it is known today that their leaders were ethnically Lithuanian.
3071:
1023:. He once again became president on 19 December that year (two others briefly held the office during the coup, which began on 17 December, before Smetona was formally restored to the presidency). He designated
908:
830:
countries, soliciting loans for the cause of Lithuanian independence. On 4 April 1919, the State Council of Lithuania elected Smetona the first president of the Republic of Lithuania. On 19 April 1920, the
362:
1320:
hotel, where an evening function with about 400 guests was held on 13 March. Since Smetona was a private individual in the United States, the gathering did not include any members of U.S. organizations.
1252:. The Germans did not allow him to make any political moves so as not to upset the Soviet Union. It was clear that Smetona's presence was not desirable. On 4 September, Smetona officially petitioned the
1332:
was tense. Smetona then lived in Pittsburgh and Chicago before settling in Cleveland, Ohio in May 1942 with his son's family. While in exile, he began work on a history of Lithuania and on his memoirs.
435:. Smetona was the eighth of nine children. His parents were hardworking people who managed to double their inherited 5 hectares (12 acres). His father was literate and Smetona learned to read at home.
889:– at first in the chair of art theory and history and later at the department of philosophy. He lectured on ethics, ancient philosophy and Lithuanian linguistics. In 1932, he was awarded an honorary
535:, teacher of Greek, with whom Smetona developed a close professional relationship. Jablonskis visited Smetona's native village collecting data on Lithuanian dialects. Smetona met his future wife,
1353:
As Smetona was busy on his writing, he paid little attention to the fact that the heating system in his son's house needed repair and was becoming dangerous. On October 28, 1943, Smetona wrote:
596:. He was more interested in history and languages, but knew that as a Catholic his choices were limited to priest, lawyer, or doctor if he wanted to work in Lithuania. Saint Petersburg, with a
1130:
as prime minister and resigning. Paleckis then became acting president, and was used as a puppet to oversee the final stages of Lithuania's incorporation into the Soviet Union a month later.
3369:
3064:
2835:
1381:
1968:
1126:
A day after Smetona left the country, Merkys announced that he had deposed him and was now president himself. Two days later, Merkys was pressured into appointing the more pliant
3274:
1134:
1085:
3057:
671:. The grammar was published in 1901 and became a fundamental work in establishing the standard Lithuanian language. In early 1902, the police began investigating a network of
3097:
473:
964:"The Poles stole Lithuanian history, now the Russians are trying to steal it, we have to catch those thieves by the hand and show them in a real light to the entire world."
3374:
791:
3349:
3334:
3299:
3289:
1361:
On January 9, 1944, a fire broke out in the house. Smetona's son Julius noticed the fire while on the first floor. Above him, in the attic suite, Smetona and his wife
3294:
567:
451:. This was his dying father's request. His mother hoped that Smetona would become a priest. After graduation in 1889, Smetona wanted to continue his education, but
3384:
2828:
1265:
854:
3364:
3309:
2178:
1946:
745:, Smetona advocated national unity. He was also one of the incorporators of the Aušra (Dawn) company for the publishing of Lithuanian books, a member of the
701:
2606:
1374:
3394:
3339:
3314:
609:
600:
to Lithuania, was becoming a Lithuanian cultural center. Smetona joined and chaired a secret Lithuanian student organization. He was later succeeded by
794:. In the summer of 1916, Antanas Smetona, together with other Lithuanians from Vilnius, presented a memorandum to the German Commander-in-Chief of the
2821:
1325:
946:
746:
459:
in order to catch up and be able to pass examinations to enter the fourth class of gymnasium. In summer 1891, he attempted to gain admission to the
543:
3344:
3319:
3210:
798:, in which they demanded the right of the Lithuanian nation to have an independent State. On 6 September 1917, he started printing the newspaper,
2231:
1159:— Antanas Smetona, about his motives to leave Lithuania when his request for military resistance against the Soviets was rejected as impossible.
3279:
2404:
1885:
1253:
1108:
1036:
697:
617:
298:
2592:
2542:
1904:
3026:
2747:
1309:, the president of Brazil. Smetona departed Brazil on 26 February. On 9 or 10 March 1941, Smetona and his wife arrived in New York on the
597:
3284:
707:
From his very first days in Vilnius, Smetona became involved in the activities of various Lithuanian nationalist groups, and joined the
1316:. He was greeted by about 30 American journalists and photographers as well as Lithuanian-American representatives. He was escorted to
974:
807:
Between 18 and 22 September 1917, he participated in the Lithuanian Conference in Vilnius, and was elected chairman (1917–1919) of the
3379:
1099:
870:, which had been separated from Germany, he was made commissioner there on 20 February, but, due to disagreements with Prime Minister
1200:
stream. With Smetona already on the other side, his family managed to convince border guards to let them through at about 6 am.
531:
who later became Smetona's political companions. In particular, Lithuanian language and culture was openly promoted by the linguist,
2723:
2523:
2114:
832:
1184:, former minister of defense, and two presidential adjutants. Smetona departed Kaunas at about 3 pm that day. They stopped in
1016:
3354:
3304:
3089:
816:
989:
936:
severely punished the participants of anti-Jewish physical attacks or smashing of Jews windows (the culprits were punished with
2614:
1438:
1115:
with my own hands." He believed that by leaving the country, he would be in a position to do more for the country by leading a
376:
2165:
593:
379:
in 1940. Referred to as the "Leader of the Nation" during his presidency, Smetona is recognised as one of the most important
323:
901:
3185:
1261:
485:
404:
3222:
1119:
rather than become a Soviet puppet. He firstly fled to Germany with his family. Shortly afterwards, the Smetonas fled to
455:
admitted pupils only up to the age of 12 and he was already 15 years old. Therefore, he was forced to study privately in
2922:
1385:
1377:
at the time). With no evidence turning up in the subsequent years to substantiate that claim, it is, however, doubtful.
334:
287:
1561:
1341:
1091:
558:
re-admitted, but a handful who refused were prohibited from attending any other school. The students sent petitions to
3359:
3329:
3324:
2844:
2743:
795:
708:
626:
520:
392:
277:
367:; 10 August 1874 – 9 January 1944) was a Lithuanian intellectual, journalist and politician who served as the first
894:
732:
282:
2651:
2631:
2560:
2049:'Nazis Escape Death Sentence in Lithuania: President Smetona Changes Sentence to Ward Off Trouble with Germans';
1423:
1052:
672:
2936:
1357:
The night before yesterday coal fumes made me dizzy. I could not think clearly. Now I have completely recovered.
1164:
761:
and many other societies, and taught the Lithuanian language at Vilnius schools. In 1914, he started publishing
146:
3389:
2535:
Antanas Smetona and His Lithuania: From the National Liberation Movement to an Authoritarian Regime (1893-1940)
2088:
630:
621:, but resolutely rejected them. He was expelled from the university, imprisoned for two weeks, and deported to
438:
2565:
2484:‘Antanas Smetona Dies in Fire: President of Lithuania Dies in Cleveland; Fled Country on Russian Occupation’;
536:
428:
3175:
3150:
2885:
2867:
2788:
2778:
983:
941:
933:
886:
836:
712:
675:
and raided Smetona's room where they found several prohibited Lithuanian publications. He was imprisoned in
162:
96:
1058:
2795:
2768:
2426:
2083:'Nazis Celebrate Return of Memel: Germans Sing and Dance While Lithuanians Weep Openly; Refugees Halted';
1234:
1188:
on the border with Nazi Germany. Smetona and Musteikis attempted to summon the 9th Infantry Regiment from
605:
504:
368:
45:
3115:
637:
424:
1273:
1024:
950:
878:
871:
775:
503:
After graduating in 1893, according to his family's wishes, he passed his entrance examinations for the
150:
68:
3165:
3110:
2997:
2986:
1369:
Firefighters took Smetona outside and he was rushed to hospital by ambulance. He died before arriving.
727:
668:
1860:
1243:
758:
582:
3269:
3264:
3190:
3080:
2965:
2486:
1396:
1362:
1284:
as both prime minister and acting president. This controversial document was never used in practice.
1248:. There, he was carefully supervised and allowed to communicate only with Lithuanian representative,
1169:
890:
812:
808:
780:
571:
493:
460:
448:
170:
118:
750:
642:
3170:
3140:
3105:
2970:
2946:
2931:
1969:"Istorikas siūlo išeitį: parodyti garbingą Lietuvos istorijos vietą Vakarų civilizacijos kontekste"
1329:
1310:
1292:
1269:
1116:
633:, and it left a deep impression on him. A month later, he was allowed to return to the university.
355:
2941:
2552:
1407:
1238:
1204:
839:
President. Not re-elected to Seimas, from 1921 to 1924, he edited several periodicals, including
656:
452:
431:
has traced Smetona's patrilineal ancestry to Laurentijus who was born around 1695 and lived near
3002:
1428:
1031:
Smetona's constitution vested the president with both executive and legislative powers when the
863:
721:
652:
203:
2475:
Smetona Head of Lithuania, Killed in Fire at Cleveland, Cleveland Plain Dealer, 10/1/1944 p. 1.
1305:
on 14 February. He was met by local officials and Lithuanian emigrants, and had a meeting with
1223:
877:
In November 1923, authorities imprisoned Smetona for several days for publishing an article by
3200:
3195:
3155:
3125:
2911:
2719:
2697:
2673:
2623:
2588:
2571:
2538:
2519:
2503:
2161:
2110:
2105:
Kamuntavičius, Rūstis; Vaida Kamuntavičienė; Remigijus Civinskas; Kastytis Antanaitis (2001).
1433:
1306:
1281:
1063:
692:
524:
512:
496:. Smetona began reading Lithuanian periodicals and books, including a history of Lithuania by
420:
412:
235:
142:
72:
3248:
3236:
3180:
2878:
2663:
741:
660:
586:
576:
542:
532:
481:
80:
2689:
1237:. On 17 August, Smetona received permission to relocate to Berlin, where he settled on the
916:
3130:
3120:
2980:
2904:
2507:
1181:
1127:
920:
823:
787:
601:
477:
2205:
1249:
3145:
2992:
2975:
2897:
2805:
2511:
1302:
1277:
1189:
1104:
1009:
937:
800:
528:
416:
408:
239:
231:
109:
84:
76:
2709:
2232:"Prezidentas Antanas Smetona egzilyje: "Nenoriu savo rankomis subolševikinti Lietuvą""
790:, he was the first vice-chairman, and later chairman, of the Central Committee of the
419:, to a family of farmers, Jonas Smetona and Julijona Kartanaitė – former serfs of the
3258:
3135:
2872:
2602:
2066:
2051:
1411:
1288:
1228:
1219:
1020:
676:
563:
559:
267:
2668:
1209:
997:
664:
2685:
1095:
489:
388:
2813:
2739:
2713:
919:
welcoming Lithuanian President Smetona and his companions under a Lithuanian and
2537:. On the Boundary of Two Worlds. Translated by Alfred Erich Senn. Brill Rodopi.
1410:
mausoleum to a crypt (No. 103) next to his wife Sofija in All Souls Cemetery in
1380:
On January 13, 1944, the funeral of President Smetona took place at Cleveland's
1346:
1173:
1120:
1072:
1048:
827:
629:. It was the first time Smetona visited the city, the historical capital of the
551:
523:
and attracted many future leaders in Lithuanian culture and politics, including
384:
32:
2399:
2607:"Prezidento Antano Ametonos atvykimas į JAV 1941 metais ir išeivijos pozicija"
1317:
1140:
1112:
979:
648:
464:
456:
318:
2701:
2677:
2627:
2575:
1266:
ambassadors and diplomats who continued to represent pre-occupation Lithuania
1389:
1028:
both times as the sole candidate. He remained in office until 15 June 1940.
867:
716:
613:
380:
255:
2179:"Istorijos puslapiai: kaip A. Smetona prezidentavo pasitraukęs iš Lietuvos"
1090:
Lithuania was occupied by the Soviets in 1940 as a consequence of the 1939
2516:
Lithuania in European Politics: The Years of the First Republic, 1918–1940
2652:"Prezidentas A. Smetona, Lėno ir Užulėnio Smetonos: genealoginė apžvalga"
2092:
1909:
1296:
1193:
1185:
1001:
497:
1475:
659:. This grammar was insufficient for Lithuanian needs and in summer 1900
3049:
2718:(in Lithuanian). Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas.
1215:
1197:
1107:
on an interim basis, according to the constitution. Before leaving the
924:
912:
688:
622:
547:
511:. However, he felt no great calling for priesthood and enrolled at the
468:
1973:
1032:
763:
719:. In 1904 and 1907, he was on the staff of the Lithuanian newspaper,
516:
508:
432:
663:
set to work on his Lithuanian grammar. He was assisted by Avižonis,
651:, printed about 100 copies of a brief Lithuanian grammar written by
1168:
Presidential umbrella with monogram A. S., medallion with his wife
592:
Upon graduation in 1897, Smetona entered the faculty of law of the
539:, through Jablonskis who recommended him as tutor for her brother.
1340:
1163:
1057:
1005:
996:
988:
973:
907:
853:
774:
754:
541:
437:
1192:
to protect them and to offer at least symbolic resistance to the
940:, imprisoned or even sent to hard labor prisons). Moreover, the
3053:
2817:
1287:
Smetona departed Bern for Lisbon in January 1941. He stayed in
885:. Between 1923 and 1927, he was an assistant professor at the
2557:
Antanas Smetona: jo visuomeninė, kultūrinė ir politinė veikla
1272:
via the National Committee chaired by former prime minister
1051:, which was autonomous within Lithuania. The Smetona regime
1035:
was not in session. The Seimas was not reconvened until the
822:
Between December 1918 and March 1919, he lived primarily in
679:, but managed to secure acquittal and graduate that spring.
667:, and Smetona, though Smetona mostly edited works of Bishop
1384:. Bishop Edward F. Hoban officiated. Smetona was buried at
1154:"I do not want to bolshevize Lithuania with my own hands."
492:, it was easier to obtain Lithuanian literature, which was
1947:"A. Smetonos valdžios politika žydų atžvilgiu (1927-1940)"
739:(The Hope), and started publishing and circulating it. In
687:
After his graduation from university in 1902, he moved to
2696:(in Lithuanian). Vilnius: Valstybinis leidybos centras.
1562:"Prezidentinis Smetonų duetas: laikas istorinei tiesai"
1406:
In 1975, Smetona's remains were moved from Cleveland's
731:(The Lithuanian Farmer). In 1907, Smetona and the Rev.
725:(The Vilnius News). In 1905–1906, he edited the weekly
612:. Smetona was exposed to socialist ideas and even read
442:
Smetona as a student of the university's Faculty of Law
1222:, the refugees were moved to a hunting lodge near the
3220:
3025:
heads of state were Chairmen of the Presidium of the
2715:
Marijos ir Jurgio Šlapelių lietuvių knygynas Vilniuje
1086:
Act of the Re-Establishment of the State of Lithuania
1008:
coin featuring President Smetona by pre-war sculptor
993:
Smetona inspects the Lithuanian Armed Forces soldiers
2518:(Paperback ed.). New York: St. Martin's Press.
1905:"Lietuvos lenkai ir "Žydų karalius" Antanas Smetona"
3096:
2955:
2921:
2852:
1111:, Smetona said: "I do not want to make Lithuania a
815:). On 16 February 1918, Antanas Smetona signed the
474:
signatories of the Act of Independence of Lithuania
329:
317:
305:
294:
273:
262:
245:
218:
213:
197:
187:
168:
156:
136:
103:
90:
62:
43:
23:
3031:Was head of state, but not recognized as president
2109:(in Lithuanian). Vilnius: Vaga. pp. 396–397.
792:Lithuanian Society for the Relief of War Sufferers
2144:
2132:
2022:
2010:
1511:
1499:
16:1st President of Lithuania (1919–1920, 1926–1940)
3370:Grand Crosses of the Order of the Cross of Vytis
2587:. On the Boundary of Two Worlds. Brill Rodopi.
1152:
962:
463:as his brother Motiejus worked in a factory in
2650:Smetona, Marius; Smetonienė, Anželika (2016).
3065:
2829:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1328:, but their relationship with representative
735:established a venture to print the newspaper
476:attended the Pro-Gymnasium at the same time:
121:(in 1990, as Chairman of the Supreme Council)
8:
1053:trial of Ernst Neumann and Freiherr von Sass
900:Smetona participated in the activity of the
467:. He was refused and instead applied to the
2158:Undigested Past: The Holocaust in Lithuania
1135:declared independence from the Soviet Union
604:. He also joined a Lithuanian choir led by
371:from 1919 to 1920 and again from 1926 as a
3072:
3058:
3050:
2836:
2822:
2814:
2752:
1560:Krasniauskienė, Nijolė (5 December 2019).
923:banner and wishing to next time come from
31:
20:
3375:Recipients of the Order of the White Lion
3275:People from Ukmergė District Municipality
2740:Newspaper clippings about Antanas Smetona
2667:
2177:Jakubavičienė, Ingrida (17 August 2014).
2128:
2126:
2006:
2004:
1260:In Bern, Smetona met with members of the
947:Ministry of National Defence of Lithuania
779:Smetona (first right from center) in the
655:based on the German-language writings of
407:28 July] 1874 in the village of
183:23 September 1917 – 4 April 1919
3350:Lithuanian refugees in the United States
3335:Saint Petersburg State University alumni
3300:Lithuanian Nationalist Union politicians
3015:Not recognized as a legitimate president
2386:
2374:
2328:
2316:
2304:
2292:
2280:
2268:
2256:
2037:
1995:
1847:
1835:
1823:
1796:
1781:
1762:
1750:
1726:
1714:
1697:
1685:
1673:
1658:
1646:
1634:
1622:
1610:
1598:
1586:
1547:
1535:
1523:
1459:
1399:died in Cleveland on December 28, 1968.
1326:Embassy of Lithuania in Washington, D.C.
1100:USSR presented an ultimatum to Lithuania
767:(The Rudder), a new bi-weekly magazine.
747:Lithuanian Mutual Aid Society of Vilnius
403:Smetona was born on 10 August [
58:19 December 1926 – 15 June 1940
3290:Lithuanian Democratic Party politicians
3227:
2450:
2438:
2362:
2343:
2033:
2031:
1449:
1203:On the German side, Smetona was met by
757:(The Morning) education societies, the
395:and the movement for national revival.
3295:Party of National Progress politicians
2358:
2356:
2354:
2352:
2339:
2337:
1819:
1817:
1808:
1792:
1790:
1777:
1775:
1773:
1771:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1669:
1667:
1254:Embassy of the United States in Berlin
1037:1936 Lithuanian parliamentary election
749:, the Lithuanian Learned Society, the
3385:Deaths from fire in the United States
3034:Posthumously recognized in March 2009
2585:Lithuania 1940: Revolution from Above
1738:
354:
7:
3027:Supreme Soviet of the Lithuanian SSR
2069:[The Case of Neumann-Sass].
1470:
1468:
1455:
1453:
1382:Cathedral of St. John the Evangelist
1066:, known for Lithuanian ANBO aircraft
171:Chairman of the Council of Lithuania
132:4 April 1919 – 19 June 1920
3365:Lithuanian-American culture in Ohio
3310:Members of the Council of Lithuania
1886:"Švėkšnos sinagoga, turgaus aikštė"
702:Church of St. Raphael the Archangel
636:In 1898, Smetona and his roommate,
2514:(1999). Tuskenis, Edvardas (ed.).
2464:Antanas Smetona and his Lithuania.
1861:"St. Raphael the Archangel Church"
14:
3395:20th-century presidents in Europe
3340:Lithuanian people of World War II
3315:Lithuanian independence activists
519:. This was a cultural hub of the
494:banned by the Tsarist authorities
3242:
3230:
3209:
2800:19 December 1926 – 15 June 1940
2694:Lietuvos respublikos prezidentai
1977:(in Lithuanian). 5 December 2020
1295:. He left for Brazil aboard the
1172:, plate with Smetona's picture,
1098:and the Soviet Union. After the
817:Act of Independence of Lithuania
391:, and a prominent ideologist of
333:
299:Sofija Chodakauskaitė-Smetonienė
2669:10.6001/lituanistica.v62i2.3342
2145:Eidintas, Žalys & Senn 1999
2133:Eidintas, Žalys & Senn 1999
2107:Lietuvos istorija 11–12 klasėms
2071:Mažosios Lietuvos enciklopedija
2023:Eidintas, Žalys & Senn 1999
2011:Eidintas, Žalys & Senn 1999
1439:European interwar dictatorships
1345:A memorial stone of Smetona in
858:Smetona (center) with ministers
3345:World War II political leaders
3320:Leaders who took power by coup
2688:(1995). "Antanas Smetona". In
1324:They lived temporarily at the
715:. He was later elected to its
711:, which he represented in the
627:February 1899 student protests
594:University of Saint Petersburg
568:Minister of National Education
377:Soviet occupation of Lithuania
356:[ɐnˈtǎːnɐssʲmʲɛtoːˈnɐ]
324:University of Saint Petersburg
1:
3280:People from Vilkomirsky Uyezd
1512:Smetona & Smetonienė 2016
1500:Smetona & Smetonienė 2016
1262:Lithuanian Diplomatic Service
874:, he resigned from his post.
2773:4 April 1919 – 19 June 1920
2615:Lietuvos istorijos metraštis
2462:Eidintas, Alfonsas. (2015).
1892:(in Lithuanian). 2 May 2019.
1268:. They hoped to establish a
1015:Smetona was a leader of the
546:Smetona's portrait taken in
505:Samogitian Diocesan Seminary
313:Julius Rimgaudas (1913–1974)
288:Lithuanian Nationalist Union
2744:20th Century Press Archives
2583:Senn, Alfred Erich (2007).
2561:American Lithuanian Council
2559:(in Lithuanian). New York:
2533:Eidintas, Alfonsas (2015).
902:Lithuanian Riflemen's Union
753:(The Dawn of Vilnius), and
709:Lithuanian Democratic Party
521:Lithuanian National Revival
278:Lithuanian Democratic Party
3411:
3285:Lithuanian Roman Catholics
3186:Kazimieras Steponas Šaulys
1083:
895:Vytautas Magnus University
570:. Smetona and two others,
488:. As Palanga was close to
486:Kazimieras Steponas Šaulys
383:political figures between
283:Party of National Progress
3380:Accidental deaths in Ohio
3207:
3087:
3011:
2802:
2793:
2785:
2775:
2766:
2760:
2755:
2206:"Didžiosios tautos aukos"
1890:Jewish Heritage Lithuania
1424:List of Lithuanian rulers
1233:(Schwenzait) lake in the
949:approved an order to the
673:Lithuanian book smugglers
625:for participating in the
598:direct railway connection
341:
309:Marija Danutė (1905–1992)
209:
176:
125:
51:
39:
30:
2490:; 10 January 1944, p. 19
2230:Jakubavičienė, Ingrida.
866:of January 1923, in the
631:Grand Duchy of Lithuania
429:Kazimieras Gasparavičius
423:, which belonged to the
399:Early life and education
3355:Lithuanian nationalists
3305:Presidents of Lithuania
3176:Aleksandras Stulginskis
2886:Aleksandras Stulginskis
2868:Aleksandras Stulginskis
2789:Aleksandras Stulginskis
2779:Aleksandras Stulginskis
1945:Truska, Liudas (2004).
1092:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
1019:that deposed President
984:Lithuanian Armed Forces
958:Authoritarian president
942:Government of Lithuania
934:Lithuanian Police Force
887:University of Lithuania
837:Aleksandras Stulginskis
733:Juozas Tumas-Vaižgantas
713:Great Seimas of Vilnius
610:Church of St. Catherine
163:Aleksandras Stulginskis
97:Aleksandras Stulginskis
2796:President of Lithuania
2769:President of Lithuania
2427:Exiles Memorial Center
2095:); 22 March 1939, p. 1
2065:Gliožaitis, Algirdas.
1359:
1350:
1235:Masurian Lake District
1176:
1156:
1067:
1012:
994:
986:
966:
945:example, in 1934, the
928:
859:
783:
554:
443:
393:Lithuanian nationalism
369:president of Lithuania
46:President of Lithuania
3040:denote acting leaders
2553:Merkelis, Aleksandras
2204:Ašmenskas, Viktoras.
2067:"Neumanno-Sasso byla"
1355:
1344:
1274:Ernestas Galvanauskas
1167:
1084:Further information:
1061:
1025:Augustinas Voldemaras
1000:
992:
977:
911:
879:Augustinas Voldemaras
872:Ernestas Galvanauskas
857:
778:
698:Sofija Chodakauskaitė
545:
537:Sofija Chodakauskaitė
441:
151:Ernestas Galvanauskas
69:Augustinas Voldemaras
3151:Stanisław Narutowicz
3081:Council of Lithuania
2966:Vytautas Landsbergis
2845:Leaders of Lithuania
2487:The Montreal Gazette
2466:Boston: Brill Rodopi
1903:Eidintas, Alfonsas.
833:Constituent Assembly
813:Council of the State
809:Council of Lithuania
781:Council of Lithuania
449:Lithuanian press ban
266:All Souls Cemetery,
119:Vytautas Landsbergis
3171:Justinas Staugaitis
3141:Donatas Malinauskas
3106:Saliamonas Banaitis
3090:Act of Independence
2971:Algirdas Brazauskas
2947:Algirdas Brazauskas
2937:Petras Griškevičius
2637:on 13 February 2017
2236:Pasauliolietuvis.lt
2156:van Voren, Robert;
2085:The Free-Lance Star
2055:, 18 May 1935, p. 1
1566:regionunaujienos.lt
1270:government-in-exile
1117:government in exile
1109:presidential palace
638:Vladas Sirutavičius
606:Česlovas Sasnauskas
375:dictator until the
147:Mykolas Sleževičius
3360:Exiled politicians
3330:Lithuanian writers
3325:Lithuanian jurists
3166:Jonas Smilgevičius
3111:Jonas Basanavičius
2998:Dalia Grybauskaitė
2987:Artūras Paulauskas
2942:Ringaudas Songaila
2756:Political offices
2690:Liekis, Algimantas
2512:Senn, Alfred Erich
2504:Eidintas, Alfonsas
2295:, pp. 391–392
2271:, pp. 388–389
2135:, pp. 117–119
2025:, pp. 121–123
1408:Knollwood Cemetery
1351:
1257:stayed in Berlin.
1177:
1068:
1013:
995:
987:
969:— Antanas Smetona.
929:
860:
845:Lietuviškas balsas
784:
728:Lietuvos ūkininkas
691:and worked at the
669:Motiejus Valančius
657:Friedrich Kurschat
608:, organist at the
555:
444:
311:Birutė (1906–1909)
193:Office established
3218:
3217:
3196:Jonas Vailokaitis
3156:Alfonsas Petrulis
3126:Pranas Dovydaitis
3047:
3046:
2925:First Secretaries
2855:(1919–1940)
2812:
2811:
2803:Succeeded by
2776:Succeeded by
2658:(in Lithuanian).
2618:(in Lithuanian).
2594:978-90-420-2225-6
2544:978-9-004-30203-7
1953:(in Lithuanian).
1476:"Antanas Smetona"
1282:Stasys Lozoraitis
1170:Sofija Smetonienė
1113:bolshevik country
1080:Soviet occupation
1064:Antanas Gustaitis
693:Vilnius Land Bank
513:Jelgava Gymnasium
461:Liepāja Gymnasium
413:Kovno Governorate
345:
344:
236:Kovno Governorate
143:Pranas Dovydaitis
3402:
3247:
3246:
3245:
3235:
3234:
3233:
3226:
3213:
3116:Mykolas Biržiška
3074:
3067:
3060:
3051:
3021:heads of state;
2959:
2932:Antanas Sniečkus
2879:Jonas Staugaitis
2856:
2838:
2831:
2824:
2815:
2786:Preceded by
2761:Preceded by
2753:
2729:
2705:
2681:
2671:
2646:
2644:
2642:
2636:
2630:. Archived from
2611:
2598:
2579:
2569:
2548:
2529:
2491:
2482:
2476:
2473:
2467:
2460:
2454:
2448:
2442:
2436:
2430:
2424:
2418:
2417:
2415:
2413:
2396:
2390:
2384:
2378:
2372:
2366:
2360:
2347:
2341:
2332:
2326:
2320:
2314:
2308:
2302:
2296:
2290:
2284:
2278:
2272:
2266:
2260:
2254:
2248:
2247:
2245:
2243:
2227:
2221:
2220:
2218:
2216:
2201:
2195:
2194:
2192:
2190:
2174:
2168:
2154:
2148:
2142:
2136:
2130:
2121:
2120:
2102:
2096:
2081:
2075:
2074:
2073:(in Lithuanian).
2062:
2056:
2047:
2041:
2035:
2026:
2020:
2014:
2008:
1999:
1993:
1987:
1986:
1984:
1982:
1965:
1959:
1958:
1957:(LX): 69–72, 77.
1942:
1923:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1900:
1894:
1893:
1882:
1876:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1857:
1851:
1845:
1839:
1833:
1827:
1821:
1812:
1811:, pp. 18–19
1806:
1800:
1794:
1785:
1779:
1766:
1760:
1754:
1748:
1742:
1736:
1730:
1724:
1718:
1712:
1701:
1695:
1689:
1688:, pp. 17–18
1683:
1677:
1671:
1662:
1661:, pp. 22–23
1656:
1650:
1644:
1638:
1637:, pp. 20–21
1632:
1626:
1620:
1614:
1608:
1602:
1596:
1590:
1584:
1578:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1557:
1551:
1545:
1539:
1533:
1527:
1521:
1515:
1509:
1503:
1497:
1491:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1472:
1463:
1457:
1386:Calvary Cemetery
1337:Death and burial
1330:Povilas Žadeikis
1247:
1232:
1213:
1160:
1138:annexation were
1133:Since Lithuania
1017:1926 coup d'état
982:soldiers to the
970:
921:Hebrew languages
759:Rūta Art Society
683:Early activities
661:Jonas Jablonskis
646:
587:Saint Petersburg
583:Petras Vaiciuška
580:
533:Jonas Jablonskis
425:Radziwiłł family
366:
365:
364:
358:
353:
337:
252:
228:
226:
214:Personal details
200:
190:
181:
159:
139:
130:
106:
93:
65:
56:
35:
21:
3410:
3409:
3405:
3404:
3403:
3401:
3400:
3399:
3390:Burials in Ohio
3255:
3254:
3253:
3243:
3241:
3231:
3229:
3221:
3219:
3214:
3205:
3161:Antanas Smetona
3131:Steponas Kairys
3121:Kazys Bizauskas
3092:
3083:
3078:
3048:
3043:
3007:
3003:Gitanas Nausėda
2981:Rolandas Paksas
2957:
2951:
2917:
2905:Justas Paleckis
2892:Antanas Smetona
2863:Antanas Smetona
2854:
2848:
2842:
2808:
2799:
2791:
2781:
2772:
2764:
2736:
2726:
2708:
2684:
2649:
2640:
2638:
2634:
2609:
2603:Skirius, Juozas
2601:
2595:
2582:
2563:
2551:
2545:
2532:
2526:
2508:Žalys, Vytautas
2502:
2499:
2494:
2483:
2479:
2474:
2470:
2461:
2457:
2449:
2445:
2437:
2433:
2425:
2421:
2411:
2409:
2408:(in Lithuanian)
2400:"Kybartų aktai"
2398:
2397:
2393:
2385:
2381:
2373:
2369:
2361:
2350:
2342:
2335:
2327:
2323:
2315:
2311:
2303:
2299:
2291:
2287:
2279:
2275:
2267:
2263:
2255:
2251:
2241:
2239:
2238:(in Lithuanian)
2229:
2228:
2224:
2214:
2212:
2203:
2202:
2198:
2188:
2186:
2185:(in Lithuanian)
2176:
2175:
2171:
2155:
2151:
2143:
2139:
2131:
2124:
2117:
2104:
2103:
2099:
2082:
2078:
2064:
2063:
2059:
2048:
2044:
2036:
2029:
2021:
2017:
2009:
2002:
1994:
1990:
1980:
1978:
1967:
1966:
1962:
1944:
1943:
1926:
1916:
1914:
1913:(in Lithuanian)
1902:
1901:
1897:
1884:
1883:
1879:
1869:
1867:
1859:
1858:
1854:
1846:
1842:
1834:
1830:
1822:
1815:
1807:
1803:
1795:
1788:
1780:
1769:
1761:
1757:
1749:
1745:
1737:
1733:
1725:
1721:
1713:
1704:
1696:
1692:
1684:
1680:
1672:
1665:
1657:
1653:
1645:
1641:
1633:
1629:
1621:
1617:
1609:
1605:
1597:
1593:
1585:
1581:
1571:
1569:
1568:(in Lithuanian)
1559:
1558:
1554:
1546:
1542:
1534:
1530:
1522:
1518:
1510:
1506:
1498:
1494:
1484:
1482:
1474:
1473:
1466:
1458:
1451:
1447:
1429:Konstantin Päts
1420:
1339:
1241:
1226:
1207:
1182:Kazys Musteikis
1162:
1158:
1150:
1128:Justas Paleckis
1088:
1082:
972:
968:
960:
913:Lithuanian Jews
864:Klaipėda Revolt
841:Lietuvos balsas
788:First World War
773:
722:Vilniaus žinios
685:
653:Petras Avižonis
640:
602:Steponas Kairys
574:
572:Jurgis Šlapelis
478:Steponas Kairys
401:
361:
360:
359:
351:
348:Antanas Smetona
312:
310:
286:
281:
274:Political party
256:Cleveland, Ohio
254:
250:
230:
224:
222:
204:Stasys Šilingas
198:
188:
182:
177:
157:
149:
145:
137:
131:
126:
117:
104:
91:
83:
79:
75:
71:
63:
57:
52:
26:
25:Antanas Smetona
17:
12:
11:
5:
3408:
3406:
3398:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3257:
3256:
3252:
3251:
3239:
3216:
3215:
3208:
3206:
3204:
3203:
3201:Jonas Vileišis
3198:
3193:
3191:Jokūbas Šernas
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3146:Vladas Mironas
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3102:
3100:
3094:
3093:
3088:
3085:
3084:
3079:
3077:
3076:
3069:
3062:
3054:
3045:
3044:
3042:
3041:
3035:
3032:
3029:
3016:
3012:
3009:
3008:
3006:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2993:Valdas Adamkus
2990:
2983:
2978:
2976:Valdas Adamkus
2973:
2968:
2962:
2960:
2953:
2952:
2950:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2928:
2926:
2919:
2918:
2916:
2915:
2912:Jonas Žemaitis
2908:
2901:
2898:Antanas Merkys
2894:
2889:
2882:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2859:
2857:
2850:
2849:
2843:
2841:
2840:
2833:
2826:
2818:
2810:
2809:
2806:Antanas Merkys
2804:
2801:
2792:
2787:
2783:
2782:
2777:
2774:
2765:
2762:
2758:
2757:
2751:
2750:
2735:
2734:External links
2732:
2731:
2730:
2724:
2706:
2686:Truska, Liudas
2682:
2647:
2599:
2593:
2580:
2549:
2543:
2530:
2524:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2492:
2477:
2468:
2455:
2443:
2431:
2419:
2391:
2379:
2367:
2348:
2333:
2321:
2309:
2297:
2285:
2273:
2261:
2249:
2222:
2210:Partizanai.org
2196:
2169:
2149:
2137:
2122:
2115:
2097:
2089:Fredericksburg
2076:
2057:
2042:
2027:
2015:
2000:
1988:
1960:
1924:
1895:
1877:
1865:cityofmercy.lt
1852:
1840:
1828:
1813:
1801:
1786:
1767:
1755:
1743:
1731:
1719:
1702:
1690:
1678:
1663:
1651:
1639:
1627:
1615:
1603:
1591:
1579:
1552:
1540:
1528:
1516:
1504:
1492:
1480:Sejm-Wielki.pl
1464:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1442:
1441:
1436:
1434:Kārlis Ulmanis
1431:
1426:
1419:
1416:
1338:
1335:
1307:Getúlio Vargas
1303:Rio de Janeiro
1301:, arriving in
1280:and appointed
1278:Antanas Merkys
1151:
1149:
1146:
1105:Antanas Merkys
1081:
1078:
1010:Juozas Zikaras
961:
959:
956:
801:Lietuvos Aidas
772:
769:
751:Vilniaus aušra
684:
681:
529:Vladas Mironas
525:Juozas Tūbelis
421:Taujėnai Manor
417:Russian Empire
400:
397:
343:
342:
339:
338:
331:
327:
326:
321:
315:
314:
307:
303:
302:
296:
292:
291:
275:
271:
270:
264:
260:
259:
253:(aged 69)
249:9 January 1944
247:
243:
242:
240:Russian Empire
229:10 August 1874
220:
216:
215:
211:
210:
207:
206:
201:
195:
194:
191:
185:
184:
174:
173:
166:
165:
160:
154:
153:
140:
138:Prime Minister
134:
133:
123:
122:
110:Antanas Merkys
107:
101:
100:
94:
88:
87:
85:Antanas Merkys
77:Vladas Mironas
73:Juozas Tūbelis
66:
64:Prime Minister
60:
59:
49:
48:
41:
40:
37:
36:
28:
27:
24:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3407:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3262:
3260:
3250:
3240:
3238:
3228:
3224:
3212:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3181:Jurgis Šaulys
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3136:Petras Klimas
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3103:
3101:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3086:
3082:
3075:
3070:
3068:
3063:
3061:
3056:
3055:
3052:
3039:
3036:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3017:
3014:
3013:
3010:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2988:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2963:
2961:
2954:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2920:
2914:
2913:
2909:
2907:
2906:
2902:
2900:
2899:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2887:
2883:
2881:
2880:
2876:
2874:
2873:Kazys Grinius
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2860:
2858:
2851:
2846:
2839:
2834:
2832:
2827:
2825:
2820:
2819:
2816:
2807:
2798:
2797:
2790:
2784:
2780:
2771:
2770:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2738:
2737:
2733:
2727:
2725:9785420014578
2721:
2717:
2716:
2711:
2710:Žukas, Vladas
2707:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2648:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2616:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2590:
2586:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2567:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2540:
2536:
2531:
2527:
2525:0-312-22458-3
2521:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2500:
2496:
2489:
2488:
2481:
2478:
2472:
2469:
2465:
2459:
2456:
2452:
2447:
2444:
2440:
2435:
2432:
2428:
2423:
2420:
2407:
2406:
2401:
2395:
2392:
2389:, p. 400
2388:
2387:Eidintas 2015
2383:
2380:
2377:, p. 397
2376:
2375:Eidintas 2015
2371:
2368:
2364:
2359:
2357:
2355:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2340:
2338:
2334:
2331:, p. 399
2330:
2329:Eidintas 2015
2325:
2322:
2319:, p. 396
2318:
2317:Eidintas 2015
2313:
2310:
2307:, p. 392
2306:
2305:Eidintas 2015
2301:
2298:
2294:
2293:Eidintas 2015
2289:
2286:
2283:, p. 390
2282:
2281:Eidintas 2015
2277:
2274:
2270:
2269:Eidintas 2015
2265:
2262:
2259:, p. 387
2258:
2257:Eidintas 2015
2253:
2250:
2237:
2233:
2226:
2223:
2211:
2207:
2200:
2197:
2184:
2180:
2173:
2170:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2153:
2150:
2147:, p. 182
2146:
2141:
2138:
2134:
2129:
2127:
2123:
2118:
2116:5-415-01502-7
2112:
2108:
2101:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2080:
2077:
2072:
2068:
2061:
2058:
2054:
2053:
2052:Reading Eagle
2046:
2043:
2040:, p. 301
2039:
2038:Eidintas 2015
2034:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2019:
2016:
2013:, p. 125
2012:
2007:
2005:
2001:
1998:, p. 149
1997:
1996:Eidintas 2015
1992:
1989:
1976:
1975:
1970:
1964:
1961:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1941:
1939:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1925:
1912:
1911:
1906:
1899:
1896:
1891:
1887:
1881:
1878:
1866:
1862:
1856:
1853:
1849:
1848:Merkelis 1964
1844:
1841:
1837:
1836:Merkelis 1964
1832:
1829:
1825:
1824:Merkelis 1964
1820:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1805:
1802:
1798:
1797:Merkelis 1964
1793:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1782:Eidintas 2015
1778:
1776:
1774:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1763:Merkelis 1964
1759:
1756:
1752:
1751:Merkelis 1964
1747:
1744:
1740:
1735:
1732:
1728:
1727:Merkelis 1964
1723:
1720:
1716:
1715:Eidintas 2015
1711:
1709:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1698:Merkelis 1964
1694:
1691:
1687:
1686:Eidintas 2015
1682:
1679:
1675:
1674:Eidintas 2015
1670:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1659:Merkelis 1964
1655:
1652:
1648:
1647:Merkelis 1964
1643:
1640:
1636:
1635:Merkelis 1964
1631:
1628:
1624:
1623:Merkelis 1964
1619:
1616:
1612:
1611:Merkelis 1964
1607:
1604:
1600:
1599:Merkelis 1964
1595:
1592:
1588:
1587:Merkelis 1964
1583:
1580:
1567:
1563:
1556:
1553:
1549:
1548:Merkelis 1964
1544:
1541:
1537:
1536:Merkelis 1964
1532:
1529:
1525:
1524:Merkelis 1964
1520:
1517:
1513:
1508:
1505:
1501:
1496:
1493:
1481:
1477:
1471:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1460:Merkelis 1964
1456:
1454:
1450:
1444:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1421:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1412:Chardon, Ohio
1409:
1404:
1400:
1398:
1393:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1378:
1376:
1370:
1367:
1364:
1358:
1354:
1348:
1343:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1327:
1322:
1319:
1315:
1314:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1299:
1294:
1293:Pensão Zenith
1290:
1289:Monte Estoril
1285:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1258:
1255:
1251:
1245:
1240:
1236:
1230:
1225:
1221:
1218:officer. Via
1217:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1175:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1155:
1148:Flight abroad
1147:
1145:
1143:
1142:
1136:
1131:
1129:
1124:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1087:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1065:
1062:Smetona with
1060:
1056:
1054:
1050:
1044:
1040:
1038:
1034:
1029:
1026:
1022:
1021:Kazys Grinius
1018:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
991:
985:
981:
976:
971:
965:
957:
955:
952:
948:
943:
939:
935:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
903:
898:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
875:
873:
869:
865:
856:
852:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
829:
825:
820:
818:
814:
810:
805:
803:
802:
797:
796:Eastern Front
793:
789:
782:
777:
770:
768:
766:
765:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
743:
738:
734:
730:
729:
724:
723:
718:
714:
710:
705:
703:
699:
694:
690:
682:
680:
678:
677:Vyborg Castle
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
644:
639:
634:
632:
628:
624:
620:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
590:
588:
584:
578:
573:
569:
565:
564:Ivan Delyanov
561:
560:Pope Leo XIII
553:
549:
544:
540:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
501:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
482:Jurgis Šaulys
479:
475:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
440:
436:
434:
430:
427:. Researcher
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
398:
396:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
363:
357:
349:
340:
336:
332:
328:
325:
322:
320:
316:
308:
304:
300:
297:
293:
289:
285:(before 1924)
284:
279:
276:
272:
269:
268:Chardon, Ohio
265:
263:Resting place
261:
257:
248:
244:
241:
237:
233:
221:
217:
212:
208:
205:
202:
196:
192:
186:
180:
175:
172:
167:
164:
161:
155:
152:
148:
144:
141:
135:
129:
124:
120:
115:
111:
108:
102:
98:
95:
89:
86:
82:
81:Jonas Černius
78:
74:
70:
67:
61:
55:
50:
47:
42:
38:
34:
29:
22:
19:
3160:
3037:
3022:
3018:
2985:
2958:(since 1990)
2910:
2903:
2896:
2891:
2884:
2877:
2862:
2794:
2767:
2714:
2693:
2659:
2656:Lituanistica
2655:
2639:. Retrieved
2632:the original
2619:
2613:
2584:
2556:
2534:
2515:
2497:Bibliography
2485:
2480:
2471:
2463:
2458:
2453:, p. 87
2451:Skirius 2010
2446:
2441:, p. 88
2439:Skirius 2010
2434:
2422:
2410:. Retrieved
2403:
2394:
2382:
2370:
2365:, p. 79
2363:Skirius 2010
2346:, p. 80
2344:Skirius 2010
2324:
2312:
2300:
2288:
2276:
2264:
2252:
2240:. Retrieved
2235:
2225:
2213:. Retrieved
2209:
2199:
2187:. Retrieved
2182:
2172:
2157:
2152:
2140:
2106:
2100:
2084:
2079:
2070:
2060:
2050:
2045:
2018:
1991:
1979:. Retrieved
1972:
1963:
1954:
1950:
1915:. Retrieved
1908:
1898:
1889:
1880:
1868:. Retrieved
1864:
1855:
1850:, p. 49
1843:
1838:, p. 46
1831:
1826:, p. 44
1804:
1799:, p. 43
1784:, p. 20
1765:, p. 39
1758:
1753:, p. 38
1746:
1741:, p. 24
1734:
1729:, p. 35
1722:
1717:, p. 19
1700:, p. 32
1693:
1681:
1676:, p. 16
1654:
1649:, p. 27
1642:
1630:
1625:, p. 21
1618:
1613:, p. 19
1606:
1601:, p. 18
1594:
1589:, p. 15
1582:
1570:. Retrieved
1565:
1555:
1550:, p. 17
1543:
1538:, p. 13
1531:
1526:, p. 10
1519:
1514:, p. 96
1507:
1502:, p. 94
1495:
1483:. Retrieved
1479:
1405:
1401:
1394:
1379:
1371:
1368:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1323:
1312:
1297:
1286:
1259:
1250:Kazys Škirpa
1202:
1178:
1157:
1153:
1139:
1132:
1125:
1096:Nazi Germany
1089:
1069:
1049:Memel region
1045:
1041:
1030:
1014:
967:
963:
930:
899:
882:
876:
861:
848:
844:
840:
828:Scandinavian
821:
806:
799:
785:
762:
740:
736:
726:
720:
706:
704:in Vilnius.
686:
635:
616:
591:
556:
502:
490:East Prussia
445:
402:
389:World War II
372:
347:
346:
251:(1944-01-09)
199:Succeeded by
178:
158:Succeeded by
127:
113:
105:Succeeded by
53:
18:
3270:1944 deaths
3265:1874 births
2956:Presidents
2853:Presidents
2641:12 February
2564: [
2183:Kauno diena
1917:25 December
1809:Truska 1995
1462:, p. 5
1349:, Lithuania
1298:Serpa Pinto
1242: [
1239:Rankestraße
1227: [
1208: [
1205:Heinz Gräfe
1190:Marijampolė
1174:Swiss watch
1121:Switzerland
786:During the
641: [
575: [
552:World War I
550:before the
385:World War I
352:Lithuanian:
301:(1885–1968)
290:(1924–1940)
280:(1902–1907)
189:Preceded by
92:Preceded by
3259:Categories
2847:since 1919
2215:3 November
2166:9042033711
1981:10 October
1870:16 October
1739:Žukas 2000
1445:References
1318:The Pierre
1220:Königsberg
1141:ipso facto
980:initiating
862:After the
649:mimeograph
647:, using a
453:gymnasiums
381:Lithuanian
319:Alma mater
225:1874-08-10
3249:Biography
3237:Lithuania
2702:654379537
2678:2424-4716
2628:0202-3342
2576:494741879
2189:17 August
1395:His wife
1390:Cleveland
1313:Argentina
1224:Święcajty
1103:Minister
868:Memelland
717:Presidium
330:Signature
179:In office
128:In office
112:(acting,
54:In office
3019:De facto
2712:(2000).
2605:(2010).
2555:(1964).
2160:, p. 24
2093:Virginia
1951:Istorija
1910:15min.lt
1572:17 April
1418:See also
1347:Ginučiai
1194:Red Army
1186:Kybartai
1094:between
1073:Šiauliai
1002:Interwar
978:Smetona
951:counties
835:elected
826:and the
771:Politics
498:Maironis
409:Užulėnis
373:de facto
306:Children
232:Užulėnis
114:de facto
99:(acting)
44:1st
3223:Portals
3098:Members
3038:Italics
3023:de jure
2746:of the
2742:in the
2692:(ed.).
2412:3 April
2242:12 June
1291:at the
1216:Gestapo
1198:Liepona
925:Vilnius
917:Švėkšna
893:at the
824:Germany
811:(later
700:in the
689:Vilnius
665:Žemaitė
623:Vilnius
618:Capital
548:Vilnius
469:Palanga
465:Liepāja
457:Ukmergė
2722:
2700:
2676:
2626:
2591:
2574:
2541:
2522:
2164:
2113:
1974:Lrt.lt
1485:8 July
1397:Sofija
1363:Sofija
1144:void.
1033:Seimas
927:(1928)
883:Vairas
849:Vairas
764:Vairas
742:Viltis
737:Viltis
614:Marx's
517:Latvia
509:Kaunas
484:, and
433:Raguva
295:Spouse
258:, U.S.
2662:(2).
2635:(PDF)
2610:(PDF)
2568:]
1246:]
1231:]
1212:]
1006:litas
938:fines
891:Ph.D.
755:Rytas
645:]
579:]
2763:None
2720:ISBN
2698:OCLC
2674:ISSN
2643:2017
2624:ISSN
2589:ISBN
2572:OCLC
2539:ISBN
2520:ISBN
2414:2024
2244:2019
2217:2017
2191:2014
2162:ISBN
2111:ISBN
1983:2021
1919:2023
1872:2019
1574:2020
1487:2023
1375:NKGB
1214:, a
847:and
581:and
562:and
527:and
405:O.S.
387:and
246:Died
219:Born
169:1st
2923:LKP
2748:ZBW
2664:doi
2405:VLE
1955:LIX
1388:in
1311:SS
1004:10
915:in
881:in
515:in
507:in
3261::
2672:.
2660:62
2654:.
2622:.
2612:.
2570:.
2566:lt
2510:;
2506:;
2402:.
2351:^
2336:^
2234:.
2208:.
2181:.
2125:^
2091:,
2030:^
2003:^
1971:.
1949:.
1927:^
1907:.
1888:.
1863:.
1816:^
1789:^
1770:^
1705:^
1666:^
1564:.
1478:.
1467:^
1452:^
1414:.
1392:.
1264:,
1244:de
1229:pl
1210:de
1123:.
897:.
851:.
843:,
819:.
643:lt
589:.
577:lt
566:,
500:.
480:,
415:,
411:,
238:,
234:,
3225::
3073:e
3066:t
3059:v
2837:e
2830:t
2823:v
2728:.
2704:.
2680:.
2666::
2645:.
2620:2
2597:.
2578:.
2547:.
2528:.
2429:.
2416:.
2246:.
2219:.
2193:.
2119:.
2087:(
1985:.
1921:.
1874:.
1576:.
1489:.
350:(
227:)
223:(
116:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
