1861:(largely slave-labor-based) and a shortage of liquid capital, which, when aggravated by the need to concentrate on a few staples, the pervasive anti-industrial and anti-urban ideology, and the reduction of Southern banking, led to a South dependent on export trade. This was in contrast to the economies of the Northern and Western U.S., which relied primarily on their own domestic markets. Since the Southern domestic market consisted primarily of plantations, Southern states imported sustenance commodities from the West and manufactured goods from England and the North.
2029:
maintain certain conditions for the existence of slavery and from a need for each of the remaining social strata to remain in status quo. In order to meet conditions where slavery may continue to exist, members of the master class (e.g., white, landowning, slave-owning) had to compete with other members of the master class to maximize the surplus labor extracted from slaves. Likewise, in order to remain within the same class, members of the master class (and each subsumed class below) must expand their claim on revenues derived from the slave labor surplus.
268:
52:
2086:(1865–1877), the South experienced economic devastation. Some states that relied less heavily on the plantation system managed to fare better following its downfall. Ulrich Bonnell Phillips contends that the plantation "sadly restricted the opportunity of such men as were of better industrial quality than was required for the field gangs." Essentially, men who would have been otherwise capable of performing other skilled jobs were nonetheless relegated to field work because of the nature of the system.
2065:
re-exported to other countries throughout Europe at a premium. In similar ways
Britain was able to profit from other American staple crops, such as cotton, rice, and indigo. As Russell Menard puts it, Britain's capitalizing on increased European demand for these crops "fueled the expansion of the American plantation colonies, transformed the Atlantic into an English inland sea, and led to the creation of the first
4886:
4850:
1674:
1635:
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233:
1975:
slaves, making it profitable for smaller farms in older settled areas such as
Virginia to sell their slaves further south and west. The actuarial risk, or the potential loss in investment of owning slaves from death, disability, etc. was much greater for small plantation owners. Accentuated by the rise in price of slaves seen just prior to the
212:
2019:
was much more unequal in the South than in the North arises from studies concerned with the equality of land, slave, and wealth distribution. For example, in certain states and counties, due to the concentration of landholding and slave holding, which were highly correlated, six percent of landowners
2081:
The plantation system created an environment for the South to experience an economic boom in the 17th, 18th and early 19th centuries. However, reliance on both the plantation system and more widespread slave labor, left the South in a precarious economic situation. Following the end of the Civil War
1784:
Society was stratified, inegalitarian, and perceived by immigrants as lacking in opportunities. Consequently, the manufacturing base lagged behind that of the non-slave states. Wealth inequality grew as the larger landholders took the greater share of the profits generated by enslaved persons, which
2072:
Many claim that being a part of the
British mercantilist system was in the best economic interest of the American colonies as well, as they would not have been able to survive as independent economic entities. Robert Haywood, in his article "Mercantilism and South Carolina Agriculture, 1700–1763",
2028:
While the two largest classes in the South included land- and slave-owners and slaves, various strata of social classes existed within and between the two. In examining class relations and the banking system in the South, the economic exploitation of slave labor can be seen to arise from a need to
1868:
can be seen as the factory system applied to agriculture, with a concentration of labor under skilled management. But while the industrial manufacturing-based labor economy of the North was driven by growing demand, maintenance of the plantation economic system depended upon slave labor, which was
1974:
as the principal supply of labor in the plantation systems of the South, the economic nature of the institution of slavery aided in the increased inequality of wealth seen in the antebellum South. The demand for slave labor and the U.S. ban on importing more slaves from Africa drove up prices for
1836:
as a source of labor for the harvesting of crops. There were almost 700,000 enslaved persons in the U.S. in 1790, which equated to approximately 18 percent of the total population or roughly one in every six people. This would persist through the 17th and 18th centuries, but it was not until the
2116:
that the South was relatively less successful in attracting immigrants due to the South's reputation as a more stratified society. Striving immigrants who sought economic advancement thus tended to favor the more egalitarian North, compared to the more aristocratic South, where there were fewer
1772:
and the associated societal norms it cultivated. Over the course of this period, Southern leaders underwent a transformation in their perspective on slavery. Initially regarded as an awkward and temporary institution, it gradually evolved into a defended concept, with proponents arguing for its
2064:
had realized the revenue potential of tobacco and quickly changed its official moral stance towards its use. As a result, tobacco plantations sprung up across the
American South in large numbers to support European demand. By 1670, more than half of all tobacco shipped to England was being
2097:
suggested that the South misallocated labor compared to the North, which more eagerly embraced women and child labor in its factories to push forward industrialization due to their relative value to
Northern agriculture being lesser than in Southern agriculture.
2020:
ended up commanding one-third of the gross income and an even higher portion of the net income. The majority of landowners, who had smaller scale plantations, saw a disproportionately small portion in revenues generated by the slavery-driven plantation system.
2101:
While the South still attracted immigrants from Europe, the North attracted far more during the early-to-mid 1800s, such that by the time of the
American Civil War, the population of the North far exceeded the non-enslaved population of the South per the
1920:. "Most farmers in the South had small-to-medium-sized farms with few slaves, but the large plantation owner's wealth, often reflected in the number of slaves they owned, afforded them considerable prestige and political power."
2040:
ideologies largely explain the rise of the plantation system in the United States. In the 16th and 17th centuries under mercantilism, rulers of nations believed that the accumulation of wealth through a favorable
1908:
Phillips argued that large-scale plantation slavery was inefficient and not progressive. It had reached its geographical limits by 1860 or so, and therefore eventually had to fade away (as happened in
1713:
2073:
argues that "it was unthinkable that any trade could prosper in the straight-jacket of regimented and restricted international trade, without the guiding hand of a powerful protecting government."
4113:
3292:
974:
526:
1808:
cause was heroic, that enslaved people were happy and satisfied, and that slavery was not the primary cause of the war. This phenomenon has continued to the present day to contribute to
3975:
3794:
836:
693:
1898:, who studied slavery not so much as a political issue between North and South, but as a social and economic system. He focused on the large plantations that dominated the South.
4416:
1264:
1956:
that slavery was both efficient and profitable, as long as the price of cotton was high enough. In turn, Fogel and
Engerman came under attack from other historians of slavery.
83:
1845:
in the 1790s, that slavery grew very profitable and that the large plantation system developed. In the 15 years between the invention of the cotton gin and the passage of the
4925:
4139:
4129:
1000:
990:
3782:
3935:
1865:
1706:
1233:
796:
4853:
1638:
1857:
The
Antebellum South saw large expansions in agriculture, while manufacturing growth remained relatively slow. The Southern economy was characterized by a low level of
4945:
4335:
3960:
3909:
1191:
821:
770:
3683:
647:
3970:
3788:
1774:
831:
2684:
1979:, the overall costs associated with owning slaves to the individual plantation owner led to the concentration of slave ownership seen at the eve of the Civil War.
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317:
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861:
801:
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4771:
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1655:
1612:
980:
742:
3334:
4950:
4462:
4408:
4372:
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1310:
1255:
1228:
806:
2335:
1901:
Phillips addressed the unprofitability of slave labor and slavery's ill effects on the
Southern economy. An example of pioneering comparative work was
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3903:
3312:
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879:
816:
811:
778:
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4377:
4289:
4275:
4134:
4085:
4038:
4033:
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3930:
3875:
3243:
3055:
1889:
1145:
1131:
995:
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899:
894:
841:
791:
736:
195:
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4421:
4367:
3965:
3924:
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1602:
1223:
826:
785:
756:
3221:
2007:, and slaves; while in the northern and western states, much of the social spectrum was dominated by a wide range of different laboring classes.
1872:
The five major commodities of the
Southern agricultural economy were cotton, grain, tobacco, sugar, and rice, with the production of the leading
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3852:
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889:
728:
713:
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3711:
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1833:
1753:
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1305:
1269:
1210:
1118:
868:
750:
707:
515:
304:
3673:
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1999:, or even that of the agrarian West. This led to a sharp division in class in the southern states, between the landowning "master" class,
2015:
The conclusion that, while both the North and the South were characterized by a high degree of inequality during the plantation era, the
4879:
4296:
4046:
3599:
3539:
2643:
2056:. When tobacco was first discovered as a recreational substance, there was a widespread social backlash in England, spearheaded by King
1665:
1152:
907:
286:
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4874:
4361:
4124:
3985:
3917:
3857:
3154:
3144:
1660:
1217:
985:
846:
718:
4023:
4013:
3549:
3186:
3023:
2606:
1965:
1793:
1778:
884:
874:
277:
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3405:
3238:
3198:
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2611:
1923:
Phillips contended that masters treated enslaved persons relatively well; his views on that issue were later sharply rejected by
1809:
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953:
592:
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3609:
3107:
2963:
1371:
1113:
1064:
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3629:
854:
723:
1987:
Much of the Antebellum South was rural, and in line with the plantation system, largely agricultural. With the exception of
4708:
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4237:
4227:
4198:
4188:
3726:
3060:
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1801:
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1158:
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1049:
1039:
228:
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4099:
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3216:
3129:
2884:
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2528:
1937:
1769:
1163:
1137:
1123:
1093:
1083:
1034:
960:
493:
255:
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4633:
4203:
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2849:
2814:
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1916:(1910), he argued that slavery was an unprofitable relic that persisted because it produced social status, honor, and
1587:
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1054:
1044:
179:
31:
2230:
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4327:
4312:
4177:
3691:
3033:
2809:
2779:
2744:
2456:
1996:
1992:
1183:
1168:
1028:
187:
2208:
4920:
4817:
4802:
4792:
4751:
4673:
4638:
4208:
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3102:
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2103:
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1521:
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1059:
548:
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3176:
2978:
267:
175:
151:
4822:
4797:
4713:
4618:
4578:
4170:
3716:
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1995:, the slave states had no large cities, and the urban population of the South could not compare to that of the
1561:
1466:
1426:
1021:
3038:
2473:
51:
4812:
4807:
4787:
4678:
4668:
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2983:
2784:
2327:
1895:
1526:
1516:
1511:
1491:
3532:
4843:
4827:
4766:
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4508:
4452:
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3297:
3050:
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1749:
1628:
1607:
1441:
1356:
1300:
372:
219:
183:
113:
65:
636:
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3624:
3619:
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3356:
3164:
3149:
2990:
2739:
2714:
1476:
1471:
1346:
581:
559:
2699:
2259:
Dixie's Daughters: The United Daughters of the Confederacy and the Preservation of Confederate Culture
4899:
4718:
4683:
4588:
4563:
3749:
3701:
3641:
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3258:
3181:
3139:
3018:
2968:
2953:
2936:
2836:
2724:
2694:
1971:
1858:
1829:
1687:
1566:
1531:
1436:
1411:
405:
394:
339:
171:
79:
75:
4703:
4653:
4608:
4598:
4583:
4573:
4558:
4538:
4513:
4503:
4493:
4067:
4057:
3499:
3248:
2941:
2859:
2854:
2804:
2729:
2704:
2572:
2016:
1946:
1743:
1551:
1501:
1456:
1446:
1431:
1421:
1406:
1386:
1361:
1351:
1341:
928:
918:
328:
155:
4895:
1683:
4723:
4698:
4603:
4543:
4518:
4488:
4478:
4077:
4072:
4062:
4052:
3765:
3743:
3263:
3122:
3097:
3067:
3028:
2911:
2754:
2520:
2512:
2431:
2423:
2131:
2083:
1976:
1797:
1765:
1571:
1546:
1451:
1391:
1366:
1336:
1326:
938:
933:
923:
913:
449:
427:
224:
2406:
Conrad, Alfred H.; Meyer, John R. (1958). "The Economics of Slavery in the Ante Bellum South".
56:
There were just over 3.2 million slaves in the U.S. in 1850, about 14% of the total population.
4658:
4613:
4553:
4528:
4483:
4426:
4221:
3663:
3494:
3307:
2894:
2689:
2650:
2309:
2299:
2273:
2263:
1951:
1924:
1909:
1905:(1914). His methods inspired the "Phillips school" of slavery studies, between 1900 and 1950.
1506:
1461:
1401:
1376:
1331:
1274:
1072:
292:
167:
101:
1849:, an increase in the slave trade occurred, furthering the slave system in the United States.
4688:
4568:
4533:
4431:
4346:
4341:
4252:
3832:
3270:
3233:
3159:
3117:
2973:
2774:
2769:
2504:
2493:"The Relative Productivity Hypothesis of Industrialization: The American Case, 1820 to 1850"
2415:
2112:
2094:
2042:
1928:
1789:
1536:
1416:
1381:
1279:
1202:
1197:
1108:
1098:
679:
504:
129:
109:
4756:
4693:
4648:
4548:
4247:
3554:
3487:
3383:
3344:
3228:
3171:
3043:
2946:
2844:
2764:
2759:
2460:
1757:
1597:
1541:
1496:
1396:
1103:
471:
191:
141:
133:
2709:
4436:
3504:
3482:
3460:
3438:
3433:
2958:
2889:
2819:
2090:
2066:
2057:
1734:
1284:
361:
163:
159:
137:
125:
105:
2492:
4914:
3646:
3423:
2550:
2524:
2435:
2107:
1932:
121:
93:
2231:"Lost Cause Textbooks: Civil War Education in the South from the 1890s to the 1920s"
3799:
3635:
3571:
3253:
3112:
2037:
1942:
1927:. His conclusions about the economic decline of slavery were challenged in 1958 by
97:
17:
3527:
3455:
3371:
3191:
2916:
1988:
1917:
1842:
1761:
215:
2564:
3614:
3522:
3450:
3428:
3361:
3134:
2448:
Haywood, C. Robert. "Mercantilism and South Carolina Agriculture, 1700–1763."
2377:
2277:
2136:
2004:
1877:
1838:
1817:
1813:
614:
460:
117:
2313:
2052:
One example of England utilizing the American colonies for economic gain was
3280:
2899:
2749:
2147:
2141:
1873:
2257:
2293:
3656:
3594:
3366:
3285:
2453:
2516:
2427:
2200:
2053:
2150:, the post-Reconstruction era economy and society of the Southern U.S.
2000:
2508:
232:
2419:
2049:
to take advantage of rich natural resources and encourage exports.
211:
27:
Historical period in the Southern United States from 1815 to 1861
4396:
4158:
3820:
2624:
2568:
1820:
in the South, and to a lesser extent the rest of the country.
2295:
Baptized in Blood: The Religion of the Lost Cause, 1865–1920
2144:, the pre-Civil War economy and society of the Southern U.S.
2201:"The Southern Argument for Slavery [ushistory.org]"
2282:(First published in 2003; 2019 edition has a new preface.)
1785:
also helped to entrench their power as a political class.
1777:, while simultaneously vehemently opposing the burgeoning
1800:. In the years that followed the Civil War, the war was
2169:"1850 US Census, Chapter V: Slave Population of the US"
2047:
several European nations began to colonize the Americas
2262:. Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida.
2060:
himself. By the middle of the 17th century, however,
30:"Antebellum era" redirects here. For other uses, see
2491:
Goldin, Claudia; Sokoloff, Kenneth (1 August 1984).
4836:
4780:
4744:
4732:
4471:
4445:
4407:
3682:
3585:
3513:
3414:
3325:
3207:
3088:
3004:
2927:
2875:
2795:
2660:
2635:
147:
89:
71:
61:
39:
1832:brought enslaved Africans to the South during the
2045:was the best way to ensure power. As a result,
40:Antebellum Period in the Southern United States
1804:to protect three central assertions: that the
2865:Drafting and ratification of the Constitution
2580:
1707:
8:
3789:Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization
2298:. Athens, Ga.: University of Georgia Press.
1941:. Their arguments were further developed by
4926:Economic history of the American Civil War
4404:
4393:
4155:
3817:
2632:
2621:
2587:
2573:
2565:
1714:
1700:
1251:
244:
50:
3313:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
2328:"Cotton Gin and the Expansion of Slavery"
2117:perceived opportunities for advancement.
1876:, cotton, which were concentrated in the
1890:Treatment of slaves in the United States
4946:Historical regions in the United States
3468:Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.
2160:
1884:Inefficiency of slave-based agriculture
1880:(Mississippi, Alabama, and Louisiana).
1802:romanticized by historical revisionists
1768:. This era was marked by the prevalent
1620:
1579:
1318:
1292:
1254:
254:
249:This article is part of a series on the
2531:from the original on 11 September 2023
2474:"State by State | American Experience"
2450:The South Carolina Historical Magazine
2024:Effects of social structure on economy
1960:Effects of economy on social structure
1914:The Decadence of the Plantation System
36:
4961:History of the Southern United States
2454:https://www.jstor.org/stable/27566205
2181:from the original on November 4, 2021
1935:in a landmark study published in the
1894:The leading historian of the era was
1847:Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves
1754:history of the Southern United States
7:
2372:
2370:
2354:
2352:
2452:, vol. 60, no. 1, 1959, pp. 15–27.
1796:, eventually boiling over into the
3155:Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act
3145:Assassination of James A. Garfield
2497:The Quarterly Journal of Economics
657: Modern Era
25:
4951:19th century in the United States
3187:Assassination of William McKinley
2332:Digital Public Library of America
1966:The Impending Crisis of the South
1949:, who argued in their 1974 book,
1792:, slavery's propagation became a
4956:Plantations in the United States
4894:
4885:
4884:
4849:
4848:
3406:Assassination of John F. Kennedy
3199:Nadir of American race relations
3078:Assassination of Abraham Lincoln
2378:"Antebellum Period – HistoryNet"
1794:major issue in national politics
1682:
1673:
1672:
1634:
1633:
266:
231:
210:
3108:First transcontinental railroad
2388:from the original on 2016-11-19
2338:from the original on 2021-11-07
2292:Wilson, Charles Reagan (2009).
2237:from the original on 6 May 2021
2211:from the original on 2021-08-17
1:
4931:Eras of United States history
2127:Confederate States of America
1970:As slavery began to displace
229:Confederate States of America
206:
4276:Hispanic and Latino American
3130:Second Industrial Revolution
2964:Nat Turner's slave rebellion
2670:Exploration of North America
2596:History of the United States
2408:Journal of Political Economy
1938:Journal of Political Economy
1132:Hispanic and Latino American
3800:Indictments of Donald Trump
2991:First Industrial Revolution
2825:Declaration of Independence
2815:Second Continental Congress
1752:') was a period in the
180:Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
32:Antebellum (disambiguation)
4977:
3692:Killing of Osama bin Laden
2780:First Continental Congress
2361:A Jamaica Slave Plantation
2089:A 1984 journal article by
2033:Mercantilist underpinnings
1963:
1903:A Jamaica Slave Plantation
1887:
1766:American Civil War in 1861
29:
4870:
4403:
4392:
4165:
4154:
3827:
3816:
3276:Wall Street Crash of 1929
3073:Emancipation Proclamation
2842:Articles of Confederation
2680:Native American epidemics
2631:
2620:
2602:
2104:1860 United States census
1828:In the 18th century, the
223:
209:
201:
49:
44:
4762:Northern Mariana Islands
3335:Strike wave of 1945–1946
2363:. WENTWORTH Press, 2016.
2359:Bonnell, Ulrich (1914).
2110:argued in his 2011 book
2077:Adverse economic effects
635:
613:
591:
580:
558:
547:
525:
514:
503:
492:
470:
459:
448:
426:
404:
393:
371:
360:
338:
327:
84:Buildup to the Civil War
4297:Middle Eastern American
4114:Technology and industry
2984:Seneca Falls Convention
2785:Continental Association
2685:Settlement of Jamestown
1896:Ulrich Bonnell Phillips
1756:that extended from the
1153:Middle Eastern American
975:Technology and industry
4941:Jeffersonian democracy
4417:Admission to the Union
3783:Afghanistan withdrawal
3778:January 6 insurrection
3697:Rise in mass shootings
3669:Virginia Tech shooting
3222:Paris Peace Conference
2996:Second Great Awakening
2735:American Enlightenment
2256:Cox, Karen L. (2019).
1738:
1265:Admission to the Union
114:William Henry Harrison
66:Southern United States
4409:Territorial evolution
3773:George Floyd Protests
3756:Unite the Right rally
3625:Oklahoma City bombing
3620:Republican Revolution
3567:Space Shuttle program
3389:Civil Rights Movement
3357:North Atlantic Treaty
3165:Sherman Antitrust Act
3150:Chinese Exclusion Act
2740:French and Indian War
2730:Prelude to Revolution
2715:First Great Awakening
2675:European colonization
1779:abolitionist movement
1256:Territorial evolution
549:Post-World War II Era
4323:Palestinian American
3750:Obergefell v. Hodges
3642:September 11 attacks
3478:Second-wave feminism
3399:Cuban Missile Crisis
3259:Bath School disaster
3177:Spanish–American War
3140:The Gospel of Wealth
3019:California Gold Rush
2979:Mexican–American War
2969:Nullification crisis
2937:Era of Good Feelings
2837:Confederation period
2745:Proclamation of 1763
2695:Atlantic slave trade
1972:indentured servitude
1869:abundant and cheap.
1859:capital accumulation
1830:Atlantic slave trade
1764:to the start of the
1179:Palestinian American
395:Era of Good Feelings
340:Confederation period
278:Timeline and periods
176:Mexican–American War
172:Nullification crisis
76:Era of Good Feelings
4772:U.S. Virgin Islands
4258:Lithuanian American
4214:Vietnamese American
3560:End of the Cold War
3550:Invasion of Grenada
3500:Iran hostage crisis
3249:Tulsa race massacre
3056:Election of Lincoln
3051:Dred Scott decision
3039:Kansas–Nebraska Act
2942:Missouri Compromise
2860:Northwest Ordinance
2850:Pennsylvania Mutiny
2845:and Perpetual Union
2805:American Revolution
2720:War of Jenkins' Ear
2017:wealth distribution
1947:Stanley L. Engerman
1818:religious attitudes
1770:practice of slavery
1114:Lithuanian American
1065:Vietnamese American
329:American Revolution
196:Election of Lincoln
156:Missouri Compromise
4422:Historical regions
4378:Transgender people
3936:Capital punishment
3795:Support of Ukraine
3744:Black Lives Matter
3652:War in Afghanistan
3577:Invasion of Panama
3533:Iran–Contra affair
3394:Early–mid Cold War
3264:Harlem Renaissance
3123:Compromise of 1877
3098:Reconstruction era
3034:Fugitive Slave Act
3029:Compromise of 1850
2974:Westward expansion
2912:Louisiana Purchase
2755:Stamp Act Congress
2700:King William's War
2459:2019-08-24 at the
2382:www.historynet.com
2132:Reconstruction era
2084:Reconstruction era
1853:Economic structure
1234:Transgender people
797:Capital punishment
450:Reconstruction Era
225:American Civil War
188:Fugitive Slave Act
184:Compromise of 1850
4936:American frontier
4908:
4907:
4866:
4865:
4862:
4861:
4427:American frontier
4388:
4387:
4318:Lebanese American
4303:Egyptian American
4238:Estonian American
4228:Albanian American
4222:European American
4199:Japanese American
4189:Filipino American
4150:
4149:
3812:
3811:
3808:
3807:
3761:COVID-19 pandemic
3664:Hurricane Katrina
3605:Los Angeles riots
3495:Watergate scandal
3340:Start of Cold War
3308:Manhattan Project
2895:Whiskey Rebellion
2725:King George's War
2690:Thirteen Colonies
2651:Pre-Columbian Era
2305:978-0-8203-4072-2
2269:978-0-8130-6413-0
2205:www.ushistory.org
2011:Wealth inequality
1952:Time on the Cross
1925:Kenneth M. Stampp
1866:plantation system
1837:invention of the
1790:expanded westward
1747:
1724:
1723:
1646:
1645:
1275:American frontier
1174:Lebanese American
1159:Egyptian American
1089:Estonian American
1079:Albanian American
1073:European American
1050:Japanese American
1040:Filipino American
664:
663:
637:Post-Cold War Era
294:Pre-Columbian Era
258:
243:
242:
239:
238:
152:Adams–Onís treaty
102:John Quincy Adams
18:Antebellum Period
16:(Redirected from
4968:
4921:Antebellum South
4898:
4888:
4887:
4852:
4851:
4781:Outlying islands
4738:Washington, D.C.
4733:Federal District
4432:Manifest destiny
4405:
4394:
4336:Native Americans
4308:Iranian American
4282:Mexican American
4268:Serbian American
4253:Italian American
4243:Finnish American
4233:English American
4184:Chinese American
4171:African American
4156:
3961:Direct democracy
3951:The Constitution
3910:Higher education
3833:American Century
3818:
3271:Great Depression
3244:Women's suffrage
3234:Roaring Twenties
3160:Haymarket affair
3118:Enforcement Acts
2907:Jeffersonian era
2855:Shays' Rebellion
2775:Intolerable Acts
2770:Boston Tea Party
2705:Queen Anne's War
2633:
2622:
2589:
2582:
2575:
2566:
2559:
2558:
2555:American Nations
2547:
2541:
2540:
2538:
2536:
2488:
2482:
2481:
2470:
2464:
2446:
2440:
2439:
2403:
2397:
2396:
2394:
2393:
2374:
2365:
2364:
2356:
2347:
2346:
2344:
2343:
2324:
2318:
2317:
2289:
2283:
2281:
2253:
2247:
2246:
2244:
2242:
2226:
2220:
2219:
2217:
2216:
2197:
2191:
2190:
2188:
2186:
2180:
2173:
2165:
2113:American Nations
2095:Kenneth Sokoloff
2043:balance of trade
1983:Social structure
1929:Alfred H. Conrad
1742:
1716:
1709:
1702:
1686:
1676:
1675:
1637:
1636:
1280:Manifest destiny
1270:Historic regions
1252:
1192:Native Americans
1164:Iranian American
1138:Mexican American
1124:Serbian American
1109:Italian American
1094:Finnish American
1084:English American
1035:Chinese American
1022:African American
822:Direct democracy
812:The Constitution
771:Higher education
680:American Century
582:Civil Rights Era
560:Civil Rights Era
516:Great Depression
505:Roaring Twenties
373:Jeffersonian Era
283:
282:
270:
256:
245:
235:
220:Jeffersonian Era
214:
207:
168:Manifest destiny
130:Millard Fillmore
110:Martin Van Buren
54:
37:
21:
4976:
4975:
4971:
4970:
4969:
4967:
4966:
4965:
4911:
4910:
4909:
4904:
4858:
4832:
4776:
4740:
4728:
4467:
4441:
4399:
4384:
4290:Jewish American
4263:Polish American
4204:Korean American
4194:Indian American
4161:
4146:
4001:Merchant Marine
3971:Law enforcement
3823:
3804:
3678:
3674:Great Recession
3581:
3555:Reagan Doctrine
3509:
3488:Stonewall riots
3410:
3384:Project Mercury
3345:Truman Doctrine
3321:
3229:First Red Scare
3203:
3172:Progressive Era
3084:
3044:Bleeding Kansas
3000:
2947:Monroe Doctrine
2923:
2871:
2830:Treaty of Paris
2791:
2765:Boston Massacre
2760:Sons of Liberty
2656:
2627:
2616:
2598:
2593:
2563:
2562:
2549:
2548:
2544:
2534:
2532:
2509:10.2307/1885960
2490:
2489:
2485:
2472:
2471:
2467:
2461:Wayback Machine
2447:
2443:
2405:
2404:
2400:
2391:
2389:
2376:
2375:
2368:
2358:
2357:
2350:
2341:
2339:
2326:
2325:
2321:
2306:
2291:
2290:
2286:
2270:
2255:
2254:
2250:
2240:
2238:
2228:
2227:
2223:
2214:
2212:
2199:
2198:
2194:
2184:
2182:
2178:
2171:
2167:
2166:
2162:
2157:
2123:
2079:
2035:
2026:
2013:
1985:
1968:
1962:
1918:political power
1892:
1886:
1855:
1834:colonial period
1826:
1788:As the country
1775:positive merits
1720:
1648:
1647:
1249:
1241:
1240:
1146:Jewish American
1119:Polish American
1099:German American
1055:Korean American
1045:Indian American
1016:
1008:
1007:
862:Merchant Marine
832:Law enforcement
700:Racial violence
674:
666:
665:
472:Progressive Era
280:
259:
257:History of the
227:
218:
205:
194:
192:Bleeding Kansas
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
142:Abraham Lincoln
140:
136:
134:Franklin Pierce
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
82:
78:
57:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4974:
4972:
4964:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4913:
4912:
4906:
4905:
4903:
4902:
4892:
4882:
4880:Historiography
4877:
4871:
4868:
4867:
4864:
4863:
4860:
4859:
4857:
4856:
4846:
4840:
4838:
4834:
4833:
4831:
4830:
4825:
4820:
4818:Navassa Island
4815:
4810:
4805:
4803:Johnston Atoll
4800:
4795:
4793:Howland Island
4790:
4784:
4782:
4778:
4777:
4775:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4752:American Samoa
4748:
4746:
4742:
4741:
4736:
4734:
4730:
4729:
4727:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4686:
4681:
4676:
4674:South Carolina
4671:
4666:
4661:
4656:
4651:
4646:
4641:
4639:North Carolina
4636:
4631:
4626:
4621:
4616:
4611:
4606:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4475:
4473:
4469:
4468:
4466:
4465:
4463:The West Coast
4460:
4455:
4449:
4447:
4443:
4442:
4440:
4439:
4437:Indian removal
4434:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4413:
4411:
4401:
4400:
4397:
4390:
4389:
4386:
4385:
4383:
4382:
4381:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4358:
4351:
4350:
4349:
4344:
4332:
4331:
4330:
4328:Saudi American
4325:
4320:
4315:
4313:Iraqi American
4310:
4305:
4293:
4286:
4285:
4284:
4272:
4271:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4248:Irish American
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4218:
4217:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4178:Asian American
4174:
4166:
4163:
4162:
4159:
4152:
4151:
4148:
4147:
4145:
4144:
4143:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4110:
4109:
4108:
4106:Sexual slavery
4096:
4089:
4082:
4081:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4043:
4042:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4004:
3997:
3990:
3989:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3976:Postal service
3973:
3968:
3966:Foreign policy
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3921:
3914:
3913:
3912:
3900:
3899:
3898:
3886:
3885:
3884:
3872:
3871:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3843:
3836:
3828:
3825:
3824:
3821:
3814:
3813:
3810:
3809:
3806:
3805:
3803:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3769:
3768:
3758:
3753:
3746:
3741:
3740:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3694:
3688:
3686:
3680:
3679:
3677:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3660:
3659:
3654:
3644:
3639:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3591:
3589:
3583:
3582:
3580:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3563:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3542:
3540:Crack epidemic
3537:
3536:
3535:
3530:
3519:
3517:
3511:
3510:
3508:
3507:
3505:Moral Majority
3502:
3497:
3492:
3491:
3490:
3483:Gay liberation
3480:
3475:
3473:Counterculture
3470:
3465:
3464:
3463:
3461:Fall of Saigon
3458:
3453:
3443:
3442:
3441:
3439:Apollo program
3436:
3434:Project Gemini
3426:
3420:
3418:
3412:
3411:
3409:
3408:
3403:
3402:
3401:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3375:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3352:Early Cold War
3349:
3348:
3347:
3337:
3331:
3329:
3323:
3322:
3320:
3319:
3318:
3317:
3316:
3315:
3305:
3300:
3290:
3289:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3268:
3267:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3231:
3226:
3225:
3224:
3213:
3211:
3205:
3204:
3202:
3201:
3196:
3195:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3169:
3168:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3132:
3127:
3126:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3094:
3092:
3086:
3085:
3083:
3082:
3081:
3080:
3075:
3065:
3064:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3047:
3046:
3036:
3031:
3024:Prelude to War
3021:
3016:
3014:Antebellum Era
3010:
3008:
3002:
3001:
2999:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2987:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2959:Trail of Tears
2954:Jacksonian era
2951:
2950:
2949:
2944:
2933:
2931:
2925:
2924:
2922:
2921:
2920:
2919:
2914:
2904:
2903:
2902:
2897:
2890:Federalist Era
2887:
2885:Bill of Rights
2881:
2879:
2873:
2872:
2870:
2869:
2868:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2834:
2833:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2820:Lee Resolution
2817:
2812:
2801:
2799:
2793:
2792:
2790:
2789:
2788:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2666:
2664:
2658:
2657:
2655:
2654:
2647:
2639:
2637:
2629:
2628:
2625:
2618:
2617:
2615:
2614:
2609:
2603:
2600:
2599:
2594:
2592:
2591:
2584:
2577:
2569:
2561:
2560:
2551:Woodard, Colin
2542:
2503:(3): 461–487.
2483:
2465:
2441:
2420:10.1086/258020
2398:
2366:
2348:
2319:
2304:
2284:
2268:
2248:
2229:King, Connor.
2221:
2192:
2159:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2152:
2151:
2145:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2122:
2119:
2091:Claudia Goldin
2078:
2075:
2067:British Empire
2034:
2031:
2025:
2022:
2012:
2009:
1984:
1981:
1961:
1958:
1885:
1882:
1854:
1851:
1825:
1822:
1750:before the war
1722:
1721:
1719:
1718:
1711:
1704:
1696:
1693:
1692:
1691:
1690:
1680:
1669:
1668:
1666:Historiography
1663:
1658:
1650:
1649:
1644:
1643:
1642:
1641:
1631:
1623:
1622:
1618:
1617:
1616:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1582:
1581:
1577:
1576:
1575:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1321:
1320:
1316:
1315:
1314:
1313:
1311:The West Coast
1308:
1303:
1295:
1294:
1290:
1289:
1288:
1287:
1285:Indian removal
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1259:
1258:
1250:
1247:
1246:
1243:
1242:
1239:
1238:
1237:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1214:
1207:
1206:
1205:
1200:
1188:
1187:
1186:
1184:Saudi American
1181:
1176:
1171:
1169:Iraqi American
1166:
1161:
1149:
1142:
1141:
1140:
1128:
1127:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1104:Irish American
1101:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1069:
1068:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1029:Asian American
1025:
1017:
1014:
1013:
1010:
1009:
1006:
1005:
1004:
1003:
998:
993:
988:
983:
971:
970:
969:
967:Sexual slavery
957:
950:
943:
942:
941:
936:
931:
926:
921:
916:
904:
903:
902:
897:
892:
887:
882:
877:
865:
858:
851:
850:
849:
844:
839:
837:Postal service
834:
829:
827:Foreign policy
824:
819:
814:
809:
804:
799:
794:
782:
775:
774:
773:
761:
760:
759:
747:
746:
745:
733:
732:
731:
726:
721:
716:
704:
703:
702:
690:
683:
675:
672:
671:
668:
667:
662:
661:
658:
654:
653:
651:
643:
642:
639:
632:
631:
629:
621:
620:
617:
610:
609:
607:
599:
598:
595:
588:
587:
584:
577:
576:
574:
566:
565:
562:
555:
554:
551:
544:
543:
541:
533:
532:
529:
522:
521:
518:
511:
510:
507:
500:
499:
496:
489:
488:
486:
478:
477:
474:
467:
466:
463:
456:
455:
452:
445:
444:
442:
434:
433:
430:
423:
422:
420:
412:
411:
408:
406:Jacksonian Era
401:
400:
397:
390:
389:
387:
379:
378:
375:
368:
367:
364:
362:Federalist Era
357:
356:
354:
346:
345:
342:
335:
334:
331:
324:
323:
321:
313:
312:
309:
301:
300:
297:
281:
276:
275:
272:
271:
263:
262:
252:
251:
241:
240:
237:
236:
222:
199:
198:
164:Trail of Tears
160:Indian removal
149:
145:
144:
138:James Buchanan
126:Zachary Taylor
106:Andrew Jackson
91:
87:
86:
80:Jacksonian Era
73:
69:
68:
63:
59:
58:
55:
47:
46:
42:
41:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4973:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4918:
4916:
4901:
4897:
4893:
4891:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4875:List of years
4873:
4872:
4869:
4855:
4847:
4845:
4844:Urban history
4842:
4841:
4839:
4835:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4823:Palmyra Atoll
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4798:Jarvis Island
4796:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4785:
4783:
4779:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4749:
4747:
4745:Insular areas
4743:
4739:
4735:
4731:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4714:West Virginia
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4619:New Hampshire
4617:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4579:Massachusetts
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4476:
4474:
4470:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4450:
4448:
4444:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4414:
4412:
4410:
4406:
4402:
4395:
4391:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4365:
4364:
4363:
4359:
4357:
4356:
4352:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4339:
4338:
4337:
4333:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4300:
4299:
4298:
4294:
4292:
4291:
4287:
4283:
4280:
4279:
4278:
4277:
4273:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4225:
4224:
4223:
4219:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4209:Thai American
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4181:
4180:
4179:
4175:
4173:
4172:
4168:
4167:
4164:
4157:
4153:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4117:
4116:
4115:
4111:
4107:
4104:
4103:
4102:
4101:
4097:
4095:
4094:
4090:
4088:
4087:
4083:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4050:
4049:
4048:
4047:Party Systems
4044:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4011:
4010:
4009:
4005:
4003:
4002:
3998:
3996:
3995:
3991:
3987:
3986:Voting rights
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3928:
3927:
3926:
3922:
3920:
3919:
3915:
3911:
3908:
3907:
3906:
3905:
3901:
3897:
3894:
3893:
3892:
3891:
3887:
3883:
3880:
3879:
3878:
3877:
3873:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3850:
3849:
3848:
3844:
3842:
3841:
3837:
3835:
3834:
3830:
3829:
3826:
3819:
3815:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3790:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3767:
3764:
3763:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3751:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3699:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3689:
3687:
3685:
3681:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3649:
3648:
3647:War on terror
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3637:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3592:
3590:
3588:
3584:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3547:
3546:
3545:Late Cold War
3543:
3541:
3538:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3525:
3524:
3521:
3520:
3518:
3516:
3512:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3489:
3486:
3485:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3448:
3447:
3444:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3431:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3424:Great Society
3422:
3421:
3419:
3417:
3413:
3407:
3404:
3400:
3397:
3396:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3379:Post-war boom
3377:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3354:
3353:
3350:
3346:
3343:
3342:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3332:
3330:
3328:
3324:
3314:
3311:
3310:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3295:
3294:
3291:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3273:
3272:
3269:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3236:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3223:
3220:
3219:
3218:
3215:
3214:
3212:
3210:
3206:
3200:
3197:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3174:
3173:
3170:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3137:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3100:
3099:
3096:
3095:
3093:
3091:
3087:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3070:
3069:
3066:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3045:
3042:
3041:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3026:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3011:
3009:
3007:
3003:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2956:
2955:
2952:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2939:
2938:
2935:
2934:
2932:
2930:
2926:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2909:
2908:
2905:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2892:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2882:
2880:
2878:
2874:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2840:
2839:
2838:
2835:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2807:
2806:
2803:
2802:
2800:
2798:
2794:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2732:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2667:
2665:
2663:
2659:
2653:
2652:
2648:
2646:
2645:
2641:
2640:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2623:
2619:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2604:
2601:
2597:
2590:
2585:
2583:
2578:
2576:
2571:
2570:
2567:
2556:
2552:
2546:
2543:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2487:
2484:
2479:
2475:
2469:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2455:
2451:
2445:
2442:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2414:(2): 95–130.
2413:
2409:
2402:
2399:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2373:
2371:
2367:
2362:
2355:
2353:
2349:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2323:
2320:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2301:
2297:
2296:
2288:
2285:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2265:
2261:
2260:
2252:
2249:
2236:
2232:
2225:
2222:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2196:
2193:
2177:
2170:
2164:
2161:
2154:
2149:
2146:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2124:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2114:
2109:
2108:Colin Woodard
2105:
2099:
2096:
2092:
2087:
2085:
2076:
2074:
2070:
2068:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2050:
2048:
2044:
2039:
2032:
2030:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2010:
2008:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1973:
1967:
1959:
1957:
1955:
1953:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1939:
1934:
1933:John R. Meyer
1930:
1926:
1921:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1906:
1904:
1899:
1897:
1891:
1883:
1881:
1879:
1875:
1870:
1867:
1862:
1860:
1852:
1850:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1835:
1831:
1823:
1821:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1786:
1782:
1780:
1776:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1745:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1730:
1717:
1712:
1710:
1705:
1703:
1698:
1697:
1695:
1694:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1679:
1671:
1670:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1661:List of years
1659:
1657:
1654:
1653:
1652:
1651:
1640:
1632:
1630:
1629:Urban history
1627:
1626:
1625:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1585:
1584:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1324:
1323:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1298:
1297:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1262:
1261:
1260:
1257:
1253:
1245:
1244:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1221:
1220:
1219:
1215:
1213:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1195:
1194:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1156:
1155:
1154:
1150:
1148:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1136:
1135:
1134:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1076:
1075:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1060:Thai American
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1032:
1031:
1030:
1026:
1024:
1023:
1019:
1018:
1012:
1011:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
992:
989:
987:
984:
982:
979:
978:
977:
976:
972:
968:
965:
964:
963:
962:
958:
956:
955:
951:
949:
948:
944:
940:
937:
935:
932:
930:
927:
925:
922:
920:
917:
915:
912:
911:
910:
909:
908:Party Systems
905:
901:
898:
896:
893:
891:
888:
886:
883:
881:
878:
876:
873:
872:
871:
870:
866:
864:
863:
859:
857:
856:
852:
848:
847:Voting rights
845:
843:
840:
838:
835:
833:
830:
828:
825:
823:
820:
818:
815:
813:
810:
808:
805:
803:
800:
798:
795:
793:
790:
789:
788:
787:
783:
781:
780:
776:
772:
769:
768:
767:
766:
762:
758:
755:
754:
753:
752:
748:
744:
741:
740:
739:
738:
734:
730:
727:
725:
722:
720:
717:
715:
712:
711:
710:
709:
705:
701:
698:
697:
696:
695:
691:
689:
688:
684:
682:
681:
677:
676:
670:
669:
659:
656:
655:
652:
650:
649:
645:
644:
640:
638:
634:
633:
630:
628:
627:
623:
622:
618:
616:
612:
611:
608:
606:
605:
601:
600:
596:
594:
590:
589:
585:
583:
579:
578:
575:
573:
572:
568:
567:
563:
561:
557:
556:
552:
550:
546:
545:
542:
540:
539:
535:
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3684:2008–present
3636:Bush v. Gore
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3572:War on drugs
3446:Mid Cold War
3298:Pearl Harbor
3293:World War II
3113:Ku Klux Klan
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4828:Wake Island
4594:Mississippi
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4453:New England
4120:Agriculture
4039:Coast Guard
4034:Space Force
3882:Immigration
3610:WTC bombing
3528:Reaganomics
3456:Vietnam War
3372:McCarthyism
3254:Second Klan
3239:Prohibition
3217:World War I
3192:Square Deal
3182:Imperialism
2917:War of 1812
2644:Prehistoric
2535:20 February
2185:November 5,
2005:poor whites
1989:New Orleans
1843:Eli Whitney
1806:Confederate
1762:War of 1812
1739:ante bellum
1580:Territories
1301:New England
981:Agriculture
900:Coast Guard
895:Space Force
743:Immigration
593:Vietnam War
494:World War I
288:Prehistoric
216:War of 1812
4915:Categories
4709:Washington
4629:New Mexico
4624:New Jersey
4499:California
3994:Journalism
3946:Corruption
3925:Government
3876:Demography
3863:Newspapers
3712:Sandy Hook
3615:Waco siege
3523:Reagan era
3429:Space Race
3362:Korean War
3303:home front
3135:Gilded Age
3103:Amendments
2392:2017-02-13
2342:2021-11-07
2278:1054372624
2215:2021-11-07
2155:References
2137:Deep South
2062:Parliament
1993:Charleston
1964:See also:
1888:See also:
1878:Deep South
1839:cotton gin
1758:conclusion
1733:era (from
1729:Antebellum
855:Journalism
807:Corruption
786:Government
737:Demography
724:Newspapers
615:Reagan Era
461:Gilded Age
299:until 1607
203:Chronology
148:Key events
118:John Tyler
4719:Wisconsin
4684:Tennessee
4589:Minnesota
4564:Louisiana
4458:The South
4029:Air Force
3904:Education
3766:recession
3722:Las Vegas
3630:Columbine
3587:1991–2008
3515:1980–1991
3416:1964–1980
3327:1945–1964
3281:Dust Bowl
3209:1917–1945
3090:1865–1917
3068:Civil War
3061:Secession
3006:1849–1865
2929:1815–1849
2900:Quasi-War
2877:1789–1815
2797:1776–1789
2750:Sugar Act
2557:. Viking.
2525:154315014
2436:154825201
2314:758389689
2148:New South
2142:Old South
2082:and into
2003:farmers,
1997:Northeast
1977:Civil War
1874:cash crop
1798:Civil War
1306:The South
890:Air Force
765:Education
641:1991–2008
626:1991–2008
619:1981–1991
604:1980–1991
597:1964–1975
586:1954–1968
571:1964–1980
564:1954–1968
553:1945–1964
538:1945–1964
531:1941–1945
520:1929–1941
509:1918–1929
498:1917–1918
483:1917–1945
476:1896–1917
465:1877–1896
454:1865–1877
439:1865–1917
432:1849–1865
417:1849–1865
410:1825–1849
399:1817–1825
384:1815–1849
377:1801–1817
366:1788–1801
351:1789–1815
344:1783–1788
333:1765–1783
318:1776–1789
311:1607–1765
72:Including
45:1815–1861
4890:Category
4704:Virginia
4654:Oklahoma
4634:New York
4609:Nebraska
4599:Missouri
4584:Michigan
4574:Maryland
4559:Kentucky
4539:Illinois
4514:Delaware
4504:Colorado
4494:Arkansas
4373:Lesbians
4347:Comanche
4342:Cherokee
4135:Medicine
4093:Genocide
4086:Religion
4008:Military
3981:Taxation
3931:Abortion
3847:Cultural
3727:Parkland
3657:Iraq War
3595:Gulf War
3367:Ivy Mike
3286:New Deal
2662:Colonial
2607:Timeline
2553:(2011).
2529:Archived
2457:Archived
2386:Archived
2336:Archived
2235:Archived
2209:Archived
2176:Archived
2121:See also
1678:Category
1229:Lesbians
1203:Comanche
1198:Cherokee
996:Medicine
947:Religion
869:Military
842:Taxation
792:Abortion
708:Cultural
62:Location
4724:Wyoming
4699:Vermont
4604:Montana
4544:Indiana
4524:Georgia
4519:Florida
4489:Arizona
4479:Alabama
4446:Regions
4368:Gay men
4140:Railway
4100:Slavery
3896:Banking
3890:Economy
3732:El Paso
3717:Orlando
3451:Détente
2612:Outline
2517:1885960
2478:PBS.org
2428:1827270
2241:16 July
2058:James I
2054:tobacco
1824:History
1760:of the
1746:
1656:Outline
1293:Regions
1224:Gay men
1001:Railway
961:Slavery
757:Banking
751:Economy
4900:Portal
4854:Cities
4837:Cities
4659:Oregon
4614:Nevada
4554:Kansas
4529:Hawaii
4484:Alaska
4472:States
4398:Places
4160:Groups
4130:Lumber
4068:Fourth
4058:Second
3868:Sports
3853:Cinema
3822:Topics
3737:Uvalde
3707:Aurora
3702:Tucson
2626:Events
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2001:yeoman
1912:). In
1910:Brazil
1816:, and
1810:racism
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1621:Cities
1319:States
1248:Places
1015:Groups
991:Lumber
929:Fourth
919:Second
729:Sports
714:Cinema
673:Topics
4689:Texas
4569:Maine
4534:Idaho
4362:LGBTQ
4355:Women
4125:Labor
4078:Sixth
4073:Fifth
4063:Third
4053:First
3858:Music
3600:NAFTA
2521:S2CID
2513:JSTOR
2432:S2CID
2424:JSTOR
2179:(PDF)
2172:(PDF)
1748:'
1735:Latin
1731:South
1218:LGBTQ
1211:Women
986:Labor
939:Sixth
934:Fifth
924:Third
914:First
719:Music
4757:Guam
4694:Utah
4649:Ohio
4549:Iowa
4024:Navy
4014:Army
3918:Flag
2537:2022
2310:OCLC
2300:ISBN
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2264:ISBN
2243:2021
2187:2021
2093:and
1991:and
1945:and
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1532:TN
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1517:RI
1512:PA
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1492:ND
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1397:IA
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