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736:("horse's tail") is a collection of nerves inferior to the conus medullaris that continue to travel through the vertebral column to the coccyx. The cauda equina forms because the spinal cord stops growing in length at about age four, even though the vertebral column continues to lengthen until adulthood. This results in sacral spinal nerves originating in the upper lumbar region. For that reason, the spinal cord occupies only two-thirds of the vertebral canal. The inferior part of the vertebral canal is filled with cerebrospinal fluid and the space is called the lumbar cistern.
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1161:. Opposing gradients of such morphogens as BMP and SHH form different domains of dividing cells along the dorsal ventral axis. Dorsal root ganglion neurons differentiate from neural crest progenitors. As the dorsal and ventral column cells proliferate, the lumen of the neural tube narrows to form the small central canal of the spinal cord. The alar plate and the basal plate are separated by the sulcus limitans. Additionally, the floor plate also secretes
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1088:, which run into the spinal cord alongside the dorsal and ventral nerve roots, but with one exception do not connect directly with any of the three longitudinal arteries. These intercostal and lumbar radicular arteries arise from the aorta, provide major anastomoses and supplement the blood flow to the spinal cord. In humans the largest of the anterior radicular arteries is known as the
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1092:, or anterior radicularis magna (ARM) artery, which usually arises between L1 and L2, but can arise anywhere from T9 to L5. Impaired blood flow through these critical radicular arteries, especially during surgical procedures that involve abrupt disruption of blood flow through the aorta for example during aortic aneurysm repair, can result in spinal cord infarction and paraplegia.
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766:(C1 spinal nerves exit the spinal column between the foramen magnum and the C1 vertebra; C2 nerves exit between the posterior arch of the C1 vertebra and the lamina of C2; C3–C8 spinal nerves pass through the intervertebral foramen above their corresponding cervical vertebrae, with the exception of the C8 pair which exit between the C7 and T1 vertebrae)
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479:-shaped, and is enlarged in the cervical and lumbar regions. The cervical enlargement, stretching from the C4 to T1 vertebrae, is where sensory input comes from and motor output goes to the arms and trunk. The lumbar enlargement, located between T10 and L1, handles sensory input and motor output coming from and going to the legs.
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signal to the spinal root where efferent nerve fibers carry the motor signal toward the target muscle. The descending tracts are composed of white matter. There are several descending tracts serving different functions. The corticospinal tracts (lateral and anterior) are responsible for coordinated limb movements.
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The descending tracts are of motor information. Descending tracts involve two neurons: the upper motor neuron, and lower motor neuron. A nerve signal travels down the upper motor neuron until it synapses with the lower motor neuron in the spinal cord. Then, the lower motor neuron conducts the nerve
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Although the spinal cord cell bodies end around the L1/L2 vertebral level, the spinal nerves for each segment exit at the level of the corresponding vertebra. For the nerves of the lower spinal cord, this means that they exit the vertebral column much lower (more caudally) than their roots. As these
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The human spinal cord is divided into segments where pairs of spinal nerves (mixed; sensory and motor) form. Six to eight motor nerve rootlets branch out of right and left ventralateral sulci in a very orderly manner. Nerve rootlets combine to form nerve roots. Likewise, sensory nerve rootlets form
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grows longer than the spinal cord, spinal cord segments do not correspond to vertebral segments in the adult, particularly in the lower spinal cord. For example, lumbar and sacral spinal cord segments are found between vertebral levels T9 and L2, and the spinal cord ends around the L1/L2 vertebral
674:
Generally, the spinal cord segments do not correspond to bony vertebra levels. As the spinal cord terminates at the L1–L2 level, other segments of the spinal cord would be positioned superior to their corresponding bony vertebral body. For example, the T11 spinal segment is located higher than the
1936:. The tectospinal, vestibulospinal and reticulospinal descend ipsilaterally in the anterior column but do not synapse across the anterior white commissure. Rather, they only synapse on VM lower motor neurons ipsilaterally. The VM lower motor neurons control the large, postural muscles of the
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to the body of the first lumbar vertebra. It does not run the full length of the vertebral column in adults. It is made of 31 segments from which branch one pair of sensory nerve roots and one pair of motor nerve roots. The nerve roots then merge into bilaterally symmetrical pairs of
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can occur from a spinal injury. Spinal shock is usually temporary, lasting only for 24–48 hours, and is a temporary absence of sensory and motor functions. Neurogenic shock lasts for weeks and can lead to a loss of muscle tone due to disuse of the muscles below the injured site.
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during development. There are four stages of the spinal cord that arises from the neural tube: The neural plate, neural fold, neural tube, and the spinal cord. Neural differentiation occurs within the spinal cord portion of the tube. As the neural tube begins to develop, the
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The proprioception of the lower limbs differs from the upper limbs and upper trunk. There is a four-neuron pathway for lower limb proprioception. This pathway initially follows the dorsal spino-cerebellar pathway. It is arranged as follows: proprioceptive receptors of lower
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of all levels of the spinal cord. The remaining 10% of axons descend on the ipsilateral side as the ventral corticospinal tract. These axons also synapse with lower motor neurons in the ventral horns. Most of them will cross to the contralateral side of the cord (via the
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In the dorsal column-medial lemniscus pathway, a primary neuron's axon enters the spinal cord and then enters the dorsal column. Here the dorsal column connects to the axon of the nerve cell. If the primary axon enters below spinal level T6, the axon travels in the
273:. The enclosing bony vertebral column protects the relatively shorter spinal cord. It is around 45 cm (18 in) long in adult men and around 43 cm (17 in) long in adult women. The diameter of the spinal cord ranges from 13 mm (
1920:
limb control. Therefore, these DL neurons are found specifically only in the cervical and lumbosacral enlargements within the spinal cord. There is no decussation in the lateral corticospinal tract after the decussation at the medullary pyramids.
1081:, which enter the spinal cord at various points along its length. The actual blood flow caudally through these arteries, derived from the posterior cerebral circulation, is inadequate to maintain the spinal cord beyond the cervical segments.
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Canbay S, GĂĽrer B, Bozkurt M, Comert A, Izci Y, BaĹźkaya MK (March 2014). "Anatomical relationship and positions of the lumbar and sacral segments of the spinal cord according to the vertebral bodies and the spinal roots".
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The spinal cord is supplied with blood by three arteries that run along its length starting in the brain, and many arteries that approach it through the sides of the spinal column. The three longitudinal arteries are the
2158:, a condition where there is excessive deposit of fat in the epidural space, causing compression of nerve root and spinal cord. The epidural fat can be seen as low density on CT scan and high intensity on T2-weighted
1173:. Following the closure of the caudal neuropore and formation of the brain's ventricles that contain the choroid plexus tissue, the central canal of the caudal spinal cord is filled with cerebrospinal fluid.
564:, or "spinal tap" procedure. The delicate pia mater, the innermost protective layer, is tightly associated with the surface of the spinal cord. The cord is stabilized within the dura mater by the connecting
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2117:. Treatments need to focus on limiting post-injury cell death, promoting cell regeneration, and replacing lost cells. Regeneration is facilitated by maintaining electric transmission in neural elements.
1416:. This tract ascends all the way to the VPLN, where it synapses on tertiary neurons. Tertiary neuronal axons then travel to the primary sensory cortex via the posterior limb of the internal capsule.
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The function of lower motor neurons can be divided into two different groups: the lateral corticospinal tract and the anterior cortical spinal tract. The lateral tract contains upper motor neuronal
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Overall, spontaneous embryonic activity has been shown to play a role in neuron and muscle development but is probably not involved in the initial formation of connections between spinal neurons.
1489:, where they synapse. The secondary axons pass into the cerebellum via the inferior cerebellar peduncle where again, these axons synapse on cerebellar deep nuclei. This tract is known as the
1176:
Earlier findings by Viktor
Hamburger and Rita Levi-Montalcini in the chick embryo have been confirmed by more recent studies which have demonstrated that the elimination of neuronal cells by
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1458:. Also known as the anterior spinocerebellar tract, sensory receptors take in the information and travel into the spinal cord. The cell bodies of these primary neurons are located in the
1356:, depending on the pathway it took. At this point, the secondary axon leaves its nucleus and passes anteriorly and medially. The collection of secondary axons that do this are known as
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and muscle weakness. Lower motor neuronal damage results in its own characteristic pattern of deficits. Rather than an entire side of deficits, there is a pattern relating to the
1877:, where about 90% of the axons cross to the contralateral side at the decussation of the pyramids. They then descend as the lateral corticospinal tract. These axons synapse with
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nerves travel from their respective roots to their point of exit from the vertebral column, the nerves of the lower spinal segments form a bundle called the cauda equina.
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Globally, it is expected there are around 40 to 80 cases of spinal cord injury per million population, and approximately 90% of these cases result from traumatic events.
1485:. This tract is known as the dorsal spinocerebellar tract. From above T1, proprioceptive primary axons enter the spinal cord and ascend ipsilaterally until reaching the
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in the anterior column, where the axons emerge and either synapse on lower ventromedial (VM) motor neurons in the ventral horn ipsilaterally or descussate at the
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Spinal cord injuries can be caused by trauma to the spinal column (stretching, bruising, applying pressure, severing, laceration, etc.). The vertebral bones or
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in which part of the spinal cord is split usually at the level of the upper lumbar vertebrae. Sometimes the split can be along the length of the spinal cord.
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2006:. Usually, victims of spinal cord injuries will suffer loss of feeling in certain parts of their body. In milder cases, a victim might only suffer loss of
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level) in order to avoid damage to the spinal cord. In the fetus, the spinal cord extends the full length of the spine and regresses as the body grows.
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The major contribution to the arterial blood supply of the spinal cord below the cervical region comes from the radially arranged posterior and anterior
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information in the body travels up the spinal cord via three tracks. Below L2, the proprioceptive information travels up the spinal cord in the
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1909:. The rubrospinal tract descends with the lateral corticospinal tract, and the remaining three descend with the anterior corticospinal tract.
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The midbrain nuclei include four motor tracts that send upper motor neuronal axons down the spinal cord to lower motor neurons. These are the
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1443:, which projects back down to where the pain signal is coming from and inhibits it. This helps control the sensation of pain to some degree.
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1404:(ALS) works somewhat differently. Its primary neurons axons enter the spinal cord and then ascend one to two levels before synapsing in the
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The spinal cord is elliptical in cross section, being compressed dorsolaterally. Two prominent grooves, or sulci, run along its length. The
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Than-Trong, Emmanuel; Bally-Cuif, Laure (2015-08-01). "Radial glia and neural progenitors in the adult zebrafish central nervous system".
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in either the cervical, thoracic, or lumbar region of the spine.) Spinal cord injury can also be non-traumatic and caused by disease (
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off right and left dorsal lateral sulci and form sensory nerve roots. The ventral (motor) and dorsal (sensory) roots combine to form
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548:, the middle protective layer, is named for its open, spiderweb-like appearance. The space between the arachnoid and the underlying
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Harrison, Megan; O'Brien, Aine; Adams, Lucy; Cowin, Gary; Ruitenberg, Marc J.; Sengul, Gulgun; Watson, Charles (12 December 2012).
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of pain and temperature sensory neurons in the alar plate across the anterior white commissure, where they then ascend towards the
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Some of the "pain fibers" in the ALS deviate from their pathway towards the VPLN. In one such deviation, axons travel towards the
667:(mixed; motor and sensory), one on each side of the spinal cord. Spinal nerves, with the exception of C1 and C2, form inside the
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3196:"Upper and lower spinal cord blood supply: the continuity of the anterior spinal artery and the relevance of the lumbar arteries"
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Damage to upper motor neuron axons in the spinal cord results in a characteristic pattern of ipsilateral deficits. These include
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1037:. It includes spinal cord segments from about C4 to T1. The vertebral levels of the enlargement are roughly the same (C4 to T1).
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From the levels of L2 to T1, proprioceptive information enters the spinal cord and ascends ipsilaterally, where it synapses in
509:, receiving sensory information from the skin, muscles, and visceral organs to be relayed to the brain. The roots terminate in
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1940:. These lower motor neurons, unlike those of the DL, are located in the ventral horn all the way throughout the spinal cord.
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4000 sets of digital images, showing spatial expression patterns for various genes in adult and juvenile mouse spinal cords
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A portion of the spinal cord, showing its right lateral surface. The dura is opened and arranged to show the nerve roots.
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is the outermost layer, and it forms a tough protective coating. Between the dura mater and the surrounding bone of the
456:. Much shorter than its protecting spinal column, the human spinal cord originates in the brainstem, passes through the
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Information about spina bifida in fetuses and throughout adulthood. WebMD children's health. Retrieved March 19, 2007.
682:, (three regions of grey matter) in the center of the cord, is shaped like a butterfly and consists of cell bodies of
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that arise from motor neurons whose cell bodies are found in the ventral (or anterior) gray horns of the spinal cord.
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1412:. After synapsing, secondary axons decussate and ascend in the anterior lateral portion of the spinal cord as the
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Cowan, WM (2001). "Viktor
Hamburger and Rita Levi-Montalcini: the path to the discovery of nerve growth factor".
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where they decussate again. From here, the information is brought to deep nuclei of the cerebellum including the
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The spinal cord mainly functions to carry information to and from the brain, in ascending and descending tracts.
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1141:. This extends the length of the spinal cord into dorsal and ventral portions as well. Meanwhile, the overlying
1137:. During the maturation of the neural tube, its lateral walls thicken and form a longitudinal groove called the
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1462:. In the spinal cord, the axons synapse and the secondary neuronal axons decussates and then travel up to the
1376:, where they synapse with tertiary neurons. From there, tertiary neurons ascend via the posterior limb of the
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1968:. These circuits are responsible for controlling motor instructions for rhythmic movements such as walking.
1431:(to cause diffuse, non-specific pain) and various parts of the cortex. Additionally, some ALS axons from the
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limb → peripheral process → dorsal root ganglion → central process →
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340:. These circuits are responsible for controlling motor instructions for rhythmic movements such as walking.
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2774:"Central pattern generator for locomotion: anatomical, physiological, and pathophysiological considerations"
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1051:. It comprises the spinal cord segments from L2 to S3 and is found about the vertebral levels of T9 to T12.
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1481:. The secondary neuronal axons continue to ascend ipsilaterally and then pass into the cerebellum via the
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can occur in the spinal cord and these can be either inside (intradural) or outside (extradural) the
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It is about 45 centimetres (18 inches) long in males and about 43 cm (17 in) in females,
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Real or suspected spinal cord injuries need immediate immobilisation including that of the head.
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1340:, which is lateral to the fasciculus gracilis. Either way, the primary axon ascends to the lower
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568:, which extend from the enveloping pia mater laterally between the dorsal and ventral roots. The
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affected by the damage. Additionally, lower motor neurons are characterized by muscle weakness,
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513:, which are composed of the cell bodies of the corresponding neurons. Ventral roots consist of
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In the fetus, vertebral segments correspond with spinal cord segments. However, because the
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Purves, D; Augustine, GJ; Fitzpatrick, D (2001). "The
Internal Anatomy of the Spinal Cord".
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T11 bony vertebra, and the sacral spinal cord segment is higher than the L1 vertebral body.
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3556:"An investigation and validation of CT scan in detection of spinal epidural adipose tissue"
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in the midbrain. The reticular formation then projects to a number of places including the
1336:, the medial part of the column. If the axon enters above level T6, then it travels in the
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present as projections of grey matter and are also known as the horns of the spinal cord.
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671:. These rootlets form the demarcation between the central and peripheral nervous systems.
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which synapse on dorsal lateral (DL) lower motor neurons. The DL neurons are involved in
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The spinal cord (and brain) are protected by three layers of tissue or membranes called
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The spinal cord showing how the anterior and posterior roots join in the spinal nerves
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The spinal cord showing how the anterior and posterior roots join in the spinal nerves
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The white matter is located outside of the grey matter and consists almost totally of
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3636:. Napa Valley College / Southeast Community College Lincoln, Nebraska. Archived from
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animals. The center of the spinal cord is hollow and contains a structure called the
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1344:, where it leaves its fasciculus and synapses with a secondary neuron in one of the
249:, the spinal cord is a continuation of the brainstem and anatomically begins at the
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signals coming from the cerebral cortex and from primitive brainstem motor nuclei.
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1392: → 2nd order neuron → spinocerebellar tract →cerebellum.
743:(CNS), nerve cell bodies are generally organized into functional clusters, called
3089:"Vertebral landmarks for the identification of spinal cord segments in the mouse"
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then also begins to secrete SHH, and this will induce the basal plate to develop
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in the pons, and the axons forming the periaqueductal gray then project to the
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Spinal cord. Spinal membranes and nerve roots.Deep dissection. Posterior view.
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Spinal cord. Spinal membranes and nerve roots.Deep dissection. Posterior view.
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Spinal cord. Spinal membranes and nerve roots.Deep dissection. Posterior view.
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Spinal cord. Spinal membranes and nerve roots.Deep dissection. Posterior view.
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Spinal cord. Spinal membranes and nerve roots.Deep dissection. Posterior view.
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Spinal cord. Spinal membranes and nerve roots.Deep dissection. Posterior view.
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Spinal cord. Spinal membranes and nerve roots.Deep dissection. Posterior view.
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that can independently control reflexes. It is also the location of groups of
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495:. The peripheral nervous system is made up of these spinal roots, nerves, and
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that can independently control reflexes. It is also the location of groups of
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The spinal cord is the main pathway for information connecting the brain and
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can shatter, causing the spinal cord to be punctured by a sharp fragment of
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that give the region its butterfly-shape. This central region surrounds the
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2071:(L1–L5). (The notation C1, C7, L1, L5 refer to the location of a specific
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The spinal cord shown in yellow extends through most of the length of the
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4559:
4456:
4419:
4414:
4341:
4213:
3794:
3779:
3757:
2072:
1659:
1627:
1601:
1558:
1373:
1170:
1142:
998:
652:
521:
496:
227:
2360:
Projections of the spinal cord into the nerves (red motor, blue sensory)
2348:
Projections of the spinal cord into the nerves (red motor, blue sensory)
4486:
4404:
4381:
4285:
4275:
4270:
4208:
4191:
4144:
3849:
3799:
3774:
3335:
3223:
2676:(HSP, or familial spastic paraplegia – FSP, Strümpell–Lorrain syndrome)
2434:
Sagittal section of pig vertebrae showing a section of the spinal cord.
1721:
1663:
1221: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
579:
In cross-section, the peripheral region of the cord contains neuronal
4611:
4441:
4436:
4371:
4366:
4312:
4248:
4196:
4115:
4005:
3993:
3948:
3907:
3902:
3844:
3769:
2984:
2578:
Spinal cord. Brachial plexus. Cerebrum.Inferior view.Deep dissection.
2566:
Spinal cord. Brachial plexus. Cerebrum.Inferior view.Deep dissection.
1949:
1613:
1539:
1368:. Secondary axons from the medial lemniscus finally terminate in the
1162:
729:
599:
573:
321:
207:
76:
3673:
1009:
5358:
4569:
4451:
4446:
4331:
4058:
3965:
3866:
3824:
3814:
3763:
2876:
2080:
1913:
1705:
1701:
1651:
1302:
1107:
1099:
1008:
642:
634:
487:
443:
347:
246:
235:
179:
101:
49:
4512:
3631:"The Nervous System: Sensory and Motor Tracts of the Spinal Cord"
2852:(4th ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier/Academic Press. p. 628.
2384:
Cross section of adult rat spinal cord stained using Cajal method
2154:. An uncommon cause of lumbar spinal stenosis is spinal epidural
4584:
4218:
3953:
3829:
3747:
3554:
Chen Y, Hu Z, Li Z, Fan S, Zhao X, Song L, Wang L (March 2020).
3173:(3rd ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 298.
2191:
The spinal cord ends at the level of vertebrae L1–L2, while the
2007:
2003:
1865:
1, 2, 3, 4, and 6 and then descend in the posterior limb of the
1803:
1767:
1681:
1555:
1536:
754:
There are 31 spinal cord nerve segments in a human spinal cord:
591:
476:
86:
5254:
4721:
4516:
3691:
2248:
Cross-section through the spinal cord at the mid-thoracic level
2063:
The two areas of the spinal cord most commonly injured are the
265:. The spinal cord extends down to between the first and second
4717:
4253:
4070:
3834:
2946:
2744:(1st ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. pp.
1832:
1811:
1605:
1190:
1180:
is necessary for the correct assembly of the nervous system.
482:
The spinal cord is continuous with the caudal portion of the
283: in) in the cervical and lumbar regions to 6.4 mm (
3656:
eMedicine: Spinal Cord, Topographical and
Functional Anatomy
300:
The spinal cord functions primarily in the transmission of
2199: – extends down to the lower border of S2.
1104:
Spinal cord seen in a midsection of a five-week-old embryo
1002:
level, forming a structure known as the conus medullaris.
709:
motor and sensory axons. Columns of white matter known as
716:
The spinal cord proper terminates in a region called the
1073:
space and send branches into the spinal cord. They form
3377:
Anatomy & Physiology The Unity of Form and
Function
1509:
1112:
Spinal cord seen in a midsection of a 3 month old fetus
468:
before terminating in a fibrous extension known as the
2113:, can be of help as can physical therapy and possibly
1408:. The tract that ascends before synapsing is known as
1022:
There are two regions where the spinal cord enlarges:
2010:
or foot function. More severe injuries may result in
713:
carry information either up or down the spinal cord.
2923:(2nd ed.). Sunderland, UK: Sinauer Associates.
2446:
The base of the brain and the top of the spinal cord
5351:
5315:
5289:
5207:
5187:
5130:
5078:
5071:
5044:
4987:
4959:
4952:
4943:
4913:
4878:
4855:
4817:
4808:
4755:
4683:
4650:
4641:
4550:
4467:
4390:
4352:
4229:
4172:
4131:
4096:
4037:
3974:
3934:
3925:
3893:
3865:
3738:
3729:
2399:
exit the spinal cord between each pair of vertebrae
2260:
Cross-sections of the spinal cord at varying levels
160:
148:
136:
124:
112:
100:
95:
85:
75:
65:
60:
32:
3374:
2737:
1948:The spinal cord is a center for coordinating many
3477:
3475:
2109:will be needed to assess the injury. A steroid,
1307:Spinal cord tracts ascending tracts shown in blue
3502:First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 2014 / Edition 24
2300:cut open, showing the exits of the spinal nerves
2195: – the compartment that contains
2203:in adults are usually performed between L3–L5 (
1153:to begin to secrete BMP, which will induce the
3203:Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery
194:is a long, thin, tubular structure made up of
5418:Subacute combined degeneration of spinal cord
5266:
4733:
4528:
3703:
2705:Subacute combined degeneration of spinal cord
2022:below the site of injury to the spinal cord.
1932:where they synapse on VM lower motor neurons
1077:(connections) via the anterior and posterior
320:. It is also a center for coordinating many
8:
1861:Cortical upper motor neurons originate from
1364:and continue ascending as the contralateral
807:Spinal cord segments in some common species
594:. Internal to this peripheral region is the
3194:Biglioli, Paolo; et al. (April 2004).
3164:
3162:
3160:
2602:Medulla spinalis of 8-week-old human embryo
2018:(also known as quadriplegia), or full body
639:Diagram of the spinal cord showing segments
5273:
5259:
5251:
5075:
4956:
4949:
4814:
4740:
4726:
4718:
4647:
4535:
4521:
4513:
3931:
3735:
3710:
3696:
3688:
3262:"Spinal Cord – Development and Stem Cells"
2848:Squire, Larry Squire; et al. (2013).
2403:
1924:The anterior corticospinal tract descends
1508:
1501:
621:is the groove in the dorsal side, and the
572:ends at the vertebral level of the second
38:
4969:Posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway
3583:
3222:
3112:
3020:Encyclopedia of the Neurological Sciences
2799:
2789:
2767:
2765:
1427:(to create memories about the pain), the
1281:Learn how and when to remove this message
1165:. The netrins act as chemoattractants to
1116:The spinal cord is made from part of the
3451:Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology
3293:"Spinal Cord-Development and Stem Cells"
2134:at the lumbar region are usually due to
1680:Flex wrist; supply small muscles of the
805:
353:
3623:– A multitude of great images from the
3504:. McGraw-Hill Professional Publishing.
2731:
2729:
2725:
2412:
2214:
728:, which anchors the spinal cord to the
27:Part of the vertebral column in animals
3068:from the original on December 21, 2015
2899:
2888:
2554:Cerebrum.Inferior view.Deep dissection
2542:Cerebrum.Inferior view.Deep dissection
1317:dorsal column–medial lemniscus pathway
177:
29:
3495:
3493:
3491:
724:continues as an extension called the
448:Sectional organization of spinal cord
226:. The spinal cord is also covered by
7:
1873:, down through the pons, and to the
1219:adding citations to reliable sources
1125:begins to secrete a factor known as
536:. The epidural space is filled with
3014:Chandar, K.; Freeman, B.K. (2014),
2927:from the original on 5 October 2019
2736:Maton, Anthea; et al. (1993).
2372:Cross-section of rabbit spinal cord
625:is the groove in the ventral side.
3668:Potential for spinal injury repair
3028:10.1016/b978-0-12-385157-4.01176-3
614:and contains cerebrospinal fluid.
556:. The subarachnoid space contains
25:
3678:Allen Institute for Brain Science
3303:from the original on 29 June 2020
3272:from the original on 29 June 2020
3145:from the original on 21 June 2022
2715:Upper-limb surgery in tetraplegia
2224:Spinal cord in the nervous system
651:, spinal cord detail, and spinal
4832:Substantia gelatinosa of Rolando
3297:Stem Cell Development Compendium
3169:Moore, Keith; Anne Agur (2007).
3105:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.11.048
2827:. Worth Publishers. p. 41.
2653:
2639:
2625:
2595:
2583:
2571:
2559:
2547:
2535:
2523:
2511:
2499:
2487:
2475:
2463:
2451:
2439:
2427:
2415:
2389:
2377:
2365:
2353:
2341:
2336:A longer view of the spinal cord
2329:
2317:
2305:
2289:
2277:
2265:
2253:
2241:
2229:
2217:
1854:serves as the motor pathway for
1195:
269:, where it tapers to become the
5428:Anterior spinal artery syndrome
3600:from the original on 2022-08-01
3536:from the original on 2022-03-25
3242:from the original on 2023-03-05
3044:from the original on 2021-04-25
2877:https://global.oup.com:443/ushe
2422:An overview of the spinal cord.
1206:needs additional citations for
747:, their axons are grouped into
610:, which is an extension of the
540:, and it contains a network of
524:, that surround the canal. The
486:, running from the base of the
460:, and continues through to the
3416:10.1146/annurev.neuro.24.1.551
1370:ventral posterolateral nucleus
1360:. The internal arcuate fibers
560:, which can be sampled with a
1:
5461:Bones of the vertebral column
3662:Spina Bifida – Topic Overview
3459:10.1007/978-0-387-79948-3_704
3453:. Springer. pp. 194–95.
3404:Annual Review of Neuroscience
3266:Life Map Discovery Compendium
3022:, Elsevier, pp. 254–63,
2710:Tethered spinal cord syndrome
2674:Hereditary spastic paraplegia
1795:thigh; Flex leg at the knee (
1456:ventral spinocerebellar tract
1029:– corresponds roughly to the
396:dorsal root ganglion (right)
5376:Tropical spastic paraparesis
4926:Central gelatinous substance
3683:Spinal cord photomicrographs
1504:Actions of the spinal nerves
1483:inferior cerebellar peduncle
1464:superior cerebellar peduncle
1079:segmental medullary arteries
1047:nerves, which innervate the
1033:nerves, which innervate the
238:and spinal cord make up the
3670:Retrieved February 6, 2008.
3576:10.1097/MD.0000000000019448
3215:10.1016/j.jtcvs.2003.11.038
3062:"Spinal Cord Gross Anatomy"
2236:Diagrams of the spinal cord
1839:); flex foot and flex toes
352:Parts of human spinal cord
5492:
4870:Posterior thoracic nucleus
3171:Essential Clinical Anatomy
2700:Redlich–Obersteiner's zone
2615:
2169:
2124:
1991:
1966:central pattern generators
1890:) right before synapsing.
1518:
1433:spinomesencephalic pathway
1147:bone morphogenetic protein
338:central pattern generators
308:to the body, and from the
5433:Foix–Alajouanine syndrome
5195:Anterior white commissure
4865:Intermediolateral nucleus
4643:Peripheral nervous system
3445:Mendoza, John E. (2011).
1930:anterior white commissure
1888:anterior white commissure
1487:accessory cuneate nucleus
1067:posterior spinal arteries
1065:, and the right and left
647:Spinal cord segments and
454:peripheral nervous system
172:
37:
3625:University of Cincinnati
2850:Fundamental neuroscience
2791:10.3389/fneur.2012.00183
2740:Human biology and health
1319:(DCML pathway), and the
1315:in the spinal cord. The
1311:There are two ascending
1149:(BMP). This induces the
1129:(SHH). As a result, the
1013:Spinal cord enlargements
370:posterior median sulcus
261:at the beginning of the
5328:Posterior cord syndrome
5307:Spinal cord compression
5233:Posterior median sulcus
5218:Anterior median fissure
1358:internal arcuate fibers
623:anterior median fissure
619:posterior median sulcus
420:anterior spinal artery
5333:Anterior cord syndrome
5323:Brown-SĂ©quard syndrome
4552:Central nervous system
4162:Lymphoid immune system
3731:Musculoskeletal system
3483:Anatomy and Physiology
3447:"Anterolateral System"
2778:Frontiers in Neurology
2669:Brown-SĂ©quard syndrome
2618:anatomical terminology
1447:Spinocerebellar tracts
1382:primary sensory cortex
1313:somatosensory pathways
1308:
1113:
1105:
1069:. These travel in the
1063:anterior spinal artery
1014:
741:central nervous system
700:posterior grey columns
669:intervertebral foramen
659:
640:
602:arranged in the three
532:is a space called the
449:
441:
240:central nervous system
198:that extends from the
174:Anatomical terminology
70:Central nervous system
5364:Demyelinating disease
5343:Cauda equina syndrome
5338:Central cord syndrome
5281:Focal lesions of the
5238:Posterolateral sulcus
4819:Posterior grey column
4150:Myeloid immune system
3936:Cardiovascular system
3660:WebMD. May 17, 2005.
3621:Spinal Cord Histology
3016:"Spinal Cord Anatomy"
2296:The spinal cord with
2138:, hypertrophy of the
1972:Clinical significance
1899:vestibulospinal tract
1491:cuneocerebellar tract
1441:nucleus raphes magnus
1406:substantia gelatinosa
1306:
1178:programmed cell death
1111:
1103:
1090:artery of Adamkiewicz
1043:– corresponds to the
1012:
646:
638:
598:, which contains the
566:denticulate ligaments
502:The dorsal roots are
447:
351:
253:, passing out of the
5223:Anterolateral sulcus
5054:Spinoreticular tract
4880:Anterior grey column
4763:Cervical enlargement
4502:Islets of Langerhans
4362:Genitourinary system
4098:Integumentary system
3526:"Spinal cord injury"
2825:Exploring Psychology
2823:Myers, Gary (2009).
2772:Guertin, PA (2012).
2000:intervertebral disks
1907:reticulospinal tract
1856:upper motor neuronal
1429:centromedian nucleus
1402:anterolateral system
1396:Anterolateral system
1346:dorsal column nuclei
1321:anterolateral system
1215:improve this article
1027:Cervical enlargement
773:forming 12 pairs of
257:and then enters the
230:and enclosed by the
18:Anterolateral system
5423:Vascular myelopathy
5369:Transverse myelitis
5059:Spino-olivary tract
4857:Lateral grey column
4392:Reproductive system
4111:Subcutaneous tissue
3880:Cartilaginous joint
2695:Post-polio syndrome
2197:cerebrospinal fluid
2089:Friedreich's ataxia
2077:transverse myelitis
1978:congenital disorder
1958:spinal interneurons
1879:lower motor neurons
1852:corticospinal tract
1626:externally rotate (
1515:
1460:dorsal root ganglia
1437:periaqueductal gray
1421:reticular formation
1414:spinothalamic tract
808:
793:forming 5 pairs of
783:forming 5 pairs of
762:forming 8 pairs of
558:cerebrospinal fluid
511:dorsal root ganglia
394:dorsal root (left),
355:
330:spinal interneurons
224:cerebrospinal fluid
4905:Gamma motor neuron
4893:Alpha motor neuron
4798:Terminal ventricle
4768:Lumbar enlargement
4174:Respiratory system
3927:Circulatory system
3336:10.1002/glia.22856
3114:20.500.11937/41041
2951:www.statpearls.com
2859:978-0-12-385-870-2
2616:This article uses
2407:Dissection images
2193:subarachnoid space
2111:methylprednisolone
1994:Spinal cord injury
1875:medullary pyramids
1831:Extend leg at the
1772:quadriceps femoris
1502:
1338:cuneate fasciculus
1334:gracile fasciculus
1309:
1187:Spinal cord tracts
1114:
1106:
1086:radicular arteries
1045:lumbosacral plexus
1041:Lumbar enlargement
1015:
806:
660:
641:
583:tracts containing
554:subarachnoid space
450:
442:
354:
263:cervical vertebrae
5443:
5442:
5396:Morvan's syndrome
5248:
5247:
5208:External features
5203:
5202:
5183:
5182:
5120:Hypothalamospinal
5067:
5066:
4939:
4938:
4715:
4714:
4711:
4710:
4510:
4509:
4033:
4032:
4023:Glymphatic system
3921:
3920:
3180:978-0-7817-6274-8
3037:978-0-12-385158-1
2898:Missing or empty
2755:978-0-13-981176-0
2661:Technology portal
2609:
2608:
2272:Cervical vertebra
2211:Additional images
2152:spondylolisthesis
2144:ligamentum flavum
2093:spinal cord tumor
1960:that make up the
1903:tectospinal tract
1895:rubrospinal tract
1843:
1842:
1808:tibialis anterior
1512:
1497:Descending tracts
1472:interposed nuclei
1291:
1290:
1283:
1265:
995:
994:
801:coccygeal segment
771:thoracic segments
760:cervical segments
686:, motor neurons,
600:nerve cell bodies
440:
439:
332:that make up the
293: in) in the
222:, which contains
200:medulla oblongata
188:
187:
183:
54:peripheral nerves
16:(Redirected from
5483:
5381:Epidural abscess
5275:
5268:
5261:
5252:
5076:
4957:
4950:
4837:Nucleus proprius
4827:Marginal nucleus
4815:
4773:Conus medullaris
4756:General features
4742:
4735:
4728:
4719:
4648:
4537:
4530:
4523:
4514:
4469:Endocrine system
4231:Digestive system
3976:Lymphatic system
3959:Lymphatic vessel
3932:
3736:
3712:
3705:
3698:
3689:
3652:
3650:
3648:
3642:
3635:
3609:
3608:
3606:
3605:
3587:
3551:
3545:
3544:
3542:
3541:
3522:
3516:
3515:
3500:Le, Tao (2014).
3497:
3486:
3479:
3470:
3469:
3467:
3465:
3442:
3436:
3435:
3399:
3393:
3392:
3381:. Mc Graw Hill.
3380:
3373:Saladin (2000).
3370:
3364:
3363:
3319:
3313:
3312:
3310:
3308:
3288:
3282:
3281:
3279:
3277:
3257:
3251:
3250:
3248:
3247:
3241:
3226:
3200:
3191:
3185:
3184:
3166:
3155:
3154:
3152:
3150:
3116:
3084:
3078:
3077:
3075:
3073:
3058:
3052:
3051:
3050:
3049:
3011:
3005:
3004:
2985:10.1002/ca.22253
2973:Clinical Anatomy
2967:
2961:
2960:
2958:
2957:
2943:
2937:
2936:
2934:
2932:
2914:
2908:
2907:
2901:
2896:
2894:
2886:
2884:
2883:
2870:
2864:
2863:
2845:
2839:
2838:
2820:
2814:
2813:
2803:
2793:
2769:
2760:
2759:
2743:
2733:
2663:
2658:
2657:
2649:
2644:
2643:
2635:
2630:
2629:
2628:
2599:
2587:
2575:
2563:
2551:
2539:
2527:
2515:
2503:
2491:
2479:
2467:
2455:
2443:
2431:
2419:
2404:
2393:
2381:
2369:
2357:
2345:
2333:
2321:
2309:
2293:
2281:
2269:
2257:
2245:
2233:
2221:
2201:Lumbar punctures
2067:(C1–C7) and the
2057:neurogenic shock
1982:diastematomyelia
1867:internal capsule
1516:
1479:Clarke's nucleus
1410:Lissauer's tract
1378:internal capsule
1366:medial lemniscus
1354:nucleus cuneatus
1350:nucleus gracilis
1297:Ascending tracts
1286:
1279:
1275:
1272:
1266:
1264:
1223:
1199:
1191:
999:vertebral column
827:Caudal/Coccygeal
809:
718:conus medullaris
657:conus medullaris
612:fourth ventricle
464:near the second
462:conus medullaris
428:arachnoid mater
356:
292:
291:
287:
282:
281:
277:
267:lumbar vertebrae
234:. Together, the
212:vertebral column
180:edit on Wikidata
107:medulla spinalis
46:vertebral column
42:
30:
21:
5491:
5490:
5486:
5485:
5484:
5482:
5481:
5480:
5476:Skeletal system
5471:Sensory systems
5446:
5445:
5444:
5439:
5347:
5311:
5285:
5279:
5249:
5244:
5199:
5179:
5153:Vestibulospinal
5149:Extrapyramidal
5126:
5063:
5040:
4997:Spinocerebellar
4983:
4935:
4931:Gray commissure
4909:
4874:
4851:
4847:Rexed lamina VI
4804:
4778:Filum terminale
4751:
4746:
4716:
4707:
4698:Parasympathetic
4679:
4637:
4546:
4541:
4511:
4506:
4463:
4425:Seminal vesicle
4386:
4348:
4298:Small intestine
4225:
4168:
4127:
4092:
4029:
3970:
3917:
3895:Muscular system
3889:
3861:
3740:Skeletal system
3725:
3716:
3646:
3644:
3640:
3633:
3629:
3617:
3612:
3603:
3601:
3553:
3552:
3548:
3539:
3537:
3524:
3523:
3519:
3512:
3499:
3498:
3489:
3480:
3473:
3463:
3461:
3444:
3443:
3439:
3401:
3400:
3396:
3389:
3372:
3371:
3367:
3321:
3320:
3316:
3306:
3304:
3291:Kaufman, Bard.
3290:
3289:
3285:
3275:
3273:
3260:Kaufman, Bard.
3259:
3258:
3254:
3245:
3243:
3239:
3198:
3193:
3192:
3188:
3181:
3168:
3167:
3158:
3148:
3146:
3086:
3085:
3081:
3071:
3069:
3060:
3059:
3055:
3047:
3045:
3038:
3013:
3012:
3008:
2969:
2968:
2964:
2955:
2953:
2945:
2944:
2940:
2930:
2928:
2916:
2915:
2911:
2897:
2887:
2881:
2879:
2872:
2871:
2867:
2860:
2847:
2846:
2842:
2835:
2822:
2821:
2817:
2771:
2770:
2763:
2756:
2735:
2734:
2727:
2723:
2659:
2652:
2645:
2638:
2633:Medicine portal
2631:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2614:
2603:
2600:
2591:
2588:
2579:
2576:
2567:
2564:
2555:
2552:
2543:
2540:
2531:
2528:
2519:
2516:
2507:
2504:
2495:
2492:
2483:
2480:
2471:
2468:
2459:
2456:
2447:
2444:
2435:
2432:
2423:
2420:
2400:
2394:
2385:
2382:
2373:
2370:
2361:
2358:
2349:
2346:
2337:
2334:
2325:
2322:
2313:
2310:
2301:
2294:
2285:
2282:
2273:
2270:
2261:
2258:
2249:
2246:
2237:
2234:
2225:
2222:
2213:
2189:
2174:
2168:
2136:disc herniation
2132:Spinal stenoses
2129:
2127:Spinal stenosis
2123:
2097:spinal stenosis
1996:
1990:
1974:
1962:neural circuits
1946:
1944:Other functions
1934:contralaterally
1881:in the ventral
1844:
1837:gluteus maximus
1612:); flex elbow (
1522:Motor function
1514:
1499:
1449:
1435:project to the
1398:
1390:Clarke's column
1380:and end in the
1329:
1299:
1287:
1276:
1270:
1267:
1224:
1222:
1212:
1200:
1189:
1159:sensory neurons
1139:sulcus limitans
1098:
1058:
1031:brachial plexus
1020:
791:sacral segments
781:lumbar segments
775:thoracic nerves
764:cervical nerves
726:filum terminale
633:
562:lumbar puncture
546:arachnoid mater
515:efferent fibers
470:filum terminale
466:lumbar vertebra
395:
346:
334:neural circuits
314:sensory neurons
310:afferent fibers
289:
285:
284:
279:
275:
274:
184:
56:
48:to connect the
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5489:
5487:
5479:
5478:
5473:
5468:
5463:
5458:
5448:
5447:
5441:
5440:
5438:
5437:
5436:
5435:
5430:
5420:
5415:
5414:
5413:
5406:Tabes dorsalis
5403:
5401:Sensory ataxia
5398:
5393:
5388:
5383:
5378:
5373:
5372:
5371:
5361:
5355:
5353:
5349:
5348:
5346:
5345:
5340:
5335:
5330:
5325:
5319:
5317:
5313:
5312:
5310:
5309:
5304:
5299:
5293:
5291:
5287:
5286:
5280:
5278:
5277:
5270:
5263:
5255:
5246:
5245:
5243:
5242:
5241:
5240:
5235:
5227:
5226:
5225:
5220:
5211:
5209:
5205:
5204:
5201:
5200:
5198:
5197:
5191:
5189:
5185:
5184:
5181:
5180:
5178:
5177:
5176:
5175:
5170:
5165:
5160:
5158:Reticulospinal
5155:
5147:
5146:
5145:
5139:Corticospinal
5136:
5134:
5128:
5127:
5125:
5124:
5123:
5122:
5117:
5115:Reticulospinal
5112:
5107:
5100:Extrapyramidal
5097:
5096:
5095:
5084:
5082:
5073:
5069:
5068:
5065:
5064:
5062:
5061:
5056:
5050:
5048:
5042:
5041:
5039:
5038:
5033:
5031:Posterolateral
5028:
5027:
5026:
5021:
5011:
5010:
5009:
5004:
4993:
4991:
4985:
4984:
4982:
4981:
4976:
4971:
4965:
4963:
4954:
4947:
4941:
4940:
4937:
4936:
4934:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4917:
4915:
4911:
4910:
4908:
4907:
4902:
4901:
4900:
4898:Onuf's nucleus
4890:
4884:
4882:
4876:
4875:
4873:
4872:
4867:
4861:
4859:
4853:
4852:
4850:
4849:
4844:
4842:Rexed lamina V
4839:
4834:
4829:
4823:
4821:
4812:
4806:
4805:
4803:
4802:
4801:
4800:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4765:
4759:
4757:
4753:
4752:
4747:
4745:
4744:
4737:
4730:
4722:
4713:
4712:
4709:
4708:
4706:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4689:
4687:
4681:
4680:
4678:
4677:
4672:
4670:Cranial nerves
4667:
4662:
4656:
4654:
4645:
4639:
4638:
4636:
4635:
4634:
4633:
4628:
4627:
4626:
4621:
4620:
4619:
4614:
4599:
4594:
4593:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4567:
4562:
4556:
4554:
4548:
4547:
4544:Nervous system
4542:
4540:
4539:
4532:
4525:
4517:
4508:
4507:
4505:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4473:
4471:
4465:
4464:
4462:
4461:
4460:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4429:
4428:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4396:
4394:
4388:
4387:
4385:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4358:
4356:
4354:Urinary system
4350:
4349:
4347:
4346:
4345:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4322:
4321:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4290:
4289:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4276:Laryngopharynx
4273:
4263:
4262:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4244:Salivary gland
4235:
4233:
4227:
4226:
4224:
4223:
4222:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4201:
4200:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4178:
4176:
4170:
4169:
4167:
4166:
4165:
4164:
4154:
4153:
4152:
4141:
4139:
4137:immune systems
4133:Haematopoietic
4129:
4128:
4126:
4125:
4124:
4123:
4113:
4108:
4102:
4100:
4094:
4093:
4091:
4090:
4085:
4083:Somatic system
4080:
4079:
4078:
4073:
4066:Sensory system
4063:
4062:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4043:
4041:
4039:Nervous system
4035:
4034:
4031:
4030:
4028:
4027:
4026:
4025:
4018:CNS equivalent
4015:
4014:
4013:
4008:
3998:
3997:
3996:
3991:
3980:
3978:
3972:
3971:
3969:
3968:
3963:
3962:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3940:
3938:
3929:
3923:
3922:
3919:
3918:
3916:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3899:
3897:
3891:
3890:
3888:
3887:
3885:Synovial joint
3882:
3877:
3871:
3869:
3863:
3862:
3860:
3859:
3854:
3853:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3761:
3755:
3744:
3742:
3733:
3727:
3726:
3717:
3715:
3714:
3707:
3700:
3692:
3686:
3685:
3680:
3671:
3665:
3658:
3653:
3627:
3616:
3615:External links
3613:
3611:
3610:
3568:Wolters Kluwer
3546:
3517:
3510:
3487:
3471:
3437:
3394:
3387:
3365:
3330:(8): 1406–28.
3314:
3283:
3252:
3209:(4): 1188–92.
3186:
3179:
3156:
3079:
3053:
3036:
3006:
2962:
2938:
2909:
2874:global.oup.com
2865:
2858:
2840:
2834:978-1429216357
2833:
2815:
2761:
2754:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2718:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2671:
2665:
2664:
2650:
2647:Science portal
2636:
2613:
2610:
2607:
2606:
2605:
2604:
2601:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2414:
2409:
2408:
2402:
2401:
2395:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2304:
2302:
2295:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2216:
2212:
2209:
2188:
2185:
2170:Main article:
2167:
2164:
2160:fast spin echo
2125:Main article:
2122:
2119:
2065:cervical spine
2047:muscle atrophy
1992:Main article:
1989:
1986:
1973:
1970:
1945:
1942:
1938:axial skeleton
1869:, through the
1863:Brodmann areas
1841:
1840:
1829:
1815:
1814:
1790:
1776:
1775:
1762:thigh; Extend
1757:
1743:
1742:
1736:
1726:
1725:
1719:
1709:
1708:
1695:
1685:
1684:
1678:
1668:
1667:
1642:
1632:
1631:
1624:
1618:
1617:
1598:
1588:
1587:
1576:
1562:
1561:
1553:
1543:
1542:
1534:
1524:
1523:
1520:
1506:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1452:Proprioceptive
1448:
1445:
1397:
1394:
1372:(VPLN) of the
1328:
1325:
1298:
1295:
1289:
1288:
1203:
1201:
1194:
1188:
1185:
1127:Sonic hedgehog
1097:
1094:
1057:
1054:
1053:
1052:
1038:
1019:
1016:
993:
992:
989:
986:
983:
980:
977:
974:
970:
969:
966:
963:
960:
957:
954:
951:
947:
946:
943:
940:
937:
934:
931:
928:
924:
923:
920:
917:
914:
911:
908:
905:
901:
900:
897:
894:
891:
888:
885:
882:
878:
877:
874:
871:
868:
865:
862:
859:
855:
854:
851:
848:
845:
842:
839:
836:
832:
831:
828:
825:
822:
819:
816:
813:
804:
803:
797:
787:
777:
767:
632:
629:
552:is called the
538:adipose tissue
534:epidural space
458:foramen magnum
438:
437:
434:
430:
429:
426:
422:
421:
418:
414:
413:
410:
406:
405:
402:
398:
397:
392:
388:
387:
384:
380:
379:
376:
372:
371:
368:
364:
363:
362:central canal
360:
345:
342:
318:sensory cortex
255:foramen magnum
251:occipital bone
214:(backbone) of
210:region of the
196:nervous tissue
186:
185:
176:
170:
169:
164:
158:
157:
152:
146:
145:
140:
134:
133:
128:
122:
121:
116:
110:
109:
104:
98:
97:
93:
92:
89:
83:
82:
79:
73:
72:
67:
63:
62:
58:
57:
43:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5488:
5477:
5474:
5472:
5469:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5459:
5457:
5454:
5453:
5451:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5426:
5425:
5424:
5421:
5419:
5416:
5412:
5411:Abadie's sign
5409:
5408:
5407:
5404:
5402:
5399:
5397:
5394:
5392:
5391:Syringobulbia
5389:
5387:
5386:Syringomyelia
5384:
5382:
5379:
5377:
5374:
5370:
5367:
5366:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5356:
5354:
5350:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5331:
5329:
5326:
5324:
5321:
5320:
5318:
5314:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5295:
5294:
5292:
5288:
5284:
5276:
5271:
5269:
5264:
5262:
5257:
5256:
5253:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5231:
5230:
5228:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5216:
5215:
5213:
5212:
5210:
5206:
5196:
5193:
5192:
5190:
5186:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5150:
5148:
5144:
5141:
5140:
5138:
5137:
5135:
5133:
5129:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5102:
5101:
5098:
5094:
5091:
5090:
5089:
5088:Corticospinal
5086:
5085:
5083:
5081:
5077:
5074:
5070:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5051:
5049:
5047:
5043:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5016:
5015:
5014:Spinothalamic
5012:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4999:
4998:
4995:
4994:
4992:
4990:
4986:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4966:
4964:
4962:
4958:
4955:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4942:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4921:Rexed laminae
4919:
4918:
4916:
4912:
4906:
4903:
4899:
4896:
4895:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4885:
4883:
4881:
4877:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4862:
4860:
4858:
4854:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4824:
4822:
4820:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4807:
4799:
4796:
4795:
4794:
4793:Central canal
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4760:
4758:
4754:
4750:
4743:
4738:
4736:
4731:
4729:
4724:
4723:
4720:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4690:
4688:
4686:
4682:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4660:Sensory nerve
4658:
4657:
4655:
4653:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4640:
4632:
4631:Limbic system
4629:
4625:
4622:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4609:
4608:
4605:
4604:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4577:
4576:
4573:
4572:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4557:
4555:
4553:
4549:
4545:
4538:
4533:
4531:
4526:
4524:
4519:
4518:
4515:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4474:
4472:
4470:
4466:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4434:
4433:
4430:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4402:
4401:
4398:
4397:
4395:
4393:
4389:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4359:
4357:
4355:
4351:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4337:Biliary tract
4335:
4333:
4330:
4329:
4328:
4327:
4323:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4295:
4294:
4291:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4268:
4267:
4264:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4241:
4240:
4237:
4236:
4234:
4232:
4228:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4206:
4205:
4202:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4184:
4183:
4180:
4179:
4177:
4175:
4171:
4163:
4160:
4159:
4158:
4155:
4151:
4148:
4147:
4146:
4143:
4142:
4140:
4138:
4134:
4130:
4122:
4121:Mammary gland
4119:
4118:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4103:
4101:
4099:
4095:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4068:
4067:
4064:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4046:
4045:
4044:
4042:
4040:
4036:
4024:
4021:
4020:
4019:
4016:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4003:
4002:
3999:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3986:
3985:
3982:
3981:
3979:
3977:
3973:
3967:
3964:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3946:
3945:
3942:
3941:
3939:
3937:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3924:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3900:
3898:
3896:
3892:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3875:Fibrous joint
3873:
3872:
3870:
3868:
3864:
3858:
3855:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3765:
3762:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3750:
3749:
3746:
3745:
3743:
3741:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3728:
3724:
3720:
3719:Human systems
3713:
3708:
3706:
3701:
3699:
3694:
3693:
3690:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3675:
3672:
3669:
3666:
3663:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3643:on 3 May 2021
3639:
3632:
3628:
3626:
3622:
3619:
3618:
3614:
3599:
3595:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3557:
3550:
3547:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3521:
3518:
3513:
3511:9780071831420
3507:
3503:
3496:
3494:
3492:
3488:
3484:
3478:
3476:
3472:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3448:
3441:
3438:
3433:
3429:
3425:
3421:
3417:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3398:
3395:
3390:
3388:9780072907865
3384:
3379:
3378:
3369:
3366:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3318:
3315:
3302:
3298:
3294:
3287:
3284:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3256:
3253:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3197:
3190:
3187:
3182:
3176:
3172:
3165:
3163:
3161:
3157:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3083:
3080:
3067:
3063:
3057:
3054:
3043:
3039:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3010:
3007:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2979:(2): 227–33.
2978:
2974:
2966:
2963:
2952:
2948:
2942:
2939:
2926:
2922:
2921:
2913:
2910:
2905:
2892:
2878:
2875:
2869:
2866:
2861:
2855:
2851:
2844:
2841:
2836:
2830:
2826:
2819:
2816:
2811:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2768:
2766:
2762:
2757:
2751:
2747:
2742:
2741:
2732:
2730:
2726:
2720:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2690:Poliomyelitis
2688:
2686:
2685:Neutral spine
2683:
2681:
2678:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2666:
2662:
2656:
2651:
2648:
2642:
2637:
2634:
2623:
2619:
2611:
2598:
2593:
2586:
2581:
2574:
2569:
2562:
2557:
2550:
2545:
2538:
2533:
2526:
2521:
2514:
2509:
2502:
2497:
2490:
2485:
2478:
2473:
2466:
2461:
2454:
2449:
2442:
2437:
2430:
2425:
2418:
2413:
2411:
2410:
2406:
2405:
2398:
2397:Spinal nerves
2392:
2387:
2380:
2375:
2368:
2363:
2356:
2351:
2344:
2339:
2332:
2327:
2320:
2315:
2308:
2303:
2299:
2292:
2287:
2280:
2275:
2268:
2263:
2256:
2251:
2244:
2239:
2232:
2227:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2208:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2186:
2184:
2182:
2178:
2177:Spinal tumors
2173:
2165:
2163:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2128:
2120:
2118:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2061:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2027:hyperreflexia
2023:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1995:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1979:
1971:
1969:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1952:and contains
1951:
1943:
1941:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1926:ipsilaterally
1922:
1919:
1915:
1910:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1891:
1889:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1859:
1857:
1853:
1848:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1817:
1816:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1778:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1745:
1744:
1741:
1737:
1735:
1731:
1728:
1727:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1714:
1711:
1710:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1690:
1687:
1686:
1683:
1679:
1677:
1673:
1670:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1637:
1634:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1597:
1593:
1590:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1564:
1563:
1560:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1548:
1545:
1544:
1541:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1529:
1526:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1511:
1505:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1475:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1417:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1395:
1393:
1391:
1385:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1348:: either the
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1326:
1324:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1305:
1301:
1296:
1294:
1285:
1282:
1274:
1263:
1260:
1256:
1253:
1249:
1246:
1242:
1239:
1235:
1232: –
1231:
1230:"Spinal cord"
1227:
1226:Find sources:
1220:
1216:
1210:
1209:
1204:This section
1202:
1198:
1193:
1192:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1174:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1135:motor neurons
1132:
1128:
1124:
1119:
1110:
1102:
1095:
1093:
1091:
1087:
1082:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1055:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1025:
1024:
1023:
1017:
1011:
1007:
1003:
1000:
990:
987:
984:
981:
978:
975:
972:
971:
967:
964:
961:
958:
955:
952:
949:
948:
944:
941:
938:
935:
932:
929:
926:
925:
921:
918:
915:
912:
909:
906:
903:
902:
898:
895:
892:
889:
886:
883:
880:
879:
875:
872:
869:
866:
863:
860:
857:
856:
852:
849:
846:
843:
840:
837:
834:
833:
829:
826:
823:
820:
817:
814:
811:
810:
802:
798:
796:
795:sacral nerves
792:
788:
786:
785:lumbar nerves
782:
778:
776:
772:
768:
765:
761:
757:
756:
755:
752:
750:
746:
742:
737:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
714:
712:
708:
703:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
676:
672:
670:
666:
665:spinal nerves
658:
654:
650:
649:spinal nerves
645:
637:
630:
628:
626:
624:
620:
615:
613:
609:
608:central canal
605:
601:
597:
593:
590:
586:
582:
577:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
542:blood vessels
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
518:
516:
512:
508:
505:
500:
498:
494:
493:spinal nerves
489:
485:
480:
478:
473:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
446:
435:
432:
431:
427:
424:
423:
419:
416:
415:
411:
408:
407:
404:ventral root
403:
400:
399:
393:
390:
389:
386:white matter
385:
382:
381:
377:
374:
373:
369:
366:
365:
361:
358:
357:
350:
343:
341:
339:
335:
331:
327:
324:and contains
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
302:nerve signals
298:
296:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
243:
241:
237:
233:
232:neural arches
229:
225:
221:
220:central canal
217:
213:
209:
205:
202:in the lower
201:
197:
193:
181:
175:
171:
168:
165:
163:
159:
156:
153:
151:
147:
144:
141:
139:
135:
132:
129:
127:
123:
120:
117:
115:
111:
108:
105:
103:
99:
94:
90:
88:
84:
81:Spinal artery
80:
78:
74:
71:
68:
64:
59:
55:
51:
47:
41:
36:
31:
19:
5466:Motor system
5282:
4945:White matter
4810:Grey columns
4783:Cauda equina
4748:
4675:Spinal nerve
4607:Diencephalon
4564:
4324:
4292:
4265:
4053:
4017:
4000:
3983:
3943:
3645:. Retrieved
3638:the original
3602:. Retrieved
3563:
3559:
3549:
3538:. Retrieved
3529:
3520:
3501:
3482:
3462:. Retrieved
3450:
3440:
3407:
3403:
3397:
3376:
3368:
3327:
3323:
3317:
3305:. Retrieved
3296:
3286:
3274:. Retrieved
3265:
3255:
3244:. Retrieved
3206:
3202:
3189:
3170:
3147:. Retrieved
3096:
3092:
3082:
3072:December 27,
3070:. Retrieved
3056:
3046:, retrieved
3019:
3009:
2976:
2972:
2965:
2954:. Retrieved
2950:
2947:"StatPearls"
2941:
2929:. Retrieved
2920:Neuroscience
2919:
2912:
2900:|title=
2880:. Retrieved
2873:
2868:
2849:
2843:
2824:
2818:
2781:
2777:
2739:
2205:cauda equina
2190:
2175:
2172:Spinal tumor
2162:MRI images.
2130:
2115:antioxidants
2104:
2101:
2085:spina bifida
2069:lumbar spine
2062:
2053:Spinal shock
2051:
2043:hyporeflexia
2024:
1997:
1975:
1947:
1923:
1911:
1892:
1871:crus cerebri
1860:
1849:
1845:
1698:Intercostals
1503:
1476:
1450:
1418:
1401:
1399:
1386:
1330:
1310:
1300:
1292:
1277:
1271:January 2024
1268:
1258:
1251:
1244:
1237:
1225:
1213:Please help
1208:verification
1205:
1182:
1175:
1115:
1083:
1071:subarachnoid
1059:
1056:Blood supply
1021:
1018:Enlargements
1004:
996:
800:
790:
780:
770:
759:
753:
738:
734:cauda equina
720:, while the
715:
704:
692:unmyelinated
684:interneurons
680:grey columns
677:
673:
661:
627:
616:
604:grey columns
581:white matter
578:
519:
501:
481:
474:
451:
378:gray matter
306:motor cortex
299:
271:cauda equina
259:spinal canal
244:
191:
189:
143:A14.1.02.001
106:
5456:Spinal cord
5316:By location
5283:spinal cord
5173:Olivospinal
5168:Raphespinal
5163:Tectospinal
5110:Raphespinal
5105:Rubrospinal
5036:Spinotectal
4888:Interneuron
4749:Spinal cord
4693:Sympathetic
4665:Motor nerve
4617:Optic nerve
4565:Spinal cord
4492:Parathyroid
4192:Nasopharynx
4054:Spinal cord
3989:Bone marrow
3758:Collar bone
3530:www.who.int
3410:: 551–600.
3224:2434/143447
2590:Spinal cord
2156:lipomatosis
2140:facet joint
2016:tetraplegia
1954:reflex arcs
1425:hippocampus
1167:decussation
1157:to develop
1131:floor plate
1118:neural tube
1096:Development
1075:anastomoses
739:Within the
694:axons. The
596:grey matter
436:dura mater
326:reflex arcs
192:spinal cord
96:Identifiers
91:Spinal vein
33:Spinal cord
5450:Categories
5297:Myelopathy
4590:Cerebellum
4271:Oropharynx
4011:Lymph node
3944:peripheral
3790:Metatarsus
3785:Metacarpus
3764:Thigh bone
3760:(clavicle)
3604:2022-06-21
3570:: e19448.
3540:2022-03-25
3485:, 5th ed.
3246:2019-09-03
3093:NeuroImage
3048:2020-10-21
2956:2024-08-20
2882:2024-08-20
2721:References
2187:Procedures
2181:dura mater
2148:osteophyte
2031:hypertonia
2012:paraplegia
1810:); Extend
1797:hamstrings
1704:above the
1658:and wrist
1630:) the arm
1241:newspapers
1155:alar plate
1151:roof plate
1049:lower limb
1035:upper limb
707:myelinated
690:cells and
576:vertebra.
526:dura mater
412:fascicles
216:vertebrate
126:NeuroNames
4961:Posterior
4685:Autonomic
4602:Forebrain
4575:Hindbrain
4477:Pituitary
4326:accessory
4281:Esophagus
4001:secondary
3913:Diaphragm
3857:Cartilage
3805:Phalanges
3676:from the
3481:Saladin.
3464:23 August
3344:1098-1136
3123:1053-8119
3099:: 22–29.
2680:Myelomere
2039:hypotonia
2020:paralysis
1964:known as
1801:Dorsiflex
1740:hip joint
1722:Abdominal
1660:extensors
1580:diaphragm
1559:extensors
1468:fastigial
1362:decussate
1145:secretes
1123:notochord
722:pia mater
688:neuroglia
570:dural sac
550:pia mater
530:vertebrae
507:fascicles
344:Structure
336:known as
304:from the
204:brainstem
5302:Myelitis
5214:Ventral
5143:Anterior
5132:Anterior
5046:Anterior
5024:anterior
4788:Meninges
4624:Cerebrum
4597:Midbrain
4560:Meninges
4457:Placenta
4420:Testicle
4415:Prostate
4342:Pancreas
4303:Appendix
4293:lower GI
4266:upper GI
4214:Bronchus
4157:Lymphoid
3840:Vertebra
3795:Ossicles
3780:Mandible
3598:Archived
3594:32150099
3560:Medicine
3534:Archived
3424:11283321
3360:37162863
3352:25976648
3301:Archived
3270:Archived
3237:Archived
3233:15052221
3143:Archived
3131:23246856
3066:Archived
3042:archived
3001:21809666
2993:23649511
2931:20 March
2925:Archived
2891:cite web
2810:23403923
2612:See also
2121:Stenosis
2073:vertebra
1950:reflexes
1905:and the
1724:muscles
1628:supinate
1604:, raise
1602:shoulder
1582:(mostly
1374:thalamus
1171:thalamus
1143:ectoderm
818:Thoracic
815:Cervical
711:funiculi
696:anterior
653:meninges
631:Segments
522:meninges
504:afferent
322:reflexes
295:thoracic
228:meninges
5290:General
5229:Dorsal
5093:Lateral
5080:Lateral
5019:lateral
5007:ventral
4989:Lateral
4979:Cuneate
4974:Gracile
4953:Sensory
4703:Enteric
4652:Somatic
4580:Medulla
4497:Adrenal
4487:Thyroid
4405:Scrotum
4382:Urethra
4377:Bladder
4286:Stomach
4209:Trachea
4145:Myeloid
3984:primary
3850:Sternum
3800:Patella
3775:Humerus
3766:(femur)
3585:7478604
3432:6747529
3149:21 June
3139:1085447
2801:3567435
2784:: 183.
2150:, and
2035:myotome
1766:at the
1664:pronate
1656:triceps
1610:deltoid
1578:Supply
1540:flexors
1352:or the
1342:medulla
1323:(ALS).
1255:scholar
1163:netrins
812:Species
585:sensory
497:ganglia
484:medulla
316:to the
312:of the
288:⁄
278:⁄
206:to the
119:D013116
66:Part of
61:Details
5002:dorsal
4612:Retina
4482:Pineal
4442:Vagina
4437:Uterus
4432:Female
4372:Ureter
4367:Kidney
4313:Rectum
4249:Tongue
4197:Larynx
4116:Breast
4088:Tissue
4006:Spleen
3994:Thymus
3949:Artery
3908:Tendon
3903:Muscle
3867:Joints
3845:Pelvis
3820:Tarsus
3810:Radius
3770:Fibula
3753:Carpus
3723:organs
3647:20 May
3592:
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3566:(10).
3508:
3430:
3422:
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3358:
3350:
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3276:12 Dec
3231:
3177:
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2991:
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2746:132–44
2166:Tumors
2099:etc.)
1988:Injury
1918:distal
1901:, the
1897:, the
1793:abduct
1760:Adduct
1666:wrist
1645:Extend
1614:biceps
1519:Level
1257:
1250:
1243:
1236:
1228:
973:Mouse
830:Total
824:Sacral
821:Lumbar
749:tracts
745:nuclei
732:. The
730:coccyx
574:sacral
544:. The
297:area.
247:humans
208:lumbar
77:Artery
5359:Polio
5352:Other
5072:Motor
4914:Other
4570:Brain
4452:Ovary
4447:Vulva
4410:Penis
4332:Liver
4308:Colon
4259:Tooth
4239:Mouth
4204:Lower
4182:Upper
4059:Nerve
4049:Brain
3966:Heart
3825:Tibia
3815:Skull
3641:(PDF)
3634:(PDF)
3428:S2CID
3356:S2CID
3307:2 Dec
3240:(PDF)
3199:(PDF)
3135:S2CID
2997:S2CID
2107:Scans
2081:polio
1914:axons
1883:horns
1738:Flex
1706:waist
1702:trunk
1652:wrist
1648:elbow
1600:Move
1262:JSTOR
1248:books
950:Human
933:15/14
904:Horse
592:axons
589:motor
488:skull
477:ovoid
236:brain
178:[
102:Latin
52:with
50:brain
5188:Both
4585:Pons
4400:Male
4318:Anus
4219:Lung
4187:Nose
4135:and
4106:Skin
3954:Vein
3830:Ulna
3748:Bone
3721:and
3649:2013
3590:PMID
3506:ISBN
3466:2024
3420:PMID
3383:ISBN
3348:PMID
3340:ISSN
3324:Glia
3309:2015
3278:2015
3229:PMID
3175:ISBN
3151:2022
3127:PMID
3119:ISSN
3074:2015
3032:ISBN
2989:PMID
2933:2022
2904:help
2854:ISBN
2829:ISBN
2806:PMID
2750:ISBN
2298:dura
2142:and
2055:and
2045:and
2008:hand
2004:bone
1850:The
1812:toes
1804:foot
1768:knee
1700:and
1682:hand
1650:and
1556:Neck
1537:Neck
1510:edit
1470:and
1400:The
1327:DCML
1234:news
698:and
678:The
655:and
587:and
190:The
167:7647
155:6049
138:TA98
114:MeSH
87:Vein
4254:Lip
4076:Eye
4071:Ear
3835:Rib
3580:PMC
3572:doi
3455:doi
3412:doi
3332:doi
3219:hdl
3211:doi
3207:127
3109:hdl
3101:doi
3024:doi
2981:doi
2796:PMC
2786:doi
1980:is
1833:hip
1799:);
1764:leg
1662:);
1606:arm
1217:by
991:35
979:13
968:31
945:38
936:6/7
927:Pig
922:42
899:37
881:Cow
876:36
858:Cat
853:36
835:Dog
769:12
433:10
245:In
162:FMA
150:TA2
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1689:T1
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