2552:
2568:
1763:
352:
2044:, the large variety of body shapes presents a difficult problem when attempting to apply standard directional terms. Depending on the organism, some terms are taken by analogy from vertebrate anatomy, and appropriate novel terms are applied as needed. Some such borrowed terms are widely applicable in most invertebrates; for example proximal, meaning "near" refers to the part of an appendage nearest to where it joins the body, and distal, meaning "standing away from" is used for the part furthest from the point of attachment. In all cases, the usage of terms is dependent on the
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37:
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215:
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343:. This means descriptions as if the organism is in its standard anatomical position, even when the organism in question has appendages in another position. This helps avoid confusion in terminology when referring to the same organism in different postures. In humans, this refers to the body in a standing position with arms at the side and palms facing forward, with thumbs out and to the sides.
499:
1345:
1591:
1439:
to the front of the face than the superior aspect of the organism. Similarly, the term "caudal" is used more in embryology and only occasionally used in human anatomy. This is because the brain is situated at the superior part of the head whereas the nose is situated in the anterior part. Thus, the "rostrocaudal axis" refers to a C shape (see image).
1754:
1134:. Although the direction indicated by "proximal" and "distal" is always respectively towards or away from the point of attachment, a given structure can be either proximal or distal in relation to another point of reference. Thus the elbow is distal to a wound on the upper arm, but proximal to a wound on the lower arm.
771:) are used to indicate that something is towards (-ad) or away from (-ab) something else. For example, "distad" means "in the distal direction", and "distad of the femur" means "beyond the femur in the distal direction". Further examples may include cephalad (towards the cephalic end), craniad, and proximad.
1542:
and dentistry apply special terms of location to describe the mouth and teeth. This is because although teeth may be aligned with their main axes within the jaw, some different relationships require special terminology as well; for example, teeth also can be rotated, and in such contexts terms like
1438:
These terms are generally preferred in veterinary medicine and not used as often in human medicine. In humans, "cranial" and "cephalic" are used to refer to the skull, with "cranial" being used more commonly. The term "rostral" is rarely used in human anatomy, apart from embryology, and refers more
2150:
organisms, there is nothing to distinguish one line through the centre of the organism from any other. An indefinite number of triads of mutually perpendicular axes could be defined, but any such choice of axes would be useless, as nothing would distinguish a chosen triad from any others. In such
2037:, so a term such as "rostral" used to refer to the beak in some animals is instead used to refer to part of the brain; humans do also not have a tail so a term such as "caudal" that refers to the tail end may also be used in humans and animals without tails to refer to the hind part of the body.
2551:
2032:
organisms, anatomical descriptions usually use the same terms as those for other vertebrates. However, humans stand upright on two legs, meaning their anterior/posterior and ventral/dorsal directions are the same, and the inferior/superior directions are necessary. Humans do not have a
372:
Many anatomical terms can be combined, either to indicate a position in two axes simultaneously or to indicate the direction of a movement relative to the body. For example, "anterolateral" indicates a position that is both anterior and lateral to the body axis (such as the bulk of the
516:
The axes of the body are lines drawn about which an organism is roughly symmetrical. To do this, distinct ends of an organism are chosen, and the axis is named according to those directions. An organism that is symmetrical on both sides has three main axes that intersect at
1141:. Unfortunately, different authors use the terms in opposite senses. Some consider "distal" as further from a point of origin near the centre of the body and others as further from where the organ reaches the body's surface; or other points of origin may be envisaged.
2390:(jellyfish, sea anemones and corals) have an incomplete digestive system, meaning that one end of the organism has a mouth, and the opposite end has no opening from the gut (coelenteron). For this reason, the end of the organism with the mouth is referred to as the
258:
to precisely delineate and communicate information about animal bodies and their organs, even though the meaning of some of the terms often is context-sensitive. Much of this information has been standardised in internationally agreed vocabularies for humans
2545:. Usually, the eyes are arranged in two roughly parallel, horizontal and symmetrical rows of eyes. Eyes are labelled according to their position as anterior and posterior lateral eyes (ALE) and (PLE); and anterior and posterior median eyes (AME) and (PME).
1807:
are complementary terms describing an anatomical structure that is rotated forwards (towards the front of the body) or backwards (towards the back of the body), relative to some other position. They are particularly used to describe the curvature of the
179:, some terms may not have any meaning at all; for example, an animal that is radially symmetrical will have no anterior surface, but can still have a description that a part is close to the middle ("proximal") or further from the middle ("distal").
1601:
Additional terms may be used to avoid confusion when describing the surfaces of the hand and what is the "anterior" or "posterior" surface. The term "anterior", while anatomically correct, can be confusing when describing the
2567:
1115: 'to stand away from') are used to describe parts of a feature that are close to or distant from the main mass of the body, respectively. Thus the upper arm in humans is proximal and the hand is distal.
1893: 'axle'): around the central axis of the organism or the extremity. Two related terms, "abaxial" and "adaxial", refer to locations away from and toward the central axis of an organism, respectively
290:, such as how humans tend to be standing upright and with their arms reaching forward. Thus, the "top" of a human is the head, whereas the "top" of a dog would be the back, and the "top" of a
156:. This position provides a definition of what is at the front ("anterior"), behind ("posterior") and so on. As part of defining and describing terms, the body is described through the use of
1372:
Specific terms exist to describe how close or far something is to the head or tail of an animal. To describe how close to the head of an animal something is, three distinct terms are used:
2459:
115:
2417:
Unlike vertebrates, cnidarians have only a single distinctive axis. "Lateral", "dorsal", and "ventral" have no meaning in such organisms, and all can be replaced by the generic term
1144:
This terminology is also employed in molecular biology and therefore by extension is also used in chemistry, specifically referring to the atomic loci of molecules from the overall
572:
489:, which is perpendicular to the other two planes. In a human, this plane is parallel to the ground; in a quadruped, this divides the animal into anterior and posterior sections.
3859:
644: 'preposition beneath, close to, nearly etc') is used to indicate something that is beneath, or something that is subordinate to or lesser than. For example,
541:
3503:
914: 'middle') describes structures close to the midline, or closer to the midline than another structure. For example, in a human, the arms are lateral to the
2028:
in animals, whether animals stand on one or two legs, and whether an animal is symmetrical or not, as discussed above. For example, as humans are approximately
1547:, and "medial" and "lateral" are used to refer to the closeness to the midline of the dental arch. Terms used to describe structures include "buccal" (from
1163:
refer to the distance towards and away from the centre of something. That might be an organ, a region in the body, or an anatomical structure. For example, the
2533:
refers to the surface of a leg that is closest to the posterior end of an arachnid's body. Most spiders have eight eyes in four pairs. All the eyes are on the
1062: 'knock-kneed' ) are terms used to describe a state in which a part further away is abnormally placed towards (varus) or away from (valgus) the midline.
108:
2583:
2205:
can be defined by points on opposite sides of the organism. There is typically no basis for the definition of a third axis. Usually such organisms are
2433:
can be used, but in the case of radiates indicates the central point, rather than a central axis as in vertebrates. Thus, there are multiple possible
1993:
as opposed to the parietal peritoneum. Viscus can also be used to mean "organ". For example, the stomach is a viscus within the abdominal cavity, and
1543:"anterior" or "lateral" become ambiguous. For example, the terms "distal" and "proximal" are also redefined to mean the distance away or close to the
2069:
557:
2557:
Aspects of spider anatomy. This aspect shows the mainly prolateral surface of the anterior femora, plus the typical horizontal eye pattern of the
1387: 'beak, nose') describes something situated toward the oral or nasal region, or in the case of the brain, toward the tip of the frontal lobe.
2478:
2146:
organisms, most directional terms are meaningless, since the shape of the organism is not constant and no distinct axes are fixed. Similarly, in
2084:
1304: 'back') surface of an organism refers to the back, or upper side, of an organism. If talking about the skull, the dorsal side is the top.
4521:
101:
3942:
3902:
3818:
3513:
3444:
3417:
2868:
2758:
3407:
2193:
In organisms that maintain a constant shape and have one dimension longer than the other, at least two directional terms can be used. The
1967: 'boundary or end') at the extremity of a usually projecting structure. For example, "...an antenna with a terminal sensory hair".
1606:
of the hand; Similarly is "posterior", used to describe the back of the hand and arm. This confusion can arise because the forearm can
4220:
2979:
182:
International organisations have determined vocabularies that are often used as standards for subdisciplines of anatomy. For example,
4116:
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4049:
4022:
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3385:
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3345:
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1138:
2054:
1499:
88:
73:
4607:
4215:
1762:
45:
2217:, where they appear essentially two-dimensional. In some cases a third axis can be defined, particularly where a non-terminal
814:, the most superior part of the human body is the head and the most inferior is the feet. As a second example, in humans, the
351:
4334:
977: 'against'): on the side opposite to another structure. For example, the right arm and leg are controlled by the left,
339:
can change position with respect to the main body, terms to describe position need to refer to an animal when it is in its
4291:
1491:
1490:, made to landmarks that are on the skin or visible underneath. For example, structures may be described relative to the
4602:
4533:
4458:
4453:
2624:
1878:
Several other terms are also used to describe location. These terms are not used to form the fixed axes. Terms include:
1638:
is its dorsal surface; the underside, either the palmar (on the forelimb) or the plantar (on the hindlimb) surface. The
340:
317:
307:
287:
267:
190:
153:
2099:
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4248:
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218:
Because of differences in the way humans and other animals are structured, different terms are used according to the
1083:
388:
image may be said to be "anteroposterior", indicating that the beam of X-rays passes from their source to patient's
4195:
83:
78:
4571:
3588:
2228:
have distinctive ends of the body. In such organisms, the end with a mouth (or equivalent structure, such as the
2181:
1207:) describes something further away from the centre of something. For example, the arm is peripheral to the body.
1168:
835:
3115:
4210:
2504:
1505:
995: 'same'): on the same side as another structure. For example, the left arm is ipsilateral to the left leg.
63:
3462:"A proposal for a standard terminology of anatomical notation and orientation in fossil vertebrate dentitions"
902: 'to the side') describes something to the sides of an animal, as in "left lateral" and "right lateral".
2306:
also have distinctive ends. The part of the organism attached to the substrate is usually referred to as the
4597:
3477:
2284:
1228:
3259:
3257:
2279:
1467:
the structure is at. The position is often abbreviated. For example, structures at the level of the fourth
4538:
4443:
3584:
3163:
Singh, S (8 March 2000). "Chemistry, design, and structure-activity relationship of cocaine antagonists".
2422:
2008:
1164:
655:
261:
184:
53:
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body wall. Combined terms were once generally hyphenated, but the modern tendency is to omit the hyphen.
4329:
4109:
3932:
3682:
3680:
2634:
1077:
1231:
of the abdomen is deep to the skin. "Deep" is one of the few anatomical terms of location derived from
728: 'above, on top of') is used to indicate something that is above something else. For example, the
1700:
Similarly, in the forearm, for clarity, the sides are named after the bones. Structures closer to the
1508:
are used to describe anatomical location. For example, the mid-clavicular line is used as part of the
4486:
4129:
3544:
3542:
3540:
1787:
1224:
364:
3527:
3525:
4501:
4369:
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4148:
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2381:
2370:
2295:
2271:
2029:
1946:
1509:
1487:
1453:
978:
954:
939:
811:
645:
393:
4562:
2175:
4516:
4404:
3481:
2373:
2147:
1949:
is the lining on the inside of the abdominal cavity. Parietal can also refer specifically to the
1866:
1651:
1529:
1145:
729:
703:
681:
617:, the prefix 'ab-', is used to indicate something that is 'away from' the mouth, for example the
548:
3196:
3194:
2541:, and their sizes, shapes and locations are characteristic of various spider families and other
2318: 'support/foundation'), whereas the end furthest from the attachment is referred to as the
410:
4612:
4412:
4346:
4324:
4232:
4178:
4158:
4080:
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4018:
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3814:
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3722:
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3434:
3413:
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3349:
3341:
3321:
3180:
2975:
2864:
2860:
2754:
2489:
2245:
2240:
1985: 'internal organs'): associated with organs within the body's cavities. For example, the
1472:
1468:
663:
2748:
1257: 'surface') describes something near the outer surface of the organism. For example, in
4592:
4556:
4491:
4286:
4102:
3730:
3712:
3473:
3172:
2449:
do have distinct "tentacular" and "pharyngeal" axes and are thus anatomically equivalent to
2214:
2118:
1495:
1464:
1460:
1054:
508:
485:
419:
405:
374:
157:
2270:(not normally attached to a surface), although the term can also be applied to one that is
4314:
4298:
4281:
3614:
2529:
refers to the surface of a leg that is closest to the anterior end of an arachnid's body.
2338:
1908:
1779:
1476:
1044:
685:
603:
521:. An organism that is round or not symmetrical may have different axes. Example axes are:
161:
3701:"Evaluation of the extent of neoplastic infiltration in small intestinal tumours in dogs"
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36:
4566:
4384:
4356:
4341:
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3735:
3700:
2969:
2508:
2407:
2395:
2323:
2311:
1978:
1960:
1938:
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1886:
1854:
1820:
1619:
1556:
1548:
1420:
1406:
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1380:
1312:
1297:
1250:
1236:
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1178:
1131:
1108:
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1059:
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1024:
1002:
988:
970:
945:
930:
907:
895:
857:
845:
803:
791:
764:
752:
721:
695:
680: 'under') is used to indicate something that is within or below. For example, the
673:
637:
453:
332:
243:
203:
149:
2201:
is defined by points at the opposite ends of the organism. Similarly, a perpendicular
1590:
1227:) describes something further away from the surface of the organism. For example, the
864: 'after') describes what is to the back of something. For example, for a dog the
274:
Different terms are used for groups of creatures with different body layouts, such as
206:, to have a standard set of terms to communicate clearly the position of a structure.
4586:
4427:
4364:
4269:
4264:
4185:
4143:
2354:
2041:
1950:
1701:
1639:
1539:
1452:
The location of anatomical structures can also be described in relation to different
1323:
1204:
1186:
1073:
959:'left'). However, it is preferred to use more precise terms where possible.
472:
3609:
1685:
459:
4511:
4422:
4417:
4153:
3890:
3562:
3485:
2366:
1235:
rather than Latin – the anglicised Latin term would have been "profound" (from
428:
312:
295:
247:
227:
199:
176:
1679:
1626: 'palm of the hand') is commonly used to describe the front of the hand, and
1427: 'tail') describes how close something is to the trailing end of an organism.
214:
167:
The meaning of terms that are used can change depending on whether an organism is
2369:
and others are also included, since they are pentaradial, meaning they have five
890:
These terms describe how close something is to the midline, or the medial plane.
702: 'between') is used to indicate something that is between. For example, the
4528:
4379:
4374:
4276:
3638:
2558:
1674:
1568:
1544:
1232:
1010:
518:
498:
437:
294:
may be on either the left or right side. Unique terms are also used to describe
172:
662: 'under') is used to indicate something that is beneath. For example, the
17:
4319:
4059:
2619:
2614:
2590:
2446:
2362:
2350:
2267:
2234:
2206:
1990:
1924:
1614:
and flip the location of the hand. For improved clarity, the directional term
1331:
1278:
929:
The terms "left" and "right" are sometimes used, or their Latin alternatives (
823:
279:
223:
27:
Standard terms for unambiguous description of relative placement of body parts
4032:
3912:
3726:
3461:
3141:
4506:
4496:
4481:
4173:
2604:
2574:
2469:
2450:
2266:. Properly, this terminology would apply only to an organism that is always
2249:
2229:
2218:
2135:
2123:
2045:
2025:
1831:
than normal, whether pathologically or incidentally. For example, a woman's
1535:
1513:
1361:
1262:
1119:
919:
613:
608:
607:
Terms can be modified with prefixes and suffixes. In this image showing the
381:
328:
255:
251:
195:
3744:
3184:
2130: – an amoeba). (b) An organism with a spherical body plan (
1344:
1319: 'belly') surface refers to the front, or lower side, of an organism.
1413: 'head') describes how close something is to the head of an organism.
4389:
4094:
4060:"Dictionary by Merriam-Webster: America's most-trusted online dictionary"
2711:
2709:
2707:
2705:
2703:
2534:
2522:
2518:
2485:
2387:
2358:
2346:
2303:
2299:
2225:
2210:
2143:
2076:
1945: 'wall'): pertaining to the wall of a body cavity. For example, the
1611:
1357:
1327:
1266:
1127:
578:
389:
336:
291:
283:
219:
2701:
2699:
2697:
2695:
2693:
2691:
2689:
2687:
2685:
2683:
1189:
run centrally through the body; many smaller vessels branch from these.
621:. Other terms are combined to indicate axes, such as proximodistal axis.
4394:
4125:
2538:
2514:
2342:
2254:
1986:
1607:
1534:
Special terms are used to describe the mouth and teeth. Fields such as
1483:
and coccyx are fused, they are not often used to provide the location.
1435:, the eyes are caudal to the nose and rostral to the back of the head.
1036:
239:
235:
168:
133:
3176:
432:, which divides the body into left and right. This passes through the
327:
can change orientation with respect to their environment, and because
286:
is different between the two groups, and so is what is considered the
3963:"Collins Online Dictionary | Definitions, Thesaurus and Translations"
3717:
2244:), or the end that usually points in the direction of the organism's
2186:
1928:
1840:
1832:
1809:
1791:
1775:
1729:
1647:
1480:
1456:. They are used in anatomy, surface anatomy, surgery, and radiology.
1072:"Proximal" and "distal" redirect here. For the linguistic terms, see
1032:
1014:
741:
626:
582:
324:
275:
137:
3962:
3505:
Textbook of Oral
Anatomy, Physiology, Histology and Tooth Morphology
1753:
1368:
meaning the region on C shape connecting rostral and caudal regions.
194:
for animals. These allow parties that use anatomical terms, such as
2384:. Radially symmetrical organisms always have one distinctive axis.
1217:
These terms refer to the distance of a structure from the surface.
2542:
2377:
2278:
2174:
2117:
2106:
1721:
1589:
1564:
1517:
1432:
1343:
1009: 'twice'): on both sides of the body. For example, bilateral
915:
819:
602:
497:
441:
409:
385:
350:
311:
242:
terms of location have been developed, usually based on Latin and
145:
141:
298:
as well, because of their wider variety of shapes and symmetry.
3993:
3406:
Butler, Paul; Mitchell, Adam W. M.; Ellis, Harold (1999-10-14).
2670:
2668:
2666:
2664:
2662:
2660:
2658:
2656:
2654:
2091:
2034:
2012:
1709:
1666:
1603:
1459:
Structures may be described as being at the level of a specific
1258:
1123:
926:
has a similar meaning to lateral but is restricted to the head.
877:
873:
869:
865:
815:
564:
445:
433:
418:
Anatomical terms describe structures with relation to four main
360:
355:
Anatomical terms can be combined to be more specific. This is a
4098:
1598:
Several anatomical terms are particular to the hands and feet.
1137:
The terms are also applied to internal anatomy, such as to the
810: 'below') describes what is below it. For example, in the
3378:
Invertebrate zoology : a functional evolutionary approach
2061:
1635:
1631:
733:
707:
2730:
2728:
2726:
2724:
1579:"Plantar" redirects here. For the fictional frog family, see
880:
openings are posterior to the eyes but anterior to the tail.
2126:. (a) An organism with an asymmetrical, amoeboid body plan (
1907: 'light, opening'): on the—hollow—inside of an organ's
1185:) describes something close to the centre. For example, the
3860:"Chave de identificação dos Ctenophora da costa brasileira"
1716:, and structures relating to both bones are referred to as
3146:
Mitteilungen der
Deutschen Malakozoologischen Gesellschaft
2517:. Two specialized terms are useful in describing views of
1654:
is so named because it is on the dorsal side of the foot.
1118:"Proximal and distal" are frequently used when describing
4015:
Gray's anatomy: the anatomical basis of clinical practice
3142:"Lippen are not lips, and other nomenclatural confusions"
1827:) describes an anatomical structure being tilted further
1693:
pads are those on the underside of hands or fingers; the
3978:(4th ed.). St. Louis, Missouri: Saunders/Elsevier.
3897:(3rd ed.). Dubuque, IA: W.C. Brown Co. p. 19.
3639:"Study Guide - Histology of the Gastrointestinal System"
502:
Organisms where the ends of the long axis are distinct (
246:
words, to enable all biological and medical scientists,
3478:
10.1671/0272-4634(2003)23[1:APFAST]2.0.CO;2
3380:(7th ed.). Thomson, Belmont: Thomson-Brooks/Cole.
2402: 'of the mouth'), and the opposite surface is the
1471:
may be abbreviated as "C4", at the level of the fourth
1074:
Demonstrative § Distal and proximal demonstratives
278:(creatures that stand on two feet, such as humans) and
4079:(3rd ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
3312:
3310:
3308:
1697:
surface describes the sole of the heel, foot or toes.
1031: 'one'): on one side of the body. For example, a
535:
Examples of axes in specific animals are shown below.
4042:
Vertebrates: comparative anatomy, function, evolution
1563: 'palate') referring to structures close to the
798: 'above') describes what is above something and
4474:
4436:
4403:
4355:
4307:
4257:
4241:
4203:
4136:
3699:Morrice, Michael; Polton, Gerry; Beck, Sam (2019).
3266:, "dorsal/ventral axis specification" (GO:0009950).
2790:
2788:
2472:, showing multiple radial and medio-peripheral axes
1720:. Similarly, in the lower leg, structures near the
1630:is the back of the hand. For example, the top of a
4072:
3316:Hickman, C. P. Jr., Roberts, L. S. and Larson, A.
2859:(6th ed.). Elsevier Health Sciences. p.
2715:
4017:(41st ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier Limited.
3290:, "cranial" and "cephalic", accessed 3 July 2020.
2934:, "Super-" and "Supra-", accessed on 3 July 2020.
1997:refers to pain originating from internal organs.
872:is considered the most posterior part; for many
852: 'before') describes what is in front, and
3937:. Oxford University Press, US. pp. 17–19.
3845:
3796:
3784:
3686:
3671:
3659:
3497:
3495:
3439:. Gulf Professional Publishing. pp. 558–.
3299:
3287:
3275:
2955:
2943:
2931:
2919:
2907:
2895:
2883:
2842:
2830:
2818:
2674:
834:"Anterior" redirects here. For other uses, see
3508:. Wolters kluwer india Pvt Ltd. pp. 6–7.
3371:
3369:
3367:
3365:
3363:
3361:
3093:, "varus" and "valgus", accessed 17 July 2020.
2821:, "Anteroposterior", accessed 14 October 2020.
2142:In organisms with a changeable shape, such as
2024:Different terms are used because of different
1594:Anatomical terms used to describe a human hand
547:Anatomical axes in a human, similar for other
4110:
3926:
3924:
3922:
2734:
1989:is covered with a lining called the visceral
476:, which divides the body into front and back.
109:
8:
2833:, "Cephalocaudal", accessed 14 October 2020.
2750:The Chest X-ray: A Systematic Teaching Atlas
625:Several terms are commonly seen and used as
2845:, "Dorsoventral", accessed 14 October 2020.
1861:) describes an anatomical structure tilted
1650:of muscles which flex the fingers, and the
1039:, meaning weakness on one side of the body.
392:body wall through the body to exit through
4117:
4103:
4095:
3772:A Concise Etymological Dictionary of Latin
2855:Pellerito, John; Polak, Joseph F. (2012).
116:
102:
31:
3974:Dyce, KM; Sack, WO; Wensing, CJG (2010).
3734:
3716:
3412:. Cambridge University Press. p. 1.
3376:Ruppert, EE; Fox, RS; Barnes, RD (2004).
2968:Gordh, Gordon; Headrick, David H (2011).
2007:) is used to denote a location along the
1843:may be anteverted, that is to say tilted
1835:typically is anteverted, tilted slightly
175:. Additionally, for some animals such as
3813:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
3585:"NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms "lumen""
3551:, "retroversion", accessed 17 July 2020.
3045:, "contralateral", accessed 2 July 2020.
2857:Introduction to Vascular Ultrasonography
1082:
666:supplies the muscles beneath the tongue.
213:
4044:(8th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
3833:
3548:
3534:, "anteversion", accessed 17 July 2020.
3531:
3248:
3236:
3224:
3212:
3200:
3090:
3078:
3066:
3054:
3042:
3030:
3018:
3006:
2994:
2806:
2650:
2547:
2455:
2445:. However, some biradially symmetrical
2262:end. The opposite end then becomes the
2050:
1555: 'cheek') and "palatal" (from
537:
132:are used to describe unambiguously the
52:
4075:Hyman's comparative vertebrate anatomy
3787:, "rostral", accessed 14 October 2020.
3251:, "superficial", accessed 2 July 2020.
3215:, "peripheral", accessed 17 July 2020.
3057:, "ipsilateral", accessed 2 July 2020.
2221:or other unique structure is present.
1953:of the skull or associated structures.
3848:, "aboral", accessed 13 October 2020.
3799:, "caudal", accessed 14 October 2020.
3774:. Halle (Saale): Max Niemeyer Verlag.
3401:
3399:
3397:
3081:, "unilateral", accessed 2 July 2020.
1865:away from something. An example is a
1486:References may also take origin from
1277:These two terms, used in anatomy and
7:
3757:
3102:
3069:, "bilateral", accessed 2 July 2020.
3033:, "posterior", accessed 2 July 2020.
2922:, "Inter-", accessed on 3 July 2020.
2910:, "Infra-", accessed on 3 July 2020.
2794:
2114:Asymmetrical and spherical organisms
2020:Specific animals and other organisms
1919:is away from the lumen. Opposite to
1911:(body cavity or tubular structure);
1673:is used exclusively to describe the
1475:"T4", and at the level of the third
962:Terms derived from lateral include:
563:Anatomical axes and directions in a
144:. The terms, typically derived from
3836:, "oral", accessed 13 October 2020.
3689:, "visceral", accessed 3 July 2020.
3674:, "terminal", accessed 3 July 2020.
3662:, "parietal", accessed 3 July 2020.
3239:, "profound", accessed 2 July 2020.
3203:, "central", accessed 17 July 2020.
3116:"What do distal and proximal mean?"
3021:, "anterior", accessed 2 July 2020.
3009:, "inferior", accessed 2 July 2020.
2997:, "superior", accessed 2 July 2020.
2898:, "Hypo-", accessed on 3 July 2020.
2573:Typical arrangement of eyes in the
1677:. These terms describe location as
1661:can also be used synonymously with
3466:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
3278:, "rostral", accessed 3 July 2020.
3263:
2958:, "an-", accessed on 17 July 2020.
2886:, "Sub-", accessed on 3 July 2020.
2347:jellyfish, sea anemones and corals
2274:(normally attached to a surface).
2213:, and are nearly always viewed on
2105:Anatomical terms of location in a
2090:Anatomical terms of location in a
2075:Anatomical terms of location in a
2060:Anatomical terms of location in a
1463:, depending on the section of the
1281:, describe something at the back (
25:
3858:Oliveira, Otto Müller Patrão de.
3460:Smith, J. B.; Dodson, P. (2003).
3338:General Zoology Laboratory Manual
3302:, "caudal", accessed 3 July 2020.
2946:, "-ad", accessed on 3 July 2020.
2380:are not included, since they are
2294:Organisms that are attached to a
2258:), is normally designated as the
2011:that is relatively closer to the
1665:to refer to the underside of the
152:roots, describe something in its
4561:
4552:
4551:
4194:
3502:Rajkumar, K.; Ramya, R. (2017).
2809:, "axis", accessed 17 July 2020.
2582:
2566:
2550:
2477:
2458:
2098:
2083:
2068:
2053:
1761:
1752:
1087:Anatomical directional reference
979:contralateral, side of the brain
868:is anterior to the eyes and the
581:or near-spheroid organs such as
571:
556:
540:
35:
3705:Veterinary Medicine and Science
3227:, "deep", accessed 2 July 2020.
2290:, showing the apical–basal axes
316:A male and female human in the
4071:Wake, Marvale H., ed. (1992).
4013:Standring, Susan, ed. (2016).
4000:. The Gene Ontology Consortium
3976:Textbook of veterinary anatomy
3880:Ruppert et al. (2004), p. 184.
3641:. Southern Illinois University
2339:Radially symmetrical organisms
2334:Radially symmetrical organisms
2288:sponges (Venus flower baskets)
2151:organisms, only terms such as
1348:In the human skull, the terms
1:
3563:"Medical Definition of Lumen"
2675:Dyce, Sack & Wensing 2010
2345: – primarily
1492:anterior superior iliac spine
1443:Other terms and special cases
744:, added to the end of words:
4534:Standard anatomical position
4459:Glossary of plant morphology
4454:Glossary of dinosaur anatomy
4449:Anatomical terms of location
3809:Valentine, James W. (2004).
3409:Applied Radiological Anatomy
2625:Proper right and proper left
2577:, with PME being the largest
2189:with a fixed elongated shape
2167:, are usefully descriptive.
1340:Rostral, cranial, and caudal
1322:For example, in a fish, the
1139:reproductive tract of snails
1076:. For the dental terms, see
444:, and, in many animals, the
414:Anatomical planes in a human
341:standard anatomical position
318:standard anatomical position
308:Standard anatomical position
302:Standard anatomical position
288:standard anatomical position
282:. The reasoning is that the
268:Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria
191:Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria
154:standard anatomical position
130:anatomical terms of location
3140:Hutchinson, J.M.C. (2022).
2610:Geometric terms of location
2513:Special terms are used for
2341:include those in the group
2122:Asymmetrical and spherical
1708:, structures closer to the
222:and whether an animal is a
4629:
3433:Pieter A. Folkens (2000).
2971:A Dictionary of Entomology
2502:
2493:, aboral and oral surfaces
2248:(such as the end with the
1578:
1527:
1356:are adapted to the curved
1169:peripheral nervous systems
1071:
1017:on both sides of the body.
833:
403:
305:
4572:Index of anatomy articles
4547:
4192:
4040:Kardong, Kenneth (2019).
3589:National Cancer Institute
2182:Phaeodactylum tricornutum
1782:(above), compared with a
1035:can result in unilateral
836:Anterior (disambiguation)
4221:morphological plasticity
4211:Bacterial cell structure
2747:Hofer, Matthias (2006).
2593:the AME are the largest.
2505:Glossary of spider terms
2429: 'circumference').
1931:, or the cavity's wall).
1847:to some relevant degree.
1728:and structures near the
1512:in medicine to feel the
1052: 'bow-legged') and
922:are medial to the legs.
740:Other terms are used as
525:The anteroposterior axis
44:This article is part of
4064:www.merriam-webster.com
3931:Foelix, Rainer (2011).
3895:How to Know the Spiders
3617:.com Medical Dictionary
2451:bilaterally symmetrical
2382:bilaterally symmetrical
2286:Euplectella aspergillum
2148:spherically symmetrical
2030:bilaterally symmetrical
1874:Other directional terms
1243: 'due to depth').
1229:external oblique muscle
648:means beneath the skin.
4608:Orientation (geometry)
4539:Transcendental anatomy
4444:Anatomical terminology
3811:On the Origin of Phyla
3770:Tucker, T. G. (1931).
2974:(2nd ed.). CABI.
2753:. Thieme. p. 24.
2291:
2190:
2139:
2009:gastrointestinal canal
1595:
1369:
1265:is superficial to the
1165:central nervous system
1152:Central and peripheral
1088:
949:
934:
830:Anterior and posterior
622:
528:The cephalocaudal axis
513:
458:
415:
369:
320:
262:Terminologia Anatomica
231:
185:Terminologia Anatomica
54:Anatomical terminology
4216:cellular morphologies
3967:collinsdictionary.com
2635:Sinistral and dextral
2468:, another species of
2282:
2178:
2134: – a
2121:
1593:
1347:
1330:, but ventral to the
1148:of a given compound.
1103: 'nearest') and
1086:
1078:Glossary of dentistry
783:Superior and inferior
759: 'towards') and
606:
531:The dorsoventral axis
501:
413:
354:
315:
217:
4487:Anatomical variation
4170:Microscopic anatomy
3846:Merriam-Webster 2020
3797:Merriam-Webster 2020
3785:Merriam-Webster 2020
3687:Merriam-Webster 2020
3672:Merriam-Webster 2020
3660:Merriam-Webster 2020
3300:Merriam-Webster 2020
3288:Merriam-Webster 2020
3276:Merriam-Webster 2020
2956:Merriam-Webster 2020
2944:Merriam-Webster 2020
2932:Merriam-Webster 2020
2920:Merriam-Webster 2020
2908:Merriam-Webster 2020
2896:Merriam-Webster 2020
2884:Merriam-Webster 2020
2843:Merriam-Webster 2020
2831:Merriam-Webster 2020
2819:Merriam-Webster 2020
2781:. 29 September 2023.
2718:, pp. xvi–xvii.
2414: 'away from').
2304:animal-like protists
2179:Four individuals of
1788:bimanual examination
1744:Rotational direction
1454:anatomical landmarks
1448:Anatomical landmarks
1213:Superficial and deep
822:but inferior to the
483:, also known as the
463:to the median plane.
365:Mantophryne insignis
4603:Medical terminology
4502:Form classification
4370:Neanderthal anatomy
4228:Colonial morphology
4166:Comparative anatomy
4149:Superficial anatomy
3637:David King (2009).
3320:. McGraw-Hill 2003
3120:The Survival Doctor
2716:Gray's Anatomy 2016
2630:Reflection symmetry
2371:discrete rotational
2330: 'peak/tip').
2171:Elongated organisms
1947:parietal peritoneum
1790:facing towards the
1488:superficial anatomy
1068:Proximal and distal
818:is superior to the
812:anatomical position
730:supraorbital ridges
704:intercostal muscles
585:may be measured by
504:Paramecium caudatum
4517:History of anatomy
4204:Bacteria and fungi
3934:Biology of Spiders
3862:. Biota Neotropica
3561:William C. Shiel.
2292:
2191:
2140:
1867:retroverted uterus
1786:uterus undergoing
1652:dorsal venous arch
1596:
1530:Dental terminology
1479:"L3". Because the
1401: 'skull') or
1370:
1326:are dorsal to the
1289:) of an organism.
1285:) or front/belly (
1273:Dorsal and ventral
1203:, originally from
1089:
886:Medial and lateral
682:infraorbital nerve
623:
549:orthograde bipedal
514:
470:, also called the
416:
370:
321:
232:
4580:
4579:
4413:Amphibian anatomy
4405:Other vertebrates
4347:Arthropod cuticle
4325:Insect morphology
4320:Gastropod anatomy
4233:Lichen morphology
4159:brain morphometry
3944:978-0-19-973482-5
3904:978-0-697-04899-8
3820:978-0-226-84548-7
3515:978-93-86691-16-3
3446:978-0-12-746612-5
3419:978-0-521-48110-6
3177:10.1021/cr9700538
2870:978-1-4557-3766-6
2760:978-3-13-144211-6
2490:Porania pulvillus
2215:microscope slides
2199:longitudinal axis
2048:of the organism.
1771:Image showing an
1500:medial epicondyle
1473:thoracic vertebra
1469:cervical vertebra
1013:means removal of
958:
944:'right';
943:
664:hypoglossal nerve
420:anatomical planes
158:anatomical planes
126:
125:
16:(Redirected from
4620:
4565:
4555:
4554:
4492:Anatomical plane
4390:Elephant anatomy
4287:Plant morphology
4198:
4119:
4112:
4105:
4096:
4090:
4078:
4067:
4055:
4036:
4009:
4007:
4005:
3989:
3970:
3949:
3948:
3928:
3917:
3916:
3887:
3881:
3878:
3872:
3871:
3869:
3867:
3855:
3849:
3843:
3837:
3831:
3825:
3824:
3806:
3800:
3794:
3788:
3782:
3776:
3775:
3767:
3761:
3755:
3749:
3748:
3738:
3720:
3718:10.1002/vms3.147
3696:
3690:
3684:
3675:
3669:
3663:
3657:
3651:
3650:
3648:
3646:
3634:
3628:
3627:
3625:
3623:
3606:
3600:
3599:
3597:
3595:
3581:
3575:
3574:
3572:
3570:
3558:
3552:
3546:
3535:
3529:
3520:
3519:
3499:
3490:
3489:
3457:
3451:
3450:
3430:
3424:
3423:
3403:
3392:
3391:
3373:
3356:
3334:
3328:
3318:Animal Diversity
3314:
3303:
3297:
3291:
3285:
3279:
3273:
3267:
3261:
3252:
3246:
3240:
3234:
3228:
3222:
3216:
3210:
3204:
3198:
3189:
3188:
3165:Chemical Reviews
3160:
3154:
3153:
3137:
3131:
3130:
3128:
3127:
3112:
3106:
3100:
3094:
3088:
3082:
3076:
3070:
3064:
3058:
3052:
3046:
3040:
3034:
3028:
3022:
3016:
3010:
3004:
2998:
2992:
2986:
2985:
2965:
2959:
2953:
2947:
2941:
2935:
2929:
2923:
2917:
2911:
2905:
2899:
2893:
2887:
2881:
2875:
2874:
2852:
2846:
2840:
2834:
2828:
2822:
2816:
2810:
2804:
2798:
2792:
2783:
2782:
2771:
2765:
2764:
2744:
2738:
2732:
2719:
2713:
2678:
2672:
2586:
2570:
2554:
2481:
2462:
2439:medio-peripheral
2209:(free-swimming)
2102:
2087:
2072:
2057:
1778:lying above the
1765:
1756:
1506:Anatomical lines
1496:medial malleolus
1465:vertebral column
1431:For example, in
953:
938:
706:run between the
684:runs within the
575:
560:
544:
509:Stentor roeselii
486:transverse plane
481:horizontal plane
406:Anatomical plane
375:pectoralis major
118:
111:
104:
39:
32:
21:
4628:
4627:
4623:
4622:
4621:
4619:
4618:
4617:
4583:
4582:
4581:
4576:
4543:
4470:
4464:leaf morphology
4432:
4399:
4395:Giraffe anatomy
4351:
4315:Decapod anatomy
4303:
4299:Soil morphology
4282:Plant life-form
4253:
4237:
4199:
4190:
4132:
4123:
4093:
4087:
4070:
4058:
4052:
4039:
4025:
4012:
4003:
4001:
3992:
3986:
3973:
3961:
3957:
3955:General sources
3952:
3945:
3930:
3929:
3920:
3905:
3889:
3888:
3884:
3879:
3875:
3865:
3863:
3857:
3856:
3852:
3844:
3840:
3832:
3828:
3821:
3808:
3807:
3803:
3795:
3791:
3783:
3779:
3769:
3768:
3764:
3756:
3752:
3698:
3697:
3693:
3685:
3678:
3670:
3666:
3658:
3654:
3644:
3642:
3636:
3635:
3631:
3621:
3619:
3615:Merriam-Webster
3608:
3607:
3603:
3593:
3591:
3583:
3582:
3578:
3568:
3566:
3560:
3559:
3555:
3547:
3538:
3530:
3523:
3516:
3501:
3500:
3493:
3459:
3458:
3454:
3447:
3436:Human Osteology
3432:
3431:
3427:
3420:
3405:
3404:
3395:
3388:
3375:
3374:
3359:
3335:
3331:
3315:
3306:
3298:
3294:
3286:
3282:
3274:
3270:
3262:
3255:
3247:
3243:
3235:
3231:
3223:
3219:
3211:
3207:
3199:
3192:
3171:(3): 925–1024.
3162:
3161:
3157:
3139:
3138:
3134:
3125:
3123:
3114:
3113:
3109:
3101:
3097:
3089:
3085:
3077:
3073:
3065:
3061:
3053:
3049:
3041:
3037:
3029:
3025:
3017:
3013:
3005:
3001:
2993:
2989:
2982:
2967:
2966:
2962:
2954:
2950:
2942:
2938:
2930:
2926:
2918:
2914:
2906:
2902:
2894:
2890:
2882:
2878:
2871:
2854:
2853:
2849:
2841:
2837:
2829:
2825:
2817:
2813:
2805:
2801:
2793:
2786:
2779:Merriam-Webster
2773:
2772:
2768:
2761:
2746:
2745:
2741:
2733:
2722:
2714:
2681:
2677:, pp. 2–3.
2673:
2652:
2648:
2643:
2601:
2594:
2587:
2578:
2571:
2562:
2555:
2511:
2501:
2494:
2482:
2473:
2463:
2336:
2224:Some elongated
2203:transverse axis
2173:
2159:, or sometimes
2132:Actinophrys sol
2116:
2109:
2103:
2094:
2088:
2079:
2073:
2064:
2058:
2022:
1876:
1839:. A misaligned
1798:
1797:
1796:
1795:
1768:
1767:
1766:
1758:
1757:
1746:
1724:(shinbone) are
1689:; For example,
1588:
1577:
1532:
1526:
1524:Mouth and teeth
1477:lumbar vertebra
1461:spinal vertebra
1450:
1445:
1342:
1275:
1215:
1154:
1081:
1070:
888:
839:
832:
785:
778:
601:
594:
576:
567:
561:
552:
545:
496:
454:sagittal planes
408:
402:
349:
310:
304:
265:) and animals (
212:
204:medical doctors
188:for humans and
162:anatomical axes
122:
93:
28:
23:
22:
18:Anteroposterior
15:
12:
11:
5:
4626:
4624:
4616:
4615:
4610:
4605:
4600:
4598:Animal anatomy
4595:
4585:
4584:
4578:
4577:
4575:
4574:
4569:
4559:
4548:
4545:
4544:
4542:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4525:
4524:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4478:
4476:
4475:Related topics
4472:
4471:
4469:
4468:
4467:
4466:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4440:
4438:
4434:
4433:
4431:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4409:
4407:
4401:
4400:
4398:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4361:
4359:
4353:
4352:
4350:
4349:
4344:
4342:Spider anatomy
4339:
4338:
4337:
4332:
4322:
4317:
4311:
4309:
4305:
4304:
4302:
4301:
4296:
4295:
4294:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4273:
4272:
4261:
4259:
4255:
4254:
4252:
4251:
4245:
4243:
4239:
4238:
4236:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4224:
4223:
4218:
4207:
4205:
4201:
4200:
4193:
4191:
4189:
4188:
4183:
4182:
4181:
4176:
4168:
4163:
4162:
4161:
4151:
4146:
4140:
4138:
4134:
4133:
4124:
4122:
4121:
4114:
4107:
4099:
4092:
4091:
4085:
4068:
4056:
4050:
4037:
4023:
4010:
3994:"GeneOntology"
3990:
3984:
3971:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3950:
3943:
3918:
3903:
3882:
3873:
3850:
3838:
3826:
3819:
3801:
3789:
3777:
3762:
3750:
3711:(2): 189–198.
3691:
3676:
3664:
3652:
3629:
3601:
3576:
3553:
3536:
3521:
3514:
3491:
3452:
3445:
3425:
3418:
3393:
3386:
3357:
3336:Miller, S. A.
3329:
3304:
3292:
3280:
3268:
3253:
3241:
3229:
3217:
3205:
3190:
3155:
3132:
3107:
3095:
3083:
3071:
3059:
3047:
3035:
3023:
3011:
2999:
2987:
2981:978-1845935429
2980:
2960:
2948:
2936:
2924:
2912:
2900:
2888:
2876:
2869:
2847:
2835:
2823:
2811:
2799:
2784:
2775:"dorsolateral"
2766:
2759:
2739:
2735:Kardong's 2019
2720:
2679:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2638:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2600:
2597:
2596:
2595:
2588:
2581:
2579:
2572:
2565:
2563:
2556:
2549:
2509:Spider anatomy
2500:
2497:
2496:
2495:
2483:
2476:
2474:
2466:Aurelia aurita
2464:
2457:
2335:
2332:
2172:
2169:
2128:Amoeba proteus
2115:
2112:
2111:
2110:
2104:
2097:
2095:
2089:
2082:
2080:
2074:
2067:
2065:
2059:
2052:
2021:
2018:
2017:
2016:
1998:
1968:
1954:
1932:
1894:
1875:
1872:
1871:
1870:
1848:
1770:
1769:
1760:
1759:
1751:
1750:
1749:
1748:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1576:
1575:Hands and feet
1573:
1571:respectively.
1528:Main article:
1525:
1522:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1429:
1428:
1414:
1388:
1341:
1338:
1274:
1271:
1214:
1211:
1153:
1150:
1069:
1066:
1041:
1040:
1018:
996:
982:
887:
884:
831:
828:
784:
781:
777:
774:
773:
772:
738:
737:
732:are above the
711:
689:
667:
649:
600:
597:
596:
595:
577:
570:
568:
562:
555:
553:
546:
539:
533:
532:
529:
526:
495:
492:
491:
490:
477:
464:
449:
404:Main article:
401:
398:
348:
347:Combined terms
345:
306:Main article:
303:
300:
211:
208:
124:
123:
121:
120:
113:
106:
98:
95:
94:
92:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
60:
57:
56:
50:
49:
41:
40:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4625:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4590:
4588:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4564:
4560:
4558:
4550:
4549:
4546:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4523:
4520:
4519:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4479:
4477:
4473:
4465:
4462:
4461:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4441:
4439:
4435:
4429:
4428:Shark anatomy
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4410:
4408:
4406:
4402:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4385:Horse anatomy
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4365:Human anatomy
4363:
4362:
4360:
4358:
4354:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4327:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4312:
4310:
4308:Invertebrates
4306:
4300:
4297:
4293:
4290:
4289:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4271:
4268:
4267:
4266:
4265:Plant anatomy
4263:
4262:
4260:
4256:
4250:
4247:
4246:
4244:
4240:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4213:
4212:
4209:
4208:
4206:
4202:
4197:
4187:
4186:Morphometrics
4184:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4171:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4160:
4157:
4156:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4144:Gross anatomy
4142:
4141:
4139:
4135:
4131:
4127:
4120:
4115:
4113:
4108:
4106:
4101:
4100:
4097:
4088:
4086:9780226870113
4082:
4077:
4076:
4069:
4065:
4061:
4057:
4053:
4051:9781260092042
4047:
4043:
4038:
4034:
4030:
4026:
4024:9780702052309
4020:
4016:
4011:
3999:
3995:
3991:
3987:
3985:9781416066071
3981:
3977:
3972:
3968:
3964:
3960:
3959:
3954:
3946:
3940:
3936:
3935:
3927:
3925:
3923:
3919:
3914:
3910:
3906:
3900:
3896:
3892:
3886:
3883:
3877:
3874:
3861:
3854:
3851:
3847:
3842:
3839:
3835:
3830:
3827:
3822:
3816:
3812:
3805:
3802:
3798:
3793:
3790:
3786:
3781:
3778:
3773:
3766:
3763:
3759:
3754:
3751:
3746:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3728:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3710:
3706:
3702:
3695:
3692:
3688:
3683:
3681:
3677:
3673:
3668:
3665:
3661:
3656:
3653:
3640:
3633:
3630:
3618:
3616:
3611:
3610:""abluminal""
3605:
3602:
3590:
3586:
3580:
3577:
3564:
3557:
3554:
3550:
3545:
3543:
3541:
3537:
3533:
3528:
3526:
3522:
3517:
3511:
3507:
3506:
3498:
3496:
3492:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3456:
3453:
3448:
3442:
3438:
3437:
3429:
3426:
3421:
3415:
3411:
3410:
3402:
3400:
3398:
3394:
3389:
3387:0-03-025982-7
3383:
3379:
3372:
3370:
3368:
3366:
3364:
3362:
3358:
3355:
3354:0-07-243559-3
3351:
3347:
3346:0-07-252837-0
3343:
3340:McGraw-Hill,
3339:
3333:
3330:
3327:
3326:0-07-234903-4
3323:
3319:
3313:
3311:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3296:
3293:
3289:
3284:
3281:
3277:
3272:
3269:
3265:
3260:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3245:
3242:
3238:
3233:
3230:
3226:
3221:
3218:
3214:
3209:
3206:
3202:
3197:
3195:
3191:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3159:
3156:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3136:
3133:
3121:
3117:
3111:
3108:
3104:
3099:
3096:
3092:
3087:
3084:
3080:
3075:
3072:
3068:
3063:
3060:
3056:
3051:
3048:
3044:
3039:
3036:
3032:
3027:
3024:
3020:
3015:
3012:
3008:
3003:
3000:
2996:
2991:
2988:
2983:
2977:
2973:
2972:
2964:
2961:
2957:
2952:
2949:
2945:
2940:
2937:
2933:
2928:
2925:
2921:
2916:
2913:
2909:
2904:
2901:
2897:
2892:
2889:
2885:
2880:
2877:
2872:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2851:
2848:
2844:
2839:
2836:
2832:
2827:
2824:
2820:
2815:
2812:
2808:
2803:
2800:
2796:
2791:
2789:
2785:
2780:
2776:
2770:
2767:
2762:
2756:
2752:
2751:
2743:
2740:
2737:, p. 16.
2736:
2731:
2729:
2727:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2712:
2710:
2708:
2706:
2704:
2702:
2700:
2698:
2696:
2694:
2692:
2690:
2688:
2686:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2671:
2669:
2667:
2665:
2663:
2661:
2659:
2657:
2655:
2651:
2645:
2640:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2602:
2598:
2592:
2585:
2580:
2576:
2569:
2564:
2560:
2553:
2548:
2546:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2510:
2506:
2498:
2492:
2491:
2487:
2480:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2461:
2456:
2454:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2423:Ancient Greek
2420:
2415:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2383:
2379:
2376:. Echinoderm
2375:
2372:
2368:
2367:sea cucumbers
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2333:
2331:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2289:
2287:
2283:A cluster of
2281:
2277:
2275:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2264:posterior end
2261:
2257:
2256:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2242:
2237:
2236:
2231:
2227:
2222:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2188:
2184:
2183:
2177:
2170:
2168:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2149:
2145:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2120:
2113:
2108:
2101:
2096:
2093:
2086:
2081:
2078:
2071:
2066:
2063:
2056:
2051:
2049:
2047:
2043:
2042:invertebrates
2038:
2036:
2031:
2027:
2019:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2003:(opposite to
2002:
1999:
1996:
1995:visceral pain
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1969:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1955:
1952:
1951:parietal bone
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1933:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1895:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1881:
1880:
1879:
1873:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1849:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1815:
1814:
1813:
1811:
1806:
1802:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1774:
1764:
1755:
1743:
1741:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1698:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1687:
1682:
1681:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1655:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1640:palmar fascia
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1599:
1592:
1586:
1584:
1574:
1572:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1541:
1540:palaeontology
1537:
1531:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1484:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1457:
1455:
1447:
1442:
1440:
1436:
1434:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1415:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1389:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1375:
1374:
1373:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1346:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1324:pectoral fins
1320:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1305:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1290:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1272:
1270:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1212:
1210:
1208:
1206:
1205:Ancient Greek
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1188:
1187:great vessels
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1151:
1149:
1147:
1142:
1140:
1135:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1116:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1085:
1079:
1075:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1061:
1057:
1056:
1051:
1047:
1046:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
997:
994:
990:
986:
983:
980:
976:
972:
968:
967:Contralateral
965:
964:
963:
960:
956:
951:
947:
941:
936:
932:
927:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
885:
883:
881:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
837:
829:
827:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
782:
780:
775:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
747:
746:
745:
743:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
717:
712:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
690:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
668:
665:
661:
657:
656:Ancient Greek
653:
650:
647:
643:
639:
635:
632:
631:
630:
628:
620:
616:
615:
610:
605:
598:
592:
588:
584:
580:
574:
569:
566:
559:
554:
550:
543:
538:
536:
530:
527:
524:
523:
522:
520:
511:
510:
506:, above, and
505:
500:
493:
488:
487:
482:
478:
475:
474:
473:coronal plane
469:
468:frontal plane
465:
462:
461:
456:
455:
450:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
430:
425:
424:
423:
421:
412:
407:
399:
397:
395:
391:
387:
383:
378:
376:
367:
366:
362:
358:
353:
346:
344:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
319:
314:
309:
301:
299:
297:
296:invertebrates
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
272:
270:
269:
264:
263:
257:
253:
249:
248:veterinarians
245:
241:
237:
229:
225:
221:
216:
209:
207:
205:
201:
200:veterinarians
197:
193:
192:
187:
186:
180:
178:
177:invertebrates
174:
170:
165:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
119:
114:
112:
107:
105:
100:
99:
97:
96:
90:
87:
85:
82:
80:
77:
75:
72:
70:
67:
65:
62:
61:
59:
58:
55:
51:
47:
43:
42:
38:
34:
33:
30:
19:
4522:19th century
4512:Hertwig rule
4448:
4423:Fish anatomy
4418:Bird anatomy
4292:reproductive
4154:Neuroanatomy
4074:
4063:
4041:
4014:
4002:. Retrieved
3998:GeneOntology
3997:
3975:
3966:
3933:
3894:
3891:Kaston, B.J.
3885:
3876:
3864:. Retrieved
3853:
3841:
3834:Collins 2020
3829:
3810:
3804:
3792:
3780:
3771:
3765:
3760:, p. 1.
3753:
3708:
3704:
3694:
3667:
3655:
3643:. Retrieved
3632:
3620:. Retrieved
3613:
3604:
3592:. Retrieved
3579:
3567:. Retrieved
3565:. MedicieNet
3556:
3549:Collins 2020
3532:Collins 2020
3504:
3469:
3465:
3455:
3435:
3428:
3408:
3377:
3337:
3332:
3317:
3295:
3283:
3271:
3249:Collins 2020
3244:
3237:Collins 2020
3232:
3225:Collins 2020
3220:
3213:Collins 2020
3208:
3201:Collins 2020
3168:
3164:
3158:
3149:
3145:
3135:
3124:. Retrieved
3122:. 2011-10-05
3119:
3110:
3105:, p. 5.
3098:
3091:Collins 2020
3086:
3079:Collins 2020
3074:
3067:Collins 2020
3062:
3055:Collins 2020
3050:
3043:Collins 2020
3038:
3031:Collins 2020
3026:
3019:Collins 2020
3014:
3007:Collins 2020
3002:
2995:Collins 2020
2990:
2970:
2963:
2951:
2939:
2927:
2915:
2903:
2891:
2879:
2856:
2850:
2838:
2826:
2814:
2807:Collins 2020
2802:
2797:, p. 6.
2778:
2769:
2749:
2742:
2531:Retrolateral
2530:
2526:
2512:
2488:
2465:
2447:comb jellies
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2418:
2416:
2411:
2403:
2399:
2391:
2386:
2351:comb jellies
2337:
2327:
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2315:
2307:
2293:
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2276:
2263:
2259:
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2198:
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2141:
2131:
2127:
2039:
2023:
2004:
2000:
1994:
1982:
1974:
1970:
1964:
1956:
1942:
1934:
1920:
1916:
1915:is towards,
1912:
1904:
1896:
1890:
1882:
1877:
1862:
1858:
1851:Retroversion
1850:
1844:
1836:
1828:
1824:
1816:
1805:retroversion
1804:
1800:
1799:
1783:
1772:
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1713:
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1510:cardiac exam
1504:
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1366:rostrocaudal
1365:
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807:
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726:super, supra
725:
715:
713:
699:
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677:
669:
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651:
646:subcutaneous
641:
633:
624:
618:
612:
590:
586:
534:
519:right angles
515:
507:
503:
484:
480:
471:
467:
457:, which are
452:
429:median plane
427:
417:
379:
371:
363:
359:view of the
357:dorsolateral
356:
322:
273:
266:
260:
233:
228:invertebrate
210:Introduction
189:
183:
181:
166:
140:, including
129:
127:
89:Neuroanatomy
74:Microanatomy
68:
29:
4529:Physiognomy
4380:Dog anatomy
4375:Cat anatomy
4277:Plant habit
3645:12 December
3622:12 December
3594:12 December
3569:12 December
3472:(1): 1–12.
2559:Sparassidae
2435:radial axes
2363:sea urchins
2355:echinoderms
2153:superficial
2124:body shapes
1859:retroversus
1817:Anteversion
1801:Anteversion
1784:retroverted
1657:In humans,
1569:hard palate
1545:dental arch
1255:superficies
1247:Superficial
1233:Old English
1225:Old English
1011:orchiectomy
985:Ipsilateral
551:vertebrates
438:spinal cord
173:quadrupedal
4587:Categories
4437:Glossaries
4249:Structures
4130:morphology
4004:26 October
3126:2016-01-07
2641:References
2620:Laterality
2615:Handedness
2591:Salticidae
2527:Prolateral
2503:See also:
2427:περιφέρεια
2421:(from
2419:peripheral
2406:(from
2404:aboral end
2394:(from
2388:Cnidarians
2357:, such as
2322:(from
2320:apical end
2310:(from
2298:, such as
2268:planktonic
2246:locomotion
2235:Paramecium
2207:planktonic
2026:body plans
1991:peritoneum
1977:(from
1959:(from
1937:(from
1925:adventitia
1899:(from
1885:(from
1853:(from
1825:anteversus
1819:(from
1773:anteverted
1718:radioulnar
1618:(from
1585:characters
1419:(from
1405:(from
1393:(from
1379:(from
1332:dorsal fin
1311:(from
1296:(from
1279:embryology
1249:(from
1223:(from
1201:peripheria
1195:(from
1193:Peripheral
1177:(from
1161:peripheral
1122:, such as
1120:appendages
1107:(from
1095:(from
1091:The terms
1058:(from
1048:(from
1023:(from
1021:Unilateral
1001:(from
987:(from
969:(from
906:(from
894:(from
856:(from
844:(from
802:(from
790:(from
776:Main terms
763:(from
751:(from
720:(from
694:(from
672:(from
654:(from
636:(from
329:appendages
280:quadrupeds
256:anatomists
240:zoological
236:anatomical
224:vertebrate
196:anatomists
4507:Gracility
4497:Body plan
4482:Allometry
4179:molecular
4174:histology
4033:920806541
3913:668250654
3758:Wake 1992
3727:2053-1095
3103:Wake 1992
2795:Wake 1992
2646:Citations
2605:Chirality
2575:Lycosidae
2523:pedipalps
2521:legs and
2470:jellyfish
2453:animals.
2308:basal end
2296:substrate
2250:flagellum
2230:cytostome
2219:cytostome
2136:heliozoan
2046:body plan
1921:outermost
1917:abluminal
1913:adluminal
1536:osteology
1514:apex beat
1362:Hominidae
1263:epidermis
1241:profundus
1183:centralis
1128:tentacles
999:Bilateral
900:lateralis
854:posterior
614:Chrysaora
609:jellyfish
599:Modifiers
394:posterior
382:radiology
377:muscle).
337:tentacles
234:Standard
128:Standard
4613:Position
4557:Category
4242:Protists
3893:(1972).
3745:30779310
3185:11749256
2599:See also
2535:carapace
2519:arachnid
2486:sea star
2441:(half-)
2392:oral end
2374:symmetry
2359:starfish
2353:. Adult
2349:and the
2260:anterior
2226:protists
2211:protists
2161:proximal
2144:amoeboid
2077:kangaroo
1971:Visceral
1965:terminus
1957:Terminal
1935:Parietal
1738:peroneal
1612:supinate
1583:Amphibia
1581:List of
1403:cephalic
1358:neuraxis
1328:anal fin
1267:subcutis
1167:and the
1101:proximus
1093:proximal
1037:weakness
950:sinister
924:Temporal
920:genitals
842:Anterior
800:inferior
788:Superior
742:suffixes
627:prefixes
611:species
579:Spheroid
512:, below)
460:parallel
390:anterior
323:Because
292:flounder
284:neuraxis
220:neuraxis
69:Location
46:a series
4593:Anatomy
4357:Mammals
4335:Odonata
4330:Diptera
4126:Anatomy
3866:6 April
3736:6498519
3486:8134718
3264:GO 2014
2589:In the
2539:prosoma
2537:of the
2515:spiders
2499:Spiders
2343:Radiata
2300:sponges
2272:sessile
2255:Euglena
2241:Stentor
1987:stomach
1983:viscera
1897:Luminal
1845:forward
1837:forward
1829:forward
1794:(below)
1780:bladder
1734:fibular
1695:plantar
1686:plantar
1671:plantar
1648:tendons
1646:to the
1608:pronate
1561:palatum
1516:of the
1498:or the
1399:κρανίον
1391:Cranial
1385:rostrum
1377:Rostral
1350:rostral
1309:ventral
1287:ventral
1175:Central
1157:Central
1113:distare
957:
942:
892:Lateral
808:inferus
325:animals
252:doctors
169:bipedal
138:animals
134:anatomy
4567:Portal
4258:Plants
4137:Fields
4083:
4048:
4031:
4021:
3982:
3941:
3911:
3901:
3817:
3743:
3733:
3725:
3512:
3484:
3443:
3416:
3384:
3352:
3344:
3324:
3183:
3152:: 3–7.
2978:
2867:
2757:
2431:Medial
2400:ōrālis
2378:larvae
2187:diatom
2165:distal
2001:Aboral
1975:viscus
1943:paries
1929:serosa
1841:pelvis
1833:uterus
1810:uterus
1792:rectum
1776:uterus
1730:fibula
1726:tibial
1706:radial
1702:radius
1680:palmar
1669:, but
1663:palmar
1644:palmar
1628:dorsal
1616:palmar
1494:, the
1481:sacrum
1433:horses
1417:Caudal
1411:κεφαλή
1354:caudal
1317:venter
1302:dorsum
1294:dorsal
1283:dorsal
1261:, the
1146:moiety
1130:, and
1105:distal
1055:valgus
1033:stroke
1015:testes
975:contra
935:dexter
918:. The
912:medius
904:Medial
718:Supra-
714:Super-
692:Inter-
670:Infra-
619:aboral
583:testes
400:Planes
276:bipeds
202:, and
142:humans
84:Muscle
79:Motion
4270:fruit
3482:S2CID
2425:
2410:
2408:Latin
2398:
2396:Latin
2326:
2324:Latin
2316:basis
2314:
2312:Latin
2107:horse
1981:
1979:Latin
1963:
1961:Latin
1941:
1939:Latin
1923:(the
1909:lumen
1905:lumen
1903:
1901:Latin
1889:
1887:Latin
1883:Axial
1857:
1855:Latin
1823:
1821:Latin
1722:tibia
1714:ulnar
1691:volar
1659:volar
1624:palma
1622:
1620:Latin
1565:cheek
1559:
1557:Latin
1553:bucca
1551:
1549:Latin
1518:heart
1425:cauda
1423:
1421:Latin
1409:
1407:Greek
1397:
1395:Greek
1383:
1381:Latin
1315:
1313:Latin
1300:
1298:Latin
1253:
1251:Latin
1239:
1237:Latin
1199:
1197:Latin
1181:
1179:Latin
1132:limbs
1111:
1109:Latin
1099:
1097:Latin
1060:Latin
1050:Latin
1045:Varus
1027:
1025:Latin
1005:
1003:Latin
991:
989:Latin
973:
971:Latin
946:Latin
931:Latin
916:torso
910:
908:Latin
898:
896:Latin
860:
858:Latin
848:
846:Latin
820:chest
806:
804:Latin
796:super
794:
792:Latin
767:
765:Latin
755:
753:Latin
724:
722:Latin
700:inter
698:
696:Latin
686:orbit
678:infra
676:
674:Latin
658:
652:Hypo-
640:
638:Latin
593:axes.
591:short
442:navel
386:X-ray
384:, an
333:limbs
331:like
244:Greek
150:Greek
146:Latin
4128:and
4081:ISBN
4046:ISBN
4029:OCLC
4019:ISBN
4006:2014
3980:ISBN
3939:ISBN
3909:OCLC
3899:ISBN
3868:2023
3815:ISBN
3741:PMID
3723:ISSN
3647:2020
3624:2020
3596:2020
3571:2020
3510:ISBN
3441:ISBN
3414:ISBN
3382:ISBN
3350:ISBN
3348:and
3342:ISBN
3322:ISBN
3181:PMID
2976:ISBN
2865:ISBN
2755:ISBN
2543:taxa
2507:and
2484:The
2443:axes
2437:and
2328:apex
2195:long
2185:, a
2163:and
2157:deep
2155:and
2092:fish
2035:beak
2013:anus
2005:oral
1973:and
1891:axis
1863:back
1803:and
1736:(or
1732:are
1712:are
1710:ulna
1704:are
1683:and
1675:sole
1667:palm
1610:and
1604:palm
1567:and
1352:and
1307:The
1292:The
1259:skin
1221:Deep
1159:and
1124:fins
1029:unus
993:ipse
955:lit.
940:lit.
878:gill
876:the
874:fish
870:tail
866:nose
862:post
850:ante
824:head
816:neck
734:eyes
708:ribs
634:Sub-
589:and
587:long
565:fish
494:Axes
479:The
466:The
451:The
446:tail
434:head
426:The
361:frog
335:and
254:and
238:and
160:and
64:Bone
3731:PMC
3713:doi
3474:doi
3173:doi
3169:100
3150:107
2861:559
2412:ab-
2252:in
2238:or
2232:in
2197:or
2062:dog
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1642:is
1636:paw
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1360:of
1007:bis
761:-ab
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716:or
660:ὑπό
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