334:"I shall not impose the maximum penalty of death. It does not appear that this defendant Cramer was aware that Thiel and Kerling were in possession of explosives or other means for destroying factories and property in the United States or planned to do that. From the evidence it appears that Cramer had no more guilty knowledge of any subversive purposes on the part of Thiel or Kerling than a vague idea that they came here for the purpose of organizing pro-German propaganda and agitation. If there were any proof that they had confided in him what their real purposes were, or that he knew or believed what they really were, I should not hesitate to impose the death penalty."
49:
270:
381:, or giving material assistance to an enemy. The prosecution and its witnesses could demonstrate only an association and not that Cramer had given "Aid and Comfort," as defined in Article Three. Jackson wrote that the jury had been given no evidence that Cramer had "even paid for their drinks." As such, the majority opinion held, the associations were insufficient to convict Cramer for treason, and the judgment of the Court of Appeals was reversed.
891:
326:). In the aftermath of the failure of that operation, the Germans were tried as saboteurs by a military tribunal. Six of them, including Thiel and Kerling, were executed. Sixteen people, including Cramer, were arrested for aiding the saboteurs. In November 1942, he was convicted of treason by a civilian court on the basis of his association with Thiel and Kerling. Judge
565:"8 MEN, 6 WOMEN HELD AS U.S. AIDES TO NAZI SABOTEURS; FBI Announces Arrests in New York and Chicago -- Wife of Leader Among Prisoners PICKED BY HIGH COMMAND Group Hid Money, Bought Car, Cashed Bills for Those Now Being Tried by Army 14 HELD AS AIDES TO NAZI SABOTEURS"
297:. Cramer left the organization in 1935, believing it was a scam, and disliking some of their "radical activities". Before the United States entered the war, Cramer had written letters to his friends and family in Europe, sympathizing with the Nazi regime. Before the
1178:
301:, he'd strongly opposed any kind of participation in the war by the United States against Germany. He expressed concern about the draft, which he said was part of aggression against Germany. Cramer also listened to broadcasts by Nazi propagandists, including
2095:
1970:
1393:
1385:
1353:
729:"SIXTY CASES AWAIT HIGH COURT RULING; Thirty Are Ready for Decision as the Justices Sit Today -- Insurance Issue Awaited 114 DISSENTS IN THIS TERM Visitors Increase as a Result -- Next Session April 24 and Adjournment About June 1"
782:"HIGH COURT WEIGHS FIRST TREASON CASE; Intent of Framers of Constitution Described in Arguments Appealing Cramer Conviction SUIT TURNS ON 'OVERT ACT' Defense Counsel Says Meeting With Nazi Saboteurs Was Not Actually Traitorous"
703:"HIGH COURT TO HEAR CRAMER ON APPEAL; Grants Review of Conviction for Treason -- $ 40,000,000 Optical Suit Is Dismissed TRIBUNAL SPLIT ON ISSUE Concerns Accused of Plot on Instruments -- Gene McCann Wins Another Pleading"
756:"CRAMER IS CLEARED IN TREASON CASE; Supreme Court in 5-to-4 Vote Reverses Conviction of New Yorker as Saboteur Aide NEW COMPLAINT POSSIBLE Minority Calls the Conclusion 'Ludicrous'--First Test of Law in Court's History"
1806:
2151:
2055:
1798:
651:"CRAMER TO PRISON FOR 45-YEAR TERM; Befriender of Nazi Spy Is Spared Death Despite Strong Correa Plea HE IS FINED $ 10,000 ALSO Court's Action Due to Traitor's Only Hazy Knowledge of Saboteur's Plans"
1401:
2517:
1086:
1758:
1750:
1377:
1078:
2492:
2290:
330:
sentenced him to 45 years in prison, along with a fine of $ 10,000. Goddard remarked that he only refrained from imposing a death sentence due to Cramer's lack of full knowledge of the plot.
1194:
312:, one of whom he had prior business dealings with. Thiel, Kerling, and six other Germans, two of whom were dual nationals, were later found to be in the United States for the purpose of
2512:
2183:
1062:
906:
339:
121:
92:
1734:
1425:
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1046:
1662:
1239:
2175:
1231:
1678:
346:
on
November 8, 1943. The case was originally argued on March 9, 1944; reargued on November 6, 1944; and finally decided on April 23, 1945. Before the Supreme Court,
995:
236:
1441:
1774:
1582:
1782:
1409:
1054:
374:
2497:
1473:
1256:
728:
702:
589:
2507:
1686:
537:
650:
2255:
2167:
2487:
1251:
853:
564:
755:
676:
1954:
983:
351:
1433:
1202:
1098:
781:
590:"CRAMER CONVICTED IN TREASON CASE; Naturalized German Is Facing Death for Helping Thiel, Executed Nazi Spy CRAMER CONVICTED IN TREASON CASE"
2199:
1694:
1538:
1273:
895:
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1321:
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1030:
992:
401:
250:
53:
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2127:
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1417:
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28:
2159:
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1497:
1186:
2191:
2103:
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1297:
1223:
1214:
1872:
1313:
1289:
854:"AIDE OF NAZI SPIES GETS 6-YEAR TERM; Cramer, Whose Conviction for Treason Was Voided, Pleads Guilty to Lesser Crime"
2428:
1630:
1505:
1109:
976:
2239:
1598:
342:, where his conviction was upheld. Appealing to the court of last resort, the Supreme Court, Cramer was granted
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2231:
1880:
1670:
1638:
1345:
1125:
1766:
538:"TREASON CHARGED TO FRIEND OF SPY; First Indictment of Its Kind Here in This War Names Man as Invader's Aide"
2444:
2436:
2015:
1654:
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1465:
1162:
953:
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1925:
1622:
1361:
1305:
1281:
1038:
298:
290:
2314:
2215:
2047:
1742:
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1702:
1606:
1566:
969:
910:
289:. Cramer moved to the United States in 1925, and was naturalized in 1936. He was a former member of the
201:
84:
917:
308:
During his time living in the United States, Cramer had associated with two
Germans, Werner Thiel and
615:
Howard, J. Woodford (1986). "Advocacy in
Constitutional Choice: The Cramer Treason Case, 1942-1945".
294:
286:
2031:
2007:
1917:
1864:
1550:
1337:
1021:
935:
437:
317:
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169:
99:
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1999:
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1558:
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1153:
835:
632:
389:
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181:
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1978:
1814:
1710:
1614:
1265:
1133:
1070:
861:
827:
370:
193:
177:
1179:
Black & White
Taxicab & Transfer Co. v. Brown & Yellow Taxicab & Transfer Co.
459:
2357:
1822:
1369:
1141:
819:
624:
414:
327:
134:
A conviction for treason must meet the definition given in
Article III of the Constitution.
2404:
2365:
2111:
2071:
2023:
1590:
961:
926:
322:
149:
388:
claimed that acts, though innocent by nature, may serve a treasonous plan. Chief
Justice
2135:
2096:
Valley Forge
Christian College v. Americans United for Separation of Church & State
2039:
1990:
1962:
1843:
1170:
823:
628:
309:
2481:
1946:
1909:
512:
487:
347:
302:
2143:
354:
189:
157:
1394:
C & L Enterprises, Inc. v. Citizen Band, Potawatomi Indian Tribe of
Oklahoma
293:, a pro-Nazi organization based in the United States, which was the predecessor
282:
87:
1971:
Williamson County
Regional Planning Commission v. Hamilton Bank of Johnson City
944:
677:"TREASON VERDICT UPHELD; Cramer, Aid of Nazi Saboteurs, Loses in Appeals Court"
890:
343:
165:
103:
17:
1386:
College
Savings Bank v. Florida Prepaid Postsecondary Education Expense Board
865:
831:
1354:
Oklahoma Tax Commission v. Citizen Band, Potawatomi Indian Tribe of Oklahoma
1937:
1855:
313:
278:
808:"Advocacy in Constitutional Choice: The Cramer Treason Case, 1942-1945"
258:
254:
1807:
Grable & Sons Metal Products, Inc. v. Darue Engineering & Mfg.
839:
807:
636:
29:
Aboriginal title in California § Cramer v. United States (1923)
513:"United States v. Cramer, 137 F.2d 888 | Casetext Search + Citator"
2152:
Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. Laidlaw Environmental Services, Inc.
2056:
United States v. Students Challenging Regulatory Agency Procedures
268:
488:"Cramer v. United States, 325 U.S. 1 | Casetext Search + Citator"
377:
is clear in its definition of treason, limited to the waging of
366:
2392:
2343:
1841:
1799:
JPMorgan Chase Bank v. Traffic Stream (BVI) Infrastructure Ltd.
1536:
1007:
965:
48:
1402:
Inyo County v. Paiute-Shoshone Indians of the Bishop Community
378:
1087:
Moses H. Cone Memorial Hospital v. Mercury Construction Corp.
1759:
Northern Pipeline Construction Co. v. Marathon Pipe Line Co.
1751:
Mt. Healthy City School District Board of Education v. Doyle
1378:
Kiowa Tribe of Oklahoma v. Manufacturing Technologies, Inc.
1079:
Colorado River Water Conservation District v. United States
2291:
County of Oneida v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York State
1195:
Hinderlider v. La Plata River & Cherry Creek Ditch Co.
218:
Jackson, joined by Roberts, Frankfurter, Murphy, Rutledge
400:
In 1945, Cramer pleaded guilty to two lesser charges of
2184:
Arizona Christian School Tuition Organization v. Winn
1063:
England v. Louisiana State Board of Medical Examiners
350:, a future Federal judge, appeared for Cramer, while
2518:
United States Supreme Court cases of the Stone Court
1735:
Oneida Indian Nation of New York v. County of Oneida
1426:
City of Sherrill v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York
1047:
Louisiana Power & Light Co. v. City of Thibodaux
2274:
2064:
Schlesinger v. Reservists Committee to Stop the War
1989:
1936:
1899:
1854:
1250:
1213:
1152:
1097:
1020:
230:
222:
214:
209:
138:
128:
116:
111:
79:
69:
60:
41:
1663:Louisville & Nashville Railroad Co. v. Mottley
2493:United States Constitution Article Three case law
1679:American Well Works Co. v. Layne & Bowler Co.
1240:Exxon Mobil Corp. v. Saudi Basic Industries Corp.
2176:Massachusetts v. Environmental Protection Agency
1232:District of Columbia Court of Appeals v. Feldman
365:The Court decided five-to-four to overturn the
1442:Permanent Mission of India v. City of New York
460:"Nazi Saboteur Commission, Vol. 10, 1593-1659"
1775:Commodity Futures Trading Commission v. Schor
1583:American Insurance Co. v. 356 Bales of Cotton
977:
439:Friend of Nazi saboteurs given 45 years: 1942
253:reviewed the conviction of Anthony Cramer, a
249:, 325 U.S. 1 (1945), was a case in which the
8:
2513:United States home front during World War II
1783:Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals Inc. v. Thompson
1410:United States v. White Mountain Apache Tribe
1055:United Gas Pipe Line Co. v. Ideal Cement Co.
418:: an earlier treason case before the Court.
404:. He was sentenced to six years in prison.
369:verdict. Writing for the majority, Justice
2389:
2340:
1851:
1838:
1687:Smith v. Kansas City Title & Trust Co.
1533:
1474:Republic of Argentina v. NML Capital, Ltd.
1017:
1004:
984:
970:
962:
38:
2256:FDA v. Alliance for Hippocratic Medicine
2168:Hein v. Freedom From Religion Foundation
812:American Bar Foundation Research Journal
617:American Bar Foundation Research Journal
357:defended the actions of the government.
436:Spark, Washington Area (July 1, 1942),
428:
340:Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit
120:United States v. Cramer, 137 F.2d 888 (
338:Cramer appealed his conviction to the
1434:Dolan v. United States Postal Service
1203:Clearfield Trust Co. v. United States
226:Douglas, joined by Stone, Black, Reed
36:1945 United States Supreme Court case
7:
2200:Clapper v. Amnesty International USA
1695:Hartsville Oil Mill v. United States
896:Cramer v. United States (325 U.S. 1)
482:
480:
2413:Osborn v. Bank of the United States
1955:Toilet Goods Ass'n, Inc. v. Gardner
1322:Banco Nacional de Cuba v. Sabbatino
1118:Seneca Nation of Indians v. Christy
2088:Pfizer Inc. v. Government of India
1490:Jam v. International Finance Corp.
1031:Railroad Commission v. Pullman Co.
824:10.1111/j.1747-4469.1986.tb00250.x
629:10.1111/j.1747-4469.1986.tb00250.x
251:Supreme Court of the United States
124:1943); judgement for the plaintiff
54:Supreme Court of the United States
25:
2498:United States Supreme Court cases
1274:The Schooner Exchange v. M'Faddon
2508:American Theater of World War II
1450:Ali v. Federal Bureau of Prisons
889:
47:
1791:Plaut v. Spendthrift Farm, Inc.
1482:OBB Personenverkehr AG v. Sachs
913:1 (1945) is available from:
257:-born naturalized citizen, for
74:Anthony Cramer v. United States
2488:1945 in United States case law
2128:Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife
2080:Illinois Brick Co. v. Illinois
1418:Republic of Austria v. Altmann
1330:Santa Clara Pueblo v. Martinez
780:Walz, Jay (November 7, 2018).
754:Wood, Lewis (April 24, 2018).
285:, he was conscripted into the
1:
2160:DaimlerChrysler Corp. v. Cuno
1889:Acheson Hotels, LLC v. Laufer
1498:Republic of Sudan v. Harrison
1187:Erie Railroad Co. v. Tompkins
563:Wood, Lewis (July 14, 1942).
2104:City of Los Angeles v. Lyons
1298:Schillinger v. United States
1224:Rooker v. Fidelity Trust Co.
806:Howard, J. Woodford (1986).
392:concurred with the dissent.
384:Writing in dissent, Justice
1873:Campbell-Ewald Co. v. Gomez
1314:United States v. Wunderlich
281:on October 5, 1900. During
277:Anthony Cramer was born in
2534:
2429:Mistretta v. United States
1655:Burton v. United States II
1631:City of St. Louis v. Myers
1506:Opati v. Republic of Sudan
1110:Murdock v. City of Memphis
27:For a different case, see
26:
2399:
2388:
2352:
2339:
2240:TransUnion LLC v. Ramirez
1850:
1837:
1647:Burton v. United States I
1599:United States v. Jackalow
1575:Martin v. Hunter's Lessee
1545:
1532:
1016:
1003:
235:
143:
133:
63:Reargued November 6, 1944
46:
2461:Bank Markazi v. Peterson
2232:Uzuegbunam v. Preczewski
1881:Uzuegbunam v. Preczewski
1671:Muskrat v. United States
1639:Barrett v. United States
1346:United States v. Stanley
1126:Fox Film Corp. v. Muller
1101:independent state ground
237:U.S. Const. art. III § 3
2503:Treason Clause case law
2445:United States v. Hatter
2437:Peretz v. United States
2374:Cramer v. United States
2016:Massachusetts v. Mellon
1767:Thomas v. Union Carbide
1466:United States v. Bormes
1215:Rooker–Feldman doctrine
1163:United States v. Hudson
903:Cramer v. United States
246:Cramer v. United States
42:Cramer v. United States
2208:Spokeo, Inc. v. Robins
1926:Nixon v. United States
1623:United States v. Klein
1514:Trump v. United States
1362:Saudi Arabia v. Nelson
1306:Feres v. United States
1282:Mississippi v. Johnson
1039:Burford v. Sun Oil Co.
860:. September 29, 1945.
402:trading with the enemy
336:
299:attack on Pearl Harbor
291:Friends of New Germany
274:
273:Anthony Cramer in 1942
65:Decided April 23, 1945
2366:United States v. Burr
2315:Rucho v. Common Cause
2216:Texas v. Pennsylvania
2192:Bond v. United States
2048:Sierra Club v. Morton
1743:Arizona v. New Mexico
1727:Glidden Co. v. Zdanok
1703:Wisconsin v. Illinois
1607:Ex parte Vallandigham
1567:United States v. More
1257:presidential immunity
332:
272:
1290:United States v. Lee
295:German American Bund
287:Imperial German Army
61:Argued March 9, 1944
2032:Altvater v. Freeman
2008:Fairchild v. Hughes
1918:Goldwater v. Carter
1865:DeFunis v. Odegaard
1551:Chisholm v. Georgia
1338:Nixon v. Fitzgerald
954:Library of Congress
596:. November 19, 1942
544:. September 1, 1942
318:Operation Pastorius
2421:Forrester v. White
2307:Vieth v. Jubelirer
2264:Murthy v. Missouri
2120:Diamond v. Charles
2000:Bailiff v. Tipping
1901:Political question
1719:Colegrove v. Green
1559:Marbury v. Madison
1458:Samantar v. Yousuf
1252:Sovereign immunity
1154:Federal common law
993:U.S. Supreme Court
858:The New York Times
786:The New York Times
760:The New York Times
733:The New York Times
709:. November 9, 1943
707:The New York Times
681:The New York Times
657:. December 3, 1942
655:The New York Times
594:The New York Times
569:The New York Times
542:The New York Times
390:Harlan Fiske Stone
386:William O. Douglas
275:
182:William O. Douglas
154:Associate Justices
98:65 S. Ct. 918; 89
2475:
2474:
2471:
2470:
2453:Stern v. Marshall
2384:
2383:
2335:
2334:
2331:
2330:
2321:Benisek v. Lamone
2299:Davis v. Bandemer
2248:Biden v. Nebraska
2224:Trump v. New York
1979:Trump v. New York
1833:
1832:
1815:Bowles v. Russell
1711:Crowell v. Benson
1615:Ex parte McCardle
1528:
1527:
1524:
1523:
1266:Little v. Barreme
1134:Harrison v. NAACP
1071:Younger v. Harris
894:Works related to
683:. August 21, 1943
464:users.soc.umn.edu
371:Robert H. Jackson
352:Solicitor General
279:Arnsberg, Germany
242:
241:
202:Wiley B. Rutledge
194:Robert H. Jackson
178:Felix Frankfurter
16:(Redirected from
2525:
2390:
2358:Ex parte Bollman
2341:
1852:
1839:
1823:Patchak v. Zinke
1534:
1370:Clinton v. Jones
1142:Michigan v. Long
1018:
1005:
986:
979:
972:
963:
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735:. April 10, 1944
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415:Ex parte Bollman
328:Henry W. Goddard
139:Court membership
51:
50:
39:
21:
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2405:Stuart v. Laird
2395:
2380:
2348:
2327:
2270:
2112:Allen v. Wright
2072:Warth v. Seldin
2024:Ex parte Levitt
1985:
1932:
1895:
1846:
1829:
1591:Sheldon v. Sill
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1520:
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1209:
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410:
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363:
323:Ex parte Quirin
267:
192:
180:
170:Stanley F. Reed
168:
150:Harlan F. Stone
107:
64:
62:
56:
37:
32:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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2326:
2325:
2311:
2303:
2295:
2287:
2283:Hayburn's Case
2278:
2276:
2272:
2271:
2269:
2268:
2260:
2252:
2244:
2236:
2228:
2220:
2212:
2204:
2196:
2188:
2180:
2172:
2164:
2156:
2148:
2140:
2136:Raines v. Byrd
2132:
2124:
2116:
2108:
2100:
2092:
2084:
2076:
2068:
2060:
2052:
2044:
2040:Flast v. Cohen
2036:
2028:
2020:
2012:
2004:
1995:
1993:
1987:
1986:
1984:
1983:
1975:
1967:
1963:Laird v. Tatum
1959:
1951:
1942:
1940:
1934:
1933:
1931:
1930:
1922:
1914:
1905:
1903:
1897:
1896:
1894:
1893:
1885:
1877:
1869:
1860:
1858:
1848:
1847:
1844:Justiciability
1842:
1835:
1834:
1831:
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1811:
1803:
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1595:
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492:casetext.com
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443:, retrieved
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375:Constitution
364:
355:Charles Fahy
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231:Laws applied
197:
190:Frank Murphy
185:
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158:Owen Roberts
112:Case history
91:
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33:
996:Article III
283:World War I
102:1441; 1945
2482:Categories
1022:Abstention
1010:Federalism
423:References
344:certiorari
265:Background
166:Hugo Black
104:U.S. LEXIS
866:0362-4331
832:0361-9486
396:Aftermath
80:Citations
1991:Standing
1938:Ripeness
1856:Mootness
998:case law
901:Text of
791:June 14,
765:June 14,
739:June 14,
713:June 14,
687:June 14,
661:June 14,
600:June 13,
574:June 14,
548:June 14,
408:See also
314:sabotage
215:Majority
2346:Treason
927:Findlaw
361:Opinion
259:treason
223:Dissent
129:Holding
122:2d Cir.
2464:(2016)
2456:(2011)
2448:(2001)
2440:(1991)
2432:(1989)
2424:(1988)
2416:(1824)
2408:(1803)
2394:Others
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2324:(2019)
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2302:(1986)
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2286:(1792)
2275:Others
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2251:(2023)
2243:(2021)
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2107:(1983)
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2091:(1978)
2083:(1977)
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2043:(1968)
2035:(1943)
2027:(1937)
2019:(1923)
2011:(1922)
2003:(1805)
1982:(2020)
1974:(1985)
1966:(1972)
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1921:(1979)
1913:(1962)
1892:(2023)
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1876:(2016)
1868:(1974)
1826:(2018)
1818:(2007)
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1802:(2002)
1794:(1995)
1786:(1986)
1778:(1986)
1770:(1985)
1762:(1982)
1754:(1977)
1746:(1976)
1738:(1974)
1730:(1962)
1722:(1946)
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1137:(1959)
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1113:(1875)
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100:L. Ed.
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836:JSTOR
633:JSTOR
320:(see
117:Prior
911:U.S.
873:2023
862:ISSN
828:ISSN
793:2018
767:2018
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715:2018
689:2018
663:2018
602:2018
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550:2018
524:2023
499:2023
471:2023
447:2023
367:jury
106:2157
93:more
85:U.S.
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1254:and
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820:doi
625:doi
379:war
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