187:: Two Acts of Parliament were passed requiring people to take an Oath of Allegiance to the Commonwealth, on 11/12 October 1649, and on 2 January 1650. Conventionally Oaths were regarded as "the strictest Ties and Obligations that a man can be under". For many the Engagement to the Commonwealth was impossible to take because it overrode their prior obligation to the monarchy (King Charles I and his heirs). The Presbyterian
110:. This appeared in 1648, probably in July at the height of the political uncertainty engendered by the second Civil War. The previous month the Army had shown that it wielded both political and military power and Ascham's Discourse was widely seen as a defence of the Army as the conquering power, and as a plea for "the rank of the people" to adopt a position of political quiescence.
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held that he "could not judge it seemly for him that believed there is a God to play fast and loose with a dreadful oath". In contrast, Ascham argued that all oaths involved tacit conditions, of which the ability of the government to protect the people was the main one. A government that could not
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who published a brief pamphlet in April 1649 in which he argued that allegiance could be given to the
Commonwealth even though it were acknowledged to be an illegal power. It was a radical shift in the basis of the argument that was to be followed through by theorists engaged in the debate on de
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Parliament's ultimate victory and the establishment of the
Commonwealth posed a problem for those who felt unable to accept the legality of the new government but were now being required to give it their allegiance, and also for those who regarded their oath of allegiance to King Charles I
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as against
Sanderson's work. In these works Ascham's essential argument was that in a situation in which people had to look after their own safety, they were justified in giving their allegiance to any power that was capable of protecting them, whatever the legality of its title to power.
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as a solemn oath to God that could not be broken. One argument, provided by a group of political theorists variously called the
Engagers or de facto theorists, was to argue that an individual could give their obedience to the de facto government in being simply because it was in power.
134:, which was published in July. This work firstly took issue with those whose arguments continued to be based on Romans 13: 1–2 and in particular addressed the arguments in an anonymous work that may have been published in two parts, but that is extant only in its second part entitled
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l
Licenciado Don Vicente Bañuelos, Fiscal de la Carcel de Corte, Haze Recuerdo A Los Señores Alcaldes, para que sentencien y executen en la causa de Don Juan Guillen y consortes, Ingleses, presos. Por las muertes alevosas De Don Antonio Asikan, Embaxador, y Iuan Babtista Ribas su
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was to be republished, anonymously, following the ousting of King James II. Then the question of the legality of the oath of allegiance to King
William and Queen Mary had come to the fore. It did not, however, generate any discussion. By then the leading theorist in the field was
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El Doctor Don
Agustin de Hierro, Caballero del orden de Calatraba, Fiscal del Consejo, Contra Don Iuan Guillen, Guillermo Arnet, y Oduardo Usual, Ingleses, que dizen ser, y presos en la Carcel Real desta Corte. Por Auer muerto a traiciõ, y de caso pensado a Antonio
70:"closed with the Presbyterian in the beginning of the rebellion, took the covenant, sided with the Independents, became a great creature of the long parliament by whose authority he was made tutor to James, Duke of York), and an active person against his sovereign".
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Anthony Ascham, Of the
Confusions and Revolutions of Governments, London, W. Wilson, 1649, facsimile edition published with an introduction by G W S V Rumble by Scholars' Facsimiles and Reprints, Delmar, New York,
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In the debate that followed Ascham played a major part in developing a theory of political obligation to the de facto power. In 1649 it is possible that he was author of a short anonymous pamphlet,
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138:; and secondly bypassed the critical emphasis on Romans 13: 1–2 to develop arguments based on the need to protect oneself from chaos, as originally deployed by Ascham in his 1648
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For many such a theory was deeply shocking since it emphasised power at the expense of authority, and subordinated allegiance to self-interest. The debate was initiated by
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Resolutions of
Conscience (by a learned Divine) in answer to a letter sent with Mr Ascham's Book, Treating, How farre it may be lawful to submit to an Usurped Power
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A Combate between Two
Seconds. One for Obeying the Present Government. The Other the second part of a Demurrer undeservedly called Religious
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on 27 May. Accounts of the subsequent trial by Agustin de Hierro were published in English and Spanish, and by Vicente Bañuelos in Spanish.
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Having thus entered the pamphlet "war", Ascham then began to expand his arguments. He was certainly the author of a longer pamphlet,
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He was probably born on 6 March 1613/1614, the younger son of Thomas Ascham, an alderman of Boston, Lincolnshire. He was educated at
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in Spain, but he never presented his credentials to the Court as he was murdered by a group of six Royalists émigrés in an Inn in
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Reply to a paper of Dr Sandersons, containing a censure of Mr A. A. his book of the Confusions and revolution of Government
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82:. Ascham's reward for his support of the republican Commonwealth was to be appointed as a trade representative to the
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A Discourse, wherein is examined what is particularly lawfull during the Confusions and Revolutions of Government
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A Seasonable Discourse, Wherein is Examined what is Lawful during the Confusions and Revolutions of Government
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The process and Pleadings in the Court of Spain upon the death of Anthonie Ascham
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By the autumn of 1649 the debate began to centre on the specific question of the
171:(sic), which was published on 9 January 1650, was directed as much as against
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His appointment as tutor dated from 1646. James, Duke of York was the future
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Cambridge University Library MSS, MS Gg.1.4, fo.xxii ff. paginated 1–56.
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39:(c. 1614 – 27 May 1650) was a British academic, political theorist,
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British academic, political theorist, Parliamentarian, and diplomat
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in Hamburg in 1649. In 1650, he was appointed to represent the
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can be found in the Archive Collection of NPG (NPG D29012).
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who criticised it in a short and pungent pamphlet. Ascham's
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Oath of Allegiance and the Engagement to the Commonwealth
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Of the Confusions and Revolutions of Goverment [
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that remained unpublished. His first published work was
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protect its people lost the right to their allegiance.
321:The Lawfulness of Obeying the Present Government
102:In 1647 Ascham prepared a manuscript treatise
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223:A portrait engraving of Anthony Ascham by
147:The Bounds and Bonds of Publique Obedience
136:The Second Part of the Religious Demurrer
55:and in 1634 went as a King's Scholar to
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163:. This work attracted the attention of
177:Exercitation concerning usurped powers
153:, which now appeared under the title
19:For the 16th century astrologer, see
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432:People of the Interregnum (England)
397:Alumni of King's College, Cambridge
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264:, ed. Bliss, London, 1817, 3: 750
80:Henry Stuart, Duke of Gloucester
412:People educated at Eton College
32:Anthony Ascham by Robert Cooper
427:Assassinated British diplomats
417:English people murdered abroad
407:17th-century English diplomats
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245:"Ascham, Anthony (ASCN634A)"
249:A Cambridge Alumni Database
21:Anthony Ascham (astrologer)
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251:. University of Cambridge.
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57:King's College, Cambridge
437:Assassinated ambassadors
422:People murdered in Spain
88:Commonwealth of England
402:English murder victims
357:, London, 1696, p. 54.
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355:Reliquiae Baxterianae
214:(first edition), and
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206:De Corpore Politico
262:Athenae Oxonienses
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301:Interpate
217:Leviathan
197:Discourse
151:Discourse
140:Discourse
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211:De Cive
288:Asikan
92:Madrid
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