546:(FDA) first published standards for making, using and storing anthrax vaccine adsorbed. In the mid-1980s, the FDA approved it specifically for two limited preventive indications: 1) individuals who may come in contact with animal products or high-risk persons such as veterinarians and others handling potentially infected animals; and 2) individuals engaged in diagnostic or investigational activities involving anthrax spores. In 1985, the FDA published a Proposed Rule for a specific product review of the anthrax vaccine adsorbed, stating that the vaccine's "efficacy against inhalation anthrax is not well documented" (a statement quoted controversially many years later). For many years, anthrax vaccine adsorbed was a little known product considered to be safe for pre-exposure use in the US in at-risk veterinarians, laboratory workers, livestock handlers, and textile plant workers who process animal hair. In 1990, the State of Michigan changed the name of its original production plant facility to the Michigan Biologic Products Institute (MBPI) as it gave up state ownership and converted it to a private entity. The same year (as later revealed) MBPI changed both the fermenters and the filters used in manufacturing anthrax vaccine adsorbed without notifying the FDA, thus reportedly causing a 100 fold increase in the PA levels present in vaccine lots.
730:." With regard to safety, "The committee found no evidence that people face an increased risk of experiencing life-threatening or permanently disabling adverse events immediately after receiving anthrax vaccine adsorbed, when compared with the general population. Nor did it find any convincing evidence that people face elevated risk of developing adverse health effects over the longer term, although data are limited in this regard (as they are for all vaccines)." Side effects of anthrax vaccine adsorbed were found to be "comparable to those observed with other vaccines regularly administered to adults". The committee concluded that anthrax vaccine adsorbed is "safe and efficacious" for pre-exposure prevention of inhalational anthrax. It also asserted that a new and improved anthrax vaccine might have greater assurance of consistency than anthrax vaccine adsorbed and recommended licensure of a new vaccine requiring fewer doses and producing fewer local reactions.
757:
findings centered on FDA procedural issues, stating that additional public comment should have been sought before the FDA issued its Final Rule declaring the vaccine safe and effective on 30 December 2003. The FDA's incomplete rulemaking from 1985 effectively rendered the anthrax vaccine program illegal. The basis was the never finalized FDA Proposed Rule. In that rulemaking the FDA published, but never finalized, a licensing rule for the anthrax vaccine in the
Federal Register, which included an expert review panel's findings. Those findings included the fact that the "Anthrax vaccine efficacy against inhalation anthrax is not well documented," and that "No meaningful assessment of its value against inhalation anthrax is possible due to its low incidence," and that "The vaccine manufactured by the Michigan Department of Public Health has not been employed in a controlled field trial."
49:
702:, assessed adverse events among 603 military health-care workers. Rates of events that resulted in seeking medical advice or taking time off work were 7.9% after the first dose; 5.1% after the second dose; 3.0% after the third dose; and 3.1% after the fourth dose. Events most commonly reported included muscle or joint aches, headache, and fatigue. However, these studies are subject to several methodological limitations, including sample size, the limited ability to detect adverse events, loss to follow-up, exemption of vaccine recipients with previous adverse events, observational bias, and the absence of unvaccinated control groups.
586:
satisfaction and various quality control failures, including reuse of expired vaccine, inadequate testing procedures, and use of lots that had failed testing. All of these developments vexed the Army, not only in its efforts to obtain sufficient vaccine for the troops, but in its desire to have anthrax vaccine adsorbed validated and fully licensed for prevention of inhalational anthrax, which is the expected weaponized form of the disease (as opposed to the cutaneous form for which the vaccine had been licensed in 1970). In 1995, the Army contracted with the
526:
cases). The vaccine was judged to have a 92.5% vaccine efficacy against all types of anthrax experienced. Subsequently, there were no controlled clinical trials in humans of the efficacy of anthrax vaccine adsorbed due to the rarity of the condition (especially in the inhalational form) in humans and the ethical inadmissibility of conducting dangerous challenge studies in human subjects. Supportive animal challenge studies were done, however, showing that unvaccinated animals uniformly die whereas vaccinated animals are protected. About 95% of
623:
674:(jointly with former MBPI laboratory directors) for approximately $ 24 million. The same year, a particularly damning FDA report was issued resulting in the temporary suspension of anthrax vaccine adsorbed shipments from the production plant. Much controversy ensued due to the FDA infractions, the mandatory nature of the program, and to a public perception that anthrax vaccine adsorbed was unsafe — possibly causing sometimes serious side effects — and might be contributing to the highly politically charged malady known as "
1062:
thermostabilize PA molecule by solvent engineering and genetic engineering approaches to generate a thermostable anthrax vaccine formulation without compromising on the immunogenicity and its protective potential. The generation of a thermostable anthrax vaccine would minimize the current cold chain requirement for its storage and transport. Anthrax vaccines which would be amenable to other modes of administration such as oral, nasal, skin patch etc., are also being experimented.
690:, data were collected at the time of anthrax vaccination from 4,348 service personnel regarding adverse events experienced from a previous dose of anthrax vaccine. Most reported events were localized, minor, and self-limited. After the first or second dose, 1.9% reported limitations in work performance or had been placed on limited duty. Only 0.3% reported >1 day lost from work; 0.5% consulted a clinic for evaluation; and one person (0.02%) required hospitalization for an
726:
likely to have. Primates and rabbits were considered the best models for human disease. As regards vaccine effectiveness, "The committee finds that the available evidence from studies with humans and animals, coupled with reasonable assumptions of analogy, show that anthrax vaccine adsorbed as licensed is an effective vaccine for the protection of humans against anthrax, including inhalational anthrax, caused by all known or plausible engineered strains of
1066:
ABthrax. In 2009, HGS announced that they had made first delivery of 20,000 doses of ABthrax to the United States
Department of Defense. Currently three anthrax antitoxin antibodies, namely, Anthrax immune globulin intravenous or 'AIGIV' (polyclonal), 'Obiltoxaximab' or 'ANTHIM' (monoclonal), and 'Raxibacumab' or 'ABthrax' (monoclonal) are approved for the treatment of inhalation anthrax.
3698:
1237:
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590:(SAIC) to develop a plan to obtain FDA approval for a license amendment for anthrax vaccine adsorbed in order to add inhalational anthrax exposure to the product license thus enabling the manufacturer to list on the product license that the vaccine was effective against that form of the disease. The following year, MBPI submitted an "
799:. A modification of previous policy allowed military personnel no longer deployed to higher threat areas to receive follow up doses and booster shots on a voluntary basis. As of June 2008, over 8 million doses of anthrax vaccine adsorbed had been administered to over 2 million US military personnel as part of the AVIP.
914:
Pregnant women should not be vaccinated against anthrax unless the potential benefits of vaccination have been determined to outweigh the potential risk to the fetus. If this drug is used during pregnancy, or if the patient becomes pregnant while taking this product, the patient should be apprised of
760:
On 15 December 2005, the FDA re-issued a Final Rule & Order on the license status of the anthrax vaccine. After reviewing the extensive scientific evidence and carefully considering comments from the public, the FDA again determined that the vaccine is appropriately licensed for the prevention of
487:
Vaccination of humans with anthrax vaccine adsorbed induces an immune response to PA. More than 1/3 of subjects develop detectable anti-PA IgG after a single inoculation; 95% do so after a 2nd injection; and 100% after 3 doses. The peak IgG response occurs after the 4th (6 month) dose. The potency of
1033:
While effective in protecting against anthrax, the licensed vaccine schedule is not very efficient, involving a cumbersome five (previously six) dose injection series. Typically, five injections are given over a period of 18 months in order to induce a protective immune system response. In addition,
1065:
Human Genome
Sciences announced in 2007, the development of a new anthrax neutralizing monoclonal antibody with the trademark name of 'ABthrax'. The vaccine sensitizes the human immune system to the presence of the Anthrax Toxin Factor. In 2008, HGS reported on testing on 400 human volunteers given
725:
to review anthrax vaccine adsorbed according to the best available evidence. It issued its study in March 2002. The IOM panel noted that human data on inhalational anthrax prevention is limited due to the natural low incidence of disease and that therefore animal model data are the best we are ever
1042:
anthrax vaccine, for $ 877 million. To be acceptable to HHS, this vaccine was to be protective against anthrax in three doses or less. On 19 December 2006, HHS voided the contract, because of stability problems with the vaccine, and a failure to start a Phase 2 clinical trial on time. In May 2008,
991:(ACIP), the Johns Hopkins Working Group on Civilian Biodefense, and the 2002 Institute of Medicine report on the vaccine. However, anthrax vaccine adsorbed is not licensed for post-exposure prophylaxis for inhalational anthrax or for use in a 3-dose regimen. Any such use, therefore, would be on an
773:
reports that 4 million doses of the inventory will expire every year, requiring vaccine destruction services.) These would be used for pre- or post-exposure vaccination — of emergency first responders (police, firefighters), federal responders, medical practitioners, and private citizens — in the
446:
with small amounts of edema factor (EF) and lethal factor (LF) that may vary from lot to lot. Other uncharacterized bacterial byproducts are also present. Whether or not the EF and LF contribute to the vaccine's efficacy is not known. Anthrax vaccine adsorbed has smaller amounts of EF and LF than
786:
On 16 October 2006, the DoD announced the reinstatement of mandatory anthrax vaccinations for more than 200,000 troops and defense contractors. (Another lawsuit was filed by the same attorneys as before, challenging the basis of the vaccine's license on scientific grounds.) The reinstated policy
597:
In 1996, the US Department of
Defense (DoD) sought and received permission from the FDA to begin vaccinations of all military personnel without obtaining a new licensed indication for anthrax vaccine adsorbed. It announced a plan the following year for the mandatory vaccination of all US service
525:
where employees were sometimes exposed to anthrax spores in the course of their work. Over the five years, 379 vaccinees were compared against 414 unvaccinated control subjects. There were 23 cases among controls (5 of them inhalation anthrax) compared with 3 cases among vaccinated (0 inhalation
906:
Based on a retrospective cohort study of female military members inoculated during pregnancy, there may be a small risk of birth defect for inoculation during first trimester. However, the difference between the vaccinated and unvaccinated control groups was not large enough to be conclusive.
756:
Despite the positive IOM assessment, mandatory vaccinations of military personnel were halted due to an injunction which was put into place on 27 October 2004. The injunction cast questions about numerous substantive challenges regarding the anthrax vaccine in footnote #10, yet the procedural
585:
Meanwhile, MBPI fell afoul of FDA inspectors and reviewers when it failed inspections (1993, 1997) and received warning letters (1995) and
Notices of Intention to Revoke (1997) from the agency. At issue were a failure to validate the anthrax vaccine adsorbed manufacturing process to the FDA's
1061:
Research is being continuously done to develop and test new improved candidate anthrax vaccines. The primary immunogen of acellular existing vaccines, i.e., Protective
Antigen (PA), is highly thermolabile due to inherent structural and chemical instability. Various endeavors are underway to
577:
Use of anthrax vaccine adsorbed expanded dramatically in 1991, when the US military, concerned that Iraq possessed anthrax bioweapons, administered it to some 150,000 service members deployed for the Gulf War. Hussein never deployed his bio-weapons, but subsequent confirmation of an
867:
The loss of memory B-Cells leads to declining concentrations of IgG which can sequester APA, and therefore declining tolerance to the presence of anthrax bacteria. There is the potential that other memory B-Cell populations will be adversely affected as well.
582:— including 8,500 liters of concentrated anthrax spores (6,500 liters of it filled into munitions) — came in 1995 and later when the Iraqi government began to fully disclose the scope and scale of the effort, which it had pursued since the 1980s.
737:, Washington and New York area mail sorters were advised to receive prophylactic vaccination with anthrax vaccine adsorbed. Owing to the controversy surrounding the administration of the vaccine to military personnel, however, some 6,000
1025:) concluded that this anthrax vaccine is as safe as other vaccines. The academy considered more than a dozen studies using various scientific designs, and heard personally from many concerned US military service members.
594:" to modify the product's license to add an indication for inhalation anthrax, thus formally establishing anthrax vaccine adsorbed as an "experimental" vaccine when used to prevent anthrax in the inhalational form.
392:
in people aged 18 through 65 years of age. It is approved for both pre-exposure prophylaxis of disease in persons at high risk of exposure and post-exposure prophylaxis of disease following suspected or confirmed
949:
The approved FDA package insert for anthrax vaccine adsorbed contains the following notice: "The most common (>10%) local (injection-site) adverse reactions observed in clinical studies were tenderness, pain,
2295:
Singh S, Ahuja N, Chauhan V, Rajasekaran E, Mohsin Waheed S, Bhat R, et al. (September 2002). "Gln277 and Phe554 residues are involved in thermal inactivation of protective antigen of
Bacillus anthracis".
685:
Adverse events following anthrax vaccine adsorbed administration were assessed in several studies conducted by the DoD in the context of the routine anthrax vaccination program. Between 1998 and 2000, at
847:
569:
for their efforts in supplying the US military with increased amounts of anthrax vaccine adsorbed for use during the conflict in which the use of anthrax bio-weapons by Iraq had been anticipated.
1346:
530:(62 of 65) survived challenge, as did 97% of rabbits (114 of 117). Guinea pigs (which are a poorer model for human anthrax than are monkeys or rabbits) showed a 22% protection (19 of 88).
471:, immunity. Each dose of the vaccine contains no more than 0.83 mg aluminum per 0.5 mL dose. (This is near the allowed upper limit of 0.85 mg/dose.) It also contains 0.0025%
2211:
Singh S, Singh A, Aziz MA, Waheed SM, Bhat R, Bhatnagar R (September 2004). "Thermal inactivation of protective antigen of
Bacillus anthracis and its prevention by polyol osmolytes".
843:
839:
The US federal government has a goal to stockpile 75 million doses of anthrax vaccines. The new facility and its capacity will help
Emergent meet the government's security needs.
1047:
851:
190:
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anthrax attack. The product has attracted some controversy owing to alleged adverse events and questions as to whether it is effective against the inhalational form of anthrax.
319:
360:
Anthrax vaccine adsorbed originated in studies done in the 1950s and was first licensed for use in humans in 1970. In the US, the principal purchasers of the vaccine are the
1043:
Emergent
Biosolutions, the Maryland-based successor to BioPort, both controlled by former Lebanese banker Faud el Hibri, acquired rights to Vaxgen's patents and processes.
3601:
1801:
1594:
Centers for Disease Control Prevention (CDC) (April 2000). "Surveillance for adverse events associated with anthrax vaccination--U.S. Department of Defense, 1998-2000".
598:
members. Under the plan all military personnel, including new recruits, would begin receiving what was then a six-shot series of inoculations in the following fashion:
932:
Administer with caution to patients with a possible history of latex sensitivity because the vial stopper contains dry natural rubber and may cause allergic reactions.
954:
and arm motion limitation. The most common (>5%) systemic adverse reactions were muscle aches, fatigue and headache." Also, "Serious allergic reactions, including
1054:
for initial work on a potential future anthrax vaccine that could be delivered through the nasal passage instead of via a needle. The HPA has long produced the UK's
2749:
1844:
587:
802:
In December 2008, the FDA approved Biothrax for intramuscular injections thus reducing the immunization schedule from a total of 6 shots to 5 shots (see below).
2638:
110:
2248:"Multiple asparagine deamidation of Bacillus anthracis protective antigen causes charge isoforms whose complexity correlates with reduced biological activity"
1111:
2789:
2784:
988:
496:(ELISA). The shelf-life of anthrax vaccine adsorbed is reported to be three years when stored between 2 and 8 °C (36 and 46 °F) and never frozen.
658:
in 1997, made the vaccine mandatory for active duty US service personnel. Vaccinations began in March 1998 with personnel sent to high-risk areas, such as
424:(immunologically active) portions are produced from culture filtrates of a toxigenic, but avirulent, nonencapsulated mutant — known as V770-NP1-R — of the
2532:
1022:
2551:
48:
946:
of the known adverse events (local or systemic reactions) and no pattern of frequently reported serious adverse events for anthrax vaccine adsorbed.
3181:
2494:
1374:
400:
Anthrax vaccine adsorbed, adjuvanted (Cyfendus) is indicated for post-exposure prophylaxis of disease following suspected or confirmed exposure to
2168:
Manish M, Verma S, Kandari D, Kulshreshtha P, Singh S, Bhatnagar R (August 2020). "Anthrax prevention through vaccine and post-exposure therapy".
365:
566:
2799:
2374:
3652:
3580:
2149:
1692:
1643:
633:
3186:
644:
31:
3218:
2901:
2754:
2333:"Rapid deamidation of recombinant protective antigen when adsorbed on aluminum hydroxide gel correlates with reduced potency of vaccine"
2061:
836:, "The use of Building 55 to manufacture Biothrax could expand manufacturing capacity to an estimated 20 to 25 million doses annually."
514:
361:
1083:
3628:
2970:
2940:
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999:(officially experimental) basis. "... the safety and efficacy of Biothrax for post-exposure setting have not been established.".
652:
3040:
806:
493:
420:
Anthrax vaccine adsorbed is classified as a subunit vaccine that is cell-free and containing no whole or live anthrax bacteria. The
1738:
1017:
Although many individuals have expressed health concerns after receiving anthrax vaccine, a congressionally directed study by the
3607:
2582:
3191:
2132:
Friedlander AM, Grabenstein JD, Brachman PS (1 January 2013). "Anthrax vaccines". In Plotkin SA, Orenstein WA, Offit PA (eds.).
1772:
1187:
787:
required vaccinations for most military units and civilian contractors assigned to homeland bioterrorism defense or deployed in
3228:
3196:
3025:
2975:
431:
220:
142:
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1816:
1625:
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1870:
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2393:"Use of Anthrax Vaccine in the United States: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, 2019"
2034:
829:
766:
718:
694:. Adverse events were reported more commonly among women than among men. A second study, also between 1998 and 2000, at
543:
442:), anthrax vaccine adsorbed lacks the capsule plasmid pXO2 (required for full virulence) and is composed chiefly of the
369:
297:
741:
employees balked at this, preferring to take their chances with the risks of residual anthrax spores in the workplace.
3723:
3669:
695:
903:. Furin is also essential to maintain peripheral immune tolerance by creating memory T-cells and suppressor T-cells.
2003:
US FDA, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research CBER, Product Approval Information for Anthrax Vaccine Adsorbed
488:
anthrax vaccine adsorbed vaccine lots is routinely determined both by the survival rates of parenterally challenged
161:
3206:
2648:
2631:
522:
3728:
3256:
1802:"Emergent BioSolutions Announces That Biothrax (Anthrax Vaccine Adsorbed) Receives Market Authorization in India"
984:
832:, or sBLA) to manufacture Biothrax in a large building in Lansing, Michigan known as "Building 55." According to
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in people aged 18 through 65 years of age when administered in conjunction with recommended antibacterial drugs.
2017:
622:
3211:
3176:
3171:
3166:
2545:
1051:
996:
591:
579:
632:
Maj. Timothy Ballard (right) administers the final shot in the six-dose series of anthrax vaccine adsorbed to
120:
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3590:
3571:
3367:
3339:
3301:
3296:
3276:
2804:
1433:"Comparative safety and efficacy against Bacillus anthracis of protective antigen and live vaccines in mice"
691:
172:
3638:
3567:
2566:
1898:"T-cell-expressed proprotein convertase furin is essential for maintenance of peripheral immune tolerance"
648:
468:
179:
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entered into an agreement for the manufacture of the vaccine. Later that year, the Army awarded MBPI the
3633:
3467:
3462:
2918:
2864:
2774:
2502:
1331:
Leppla SH, Klimpel KR, Singh Y, et al (June 1996), "Interaction of anthrax toxin with mammalian cells",
1018:
880:
745:
714:
472:
643:
There were no published studies of anthrax vaccine adsorbed's safety in humans until the advent of the
1871:"Emergent BioSolutions Receives FDA Approval for Large-Scale Manufacturing of Biothrax in Building 55"
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1909:
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460:
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3057:
3052:
3003:
2834:
2702:
2674:
2626:
2526:
2039:
900:
872:
705:
By 2000, some 425,976 US service members had received 1,620,793 doses of anthrax vaccine adsorbed.
667:
456:
1699:
3472:
3306:
3047:
3013:
2998:
2874:
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955:
687:
353:
67:
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on the project. The facility's value is estimated at $ 104 million, according to Yahoo Finance.
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to a state-owned facility operated by the Michigan Department of Public Health. In 1973, the US
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Bower WA, Schiffer J, Atmar RL, Keitel WA, Friedlander AM, Liu L, et al. (December 2019).
966:
The approved US FDA package insert for anthrax vaccine adsorbed contains the following notice:
769:
retains a current unexpired inventory of 60 million doses of anthrax vaccine adsorbed. (The US
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3595:
3562:
3541:
3395:
3236:
3126:
3020:
2881:
2706:
2669:
2559:
2481:
2427:
2354:
2313:
2269:
2228:
2185:
2145:
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2069:
1976:
1935:
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1603:
1536:
1487:
1452:
1413:
1366:
1314:
738:
675:
671:
539:
348:
246:
234:
92:
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549:
Only several thousand people had ever received the vaccine up to 1991 when — coincident with
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of anthrax vaccine adsorbed in humans was initially established by Philip S. Brachman of the
3718:
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3362:
3223:
3136:
2541:
2471:
2463:
2417:
2407:
2344:
2305:
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2220:
2177:
2137:
2104:
2096:
1966:
1925:
1917:
1724:
1631:
1526:
1518:
1479:
1470:
Baylor NW, Egan W, Richman P (May 2002). "Aluminum salts in vaccines—US perspective".
1444:
1405:
1358:
1304:
1294:
1055:
958:, have been observed during post-marketing surveillance in individuals receiving Biothrax".
888:
810:
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undertaken between 1954 and 1959. The study field sites were four wool-sorting mills in the
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510:
464:
439:
435:
983:
administration of anthrax vaccine adsorbed is the most beneficial approach for purposes of
602:: Forces assigned now, or soon rotating, to high threat areas in Southwest Asia and Korea;
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3089:
2960:
2930:
2913:
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2643:
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1283:"Large-scale production of protective antigen of Bacillus anthracis in anaerobic cultures"
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80:
30:
This article is about the US-licensed vaccine product. For the US government program, see
2246:
Powell BS, Enama JT, Ribot WJ, Webster W, Little S, Hoover T, et al. (August 2007).
1791:- 'Mandatory Anthrax Shots to Return', Christopher Lee, Washington Post (17 October 2006)
538:
In 1970, anthrax vaccine adsorbed was first licensed by the USPHS for protection against
40:
1953:
Ryan MA, Smith TC, Sevick CJ, Honner WK, Loach RA, Moore CA, et al. (August 2008).
1913:
1553:
Brachman PS and Friedlander AM (1994), "Anthrax", In: Plotkin SA and Mortimer EA (eds):
17:
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3390:
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D'Souza AJ, Mar KD, Huang J, Majumdar S, Ford BM, Dyas B, et al. (February 2013).
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1930:
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1506:
1309:
1282:
1112:"Drug and medical device highlights 2018: Helping you maintain and improve your health"
762:
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550:
368:. Ten million courses (60 million doses) of the vaccine have been purchased for the US
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2109:
2084:
1769:
1483:
1362:
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3531:
3501:
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3351:
3114:
3109:
3104:
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3008:
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2653:
2197:
1955:"Birth defects among infants born to women who received anthrax vaccine in pregnancy"
1448:
1409:
1241:
1167:
1116:
1088:
679:
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527:
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as a stabilizer. The mechanism of action of the adjuvant is not entirely understood.
443:
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183:
134:
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775:
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203:
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1896:
Pesu M, Watford WT, Wei L, Xu L, Fuss I, Strober W, et al. (September 2008).
1845:"FDA approves sBLA for Biothrax manufacture at Emergent BioSolutions' Building 55"
1299:
678:". Hundreds of service members were compelled to leave the military (some of them
2002:
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exposure, when administered in conjunction with recommended antibacterial drugs.
3410:
3400:
3261:
3067:
3062:
2980:
2955:
2923:
2849:
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2602:
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Brachman PS, Gold H, Plotkin SA, Fekety FR, Werrin M, Ingraham NR (April 1962).
796:
792:
722:
659:
128:
2224:
929:
Severe allergic reaction (e.g., anaphylaxis) after a previous dose of Biothrax.
924:
The approved US FDA package insert for Biothrax contains the following notice:
910:
The approved US FDA package insert for Biothrax contains the following notice:
809:(DGCI) had approved licensing of Biothrax for distribution by Biological E. of
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3201:
3151:
734:
489:
281:
3585:
3156:
3029:
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992:
817:
682:) for resisting the inoculations during the first six years of the program.
562:
385:
114:
2485:
2431:
2412:
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2189:
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1980:
1939:
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1607:
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1491:
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1318:
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412:
Anthrax vaccine adsorbed was developed by Emergent Biodefense Operations.
3427:
3420:
3415:
3385:
3141:
3077:
3072:
1971:
1954:
1577:
1396:
Turnbull PC (August 1991). "Anthrax vaccines: past, present and future".
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Immunosuppressive therapies may diminish the immune response to Biothrax.
951:
828:
The FDA approved the company's license (officially called a supplemental
558:
430:
Vollum strain. (The Vollum strain was the same one weaponized by the old
261:
156:
1921:
270:
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in 2004 the US Department of Health and Human Services contracted with
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344:
75:
56:
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2725:
2100:
2014:
1347:"Anthrax vaccine. Model of a response to the biologic warfare threat"
1035:
699:
554:
1432:
979:
Some studies show that use of antibiotics effective against anthrax
388:
for the active immunization for the prevention of disease caused by
372:
in anticipation of the need for mass vaccinations owing to a future
1698:. Military Vaccine (MILVAX) Agency. 27 October 2004. Archived from
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2935:
2869:
876:
621:
2062:"VaxGen sells anthrax vaccine candidate to Emergent BioSolutions"
1676:
Vaccine: The Controversial Story of Medicine's Greatest Lifesaver
1240:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
1166:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
2744:
892:
788:
761:
anthrax, regardless of the route of exposure. Also in 2005, the
626:
2555:
1624:
Joellenbeck LM, Zwanziger LL, Durch JS, Strom BL (April 2002).
848:
Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response
240:
151:
770:
2136:(Sixth ed.). London: W.B. Saunders. pp. 127–140.
805:
In February 2009, Emergent BioSolutions announced that the
2495:"The Second Generation Anthrax Vaccine Candidate: rPA102"
1511:
American Journal of Public Health and the Nation's Health
614:: Continuation of the program with annual booster shots.
1050:
agreed to provide $ 6.5 million to the United Kingdom's
229:
2372:
BioWatch: HGS shipping anthrax treatment in $ 150M deal
765:
administration established a policy to ensure that the
618:
The AVIP and initial mandatory military use (1997–2000)
463:(immune enhancer). As such it is believed to stimulate
326:
844:
Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority
3686:
1048:
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
852:
United States Department of Health and Human Services
1619:
1617:
1281:
Puziss M, Manning LC, Lynch JW, et al. (1963).
1188:"Biothrax- bacillus anthracis injection, suspension"
1182:
1180:
1178:
1176:
492:
and their anti-PA antibody titres as measured by an
3616:
3555:
3487:
3378:
3350:
3317:
2991:
2822:
2815:
2734:
2662:
2614:
2298:
Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications
2213:
Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications
296:
280:
260:
255:
219:
214:
189:
171:
141:
127:
109:
101:
91:
86:
74:
62:
55:
2381:Gazette.Net - Maryland Community Newspapers Online
534:Licensure and limited occupational use (1970–1991)
438:and the similar British anthrax vaccine (known as
3602:Cedillo v. Secretary of Health and Human Services
606:: Early deploying forces into high threat areas;
1998:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1589:
1587:
968:
926:
912:
610:: Remainder of the force and new recruits; and
2450:Donegan S, Bellamy R, Gamble CL (April 2009).
2035:"U.S. cancels VaxGen anthrax vaccine contract"
1627:The Anthrax Vaccine: Is It Safe? Does It Work?
1213:
1211:
1209:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1084:"Summary Basis of Decision (SBD) for Biothrax"
588:Science Applications International Corporation
2567:
2085:"Taking the sting out of the anthrax vaccine"
1557:, 2nd ed.; Philadelphia, WB Saunders, pg 729.
1507:"Field Evaluation of a Human Anthrax Vaccine"
8:
2015:Vaxgen anthrax vaccine contract information.
989:Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices
820:by the Singapore Health Sciences Authority.
505:Initial research and development (1954–1970)
160:
39:
2456:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1596:MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
1351:Infectious Disease Clinics of North America
1038:Inc. to supply up to 75 million doses of a
816:In 2011, Biothrax was approved for sale in
2819:
2574:
2560:
2552:
2533:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1693:"John Doe #1 v. Donald H. Rumsfeld, et al"
1265:
1263:
1261:
752:Injunctions and FDA re-reviews (2004–2006)
436:Sterne (veterinary) anthrax vaccine strain
47:
2544:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
2475:
2421:
2411:
2348:
2263:
2108:
1970:
1929:
1530:
1431:Welkos SL, Friedlander AM (August 1988).
1308:
1298:
1254:https://www.fda.gov/media/170445/download
987:. This practice has been endorsed by the
305:
1739:"50 FR 51002 published on Dec. 13, 1985"
893:membrane type-1 matrix metalloproteinase
3693:
2527:"Anthrax Vaccine Information Statement"
1075:
871:Furin is the protein activator for pro-
647:(AVIP). This program, initiated by the
459:to adsorb PA as well as to serve as an
384:Anthrax vaccine adsorbed (Biothrax) is
366:Department of Health and Human Services
269:
133:
666:. Also in 1998, MBPI was purchased by
573:Initial use in US military (1991–1997)
38:
2163:
2161:
2089:The Journal of Clinical Investigation
1839:
1837:
782:Reinstatement of the AVIP (2006–2016)
634:Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
119:
7:
2170:Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy
1728:, 5 January 2006, vol 69: pp 255-67.
1029:Development of a replacement vaccine
735:October 2001 anthrax letters attacks
713:In October 2000, a committee of the
645:Anthrax Vaccine Immunization Program
567:Commander's Award for Public Service
202:
32:Anthrax Vaccine Immunization Program
515:United States Public Health Service
3629:Eradication of infectious diseases
3386:Androvax (androstenedione albumin)
2337:Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences
2142:10.1016/b978-1-4557-0090-5.00022-7
1817:"Emergent gets entry to Singapore"
1804:(Press release). 12 February 2009.
915:the potential hazard to the fetus.
455:Anthrax vaccine adsorbed contains
25:
3219:Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
2452:"Vaccines for preventing anthrax"
2400:MMWR. Recommendations and Reports
1223:U.S. Food and Drug Administration
1149:U.S. Food and Drug Administration
877:transforming growth factor beta 1
807:Drugs Controller General of India
494:enzyme linked immunosorbant assay
3696:
3608:Alternative vaccination schedule
2583:Artificial induction of immunity
1959:American Journal of Epidemiology
1335:, Special Supplement #87, pg 91.
1235:
1161:
457:aluminium hydroxide (alhydrogel)
444:anthrax protective antigen (PA)
432:U.S. biological warfare program
3440:Ovandrotone albumin (Fecundin)
2468:10.1002/14651858.CD006403.pub2
475:as a preservative and 0.0037%
1:
2976:Group B streptococcal disease
2795:Vaccines for Children Program
2310:10.1016/s0006-291x(02)02049-1
2182:10.1080/14712598.2020.1801626
2033:Heavey S (20 December 2006).
1484:10.1016/S0264-410X(02)00166-4
1363:10.1016/s0891-5520(05)70050-7
1300:10.1128/AEM.11.4.330-334.1963
942:There have been no long-term
830:Biologics License Application
2499:Clinicians' Biosecurity News
1630:. National Academies Press.
1449:10.1016/0882-4010(88)90015-0
1410:10.1016/0264-410x(91)90237-z
1023:National Academy of Sciences
767:Strategic National Stockpile
744:BioPort changed its name to
719:National Academy of Sciences
544:Food and Drug Administration
370:Strategic National Stockpile
339:, sold under the brand name
1821:Washington Business Journal
1815:Clabaugh J (24 June 2011).
824:Building 55 approval (2016)
696:Tripler Army Medical Center
3750:
2225:10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.08.020
2083:Goodman L (October 2004).
1849:Homeland Preparedness News
1333:Salisbury Medical Bulletin
834:Homeland Preparedness News
709:The IOM review (2000–2004)
523:northeastern United States
29:
3647:
1789:Mandatory Vaccine Article
985:post-exposure prophylaxis
975:Post-exposure vaccination
842:Emergent worked with the
316:
46:
2971:Clostridioides difficile
2546:Medical Subject Headings
2020:31 December 2006 at the
1779:Issued 15 December 2005.
1052:Health Protection Agency
1046:In October 2012, the US
733:In the months after the
580:Iraqi bioweapons program
337:Anthrax vaccine adsorbed
41:Anthrax vaccine adsorbed
18:Anthrax Vaccine Adsorbed
3229:Tick-borne encephalitis
1775:2 November 2012 at the
1270:Biothrax Package Insert
692:injection site reaction
3639:List of vaccine topics
2639:Mathematical modelling
2493:Borio LL (July 2005).
2413:10.15585/mmwr.rr6804a1
2068:. 2008. Archived from
1674:Allen, Arthur (2007),
1566:21 CFR Section 620.20.
1437:Microbial Pathogenesis
972:
935:
917:
649:Clinton administration
640:
483:Potency/immunogenicity
3634:Vaccinate Your Family
3085:Japanese encephalitis
1680:W.W. Norton & Co.
1523:10.2105/ajph.52.4.632
1345:Nass M (March 1999).
1019:Institute of Medicine
881:von Willebrand factor
746:Emergent BioSolutions
715:Institute of Medicine
625:
473:benzethonium chloride
362:Department of Defense
3517:John Franklin Enders
1357:(1): 187–208, viii.
1013:In the United States
863:Vaccination schedule
653:Secretary of Defense
347:intended to provide
2703:Virus-like particle
2627:Vaccine ingredients
2377:22 May 2011 at the
2072:on 9 February 2009.
2040:The Washington Post
1922:10.1038/nature07210
1914:2008Natur.455..246P
1478:(Suppl 3): S18-23.
1056:AVP anthrax vaccine
1003:Society and culture
901:nerve growth factor
873:parathyroid hormone
846:(BARDA) within the
668:BioPort Corporation
557:and the subsequent
343:among others, is a
57:Vaccine description
43:
3724:Biological warfare
3674:Never to phase III
3473:Hexavalent vaccine
3287:Epstein–Barr virus
3182:Oxford–AstraZeneca
2875:NmVac4-A/C/Y/W-135
2505:on 26 January 2020
2265:10.1002/prot.21432
1972:10.1093/aje/kwn159
1194:. 15 November 2015
956:anaphylactic shock
688:U.S. Forces, Korea
641:
402:Bacillus anthracis
395:Bacillus anthracis
390:Bacillus anthracis
354:Bacillus anthracis
97:Biothrax, Cyfendus
68:Bacillus anthracis
3684:
3683:
3596:Vaccines and SIDS
3483:
3482:
3257:Hepatitis A and B
3233:Varicella zoster
2695:Subunit/component
2537:. 8 January 2020.
2350:10.1002/jps.23422
2176:(12): 1405–1425.
2151:978-1-4557-0090-5
1705:on 25 August 2009
1645:978-0-309-08309-6
1575:Brachman (1994),
1377:on 9 January 2013
1120:. 14 October 2020
1092:. 23 October 2014
962:Drug interactions
938:Adverse reactions
920:Contraindications
739:US Postal Service
721:was asked by the
676:Gulf War syndrome
672:Lansing, Michigan
651:and announced by
540:cutaneous anthrax
349:acquired immunity
334:
333:
244:
232:
154:
16:(Redirected from
3741:
3729:Subunit vaccines
3701:
3700:
3699:
3692:
3575:MMR autism fraud
3522:Maurice Hilleman
3507:Hilary Koprowski
2820:
2576:
2569:
2562:
2553:
2542:Anthrax Vaccines
2538:
2514:
2512:
2510:
2501:. Archived from
2489:
2479:
2436:
2435:
2425:
2415:
2397:
2388:
2382:
2369:
2363:
2362:
2352:
2328:
2322:
2321:
2292:
2286:
2285:
2267:
2243:
2237:
2236:
2208:
2202:
2201:
2165:
2156:
2155:
2129:
2123:
2122:
2112:
2101:10.1172/JCI23259
2080:
2074:
2073:
2058:
2052:
2051:
2049:
2047:
2030:
2024:
2012:
2006:
2000:
1985:
1984:
1974:
1950:
1944:
1943:
1933:
1908:(7210): 246–50.
1893:
1887:
1886:
1884:
1882:
1877:. 15 August 2016
1867:
1861:
1860:
1858:
1856:
1851:. 16 August 2016
1841:
1832:
1831:
1829:
1827:
1812:
1806:
1805:
1798:
1792:
1786:
1780:
1770:FDA Final Order.
1767:
1761:
1760:
1758:
1756:
1750:
1744:. Archived from
1743:
1735:
1729:
1725:Federal Register
1721:
1715:
1714:
1712:
1710:
1704:
1697:
1689:
1683:
1672:
1666:
1665:
1621:
1612:
1611:
1591:
1582:
1573:
1567:
1564:
1558:
1551:
1545:
1544:
1534:
1502:
1496:
1495:
1467:
1461:
1460:
1428:
1422:
1421:
1393:
1387:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1373:. Archived from
1342:
1336:
1329:
1323:
1322:
1312:
1302:
1278:
1272:
1267:
1256:
1251:
1245:
1239:
1238:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1215:
1204:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1184:
1171:
1165:
1164:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1141:
1130:
1129:
1127:
1125:
1108:
1102:
1101:
1099:
1097:
1080:
778:anthrax attack.
519:controlled study
511:vaccine efficacy
330:
329:
322:
309:
273:
242:
239:
231:
228:
206:
164:
153:
150:
137:
123:
51:
44:
42:
21:
3749:
3748:
3744:
3743:
3742:
3740:
3739:
3738:
3709:
3708:
3707:
3697:
3695:
3687:
3685:
3680:
3679:
3664:Clinical trials
3643:
3612:
3551:
3527:Stanley Plotkin
3489:
3479:
3391:Cancer vaccines
3374:
3368:Schistosomiasis
3346:
3340:Trypanosomiasis
3313:
3277:Cytomegalovirus
3187:Pfizer–BioNTech
2987:
2811:
2760:Vaccine wastage
2730:
2658:
2610:
2580:
2525:
2522:
2517:
2508:
2506:
2492:
2462:(2): CD006403.
2449:
2445:
2443:Further reading
2440:
2439:
2395:
2390:
2389:
2385:
2379:Wayback Machine
2370:
2366:
2330:
2329:
2325:
2294:
2293:
2289:
2245:
2244:
2240:
2210:
2209:
2205:
2167:
2166:
2159:
2152:
2131:
2130:
2126:
2082:
2081:
2077:
2066:Forbes Magazine
2060:
2059:
2055:
2045:
2043:
2032:
2031:
2027:
2022:Wayback Machine
2013:
2009:
2005:(December 2008)
2001:
1988:
1952:
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1947:
1895:
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1878:
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1787:
1783:
1777:Wayback Machine
1768:
1764:
1754:
1752:
1751:on 3 March 2012
1748:
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1005:
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922:
865:
860:
826:
784:
754:
711:
680:court-martialed
620:
592:IND application
575:
561:— MBPI and the
553:'s invasion of
536:
507:
502:
485:
453:
434:.) As with the
418:
410:
382:
325:
323:
320:(what is this?)
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3549:
3544:
3542:Katalin KarikĂł
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3309:
3304:
3299:
3297:Herpes simplex
3294:
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3279:
3271:
3270:
3269:
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3259:
3251:
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3244:
3239:
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3216:
3215:
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3204:
3199:
3197:Sinopharm BIBP
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3147:Bharat Biotech
3144:
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2797:
2792:
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2779:
2778:
2777:
2775:Vaccine injury
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2738:
2736:
2735:Administration
2732:
2731:
2729:
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2521:
2520:External links
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2441:
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2383:
2364:
2323:
2304:(5): 1058–62.
2287:
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2219:(3): 1029–37.
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2007:
1986:
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1636:10.17226/10310
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1388:
1337:
1324:
1293:(4): 330–334.
1287:Appl Microbiol
1273:
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1225:. 19 July 2023
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889:beta-secretase
864:
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858:Administration
856:
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783:
780:
763:George W. Bush
753:
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664:Southwest Asia
630:flight surgeon
619:
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551:Saddam Hussein
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528:rhesus monkeys
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286:
284:
278:
277:
275:
274:
266:
264:
258:
257:
253:
252:
250:
249:
237:
225:
223:
217:
216:
212:
211:
209:
208:
195:
193:
187:
186:
177:
175:administration
169:
168:
166:
165:
147:
145:
139:
138:
131:
125:
124:
117:
107:
106:
103:
99:
98:
95:
89:
88:
84:
83:
78:
72:
71:
64:
60:
59:
53:
52:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3746:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3716:
3714:
3704:
3694:
3690:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3650:
3646:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3621:
3619:
3615:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3603:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3560:
3558:
3554:
3548:
3547:Drew Weissman
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3532:H. Fred Clark
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3502:Louis Pasteur
3500:
3498:
3497:Edward Jenner
3495:
3494:
3492:
3486:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3468:DTwP-HepB-Hib
3466:
3464:
3463:DTaP-IPV-HepB
3461:
3459:
3456:
3455:
3454:combination:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3429:
3426:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3413:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3393:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3383:
3381:
3377:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3360:
3358:
3357:
3355:
3353:
3352:Helminthiasis
3349:
3341:
3338:
3337:
3335:
3331:
3328:
3327:
3326:
3323:
3322:
3320:
3316:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3274:
3272:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3254:
3253:combination:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3234:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3139:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3107:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3070:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3031:
3027:
3024:
3023:
3022:
3019:
3015:
3012:
3011:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2996:
2994:
2990:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2968:
2966:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2956:DPT/DTwP/DTaP
2954:
2953:
2952:combination:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2933:
2932:
2929:
2925:
2922:
2921:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2894:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2867:
2866:
2865:Meningococcus
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2855:Leptospirosis
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2827:
2825:
2821:
2818:
2814:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2790:Vaccine court
2788:
2786:
2783:
2782:
2780:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2745:GAVI Alliance
2743:
2742:
2740:
2739:
2737:
2733:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2693:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2680:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2667:
2665:
2661:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2633:
2630:
2629:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2619:
2617:
2613:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2577:
2572:
2570:
2565:
2563:
2558:
2557:
2554:
2547:
2543:
2540:
2536:
2534:
2528:
2524:
2523:
2519:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2448:
2447:
2442:
2433:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2394:
2387:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2373:
2368:
2365:
2360:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2343:(2): 454–61.
2342:
2338:
2334:
2327:
2324:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2291:
2288:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2258:(2): 458–79.
2257:
2253:
2249:
2242:
2239:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2207:
2204:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2164:
2162:
2158:
2153:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2128:
2125:
2120:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2079:
2076:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2057:
2054:
2042:
2041:
2036:
2029:
2026:
2023:
2019:
2016:
2011:
2008:
2004:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1991:
1987:
1982:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1965:(4): 434–42.
1964:
1960:
1956:
1949:
1946:
1941:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1892:
1889:
1876:
1875:Yahoo Finance
1872:
1866:
1863:
1850:
1846:
1840:
1838:
1834:
1822:
1818:
1811:
1808:
1803:
1797:
1794:
1790:
1785:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1771:
1766:
1763:
1747:
1740:
1734:
1731:
1727:
1726:
1720:
1717:
1701:
1694:
1688:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1671:
1668:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1628:
1620:
1618:
1614:
1609:
1605:
1602:(16): 341–5.
1601:
1597:
1590:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1579:
1572:
1569:
1563:
1560:
1556:
1550:
1547:
1542:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1517:(4): 632–45.
1516:
1512:
1508:
1501:
1498:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1466:
1463:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1443:(2): 127–39.
1442:
1438:
1434:
1427:
1424:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1392:
1389:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1341:
1338:
1334:
1328:
1325:
1320:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1277:
1274:
1271:
1266:
1264:
1262:
1258:
1255:
1250:
1247:
1243:
1242:public domain
1224:
1220:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1206:
1193:
1189:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1168:public domain
1151:. 6 July 2023
1150:
1146:
1140:
1138:
1136:
1132:
1119:
1118:
1117:Health Canada
1113:
1107:
1104:
1091:
1090:
1089:Health Canada
1085:
1079:
1076:
1069:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1044:
1041:
1037:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1021:(part of the
1020:
1012:
1007:
1002:
1000:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
974:
971:
967:
961:
959:
957:
953:
947:
945:
937:
931:
928:
927:
925:
919:
916:
911:
908:
904:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
869:
862:
857:
855:
853:
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845:
840:
837:
835:
831:
823:
821:
819:
814:
812:
808:
803:
800:
798:
794:
790:
781:
779:
777:
772:
768:
764:
758:
751:
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740:
736:
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729:
724:
720:
717:(IOM) of the
716:
708:
706:
703:
701:
697:
693:
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683:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
656:William Cohen
654:
650:
646:
639:
638:Henry Shelton
635:
631:
628:
624:
617:
615:
613:
609:
605:
601:
595:
593:
589:
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581:
572:
570:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
547:
545:
541:
533:
531:
529:
524:
520:
517:(USPHS) in a
516:
512:
504:
499:
497:
495:
491:
482:
480:
478:
474:
470:
469:cell-mediated
466:
462:
458:
450:
448:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
428:
423:
415:
413:
407:
405:
403:
398:
396:
391:
387:
379:
377:
375:
374:bio-terrorist
371:
367:
363:
358:
356:
355:
350:
346:
342:
338:
328:
321:
315:
308:
304:
303:
301:
299:
295:
288:
287:
285:
283:
279:
272:
268:
267:
265:
263:
259:
254:
248:
238:
236:
227:
226:
224:
222:
218:
213:
205:
200:
197:
196:
194:
192:
188:
185:
184:intramuscular
181:
178:
176:
170:
163:
158:
149:
148:
146:
144:
140:
136:
132:
130:
126:
122:
118:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
94:
90:
87:Clinical data
85:
82:
79:
77:
73:
70:
69:
65:
61:
58:
54:
50:
45:
37:
33:
19:
3624:Epidemiology
3600:
3572:
3458:DTaP-IPV/Hib
3249:Yellow fever
3162:EpiVacCorona
2919:Tuberculosis
2892:Pneumococcal
2860:Lyme disease
2688:Heterologous
2587:Immunization
2530:
2507:. Retrieved
2503:the original
2498:
2459:
2455:
2403:
2399:
2386:
2367:
2340:
2336:
2326:
2301:
2297:
2290:
2255:
2251:
2241:
2216:
2212:
2206:
2173:
2169:
2133:
2127:
2095:(7): 868–9.
2092:
2088:
2078:
2070:the original
2065:
2056:
2044:. Retrieved
2038:
2028:
2010:
1962:
1958:
1948:
1905:
1901:
1891:
1879:. Retrieved
1874:
1865:
1853:. Retrieved
1848:
1824:. Retrieved
1820:
1810:
1796:
1784:
1765:
1753:. Retrieved
1746:the original
1733:
1723:
1719:
1707:. Retrieved
1700:the original
1687:
1675:
1670:
1626:
1599:
1595:
1576:
1571:
1562:
1554:
1549:
1514:
1510:
1500:
1475:
1471:
1465:
1440:
1436:
1426:
1404:(8): 533–9.
1401:
1397:
1391:
1379:. Retrieved
1375:the original
1354:
1350:
1340:
1332:
1327:
1290:
1286:
1276:
1249:
1227:. Retrieved
1222:
1196:. Retrieved
1191:
1153:. Retrieved
1148:
1122:. Retrieved
1115:
1106:
1094:. Retrieved
1087:
1078:
1064:
1060:
1045:
1032:
1016:
980:
978:
969:
965:
948:
941:
923:
913:
909:
905:
897:gonadotropin
870:
866:
841:
838:
833:
827:
815:
804:
801:
785:
776:bioterrorist
759:
755:
743:
732:
728:B. anthracis
727:
712:
704:
684:
642:
611:
607:
603:
599:
596:
584:
576:
548:
537:
508:
486:
477:formaldehyde
454:
427:B. anthracis
425:
419:
411:
401:
399:
394:
389:
383:
380:Medical uses
359:
352:
340:
336:
335:
324:
318:
221:Legal status
215:Legal status
180:Subcutaneous
143:License data
76:Vaccine type
66:
36:
3660:from market
3556:Controversy
3490:researchers
3406:Hepatitis B
3292:Hepatitis C
3237:Chicken pox
3063:Hepatitis E
3058:Hepatitis B
3053:Hepatitis A
3004:Chikungunya
2981:Shigellosis
2835:Brucellosis
2721:Therapeutic
2675:Inactivated
2615:Development
2603:Inoculation
2595:Vaccination
2406:(4): 1–14.
1682:, pp 13-14.
1040:recombinant
1008:Controversy
797:South Korea
793:Afghanistan
774:event of a
723:US Congress
660:South Korea
490:guinea pigs
408:Description
256:Identifiers
129:MedlinePlus
102:Other names
93:Trade names
3713:Categories
3591:Thiomersal
3537:Paul Offit
3512:Jonas Salk
3488:Inventors/
3359:research:
3336:research:
3273:research:
3202:Skycovione
3192:Sanofi–GSK
3137:SARS-CoV-2
3048:Hantavirus
3014:rVSV-ZEBOV
2999:Adenovirus
2967:research:
2845:Diphtheria
2683:Attenuated
2509:26 January
2046:25 January
1755:29 October
1381:31 October
1219:"Cyfendus"
1145:"Biothrax"
1070:References
467:, but not
307:873OI62848
282:ChemSpider
3670:Phase III
3658:Withdrawn
3586:Pox party
3396:ALVAC-CEA
3318:Protozoan
3207:Sputnik V
3157:CoronaVac
3127:Rotavirus
3030:Pandemrix
2882:Pertussis
2823:Bacterial
2707:Synthetic
2670:Conjugate
2622:Adjuvants
2599:Infection
2198:220877509
1881:23 August
1855:23 August
1581:, pg 729.
1229:25 August
1198:27 August
1155:25 August
993:off-label
818:Singapore
811:Hyderabad
748:in 2004.
563:U.S. Army
386:indicated
173:Routes of
121:Monograph
115:Drugs.com
3734:Vaccines
3703:Medicine
3428:Prostvac
3421:Gardasil
3416:Cervarix
3363:Hookworm
3242:Shingles
3224:Smallpox
3142:Corbevax
3078:Gardasil
3073:Cervarix
2816:Vaccines
2770:Schedule
2741:Global:
2649:Timeline
2591:Vaccines
2486:19370633
2432:31834290
2375:Archived
2359:23242822
2318:12207879
2282:21178350
2274:17469195
2252:Proteins
2233:15336568
2190:32729741
2134:Vaccines
2119:15467819
2018:Archived
1981:18599489
1940:18701887
1773:Archived
1662:78028756
1654:25057597
1608:10817479
1578:Op. cit.
1555:Vaccines
1541:18017912
1492:12184360
1371:10198799
1319:13972634
1192:DailyMed
1124:17 April
952:erythema
944:sequelae
559:Gulf War
461:adjuvant
451:Adjuvant
351:against
341:Biothrax
327:(verify)
262:DrugBank
191:ATC code
162:Biothrax
157:DailyMed
3719:Anthrax
3617:Related
3563:General
3325:Malaria
3212:Valneva
3177:Novavax
3172:Moderna
3167:Janssen
3152:CanSino
3132:Rubella
3090:Measles
2961:Td/Tdap
2931:Typhoid
2914:Tetanus
2909:Q fever
2840:Cholera
2830:Anthrax
2699:Peptide
2663:Classes
2644:Storage
2477:6532564
2423:6918956
1931:2758057
1910:Bibcode
1826:22 July
1532:1522900
1472:Vaccine
1457:3148815
1418:1771966
1398:Vaccine
1310:1057997
885:albumin
850:in the
612:Phase 4
608:Phase 3
604:Phase 2
600:Phase 1
500:History
465:humoral
422:antigen
416:Antigen
345:vaccine
271:DB11003
233::
207:)
201: (
199:J07AC01
159::
135:a607013
81:Subunit
27:Vaccine
3689:Portal
3653:WHO-EM
3573:Lancet
3450:TA-NIC
3435:NicVAX
3282:Dengue
3122:Rabies
2948:Typhus
2887:Plague
2765:Policy
2726:Toxoid
2654:Trials
2548:(MeSH)
2484:
2474:
2430:
2420:
2357:
2316:
2280:
2272:
2231:
2196:
2188:
2148:
2117:
2110:518679
2107:
1979:
1938:
1928:
1902:Nature
1660:
1652:
1642:
1606:
1539:
1529:
1490:
1455:
1416:
1369:
1317:
1307:
1096:29 May
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