Racism in Oregon - Knowledge (XXG)

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County owned houses, which was 13% lower than the national average for African Americans and 28% lower than White Americans in the same county. Also that year almost two-thirds of black single mothers in Multnomah County with children under five lived in poverty which was higher than the average for the rest of nation, being over half. Just the year before White Americans in Multnomah County made around $ 70,000 while African Americans made around $ 34,000, which is $ 8,000 below the national average. Overall the report concluded that "Oregon has been slow to dismantle overtly racist policies", and so African Americans in Multnomah County suffer as a result and have to deal with the lasting effects of "racialized policies, practices, and decision-making". The Portland African American population were also found to be disproportionately affected by crime, accounting for 45% of the city's homicide victims and 27% of its jail population. African American children in Portland were also found to be expelled the most from school, starting from Kindergarten. Native American children were the next highest.

179:(a black settler) reported that a Native known as Cockstock had stolen his newly purchased horse. White settlers who deemed themselves to be in charge of the territory tried to arrest Cockstock, but were met with a force of Natives much bigger than their own. Eventually, the Affair was resolved, but it left a good amount of fear in the white settlers of the potential threat the Native population posed. The second incident is referred to as the Saules-Pickett Dispute. Once again, James Saules (who had been in Oregon since 1841) was involved. Pickett accused Saules of assault and said in court during the trial that Saules threatened to incite the Natives against him. Other witnesses claimed they had also been threatened by Saules and his Native friends. No evidence to these claims was given, but Saules was tried and convicted. 359:

jobs such stevedores, truck drivers, and laundry workers and were instead relegated to doing common labour. After the war, racism against black Oregonians continue. Some African-Americans lost their jobs due to white soldiers returning, and black residents were told to leave by Earl Riley, the mayor of Portland, who said they weren't welcome. In response, groups protesting and resisting the racism and promoting equality began to emerge. These included the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), the Urban League, the Office of Vocational Opportunity, and the Committee on Inter-Racial Principles and Practices.

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occurrence happened in 1943. In the early 20th century, Black railroad workers coming to Portland faced extreme segregation. In 1919, the Realty Board of Portland had approved a Code of Ethics forbidding realtors and bankers from selling or giving loans to minorities for properties located in white neighbourhoods. That same year, a law making public discrimination illegal was proposed. The law would be passed in 1953. African Americans who did move to Portland in the early 20th century, mostly railroad workers, faced extreme segregation.

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role in devastating it". The hospital also made a promise that the such an act will never be repeated. Some people, such as Lolenzo Poe, Portland Public Schools' chief equity and diversity officer criticised the actions by the hospital as ineffective. Some, however, praised the hospital for being the first institution to acknowledge the pain felt by those affected. In other attempts to fix racial bias, Emanuel has worked with minority contractors and actively hired minority workers to better the "racial makeup" of its staff.

435:, designed to find if that Black and Latino renters were unfairly disadvantaged in regards to the housing market, found that in 64% of the 50 tests done, discrimination took place. This discrimination violated local, state and federal housing laws; however, as of May 2011 no action had been taken against the landlords who discriminated. This audit came after a similar one in 2009 which found that landlords discriminated against Black renters in two-thirds of the tests in Ashland and 78% of the tests in Beaverton. 220: 475: 130: 297:. This displaced the residents of that area, and most left Oregon. Some, however, remained and attempt to resist the mob, but were ultimately forced to leave as well. That same year, Baker City Mayor Charles Palmer called for the Baker City Chinatown to be overhauled to "sanitary and moral conditions." Palmer viewed the Chinese as "a class ... that a community cannot afford to harbor or tolerate." Around this time, " 30: 3084: 3104: 203:. In 1857, despite slavery being illegal, a bill was proposed intending to protect slave property. It was not passed as it was seen as granting special rights to slave owners. That same year a new law was introduced which barred black people from holding property in the state. In 1850, the first Chinese immigrants would arrive and further immigration would take place over the coming decades. 3094: 408:. The Portland Internal Investigations Auditing Committee (PIIAC) was formed by City Council over the opposition of Mayor Frank Ivancie, who was closely tied with the Police Bureau, in response to the incident, in 1982. The police union organized a petition drive to bring the formation of the committee before voters, but voters approved the committee. 363: 269:). This resolution was ultimately refused. In August of that same year, a fire, allegedly instigated by white "incendiaries" hoping to displace the Chinese population, broke out at a Chinese laundry. In 1880, most Chinese men resided near Second and Oak Streets, which was so segregated that no other ethnicity beside Chinese lived there. 257:, which prohibited denying the right to vote to racial minorities and former slaves, gained widespread ratification, with Oregon being one of eight states to reject it (in addition to New York's rescission of ratification). That same year, the federal law superseded a clause in the Oregon State Constitution banning 312:. From 1940 to 1970, however, the number of Chinese people living in Oregon would increase. This was during the Exclusion era lasting from 1882–1943 which left Chinese communities isolated and discriminated against in fields such as housing, jobs, commercial opportunities, education, medical and social services. 597:

is among the whitest major cities in the United States. In 2019 the population was nearly 87% white (excluding Hispanic or Latino demographics, the number becomes 75%). In 2016 around 38,000 African Americans lived in Portland with over 10,000 of them having to move to the outskirts from the city due

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being the only place where black people could purchase a house it soon becomes the dominant spot for black residents. As such it gained a reputation among white citizens as a "blighted slum in need of repair". In 1956, an arena was built displacing over 476 residents, half of whom were black. Further

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in the African American population. Portland's African American population grew from 2,565 in 1940 to 25,000 in 1944. With this, an increase in the racism that imbued the private industries and labour unions of the time followed. Due to union rules, black workers were prevented from doing specialized

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From 1870 to 1885, anti-Chinese sentiment began to rise amongst Oregon citizens, with labor and political leaders advocating for both the expulsion of Chinese residents and the exclusion of future Chinese from Oregon. In May 1873, the Portland city council passed a resolution encouraging contractors

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In 2012, intending to make amends with those displaced by the expansion to Legacy Emanuel Hospital, several events have been held such as breakfasts and hearings dedicated to the previous residents. That same year an exhibit was erected "to honor the neighborhood's history and accept the hospital's

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In an attempt to catalogue and remove racially restrictive housing covenants graduate student, Greta Smith has begun to create a database of said covenants alongside a map of where people of color were excluded from. Government officials have also allowed homeowners to request the removal of racist

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for non-white drivers were removed. By the early 1960s, Black people in Portland were barred from being served at white restaurants, going to the city funded swimming pools, and skating in ice rinks, with the exception of the day set aside for black people to skate. In the 1970s, multiple black men

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between black and white people was outlawed the same year, with the law specifically stating that white people could not marry anyone one-fourth black or more. This distinction was later extended to prevent white people from marrying anyone who was one-fourth or more Chinese or Hawaiian, and a half

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would affect the local black residents causing most to leave. This meant prime reinvestment. In 1988, when the majority of the houses were abandoned and the city terrorized by drugs and gang warfare. Business and house began to be bought up by white residents causing racial tensions to heighten as

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Editorial Board supported the firing in a March 28 editorial which articulated the racial implications of the act. The two were later reinstated when an arbitrator deemed the firing excessive; the FBI investigated the matter for six months, but ultimately declined to bring charges. The police paid

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led to the Oregon Supreme Court sanctioning the right of white Americans to racially discriminate against blacks in theatres. In 1918, black soldiers from California saw a sign that read "We employ white help and cater to white trade only." Angered, the men proceeded to destroy the sign. A similar

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In 1859, Oregon became the only state to enter the Union with a black exclusion law; it introduced a new law the same year prohibiting Black people from owning property and making contracts. The exclusion laws would remain in effect until 1926. In 2001, Measure 14 was introduced which was meant to

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A 2014 report by the Portland State University and the Coalition of Communities found that not only do black families fall far behind white families in Portland in regards to employment, health outcomes, and high-school graduation rates, but that in 2010 only 32% of African Americans in Multnomah

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and sent to Portland. On February 22, 1886, a vote was held on the removal of the Chinese residents. Later that day, a Chinese camp at Guild's Lake was attacked by Local workers in East Portland who also drove out between 100 and 200 Chinese workers. Despite the state constitution banning Chinese

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banning black people from living in Oregon. The punishment for violating the law was to be 39 lashes every six months until the occupant left, but this punishment was deemed too harsh and was replaced with forced labor in December 1844. Also in 1844, the provisional government prohibited slavery.

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the area. Resistance took place in the form of a letter written by the Portland African American Leadership Forum protesting its installation. Trader Joe's ultimately pulled out. The act of resistance was largely reported by conservative blogs to be one of racism and discrimination towards white

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has caused conflict between long-time black residents and new white residents. Wider gentrification has displaced many black residents in north and northeast Portland. A blog entitled "Shit White People Say to Black and Brown Folks in PDX ", which details people of color's encounters with white

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began to recruit members. Ciaran Mulloy, a union organiser and anti-fascist, recalled how "There were multiple gangs, and 300 Nazis in a city of 300,000" further stating that "The anti-racist youth were intimidated and isolated. The Nazis were just openly hanging out on the streets." In 1993, a

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Peter Burnett saw these incidents as his opportunity to present a new bill to the provisional government of the territory. He claimed that it was to prevent slavery from entering Oregon, but he used the Cockstock Affair and the Saules-Pickett dispute as evidence to persuade fellow lawmakers to

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Ultimately, the Oregon Territorial government and the writers of the Oregon Constitution used the excuse of preventing slavery from entering Oregon to hide their true ambitions. They were not abolitionists, but white supremacists They wanted to create a white utopia. The motivations of these

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many black residents suffered due to their inability to pay the increased tax. By 1999, the black population of Albina owned 36% fewer homes than they had a decade earlier, while the white population owned 43% more. The displacement of black citizens in Albina continued in the early 2000s.

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to the U.S. Constitution was passed, granting citizenship to black people. Oregon originally ratified the Fourteenth Amendment on September 19, 1866, but rescinded that ratification on October 16, 1868. That Amendment was only re-ratified on April 25, 1973. In 1870,

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government officials to discuss the recent negative press against the KKK as well as the supposed collaboration of Klan members and city officials. Notably the meeting featured Fred L. Gifford, a former line superintendent for the Northwestern Electric Company.

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On November 5, 2002, 70% of Oregon voted to remove obsolete and offensive language from the Oregon Constitution such as "negroes", "mulattoes", and "whites". In 2007, neo-Nazis attempted to gather in Portland for a three-day skinhead festival. In 2011 an

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Sometime during the mid-1880s, Portland's Chinatown saw two of its buildings burn down and Chinese woodcutter camps were raided by eighty masked men. Rallies in support of the anti-Chinese club also took shape. In 1883, an attempt to remove the ban on

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of the Oregon Ku Klux Klan from 1921 to 1924. Gifford's purpose within the Klan was to recruit new members and gain influence in government. Gifford succeeded in doing so, recruiting over thousands of members, including politicians, such as

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failed due in part to the clause being null and void by the Fifteenth Amendment's inclusion in the U.S. Constitution. Further attempts to remove the clause were made in 1895, 1916, and 1927 with the clause finally being removed in 1927.

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eliminate racist language, such as "free Negroes and mulattoes," from the constitution. While the constitution itself would not be completely altered, the language would be changed. The measure was voted down in 2002, but later passed.

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named Markus Lopeus. Lopeus arrived in 1788 alongside merchant sea captain Robert Gray. Lopeus later died in an altercation with the local Native Americans. In the following years, black fur trappers and explorers settled in Oregon.

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Oregon is a useful case study for the rest of the nation because the only thing unique about Oregon is was bold enough to write it down. The same policies, practices and ideologies that shaped Oregon, shaped the nation as a

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damage to black-owned properties would take place via the construction of the Veterans Memorial Coliseum and Interstate 5 in 1960 and the local hospital expansion in 1972 which would clear out 300 homes and businesses.

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she partook in community listening sessions with Black organizers on the matter of meaningful social change. Brown intends to implement reforms suggested by the People of Color Caucus at the aforementioned hearings.

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descent were taxed $ 5 ($ 128 in 2020 dollars). Failure to pay this tax would result in the state being able to force them into jobs maintaining state designed roads for 50 cents a day ($ 12 in 2020 dollars).

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racism". Imarisha has also commented on how at events she does around Oregon on the history of black inhabitants, Neo-Nazis have frequently harassed her with "sexually explicit comments" and death threats.

1148:"News and Views No More White Racism in America This Past November Nearly a Third of All Voters in the Traditionally Liberal State of Oregon Voted to Keep Racist Language in the State Constitution". 1640: 53:

was written in 1857. In 1859, Oregon became the only state to enter the Union with a black exclusion law, although there were many other states that had tried before, especially in the Midwest. The

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citizens, once claimed that "Most of the people who live here in Portland have never had to directly, physically and/or emotionally interact with PoC in their life cycle." According to

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According to Matt Novak of media outlet Gizmodo, Oregon "today still exists as a white utopia in some respects". Due to "Nearly two centuries of exclusion, violence and intimidation",

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In 1985, two Portland police officers who had been caught distributing T-shirts with the slogan "Don't Choke 'Em, Smoke 'Em" were reinstated by an arbitrator after having been fired.

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She also stated that racist practises of the past are "not only alive" but serve as "the foundation for the institutions of Oregon", and that "Portland has, in many ways, perfected

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Ivancie removed the Police Bureau from the portfolio of City Commissioner Charles Jordan, then the only Black member of Portland City Council. The move sparked a protest, led by

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By 1921, Klan membership was steadily increasing due to them capitalising on the racism against minorities (particularly Chinese and Japanese), anti-Catholicism, and

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before any land deals had been made with the Indigenous people, which insured only the best land to unmarried white males over 18 years of age willing to move to

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came into prominence. These covenants allowed communities to be created that excluded certain ethnic and religious groups. These covenants came after widespread

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decried the Chinese population as a racial menace who were polluting some of the city’s "best streets." Similar remarks were made about the Chinese residents in

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people from mining, some still worked as miners and the next year a massacre was caused by a group of white men resulting in the deaths of 34 Chinese miners.

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exclude blacks from settling at all ,for fear that they would band together with the Natives against the white settlers. In June 1844, Oregon enacted an

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to not hire Chinese workers out of fear of losing future contracts (due to Chinese workers of time typically working for low wages and then sending the

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in 1922. Over 35,000 members were claimed by the Klan leaders to be active in 1923. By the mid 1920s the KKK's presence began to fade, leading to most

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lawmakers were to remove people of color from their territory and in working towards that goal created laws that have had long lasting consequences.

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In one such example, in his book "A Plea for the Indians; with Facts and Features of the Late War in Oregon". Many Indigenous women were forced into

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Another discriminatory law was enacted in 1849, which barred Black people who were not already in the area from entering or residing in the

3128: 2482: 1780: 1405: 274: 258: 1906: 862: 636: 599: 519: 62: 2914: 2897: 2359: 689: 603: 495: 469: 396:, two Portland police officers placed dead opossums outside the Burger Barn, a Black-owned restaurant. The officers were fired; the 171:

There are two incidents that led up to the creation of the first Black Exclusion Law of 1844 in Oregon Territory. The first was the

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While Oregon was overt with its racist laws, the laws themselves were not too different from those formed elsewhere in the nation:

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in particular has passed juvenile justice reforms and has worked to reduce harsh prison sentences and reinvest in

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calling them "Celestials," "Mongolians," and "Yellow Horde." In 1862, all people of Black, Chinese, Hawaiian, and

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In the 1980s and 1990s, neo-Nazi skinheads protested in the streets and on November 13, 1988 Ethiopian student

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By 1890, 1,000 black people lived in Oregon, with that number doubling by 1920. In 1893, the white citizens of

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racist skinhead named Eric Banks was shot dead by John Bair, a member of Skinheads Against Racial Prejudice.

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McClintock, Thomas C. (1995). "James Saules Peter Burnett and the Oregon Black Exclusion Law of June 1844".

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Ames, Sarah Carlin (October 11, 1990). "Portland agrees to pay $ 53,700 to settle police brutality claim".

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was investigated after officers killed possums and placed them in front of black-owned restaurants.

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In 1885, racial tensions were further exacerbated as about 500 Chinese residents were excluded from

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was killed by white supremacists. In the 1990s, Portland became infamous for its neo-Nazi group

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From 1900 to 1940, the Oregon Chinese population began to diminish due to laws such as the

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Aerial view of the Vanport flood, looking west from North Denver Avenue on June 15, 1948

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hate groups. Discrimination and segregation were common occurrences against people of

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Pictured: Two unknown African-Americans living in Oregon in the mid to late 1800s

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was committed by white supremacist Jeremy Joseph Christian. On August 17, 2019,

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Dangerous Subjects: James D. Saules and the Rise of Black Exclusion in Oregon

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Snell, John; Manzano, Phil (April 28, 1992). "Police watchdog lacks bite?".

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and James Loewen, sundown towns still have a strong presence within Oregon.

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A table showcasing the Black population trends in Albina from 1960 to 2000.

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Lane, Dee (August 1, 1988). "Still attempts to mend fences among Blacks".

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Bernstein, Maxine (April 3, 2012). "Protesters rail against cop ruling".

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A sign on a business stating that they will only cater to white customers

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of past decades. These covenants were made unenforceable by the federal

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who are white nationalists and neo-Nazis respectively according to the

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The first known person of African descent to arrive in Oregon was a

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was set to be built, possibly causing more displacement by further

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Resistance to displacement has taken place, such as in 2014 when a

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Slaves Breaking Chains, Slavery on Trial in the Oregon Territory

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Anti-Chinese exclusion laws, expulsions, massacres: 1862–1920s

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were killed by the police in Portland, and in the 1980s, the

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Anti-Black Exclusion Laws and Chinese immigration 1844–1859

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in the area to be non-existent by the end of the 1930s.

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In 1951, the laws prohibiting interracial marriages and

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Hoping to dispel racism within Oregon, actions such as

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after their family members were shot to death by white

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for Indigenous people after their forced relocation.

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Initial genocide and land theft of Indigenous people

2955: 2788: 2556: 2458: 2347: 2254:"Resources for Supporting Racial Justice in Oregon" 2146:"In cities that vote blue, no immunity from racism" 2284:"CBS News special explores Portland's racist past" 3028:Racial bias in criminal news in the United States 1631:"Luncheonette Sign, We Cater to White Trade Only" 523:people. This viewpoint was conversely critiqued. 98:in 1853, where he documented the mistreatment of 541:Photograph of KKK meeting with Portland leaders. 620: 323: 94:John Beeson, an English expatriate, arrived in 392:In 1981, amid national unrest relating to the 2325: 1369:"Expulsion of Chinese from Oregon City, 1886" 839:"John Beeson * A Plea for the Indians * 1857" 122:, undesirable land would be utilized for the 8: 1781:"Portland's dark history of white supremacy" 1551: 1549: 1547: 1545: 1543: 1406:"Portland's dark history of white supremacy" 1104:"Oregon History: Chronology - 1851 to 1900" 330:In the 1920s, racially restrictive housing 2332: 2318: 2310: 354:, the incentive of shipyard jobs caused a 2998:Interminority racism in the United States 1964:Capatides, Christina (October 29, 2017). 1589:Rutherford, Charlotte B. (January 2004). 1150:The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education 988:B. Rutherford, Charlotte (January 2004). 773:"Oregon Racial Laws and Events 1844-1859" 731: 446:was held by among others, members of the 2005:"KKK meets with Portland leaders, 1921" 1629:Flores, Trudy; Griffith, Sarah (2003). 1490:"Oregon Was Founded As a Racist Utopia" 1036:from the original on September 21, 2017 706: 675:, which focused on racism in Portland. 3070:Sociology of race and ethnic relations 2294:from the original on December 17, 2017 2093:from the original on February 20, 2018 1892: 1890: 1888: 1886: 1884: 1882: 1848: 1846: 1844: 1829:from the original on November 10, 2018 1735: 1733: 1483: 1481: 1479: 1477: 1475: 1460:from the original on November 30, 2019 1441: 1439: 1437: 1435: 1433: 1431: 1399: 1397: 1395: 1393: 1391: 1329: 1327: 1325: 1323: 1321: 1319: 1317: 1315: 1313: 1311: 1309: 1307: 1258: 1256: 1227: 1225: 1223: 1221: 1219: 1217: 1065: 1063: 1061: 1059: 1057: 1055: 1053: 1051: 990:"OSB Bulletin Magazine - January 2004" 983: 981: 979: 685:History of African Americans in Oregon 2247: 2245: 2243: 2126:from the original on November 9, 2017 2036: 2034: 2032: 1999: 1997: 1995: 1993: 1926: 1924: 1853:Hannah-Jones, Nikole (May 10, 2011). 1722:"Reinstating Policemen (editorial)". 1624: 1622: 1620: 1618: 1305: 1303: 1301: 1299: 1297: 1295: 1293: 1291: 1289: 1287: 1114:from the original on November 7, 2018 1084:from the original on January 20, 2019 1072:"Chinese Americans in Oregon (essay)" 1019: 1017: 892: 890: 767: 765: 763: 545:In the 1920s, Oregon had the largest 7: 3093: 2216:Frazier, Laura (February 16, 2015). 1446:Flaccus, Gillian (August 13, 2019). 945: 943: 941: 939: 937: 935: 933: 931: 929: 927: 856: 854: 852: 850: 848: 791:from the original on January 2, 2019 761: 759: 757: 755: 753: 751: 749: 747: 745: 743: 2483:Discrimination based on nationality 2183:Bodenner, Chris (August 19, 2016). 1897:Parks, Casey (September 22, 2012). 720:American Nineteenth Century History 138:First arrival of black people: 1788 3134:African-American history of Oregon 2264:from the original on June 12, 2020 2197:from the original on June 17, 2020 2164:from the original on March 8, 2018 2054:from the original on June 15, 2020 2017:from the original on June 15, 2020 1945:from the original on June 17, 2020 1760:from the original on June 12, 2020 1570:from the original on June 14, 2020 1521:Bach, Trevor (September 9, 2020). 1024:Harden-Moore, Tai (May 30, 2017). 861:Horton, Kami (February 25, 2019). 25: 2228:from the original on May 24, 2020 2073:Brown, DeNeen L. (June 7, 2017). 1909:from the original on May 26, 2020 1867:from the original on May 24, 2020 1799:from the original on May 31, 2017 1740:Wilson, Jason (August 16, 2019). 1603:from the original on May 17, 2019 1502:from the original on May 20, 2015 1416:from the original on May 31, 2017 1002:from the original on May 17, 2019 964:from the original on June 9, 2020 875:from the original on May 14, 2020 690:Ethnic groups in Portland, Oregon 470:Albina District, Portland, Oregon 199:men were forbidden from becoming 3102: 3092: 3083: 3082: 1978:from the original on May 5, 2018 1931:John, Arit (February 11, 2014). 1643:from the original on May 9, 2016 1556:Morrison, Erica (May 31, 2018). 1488:Novak, Matt (January 21, 2015). 1348:from the original on May 8, 2020 1334:Semuels, Alana (July 22, 2016). 157:, which reached Oregon in 1805. 3103: 673:Portland: Race Against the Past 671:presented the documentary film 223:Chinese man and child in Oregon 112:Donation Land Claim Act of 1850 18:Anti-Chinese violence in Oregon 2988:Go back to where you came from 2252:Wexler, Sarah (June 4, 2020). 1779:Wilson, Jason (May 31, 2017). 1404:Wilson, Jason (May 31, 2017). 1234:"Ethnic Diversity in the City" 1200:10.5403/oregonhistq.120.4.0468 950:Camhi, Tiffany (June 9, 202). 422:. Years before neo-Nazi group 346:WWII and onwards: 1944–present 1: 733:10.1080/14664658.2019.1605756 639:have been flaunted. Governor 490:In May 1948 the residents of 310:Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 2112:Kaleem, Jaweed (June 2017). 920:: 121–130 – via JSTOR. 897:Coleman, Kenneth R. (2017). 660:language in home covenants. 394:Atlanta murders of 1979–1981 3129:History of racism in Oregon 1188:Oregon Historical Quarterly 1135:Register Guard (Eugene, OR) 914:Pacific Northwest Quarterly 589:Legacy and modern solutions 508:discrimination by the banks 458:Southern Poverty Law Center 167:Oregon black exclusion laws 3150: 530: 467: 164: 155:Lewis and Clark Expedition 57:was notorious for hosting 3078: 2150:Christian Science Monitor 2047:Oregon Historical Society 2010:Oregon Historical Society 1636:Oregon Historical Society 1374:Oregon Historical Society 1270:Oregon Historical Society 1239:Oregon Historical Society 1182:Thoennes, Philip (2019). 1077:Oregon Historical Society 863:"Oregon's Black Pioneers" 811:"John Beeson (1803-1889)" 714:Siddali, Silvana (2019). 245:or more Native American. 37:The history of racism in 502:In the 1970s and 1980s, 340:Civil Rights Act of 1968 315:In 1906, the legal case 250:the Fourteenth Amendment 3018:Psychometrics of racism 2468:Anti-miscegenation laws 1591:"OSB Bulletin Magazine" 1167:Nokes, Gregory (2013). 293:burned down the city's 267:funds to their families 255:the Fifteenth Amendment 2983:Ethnic plastic surgery 2478:Biological determinism 1265:"Baker City Chinatown" 1232:Toll, William (2003). 651:. In 2020, during the 625: 542: 533:Ku Klux Klan in Oregon 487: 479: 424:White Aryan Resistance 401:part of a settlement. 387:Portland Police Bureau 377: 336:housing discrimination 327: 224: 134: 114:was authorized by the 34: 2903:In Jewish communities 2881:Hispanic & Latino 653:George Floyd protests 540: 527:Ku Klux Klan Presence 485: 477: 365: 301:" started to appear. 222: 132: 32: 2993:Herrenvolk democracy 2222:Oregonian/OregonLive 1903:Oregonian/OregonLive 1108:The Oregon Blue Book 382:insurance surcharges 242:Interracial marriage 3013:Perpetual foreigner 2152:. August 18, 2017. 1726:. October 25, 1985. 784:. January 2, 2019. 781:The Wayback Machine 649:drug rehabilitation 51:Oregon Constitution 3043:Racial integration 3023:Race and sexuality 2828:Japanese Americans 2548:Racial segregation 2538:Racial nationalism 1367:Grantham, Anjuli. 543: 488: 480: 378: 283:Tacoma, Washington 227:An article in the 225: 135: 124:reservation system 35: 3116: 3115: 2864:African Americans 2811:Chinese Americans 2508:Ethnic stereotype 2119:Los Angeles Times 2042:"Fred L. Gifford" 453:The Daily Stormer 100:Indigenous people 59:white supremacist 55:Willamette Valley 16:(Redirected from 3141: 3106: 3105: 3096: 3095: 3086: 3085: 2940:Racial supremacy 2898:Jewish Americans 2876:Native Americans 2845:Zainichi Koreans 2833:Japanese Koreans 2816:Zainichi Chinese 2789:Racism by target 2566:Global apartheid 2558:Racism by region 2543:Racial profiling 2533:Racial hierarchy 2334: 2327: 2320: 2311: 2304: 2303: 2301: 2299: 2280: 2274: 2273: 2271: 2269: 2249: 2238: 2237: 2235: 2233: 2213: 2207: 2206: 2204: 2202: 2180: 2174: 2173: 2171: 2169: 2142: 2136: 2135: 2133: 2131: 2109: 2103: 2102: 2100: 2098: 2070: 2064: 2063: 2061: 2059: 2038: 2027: 2026: 2024: 2022: 2001: 1988: 1987: 1985: 1983: 1961: 1955: 1954: 1952: 1950: 1928: 1919: 1918: 1916: 1914: 1894: 1877: 1876: 1874: 1872: 1850: 1839: 1838: 1836: 1834: 1815: 1809: 1808: 1806: 1804: 1776: 1770: 1769: 1767: 1765: 1737: 1728: 1727: 1719: 1713: 1712: 1704: 1698: 1697: 1689: 1683: 1682: 1674: 1668: 1667: 1659: 1653: 1652: 1650: 1648: 1626: 1613: 1612: 1610: 1608: 1596:Oregon State Bar 1586: 1580: 1579: 1577: 1575: 1553: 1538: 1537: 1535: 1533: 1518: 1512: 1511: 1509: 1507: 1485: 1470: 1469: 1467: 1465: 1443: 1426: 1425: 1423: 1421: 1401: 1386: 1385: 1383: 1381: 1364: 1358: 1357: 1355: 1353: 1331: 1282: 1281: 1279: 1277: 1260: 1251: 1250: 1248: 1246: 1229: 1212: 1211: 1179: 1173: 1172: 1164: 1158: 1157: 1145: 1139: 1138: 1130: 1124: 1123: 1121: 1119: 1100: 1094: 1093: 1091: 1089: 1067: 1046: 1045: 1043: 1041: 1021: 1012: 1011: 1009: 1007: 995:Oregon State Bar 985: 974: 973: 971: 969: 947: 922: 921: 909: 903: 902: 894: 885: 884: 882: 880: 858: 843: 842: 835: 829: 828: 821: 815: 814: 807: 801: 800: 798: 796: 790: 777: 769: 738: 737: 735: 711: 645:crime prevention 609:Walidah Imarisha 575:Walter M. Pierce 557:Gifford was the 306:Page Act of 1875 190:Oregon territory 173:Cockstock Affair 21: 3149: 3148: 3144: 3143: 3142: 3140: 3139: 3138: 3119: 3118: 3117: 3112: 3074: 3053:Racism in sport 2951: 2945:White supremacy 2784: 2552: 2488:Ethnic conflict 2460: 2454: 2348:Types of racism 2343: 2338: 2308: 2307: 2297: 2295: 2282: 2281: 2277: 2267: 2265: 2251: 2250: 2241: 2231: 2229: 2215: 2214: 2210: 2200: 2198: 2182: 2181: 2177: 2167: 2165: 2144: 2143: 2139: 2129: 2127: 2111: 2110: 2106: 2096: 2094: 2079:Washington Post 2072: 2071: 2067: 2057: 2055: 2040: 2039: 2030: 2020: 2018: 2003: 2002: 1991: 1981: 1979: 1963: 1962: 1958: 1948: 1946: 1930: 1929: 1922: 1912: 1910: 1896: 1895: 1880: 1870: 1868: 1852: 1851: 1842: 1832: 1830: 1817: 1816: 1812: 1802: 1800: 1778: 1777: 1773: 1763: 1761: 1739: 1738: 1731: 1721: 1720: 1716: 1706: 1705: 1701: 1691: 1690: 1686: 1676: 1675: 1671: 1661: 1660: 1656: 1646: 1644: 1628: 1627: 1616: 1606: 1604: 1588: 1587: 1583: 1573: 1571: 1555: 1554: 1541: 1531: 1529: 1520: 1519: 1515: 1505: 1503: 1487: 1486: 1473: 1463: 1461: 1445: 1444: 1429: 1419: 1417: 1403: 1402: 1389: 1379: 1377: 1366: 1365: 1361: 1351: 1349: 1333: 1332: 1285: 1275: 1273: 1263:Dielman, Gary. 1262: 1261: 1254: 1244: 1242: 1231: 1230: 1215: 1181: 1180: 1176: 1166: 1165: 1161: 1147: 1146: 1142: 1132: 1131: 1127: 1117: 1115: 1102: 1101: 1097: 1087: 1085: 1069: 1068: 1049: 1039: 1037: 1030:Huffington Post 1023: 1022: 1015: 1005: 1003: 987: 986: 977: 967: 965: 949: 948: 925: 911: 910: 906: 896: 895: 888: 878: 876: 860: 859: 846: 837: 836: 832: 823: 822: 818: 809: 808: 804: 794: 792: 788: 775: 771: 770: 741: 713: 712: 708: 703: 681: 591: 571:social morality 564:Kaspar K. Kubli 535: 529: 472: 466: 348: 328: 229:Daily Oregonian 217: 169: 163: 140: 92: 87: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3147: 3145: 3137: 3136: 3131: 3121: 3120: 3114: 3113: 3111: 3110: 3100: 3090: 3079: 3076: 3075: 3073: 3072: 3067: 3065:Reverse racism 3062: 3061: 3060: 3050: 3045: 3040: 3038:Racial figleaf 3035: 3030: 3025: 3020: 3015: 3010: 3005: 3000: 2995: 2990: 2985: 2980: 2975: 2970: 2965: 2959: 2957: 2956:Related topics 2953: 2952: 2950: 2949: 2948: 2947: 2937: 2932: 2927: 2922: 2917: 2915:Middle Eastern 2912: 2907: 2906: 2905: 2900: 2890: 2889: 2888: 2878: 2873: 2872: 2871: 2866: 2856: 2855: 2854: 2849: 2848: 2847: 2837: 2836: 2835: 2830: 2820: 2819: 2818: 2813: 2798: 2792: 2790: 2786: 2785: 2783: 2782: 2781: 2780: 2775: 2770: 2760: 2759: 2758: 2753: 2748: 2738: 2737: 2736: 2731: 2726: 2721: 2711: 2710: 2709: 2707:United Kingdom 2704: 2699: 2694: 2689: 2684: 2679: 2674: 2669: 2664: 2659: 2649: 2644: 2643: 2642: 2637: 2632: 2622: 2621: 2620: 2615: 2610: 2605: 2600: 2595: 2585: 2584: 2583: 2578: 2568: 2562: 2560: 2554: 2553: 2551: 2550: 2545: 2540: 2535: 2530: 2525: 2520: 2515: 2510: 2505: 2500: 2495: 2490: 2485: 2480: 2475: 2470: 2464: 2462: 2459:Manifestations 2456: 2455: 2453: 2452: 2447: 2442: 2437: 2432: 2427: 2422: 2417: 2412: 2407: 2402: 2397: 2392: 2387: 2382: 2377: 2372: 2367: 2362: 2357: 2351: 2349: 2345: 2344: 2339: 2337: 2336: 2329: 2322: 2314: 2306: 2305: 2288:OregonLive.com 2275: 2258:My Oregon News 2239: 2208: 2175: 2137: 2104: 2065: 2028: 1989: 1956: 1920: 1878: 1840: 1810: 1771: 1729: 1714: 1699: 1684: 1669: 1654: 1614: 1581: 1539: 1513: 1471: 1427: 1387: 1359: 1283: 1252: 1213: 1194:(4): 468–487. 1174: 1159: 1140: 1125: 1095: 1070:Lee, Douglas. 1047: 1013: 975: 923: 904: 886: 844: 830: 816: 802: 739: 705: 704: 702: 699: 698: 697: 692: 687: 680: 677: 600:gentrification 590: 587: 528: 525: 465: 462: 448:American Guard 416:Mulugeta Seraw 347: 344: 322: 317:Taylor v. Cohn 275:black suffrage 259:black suffrage 216: 213: 162: 159: 139: 136: 104:sexual slavery 91: 88: 86: 83: 45:even became a 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3146: 3135: 3132: 3130: 3127: 3126: 3124: 3109: 3101: 3099: 3091: 3089: 3081: 3080: 3077: 3071: 3068: 3066: 3063: 3059: 3056: 3055: 3054: 3051: 3049: 3046: 3044: 3041: 3039: 3036: 3034: 3031: 3029: 3026: 3024: 3021: 3019: 3016: 3014: 3011: 3009: 3006: 3004: 3001: 2999: 2996: 2994: 2991: 2989: 2986: 2984: 2981: 2979: 2976: 2974: 2971: 2969: 2966: 2964: 2961: 2960: 2958: 2954: 2946: 2943: 2942: 2941: 2938: 2936: 2935:Wine industry 2933: 2931: 2928: 2926: 2923: 2921: 2918: 2916: 2913: 2911: 2908: 2904: 2901: 2899: 2896: 2895: 2894: 2891: 2887: 2884: 2883: 2882: 2879: 2877: 2874: 2870: 2867: 2865: 2862: 2861: 2860: 2857: 2853: 2850: 2846: 2843: 2842: 2841: 2838: 2834: 2831: 2829: 2826: 2825: 2824: 2821: 2817: 2814: 2812: 2809: 2808: 2807: 2804: 2803: 2802: 2799: 2797: 2794: 2793: 2791: 2787: 2779: 2776: 2774: 2771: 2769: 2766: 2765: 2764: 2763:South America 2761: 2757: 2754: 2752: 2751:United States 2749: 2747: 2744: 2743: 2742: 2741:North America 2739: 2735: 2732: 2730: 2727: 2725: 2722: 2720: 2717: 2716: 2715: 2712: 2708: 2705: 2703: 2700: 2698: 2695: 2693: 2690: 2688: 2685: 2683: 2680: 2678: 2675: 2673: 2670: 2668: 2665: 2663: 2660: 2658: 2655: 2654: 2653: 2650: 2648: 2645: 2641: 2638: 2636: 2633: 2631: 2628: 2627: 2626: 2623: 2619: 2616: 2614: 2611: 2609: 2606: 2604: 2601: 2599: 2596: 2594: 2591: 2590: 2589: 2586: 2582: 2579: 2577: 2574: 2573: 2572: 2569: 2567: 2564: 2563: 2561: 2559: 2555: 2549: 2546: 2544: 2541: 2539: 2536: 2534: 2531: 2529: 2528:Racialization 2526: 2524: 2521: 2519: 2516: 2514: 2511: 2509: 2506: 2504: 2501: 2499: 2496: 2494: 2493:Ethnic hatred 2491: 2489: 2486: 2484: 2481: 2479: 2476: 2474: 2471: 2469: 2466: 2465: 2463: 2457: 2451: 2448: 2446: 2443: 2441: 2438: 2436: 2433: 2431: 2428: 2426: 2423: 2421: 2418: 2416: 2413: 2411: 2410:Laissez-faire 2408: 2406: 2403: 2401: 2398: 2396: 2395:Institutional 2393: 2391: 2388: 2386: 2383: 2381: 2380:Environmental 2378: 2376: 2373: 2371: 2368: 2366: 2363: 2361: 2358: 2356: 2353: 2352: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2335: 2330: 2328: 2323: 2321: 2316: 2315: 2312: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2279: 2276: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2248: 2246: 2244: 2240: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2212: 2209: 2196: 2192: 2191: 2186: 2179: 2176: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2141: 2138: 2125: 2121: 2120: 2115: 2108: 2105: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2069: 2066: 2053: 2049: 2048: 2043: 2037: 2035: 2033: 2029: 2016: 2012: 2011: 2006: 2000: 1998: 1996: 1994: 1990: 1977: 1973: 1972: 1967: 1960: 1957: 1944: 1940: 1939: 1934: 1927: 1925: 1921: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1893: 1891: 1889: 1887: 1885: 1883: 1879: 1866: 1862: 1861: 1860:The Oregonian 1856: 1849: 1847: 1845: 1841: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1814: 1811: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1775: 1772: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1736: 1734: 1730: 1725: 1724:The Oregonian 1718: 1715: 1710: 1709:The Oregonian 1703: 1700: 1695: 1694:The Oregonian 1688: 1685: 1680: 1679:The Oregonian 1673: 1670: 1665: 1664:The Oregonian 1658: 1655: 1642: 1638: 1637: 1632: 1625: 1623: 1621: 1619: 1615: 1602: 1598: 1597: 1592: 1585: 1582: 1569: 1565: 1564: 1559: 1552: 1550: 1548: 1546: 1544: 1540: 1532:September 12, 1528: 1524: 1517: 1514: 1501: 1497: 1496: 1491: 1484: 1482: 1480: 1478: 1476: 1472: 1459: 1455: 1454: 1449: 1442: 1440: 1438: 1436: 1434: 1432: 1428: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1400: 1398: 1396: 1394: 1392: 1388: 1376: 1375: 1370: 1363: 1360: 1347: 1343: 1342: 1337: 1330: 1328: 1326: 1324: 1322: 1320: 1318: 1316: 1314: 1312: 1310: 1308: 1306: 1304: 1302: 1300: 1298: 1296: 1294: 1292: 1290: 1288: 1284: 1272: 1271: 1266: 1259: 1257: 1253: 1241: 1240: 1235: 1228: 1226: 1224: 1222: 1220: 1218: 1214: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1178: 1175: 1170: 1163: 1160: 1155: 1151: 1144: 1141: 1136: 1129: 1126: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1099: 1096: 1083: 1079: 1078: 1073: 1066: 1064: 1062: 1060: 1058: 1056: 1054: 1052: 1048: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1020: 1018: 1014: 1001: 997: 996: 991: 984: 982: 980: 976: 963: 959: 958: 953: 946: 944: 942: 940: 938: 936: 934: 932: 930: 928: 924: 919: 915: 908: 905: 900: 893: 891: 887: 874: 870: 869: 864: 857: 855: 853: 851: 849: 845: 840: 834: 831: 826: 820: 817: 812: 806: 803: 787: 783: 782: 774: 768: 766: 764: 762: 760: 758: 756: 754: 752: 750: 748: 746: 744: 740: 734: 729: 725: 721: 717: 710: 707: 700: 696: 693: 691: 688: 686: 683: 682: 678: 676: 674: 670: 665: 661: 657: 654: 650: 646: 642: 638: 637:police reform 633: 630: 624: 619: 616: 612: 610: 605: 601: 596: 588: 586: 584: 580: 576: 573:. KKK member 572: 567: 565: 560: 555: 552: 548: 539: 534: 526: 524: 521: 517: 512: 509: 505: 500: 497: 493: 484: 476: 471: 463: 461: 459: 455: 454: 449: 445: 441: 440:double murder 436: 434: 428: 425: 421: 417: 412: 409: 407: 402: 399: 395: 390: 388: 383: 375: 371: 368: 364: 360: 357: 353: 345: 343: 341: 337: 333: 326: 321: 318: 313: 311: 307: 302: 300: 299:sundown towns 296: 292: 287: 284: 279: 276: 270: 268: 262: 260: 256: 251: 246: 243: 238: 234: 230: 221: 214: 212: 208: 204: 202: 198: 193: 191: 186: 185:exclusion law 180: 178: 174: 168: 160: 158: 156: 152: 148: 145: 137: 131: 127: 125: 121: 117: 113: 109: 105: 101: 97: 89: 84: 82: 80: 76: 72: 68: 64: 60: 56: 52: 48: 44: 43:the territory 41:began before 40: 31: 27: 19: 3058:in Australia 3048:Racial quota 2692:Soviet Union 2635:Saudi Arabia 2576:South Africa 2503:Ethnic slurs 2498:Ethnic jokes 2400:Internalized 2296:. Retrieved 2287: 2278: 2266:. Retrieved 2257: 2230:. Retrieved 2221: 2211: 2199:. 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