17:
93:
The 1898 war was perceived in the US as a "splendid little war" but as a national disaster to many in Spain. However, despite the attempts from the most obstinate right-wingers, who continued to engage in feeding anti-American sentiment, the immediate aftermath left a focus on
389:
77:
in 1776. The spread of prejudices and clichés against the United States that were common in Europe in the 19th and the 20th centuries found a fertile ground in Spain. In the 19th century, Spanish anti-Americanism, which was staunchly
138:
was widespread in Spain in the 1960s and the 1970s. US involvement in foreign nations in the 1970s (often endorsing anti-democratic regimes) further tarnished the country's reputation to left-wing sensibilities.
147:
to install US military bases in Spain in 1953, the
Americans' lack of enthusiasm for the Spanish transition to democracy in the 1970s, the US endorsement of far-right dictatorships in Latin America during the
142:
For many authors, the higher prevalence of anti-Americanism in Spain to that nearby nations is because of the memory of the 1898 war and the left-wing resentment of the US partnership with Franco. Also, the
404:
105:
According to
Alessandro Seregni, 20th-century anti-American sentiment was built upon two different political cultures ("groups" or "families") in Spain: one right-wing and another left-wing.
591:
547:
422:
Fernández de Miguel, Daniel (2006). "El antiamericanismo en la España del primer franquismo (1939-1953). El Ejército, la
Iglesia y Falange frente a Estados Unidos".
160:) are also cited as events that fuel anti-Americanism. Spain was even the European country with the highest levels of opposition in public opinion to the Iraq War.
893:
58:. The sentiment has been historically far from being only left-wing in nature, but the United States is viewed very negatively by right-wing factions in Spain.
34:
is perceived to be deeply entrenched within elements of
Spanish society, with several surveys conducted concerning the topic tending to back up that assertion.
1000:
1010:
1005:
813:
523:"AmericanizaciĂłn y antiamericanismo en el universo narrativo y cultural de Madrid: el Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina SofĂa como espacio metatextual"
628:
599:
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477:
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686:
736:
883:
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637:
555:
706:
954:
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1015:
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778:
365:
931:
74:
878:
848:
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671:
488:
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746:
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651:
974:
916:
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853:
828:
823:
803:
773:
741:
726:
701:
949:
793:
763:
621:
62:
113:
592:"La larga durabilidad de los estereotipos. El peso de los prejuicios en la visión española de Estados Unidos"
134:. After the end of the war, right-wing anti-Americanism became more defensive. Criticism and condemnation of
572:
469:
614:
400:
149:
462:"El antiamericanismo en España: el caso del conflicto de Irak, la prensa y el asesinato de José Couso"
530:
135:
117:
47:
21:
576:
551:
473:
461:
446:
427:
370:
121:
16:
566:
539:
153:
109:
39:
131:
466:
Ventanas sobre el Atlántico: Estados Unidos-España durante el postfranquismo (1975-2008)
522:
144:
95:
66:
65:
in 1898 as the point of origin of anti-Americanism in Spain has been a common theme of
50:
study, feelings towards the United States in Spain were among the least favourable in
994:
157:
606:
83:
79:
440:
503:
87:
70:
126:
99:
431:
540:"Las relaciones culturales como punto de reencuentro hispano-estadounidense"
568:ÂżAntĂdoto contra el antiamericanismo?: American Studies en España, 1945-196
69:
of the topic, although the extent has been recently disputed, as negative
590:
RodrĂguez JimĂ©nez, Francisco Javier; Fernández de Miguel, Daniel (2011).
98:
and a grave crisis in the "national psyche", rather than a prevalence of
442:
El enemigo yanqui: Las raices conservadoras del antiamericanismo español
542:. In Delgado GĂłmez-Escalonilla, Lorenzo; Elizalde, MÂŞ Dolores (eds.).
55:
51:
43:
264:
240:
228:
124:
had
Falange members become sponsors of a worldview underpinned by
35:
15:
323:
321:
25:
610:
86:, which framed the US as an enemy of Spanish interests and of
73:
about the United States and
Americans date as far back as the
38:
ranks among the highest countries in terms of the level of
390:"El antiamericanismo en España: el peso de la historia"
20:
A 1896 political cartoon criticising the intentions of
464:. In ArdavĂn Trabanco, Carlos X.; MarĂ, Jorge (eds.).
112:, unabashed right-wing anti-Americanism, led by the
940:
902:
644:
339:
312:
252:
216:
204:
180:
276:
351:
265:RodrĂguez JimĂ©nez & Fernández de Miguel 2011
241:RodrĂguez JimĂ©nez & Fernández de Miguel 2011
229:RodrĂguez JimĂ©nez & Fernández de Miguel 2011
548:Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientĂficas
327:
489:"Antiamericanismo y conservadurismo en España"
622:
8:
565:RodrĂguez JimĂ©nez, Francisco Javier (2010).
629:
615:
607:
192:
366:"¿Somos los españoles anti americanos?"
173:
600:Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes
544:España y Estados Unidos en el siglo XX
487:Montero Jiménez, José Antonio (2014).
300:
7:
460:González Esteban, José Luis (2011).
439:Fernández de Miguel, Daniel (2012).
288:
1001:Anti-American sentiment by country
638:Anti-American sentiment in Europe
14:
1006:Anti-American sentiment in Europe
445:. Zaragoza: Genueve Ediciones.
364:Benito, Carlos (11 July 2016).
82:, developed by a discourse of
75:US Declaration of Independence
1:
1011:Spain–United States relations
502:(55): 205–212. Archived from
102:stances in public opinion.
1032:
388:Chislett, William (2005).
156:(including the killing of
521:Neila, José Luis (2018).
130:, which clashed with the
340:Fernández de Miguel 2012
313:Fernández de Miguel 2006
253:Fernández de Miguel 2012
217:Fernández de Miguel 2012
205:Fernández de Miguel 2006
181:Fernández de Miguel 2006
1016:Discrimination in Spain
32:Anti-American sentiment
687:Bosnia and Herzegovina
538:Niño, Antonio (2005).
277:RodrĂguez JimĂ©nez 2010
28:
531:Universidad de Murcia
401:Real Instituto Elcano
352:González Esteban 2011
150:Reagan administration
19:
527:SociologĂa HistĂłrica
472:. pp. 207–218.
397:Documento de Trabajo
328:Montero Jiménez 2014
136:American imperialism
63:Spanish–American War
48:German Marshall Fund
22:American imperialism
903:States with limited
596:Cuadernos de ALDEEU
315:, pp. 260–261.
550:. pp. 57–94.
29:
988:
987:
582:978-84-370-8330-8
479:978-84-370-8031-4
452:978-84-940186-3-3
54:, second only to
46:. According to a
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941:Dependencies and
645:Sovereign states
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403:. Archived from
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343:
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331:
325:
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310:
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292:
291:, p. 72–73.
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154:invasion of Iraq
110:Second World War
40:anti-Americanism
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426:(62): 257–282.
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132:Monroe Doctrine
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943:other entities
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894:United Kingdom
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707:Czech Republic
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619:
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581:
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518:
496:Iberoamericana
484:
478:
457:
451:
436:
419:
384:
383:
378:
377:
356:
354:, p. 208.
344:
342:, p. 425.
332:
330:, p. 207.
317:
305:
303:, p. 767.
293:
281:
269:
267:, p. 7–8.
257:
245:
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221:
209:
207:, p. 257.
197:
185:
183:, p. 258.
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145:Pact of Madrid
96:self-criticism
67:historiography
13:
10:
9:
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4:
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2:
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779:Liechtenstein
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557:84-00-08307-5
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529:(9). Murcia:
528:
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509:on 2020-06-19
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410:on 2020-06-20
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193:Chislett 2005
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932:Transnistria
868:
598:– via
595:
571:. Valencia:
567:
543:
526:
511:. Retrieved
504:the original
499:
495:
468:. Valencia:
465:
441:
423:
412:. Retrieved
405:the original
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382:Bibliography
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118:Armed Forces
107:
104:
92:
84:Panhispanism
80:conservative
60:
31:
30:
970:Isle of Man
905:recognition
879:Switzerland
814:Netherlands
108:During the
88:Catholicism
71:stereotypes
24:concerning
995:Categories
849:San Marino
809:Montenegro
789:Luxembourg
769:Kazakhstan
672:Azerbaijan
546:. Madrid:
533:: 763–792.
513:2020-06-18
414:2020-06-18
301:Neila 2018
164:References
158:José Couso
152:, and the
127:hispanidad
120:, and the
100:revanchist
960:Gibraltar
784:Lithuania
432:1134-2277
289:Niño 2005
169:Citations
980:Svalbard
965:Guernsey
912:Abkhazia
864:Slovenia
859:Slovakia
834:Portugal
692:Bulgaria
889:Ukraine
839:Romania
799:Moldova
757:Ireland
752:Iceland
747:Hungary
737:Germany
732:Georgia
722:Finland
717:Estonia
712:Denmark
697:Croatia
682:Belgium
677:Belarus
667:Austria
662:Armenia
657:Andorra
652:Albania
122:Falange
975:Jersey
917:Kosovo
884:Turkey
874:Sweden
854:Serbia
844:Russia
829:Poland
824:Norway
804:Monaco
774:Latvia
742:Greece
727:France
702:Cyprus
579:
554:
476:
449:
430:
399:(47).
116:, the
114:Church
56:Turkey
52:Europe
44:Europe
950:Ă…land
869:Spain
794:Malta
764:Italy
507:(PDF)
492:(PDF)
408:(PDF)
393:(PDF)
371:Ideal
36:Spain
577:ISBN
552:ISBN
474:ISBN
447:ISBN
428:ISSN
424:Ayer
61:The
26:Cuba
573:PUV
500:XIV
470:PUV
42:in
997::
594:.
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498:.
494:.
395:.
368:.
320:^
90:.
630:e
623:t
616:v
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195:.
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