1439:"On Abandoned Real Estate", a 6 May 1945 restitution law, allowed property owners who had been dispossessed or their relatives and heirs to reclaim private property under a simplified inheritance procedure. The law was in effect until the end of 1948. An expedited court process, with minimal costs, was put in place to handle claims. Applications had to be examined within 21 days, and many claims were processed the day they were filed. The Communist government enacted legislation on "abandoned property", placing severe limitations not present in pre-war inheritance law (which allowed inheritance by second-degree relatives) and limiting restitution to the original owners or direct heirs. The initial 1945 decrees were superseded by a 1946 law with a claim deadline of 31 December 1947 (later extended to 31 December 1948), after which property devolved to the Polish state. Even if Jews regained
2296:
act of violence to which they fell victim.1 But after all, Jews, like Poles, Americans, or
Chinese, can be attacked, battered, or murdered for many reasons, not only because of their ethnicity. The second danger is acceptance of the opposite position—the explanation of anti-Jewish violence solely as postwar, ordinary criminality. Such an approach is disqualified by the simple finding that for some attackers the ethnicity of their victims did matter fundamentally. In the case of many attacks on Jews carried out immediately after the war in Poland, the Jewishness of the victims was unquestionably the chief, if not the sole, motive for the crime.
1448:
the Soviet Union were not repatriated until after that date. Polish legislation in 1947 severely restricted intestate succession, limiting inheritance by distant family members. Jews who returned to Poland from the Soviet Union and settled in territories Poland acquired from
Germany were entitled to material compensation on an equal footing with ethnic Poles who were displaced from eastern Poland. Although it is difficult to estimate how many Jews got their property back, the number was probably few.
1767:, cite the figures which originated in Dobroszycki's 1973 work. Dobroszycki wrote that "according to general estimates 1,500 Jews lost their lives in Poland from liberation until the summer of 1947", although Gross said that only a fraction of the deaths could be attributed to antisemitism and most were due to general postwar disorder, political violence and banditry. Engel wrote that Dobroszycki "offered no reference for such 'general estimates
1799:
supplemented by reports prepared by the United States embassy in Warsaw and by Jewish sources in Poland, as well as by bulletins published by the
Central Committee of Polish Jews and the Jewish Telegraphic Agency, has lent credibility to Dobroszycki's claim: it has turned up more or less detailed descriptions of 130 incidents in 102 locations between September 1944 and September 1946, in which 327 Jews lost their lives.
7013:
199:
207:
1771:" which "have not been confirmed by any other investigator" and "no proof-text for this figure" exists, or for Yisrael Gutman's total of 1,000; "both estimates seem high." Other estimates include one by Anna Cichopek that more than 1,000 Jews were murdered in Poland between 1944 and 1947. According to Stefan Grajek, around 1,000 Jews died in the first half of 1946. Historian
5843:
1281:
5855:
1783:, 1,074 to 1,121 Jews died as a result of individual and collective violence between 1944 and 1947. They were killed in at least 365 localities, with the vast majority of victims defenseless people (including women and children), and the violence originated in a climate of indifference, aversion and hostility towards the Jews on the part of the local population.
1292:
1496:, head of State Security Services, who was considered Joseph Stalin's right-hand man in Poland between 1944 and 1953. Jewish representation in Bierut's apparatus of political oppression was higher than their proportion of the general Polish population. It was hypothesized that Stalin had intentionally employed some in positions of repressive authority (such as
2837:»ludność Polski zmniejszyła się z 35,1 mln osób w 1939 roku do 23,7 mln w 1946 roku, tj. o prawie jedną trzecią. Społeczeństwo polskie pozbawione zostało w zasadzie elity przywódczej: z wszystkich jego grup społecznych największe straty poniosła inteligencja i po zakończeniu wojny liczba ludzi z wyższym wykształceniem wynosiła niecałe 40 tys.«
1804:
killings of Jews for which no official reports survived, concluding that the figures have "obvious weaknesses"; the records used to compile them are deficient, and lack data from the Białystok region. He cited one source with 108 Jewish deaths during March 1945, and another source showing 351 deaths between
November 1944 and December 1945.
1426:" and anti-Jewish violence caused panic among Jews not so much because of its intensity and spread, but because of the "atmosphere of widespread anti-Semitism" they experienced after the end of the war. Resentment of returning Jews by some local Poles included concerns that they would reclaim their property.
1862:
The most intense battles took place in the east but the fighting was not limited to this region; all over the country, partisans clashed with communist security forces. Repressions increased in the winter of 1945/46 and spring of 1946, when entire villages were burnt. The fighting lasted with varying
2295:
The broader issue of antiJewish violence has been studied many times in recent years, yet it remains highly politicized. One must be aware of at least two serious risks in analyzing its post-Holocaust occurrence. The first is extreme reductionism, the attempt to ascribe to Jews' ethnic origins every
1609:
to the USSR "irrespective of their personal wishes". The former Polish citizens, the second-largest refugee group in the West, did not began to return until late 1946. Polish–Jewish DPs (25 percent of their total at the beginning of 1947) were declared non-repatriable (due, in part, to US pressure),
1798:
did not report the results of that analysis except in the most general terms, nor did he indicate the specific sources from which he had compiled his list of cases. Nevertheless, a separate, systematic examination of the relevant files in the archive of the Polish
Ministry of Public Administration,
1355:
published the first scientific register of incidents and victims of anti-Jewish violence in Poland from 1944 to 1947; according to Kwiek's calculations, the number of victims was 1,074 to 1,121. Jews constituted between two and three percent of the total number of victims of postwar violence in the
1730:
on 4 July 1946. It had been rumoured that a Polish boy was kidnapped by Jews but escaped, and other Polish children were ritually murdered by Jews. According to Robert B. Pynsent, this ignited a violent public reaction directed at the Jewish Center. Attacks on the city's Jewish residents were also
1626:
ambassador to Poland, was troubled by the mass arrests of Polish non-Communists and their intimidation by security police. The wave of state-sponsored terror and large-scale deportations was followed by the
January 1946 nationalization decree. In response to his protests, Bierut told Lane to "mind
1447:
Jewish property was unclaimed because some Jews were murdered when they sought to reclaim family property and most Jews left postwar Poland. The murders intimidated Jews against filing claims. Unclaimed Jewish property devolved to the Polish state on 31 December 1948, but many Jews who had fled to
1614:
of Jews was motivated by civil war in Poland and the efforts of a strong Polish-Jewish lobby at the Jewish Agency working towards a higher standard of living and special privileges for immigrants from Poland. Yitzhak
Raphael, director of the Immigration Department (who lobbied on behalf of Polish
3183:
The author, , repeats the stereotype found in literature, about the resurgence of anti-Semitic rhetoric in times of crisis, but curiously enough, does not explain how it would have been possible in postwar Kraków with no evidence of the blood libel propaganda in the 1930s... And, in spite of all
1739:
signed a decree soon afterwards which allowed Jews to leave Poland without visas or exit permits, and Jewish emigration from Poland increased substantially. Almost 20,000 Jews left Poland in July 1946, and there were approximately 12,000 Jews left by
September of that year. Britain demanded that
1531:(which employed a number of Jewish functionaries; up to 80 percent of the officers and 50 percent of the militiamen in Lublin and up to 75 percent of the officers in Silesia were Jewish. According to Eisenstein's estimates, 90 percent of the Jewish functionaries at the state security office in
1803:
Studying case records, Engel wrote that the compilation of cases is not exhaustive. He suggested that cases of anti-Jewish violence were selectively reported and recorded, and that there was no centralized, systematic effort to record these cases. Engel cited a number of incidental reports of
1409:
The violence and its causes have been politicized. Polish historian Lukasz
Krzyzanowski says that the attribution of antisemitic motives to all attackers, or ascribing all anti-Jewish violence to ordinary criminality, is reductionist; in many cases, however, "the Jewishness of the victims was
1402:(CKŻP). By the end of summer, the number had risen to 205,000 to 210,000 (with 240,000 registrations and over 30,000 duplicates). About 180,000 Jewish refugees came from the Soviet Union after the repatriation agreement. Most left without visas or exit permits, thanks to a decree from General
163:
1635:
The prewar Polish intelligentsia ceased to exist. Of a 1946 population of 23.7 million, only 40,000 university graduates (less than 0.2 percent of the general population) survived the war. Between 1944 and 1956, 350,000 to 400,000 Poles were held in
Stalinist prisons. Sporadic anti-Jewish
2377:Żydzi byli zabijani nie tylko przez niektóre organizacje prawicowego podziemia, ale też przez pospolitych bandytów jako funkcjonariusze komunistycznego państwa, bez dodatkowego motywu rasistowskiego. Wedle Aliny Całej, liczba Żydów zabitych w latach 1944−1947 przekracza tysiąc osób
1610:
which forced the British government to open the borders of Palestine. By the spring of 1947, the number of Jews in Poland (largely from the Soviet Union) declined from 240,000 to 90,000 due to mass migration and the post-Holocaust absence of Jewish life in Poland. The
1734:
Forty-two people were killed in the Kielce pogrom, and about 50 were seriously injured. According to Michael R. Marrus, it was a turning point for the postwar history of Polish Jews as the Zionist underground concluded that there was no future for Jews in Europe.
1410:
unquestionably the chief, if not the sole, motive for the crime". Tens of thousands of people were killed in Poland's two-year civil war, also due to indiscriminate postwar lawlessness and abject poverty. Among Jewish victims were functionaries of the
149:
1775:
estimated that between 1944 and 1947, there were 1,500–2,000 Jewish victims of general civil strife associated with the Soviet consolidation of power – two to three percent of the total number of victims of postwar violence in Poland.
1460:
of the Nazi Holocaust who returned home were fearful of being physically assaulted, robbed and murdered. The situation was complicated by the fact that there were more Jewish survivors returning from the Soviet Union than those who survived in
1695:
of 11 August 1945 was the first antisemitic riot in postwar Poland and resulted in the shooting death of Róża Berger, who was hiding from security forces. The riot was caused by a rumour that the bodies of Christian children were hidden in
1688:. Acts of anti-Jewish violence were also recorded in villages and small towns in central Poland, where the overwhelming majority of attacks occurred. According to Bozena Szaynok, the perpetrators of antisemitic acts were seldom punished.
3097:
2893:»Ogółem według szacunków IPN z 2007, w latach 1944–1956 w aresztach i więzieniach znalazło się z powodów politycznych ok. 350–400 tysięcy osób (wliczając w to ok. 100 tys. ofiar prześladowań za rządów Bieruta w okresie 1949-1956).«
7093:
1587:(28 May). Several hundred or more political prisoners were freed, many of whom were later recaptured and murdered. The human-rights violations and abuse of power by the ministry strengthened anti-Jewish sentiments, adding to the
1443:
control, additional lengthy proceedings were required when it was occupied by Poles. Most Jewish claimants could not afford the restitution process without financial help, due to filing costs, legal fees, and inheritance tax.
3162:
1756:, who wrote that he had "analyzed records, reports, cables, protocols and press-cuttings of the period pertaining to anti-Jewish assaults and murders in 115 localities" in which about 300 Jewish deaths had been documented.
2025:
1819:
2614:
1418:" of the anti-communist underground due to their political loyalties. Their percentage was not large, however; among the victims recorded by Julian Kwiek were only 84 people identified with the new government.
1593:
stereotype with Poles who generally had anti-Communist and anti-Soviet attitudes. Accusations that Jews were supportive of the communist regime and were a threat to Poland also came from high officials of the
35:
4192:
1397:
back to the USSR by force. Uninterrupted traffic across the Polish borders intensified, with many Jews passing through on their way west or south. In January 1946, 86,000 survivors were registered with the
1508:
indicated that between 1944 and 1954, 37.1 percent of the ministry's 450 directors were Jewish. The underground anti-communist press held them responsible for the murder of Polish opponents of the regime.
5757:
5001:
3621:
2450:
1365:
5358:
2833:
The population was reduced by one-third from 35.1 million in 1939 to 23.7 million people in 1946. The ruling elite was wiped out: there were less than 40,000 people with higher education.
1130:
2462:
2428:
Weizman, Yechiel. "Unsettled possession: the question of ownership of Jewish sites in Poland after the Holocaust from a local perspective." Jewish Culture and History 18.1 (2017): 34-53.
5393:
5348:
5388:
5383:
5368:
5373:
1731:
provoked by units of the communist militia and the Soviet-controlled Polish Army, who confirmed rumors of the kidnapping. Police and soldiers were the first to fire shots at Jews.
5880:
5378:
5353:
5111:
4185:
1708:
soldiers. In September and October 1945, about 25 of those arrested were charged and 10 were imprisoned. Shortly after the Kielce pogrom, violence against Jews in Poland ceased.
234:
5832:
5611:
5322:
2518:
1518:
2611:
995:
6682:
811:
2603:
2330:
156:
3188:»Autorka nie wyjaśnia zadziwiającego powrotu tego motywu w pierwszych latach powojennych, zadowalając się powtórzeniem poglądu zakorzenionego w literaturze przedmiotu...«
2697:. For background to a Decree issued on November 10, 1945, by the State National Council (Krajowa Rada Narodowa, KRN) about changing and adjusting names and surnames, see
1344:
3662:
3614:
2262:
1361:
4178:
3752:
880:
5317:
6687:
1319:
816:
5327:
2650:
1535:
changed their names to Polish ones after 10 November 1945 for anonymity. In May 1945, public security offices were destroyed by the anti-communist underground in
2531:
1928:
6203:
5332:
2170:
254:
2438:
7058:
6692:
5961:
5790:
5407:
3607:
1256:
821:
5639:
7073:
6793:
2223:
1472:(KPP) returned home from the Soviet Union as functionaries of the new regime. Among them were a number of Poles of Jewish origin, who became active in the
1195:
2427:
1704:
and other parts of the city's Old Town, and a fire was set in Kupa Synagogue. One hundred forty-five people were arrested including 40 militiamen and six
7063:
5895:
5890:
5885:
4996:
3247:
2240:
249:
244:
239:
3846:
2096:
1029:
2599:(Jews in the authorities of the Polish Secret Security. Stereotype or Reality?), Bulletin of the Institute of National Remembrance (11/2005), p. 37-42:
2066:
1748:
A statistical compendium of "Jewish deaths by violence for which specific record is extant, by month and province" was compiled by David Engel for the
5795:
5363:
5104:
695:
5900:
5825:
5604:
3998:
3299:
116:
5729:
5026:
2502:
2824:
1813:
5058:
4951:
3114:»ciało zostało przebite na wylot nie tylko przez sam pocisk, ale także przez stalowe i mosiężne odłamki pochodzące z rozbitego strzałem zamka.«
650:
482:
5462:
2303:
4956:
2868:
2660:
2288:
2110:
2047:
1462:
5659:
5142:
5097:
3745:
2563:
1618:
Reports of political repression by Communist forces in Poland and political murders by security forces under Soviet control were mounting.
1481:
441:
401:
5951:
2474:
806:
526:
7068:
7022:
7016:
5946:
5926:
5847:
5818:
5597:
4157:
2349:
Book review of Stefan Grajek, "Po wojnie i co dalej? Żydzi w Polsce, w latach 1945−1949", translated from Hebrew by Aleksander Klugman,
1312:
521:
501:
277:
3419:
In: Joshua D. Zimmerman, ed. Contested Memories: Poles and Jews During the Holocaust and Its Aftermath. Rutgers University Press, 2003.
3228:
3072:
2418:
In: Joshua D. Zimmerman, ed. Contested Memories: Poles and Jews During the Holocaust and Its Aftermath. Rutgers University Press, 2003.
1931:
In: David Bankier, ed. The Jews are Coming Back: The Return of the Jews to Their Countries of Origin After WW II. Berghahn Books, 2005.
5780:
5137:
2850:
2807:
2758:
2548:
1999:
1956:
1855:
1261:
1210:
5956:
1411:
1348:
531:
6677:
3519:
3380:
3337:
3257:
3212:
3048:
2970:
2914:
2578:
2211:
2180:
2076:
2035:
1752:
Shoah Resource Center's International School for Holocaust Studies. The study was the starting point for a 1973 report by historian
1505:
580:
214:
3184:
documentary evidence confirming the death of one person, Cichopek claims five victims by looking at photographs from some funeral.
2389:
Mniejszości narodowe w Polsce. Państwo i społeczeństwo polskie a mniejszości narodowe w okresach przełomów politycznych (1944−1989)
2486:
6667:
5941:
5931:
5916:
4688:
3499:
3481:
2950:
2646:
2600:
2356:
2350:
1772:
1399:
1222:
796:
536:
516:
506:
491:
267:
3483:
2344:
1523:
As the victory over Nazi Germany was celebrated in the West in May 1945, Polish partisans attacked country offices of the PUBP,
7098:
6823:
6783:
5742:
3936:
3738:
2905:
Gross, Jan T. (2005). "After Auschwitz: The Reality and Meaning of Postwar Antisemitism in Poland". In Jonathan Frankel (ed.).
1477:
423:
2415:
725:
595:
7053:
6873:
5715:
5070:
5046:
3841:
3461:
3139:
2692:
1989:
1909:
1305:
1017:
180:
6798:
6773:
6768:
5193:
1540:
1217:
955:
3506:
Poland's holocaust : ethnic strife, collaboration with occupying forces and genocide in the Second Republic, 1918-1947
6738:
6153:
5936:
5863:
5737:
5547:
4066:
3789:
1340:
1336:
1095:
551:
511:
188:
6758:
6753:
6514:
6263:
6097:
5203:
5188:
3836:
3816:
3784:
2102:
1205:
1115:
1090:
1039:
1005:
625:
359:
304:
3881:
6813:
6808:
6778:
6617:
5772:
5038:
3916:
3871:
3861:
3851:
3794:
1120:
1100:
1064:
1054:
1044:
1010:
831:
6818:
6748:
6559:
4783:
4285:
3901:
2889:
According to IPN estimates (2007) there were 350,000–400,000 political prisoners held in Poland from 1944 till 1956.
680:
655:
565:
6602:
5684:
5626:
5567:
5508:
5198:
5162:
5066:
5006:
4589:
4152:
3866:
3811:
3692:
1576:
1560:
1239:
1170:
1110:
1059:
935:
615:
600:
575:
376:
51:
6828:
6743:
6258:
5669:
5457:
5042:
4733:
4678:
4147:
3876:
3856:
3806:
3712:
3667:
2355:(in Polish). Kwartalnik Historii Żydów, Recenzje (Jewish History Quarterly; Reviews). p. 240. Archived from
1469:
1105:
1069:
1049:
675:
314:
299:
2930:
Aleksiun, Natalia (2003). "Jewish Responses to Antisemitism in Poland 1944-1947". In Joshua D. Zimmerman (ed.).
2463:
Searching for Justice After the Holocaust: Fulfilling the Terezin Declaration and Immovable Property Restitution
2133:
7043:
6957:
6587:
6233:
5784:
5488:
5050:
3931:
3828:
3767:
3717:
3702:
3682:
3672:
3657:
3652:
2682:
1379:
Jewish emigration from Poland surged, partly as a result of this violence but also because Poland was the only
1155:
745:
585:
496:
5498:
4880:
4111:
3906:
1473:
975:
685:
3100:[Deaths on the streets of Kraków in 1945-1947 at the archives of the Institute of Forensic Medicine]
6985:
6788:
6763:
6708:
6592:
6564:
6549:
6178:
6158:
6047:
5427:
5152:
4986:
3707:
3697:
3687:
3677:
3630:
3098:"Śmierć na ulicach Krakowa w latach 1945-1947 w materiale archiwalnym krakowskiego Zakładu Medycyny Sądowej"
2129:
1863:
intensity until 1948 and ended with thousands killed, wounded, arrested, or transported to the Soviet Union.
1791:
1580:
1160:
1140:
870:
841:
735:
700:
605:
364:
319:
309:
136:
6370:
6243:
5208:
4758:
4673:
1234:
1227:
705:
645:
590:
3303:
3110:
The coroners' report revealed: the body was pierced by a bullet and shrapnel from the locking mechanism.
1899:
765:
635:
126:
6672:
6253:
6238:
6213:
5747:
5167:
3480:, (translated from Hebrew by Aleksander Klugman), Żydowski Instytut Historyczny, Warszawa 2003, pg. 254
2761:
In: Robert Blobaum, ed. Antisemitism and Its Opponents in Modern Poland. Cornell University Press, 2005.
1825:
1244:
801:
760:
750:
324:
6607:
4021:
2629:
Daniel Blatamn. "The Encounter between Jews and Poles in Lublin District after Liberation, 1944-1945."
1175:
905:
17:
2699:
7048:
6908:
6597:
6538:
6520:
6390:
6360:
6340:
6248:
5224:
5062:
4935:
4900:
4820:
4456:
4381:
4325:
3921:
3001:
2258:
1165:
755:
620:
4051:
3286:
Suggested reading: Arieh J. Kochavi, "Britain and the Jewish Exodus...," Polin 7 (1992): pp. 161–175
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7083:
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6499:
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6426:
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5975:
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5284:
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4683:
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4076:
4045:
4011:
3946:
3127:
2797:
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2571:
1895:
1705:
1524:
1457:
1390:
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895:
570:
224:
4016:
3570:
2759:
Antisemitism, Anti-Judaism, and the Polish Catholic Clergy during the Second World War, 1939-1945.
1929:
The Holocaust and Its Aftermath as Perceived in Poland: Voices of Polish Intellectuals, 1945-1947.
6574:
6441:
6345:
6188:
6122:
6057:
5472:
5259:
5011:
4559:
4496:
4426:
4416:
4335:
3800:
3776:
3588:
2574:
1869:
1845:
1753:
1343:. It occurred amid a period of violence and anarchy across the country caused by lawlessness and
1249:
1079:
690:
198:
5503:
5264:
4835:
4773:
4056:
3404:
2977:
responsible for orchestrating the Kielce pogrom the chief of the UB Soviet intelligence officer.
2560:
1740:
Poland and other countries halt the Jewish exodus, but their pressure was largely unsuccessful.
1489:
930:
670:
3413:
Revolution from Abroad: The Soviet Conquest of Poland's Western Ukraine and Western Belorussia.
6859:
6526:
6436:
6395:
6375:
6304:
6062:
6022:
5752:
5527:
5437:
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4549:
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4255:
3525:
3515:
3511:
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3412:
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3333:
3253:
3208:
3135:
3054:
3044:
3038:
2966:
2962:
2910:
2864:
2803:
2688:
2656:
2498:
2284:
2207:
2176:
2106:
2072:
2068:
Immigrants in Turmoil: Mass Immigration to Israel and Its Repercussions in the 1950s and After
2043:
2031:
1995:
1972:
1905:
1851:
1736:
1619:
1572:
1403:
770:
740:
560:
451:
131:
76:
2771:
206:
6992:
6718:
6647:
6622:
6612:
6405:
6400:
6299:
6198:
6117:
6107:
5689:
5294:
5244:
5034:
4855:
4713:
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4270:
4265:
4106:
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4036:
4006:
3988:
3978:
3941:
3926:
3578:
3158:
2793:
2754:
1692:
1602:
1369:
1185:
1180:
980:
970:
950:
925:
890:
851:
101:
3281:
2874:
6978:
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6582:
6451:
6380:
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5710:
5705:
5562:
5493:
5442:
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Cichopek, Anna (2003). "The Cracow pogrom of August 1945: A Narrative Reconstruction". In
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2345:"Central and Eastern European Online Library (CEEOL); page 11, note 7 of current document"
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The Jews in Poland after World War II (Hebrew), (Jerusalem: Merkaz Zalman Shazar, 1985)
2704:
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106:
3328:
Post-Holocaust Politics: Britain, the United States & Jewish Refugees, 1945–1948
2098:
Post-Holocaust politics: Britain, the United States & Jewish refugees, 1945-1948
1504:) to put non-Jewish and Jewish Poles "on a collision course." A study by the Polish
6964:
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2245:
University Press of Kentucky 1989 - 201 pages. Page 13; also in Richard C. Lukas,
1780:
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1423:
1419:
1380:
1352:
1022:
960:
391:
287:
4411:
2717:
1653:
1568:
1552:
2487:
The Plunder of Jewish Property during the Holocaust: Confronting European History
6466:
6365:
6330:
6132:
6072:
6027:
5552:
5289:
4825:
4815:
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4554:
4539:
4461:
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4310:
4300:
1637:
1556:
1536:
1485:
665:
456:
1351:. The estimated number of Jewish victims varies, ranging up to 2,000. In 2021,
5992:
4875:
4840:
4396:
4245:
3016:
2304:"Historian: Polish society shunned Jewish survivors returning from Nazi camps"
1749:
1673:
396:
3249:
The Unwanted: European Refugees from the First World War Through the Cold War
6922:
6894:
5854:
5132:
4569:
4142:
3529:
3390:
3058:
1701:
1677:
1605:
allowed Stalin to forcibly return Jewish refugees and Soviet nationals from
344:
5842:
5157:
3548:
Nie chcemy Żydów u siebie: Przejawy wrogości wobec Żydów w latach 1944–1947
3372:
The politics of retribution in Europe : World War II and its aftermath
3040:
The politics of retribution in Europe : World War II and its aftermath
1685:
1641:
2718:"Anti-Communist Armed Underground in Poland After 1944 - An Introduction."
2549:
Poland's Threatening Other: The Image of the Jew from 1880 to the Present.
6999:
6936:
6289:
6002:
5572:
3132:
Contested Memories: Poles and Jews During the Holocaust and Its Aftermath
2932:
Contested Memories: Poles and Jews During the Holocaust and Its Aftermath
2228:
Contested Memories: Poles and Jews During the Holocaust and Its Aftermath
1681:
1532:
446:
408:
2532:"The Role of Antisemitism in Postwar Polish-Jewish Relations." Page 270.
6971:
6915:
2475:
false Beyond Violence: Jewish Survivors in Poland and Slovakia, 1944–48
1665:
1657:
1606:
1548:
1394:
349:
2652:
Poland's holocaust: ethnic strife, collaboration with occupying forces
1820:
Neighbors: The Destruction of the Jewish Community in Jedwabne, Poland
6901:
5644:
3583:
3268:(flight), accelerated powerfully after the Kielce pogrom in July 1946
3207:. University of London School of Slavonic and East European Studies.
3108:. 4/2 (8), 143–157. Muzeum Historii Polski. p. 148 (7 of 16 in PDF).
2728:
2247:
The Forgotten Holocaust: The Poles Under German Occupation, 1939-1944
2172:
Redrawing nations: ethnic cleansing in East-Central Europe, 1944-1948
2144:
1727:
1723:
1669:
1645:
1611:
1385:
1373:
418:
2799:
Bitter Legacy: Polish-American Relations in the Wake of World War II
2499:
Robbery and Restitution: The Conflict Over Jewish Property in Europe
2561:"Jakub Berman's Papers Received at the Hoover Institution Archives"
1951:
1949:
6929:
1649:
386:
339:
334:
2863:. Lublin: LIBER Duo S.C. Publishing. p. 22, or 24 of 332 in PDF.
2439:
Beyond Violence: Jewish Survivors in Poland and Slovakia, 1944–48
1847:
Beyond Violence: Jewish Survivors in Poland and Slovakia, 1944-48
3375:. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press. pp. 106–107.
3355:
Lucjan Dobroszycki. "Restoring Jewish Life in Post-War Poland",
2140:
1528:
354:
5814:
5593:
5093:
4174:
3734:
3603:
3571:"Violence as the Cause of Jewish Flight from Poland, 1945–1946"
2802:. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky. pp. 43–45, 47.
2727:"National Armed Forces. Polish Underground Soldiers 1944–1963."
1615:
refugees), insisted on their preferential treatment in Israel.
3205:
The Phoney Peace: Power and Culture in Central Europe, 1945-49
2361:
1422:
noted that "only a fraction of deaths could be attributed to
7094:
Anti-Jewish violence in Central and Eastern Europe, 1944–1946
2202:
Albert Stankowski, with August Grabski and Grzegorz Berendt;
4201:
Perpetrators, participants, organizations, and collaborators
2206:, Warszawa, Żydowski Instytut Historyczny 2000, pp.107-111.
2134:"Poland. Liberation, Reconstruction, and Flight (1944-1947)"
3043:. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press. p. 111.
2477:, Cambridge University Press, Anna Cichopek-Gajraj, page 82
2441:, Cambridge University Press, Anna Cichopek-Gajraj, page 72
1406:. By the spring of 1947, only 90,000 Jews lived in Poland.
2723:
Polish Underground Soldiers 1944–1963 - The Untold Story.
1850:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 26, 47, 114, 143.
1393:. By contrast, the Soviet Union brought Soviet Jews from
5758:
International Youth Meeting Center in Oświęcim/Auschwitz
3550:(in Polish). Wydawnictwo Nieoczywiste. pp. 209, 217
3478:
Po wojnie i co dalej? Żydzi w Polsce, w latach 1945−1949
2224:"Jewish Responses to Antisemitism in Poland, 1944–1947."
3332:. The University of North Carolina Press. pp. xi.
3002:"Patterns of Anti-Jewish Violence in Poland, 1944-1946"
3417:
Jewish Responses to Antisemitism in Poland, 1944-1947.
3344:
Britain exerted pressure on the governments of Poland.
2597:Żydzi w kierownictwie UB. Stereotyp czy rzeczywistość?
2416:
Jewish Responses to Antisemitism in Poland, 1944-1947.
2071:. Syracuse University Press; 325 pages. pp. 70–.
1991:
Warlords: An Extraordinary Re-Creation of World War II
3452:
Cichopek (2003), "The Cracow pogrom of August 1945"
1726:, the causes of which remain controversial, began in
1356:
country, including Polish Jews who managed to escape
3415:
Princeton University Press, 2002; Natalia Aleksiun.
3264:
This gigantic effort, known by the Hebrew code word
3246:
Marrus, Michael Robert; Aristide R. Zolberg (2002).
6837:
6731:
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6631:
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3997:
3955:
3894:
3827:
3775:
3766:
2827:[Summary of Poland's World War II Losses].
2451:
The Plunder of Jewish Property during the Holocaust
3503:
3409:Because They Were Jews: A History of Antisemitism.
3325:
2954:
3369:István Deák; Jan Tomasz Gross; Tony Judt (2000).
3300:"Anti-Jewish Violence in Poland After Liberation"
3037:István Deák; Jan Tomasz Gross; Tony Judt (2000).
2230:. Rutgers University Press, 2003. Pages 249; 256.
1362:territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union
5120:Resistance, victims, documentation and technical
2945:
2943:
2941:
2249:, University Press of Kentucky 1986 - 300 pages.
2242:Out of the Inferno: Poles Remember the Holocaust
1333:Anti-Jewish violence in Poland from 1944 to 1946
27:Post-WW2 pogroms and massacres of Jews in Poland
3230:Antisemitism and its opponents in modern Poland
3198:
3196:
3074:Antisemitism and its opponents in modern Poland
3019:, Jerusalem. pp. 21 (§ 2), 32. PDF file, 198 KB
2641:
2639:
2633:. 2006, Vol. 20, No. 4, 598-621. Pages 601-602.
2536:Antisemitism and Its Opponents in Modern Poland
2281:Ghost Citizens: Jewish Return to a Postwar City
1796:
1519:Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944–1953)
1341:history of the Jews and Polish-Jewish relations
2577:, August 11, 2008 by the Board of Trustees of
2265:". In: David S. Wyman, Charles H. Rosenzveig.
1372:. Incidents ranged from individual attacks to
5826:
5605:
5105:
4186:
3746:
3615:
2788:
2786:
2784:
2782:
2204:Studia z historii Żydów w Polsce po 1945 roku
2090:
2088:
1313:
157:
8:
5791:Rescue of Jews by Poles during the Holocaust
3106:Pamięć I Sprawiedliwość (Memory and Justice)
2825:"Bilans strat Polski po II wojnie światowej"
3761:Camps, ghettos, execution sites and attacks
3165:Pogrom Żydów w Krakowie 11 sierpnia 1945 r.
3134:. Rutgers University Press. pp. 224–.
2744:. Northwestern University Press. p. 1.
2269:. The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996.
2124:
2122:
6698:
6545:
5982:
5870:
5833:
5819:
5811:
5674:
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3772:
3753:
3739:
3731:
3727:
3622:
3608:
3600:
3553:
3153:
3151:
2489:, Palgrave, Laurence Weinbaum, pages 100-1
2402:
1940:
1349:Soviet-backed communist takeover of Poland
1320:
1306:
876:
789:
273:
175:
164:
150:
31:
3582:
3411:Greenwood Press, 1986; Jan Tomasz Gross.
3241:
3239:
2589:
2587:
2175:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 138.
1923:
1921:
1383:country to allow free Jewish emigration (
3359:3 (1973), pp. 68-70. Cited in Engel 1998
3252:. Temple University Press. p. 336.
3181:. 1/1, 179–182. Muzeum Historii Polski.
2995:
2993:
2991:
2989:
2987:
2985:
2934:. Rutgers University Press. p. 248.
2581:Library and Archives Recent Acquisitions
2325:
2323:
2321:
2319:
2283:. Harvard University Press. p. 62.
5716:Extraordinary (Soviet) State Commission
2857:After the Jewish Genocide (1944 – 1948)
2676:
2674:
2672:
2503:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
2015:
2013:
2011:
1955:David S. Wyman, Charles H. Rosenzveig.
1836:
1194:
1129:
1078:
994:
879:
830:
432:
375:
276:
230:
187:
115:
90:
67:
57:
45:
34:
18:Anti-Jewish violence in Poland, 1944–46
5699:Polish, East German, and Soviet trials
5059:Lithuanian Auxiliary Police Battalions
2631:East European Politics & Societies
1988:Berthon, Simon; Potts, Joanna (2007).
1967:
1965:
1877:
1867:
1636:disturbances or riots were sparked by
6688:Union of Jewish Religious Communities
2333:Princeton University Press - Page 277
2060:
2058:
2056:
1959:Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996.
817:Union of Jewish Religious Communities
7:
3171:The Cracow pogrom of August 11, 1945
2501:, Berghan Books in association with
1814:Attack on the NKVD Camp in Rembertów
7059:Aftermath of World War II in Poland
5620:Aftermath, trials and commemoration
3631:Holocaust in German-occupied Poland
2831:. Wydawnictwo Pinnex, Kraków 2000.
2551:University of Nebraska Press, 2006.
2521:, Harvard University Press, page 52
2465:, Oxford University Press, page 325
1500:and director of the Special Bureau
7074:Riots and civil disorder in Poland
5781:Polish Righteous Among the Nations
3510:. McFarland and Company. pp.
2796:(2015). "From Potsdam to Kielce".
1957:The World Reacts to the Holocaust.
1759:A number of historians, including
1211:Anti-Fascist Military Organisation
25:
7064:Polish war crimes in World War II
6678:Jewish Community Centre of Krakow
5463:Special Prosecution Book – Poland
3575:Sprawy Narodowościowe: Seria nowa
3407:Routledge, 1989; Meyer Weinberg.
2700:Powojenne prawo o zmianie nazwisk
2687:. BasicBooks. pp. 175, 183.
2579:Leland Stanford Junior University
2538:. Cornell University Press, 2005.
2302:JP O' Malley (19 December 2020).
2267:The World Reacts to the Holocaust
2169:Philipp Ther, Ana Siljak (2001).
2030:. Penn State Press. p. 375.
1527:(communist state police), UB and
1506:Institute of National Remembrance
1452:Holocaust survivors and returnees
1223:Resistance movements in Auschwitz
807:Jewish Community Centre of Kraków
7012:
7011:
6668:Central Committee of Polish Jews
5853:
5841:
5640:Population transfers (1944–1946)
4689:Ferdinand von Sammern-Frankenegg
3167:by Anna Cichopek, Warszawa 2000"
2852:Po Zagładzie Żydów (1944 – 1948)
1400:Central Committee of Polish Jews
1290:
1279:
797:Central Committee of Polish Jews
205:
197:
5743:Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum
5655:Anti-Jewish violence, 1944–1946
3203:Robert B. Pynsent, ed. (2000).
1513:Anti-communist armed resistance
1435:Property claims and restitution
424:Zionist Socialist Workers Party
6874:Der Beobachter an der Weichsel
5071:Schutzmannschaft Battalion 118
5047:36th Estonian Police Battalion
3569:Semczyszyn, Magdalena (2022).
1994:. Da Capo Press. p. 285.
1844:Cichopek-Gajraj, Anna (2014).
1:
6154:Chanokh Heynekh of Aleksander
5738:Monument to the Ghetto Heroes
5568:Human medical experimentation
3534:2,000 Jews between 1944 1947.
2907:Studies in Contemporary Jewry
2351:Żydowski Instytut Historyczny
2279:Krzyzanowski, Lukasz (2020).
2226:In: Joshua D. Zimmerman, ed.
1978:Published by McFarland, 1998.
1901:Civil War in Poland 1942–1948
1368:imposed by the Allies at the
1337:end of World War II in Europe
6264:Yaakov Yitzchak of Peshischa
3403:See, e.g., Antony Polanski.
3173:by Anna Cichopek, 2000]
2601:online article (PDF 1.10 MB)
2103:University of North Carolina
1779:According to a 2021 book by
1640:accusations against Jews in
1478:Polish United Workers' Party
37:Postwar anti-Jewish violence
5773:Righteous Among the Nations
5660:Ministry of Public Security
5039:Belarusian Auxiliary Police
3649:Related articles by country
3232:By Robert Blobaum. Page 272
3076:By Robert Blobaum. Page 271
2909:. Oxford University Press.
2387:, Piotr Madajczyk (red.),
2027:From the Polish Underground
1790:paper, Holocaust historian
1492:'s political apparatus and
1482:Ministry of Public Security
1339:and influenced the postwar
1262:Righteous Among the Nations
1218:Częstochowa Ghetto uprising
7115:
7069:Aftermath of the Holocaust
6603:Operation Harvest Festival
5849:Jews and Judaism in Poland
5685:Frankfurt Auschwitz trials
5067:Ukrainian Auxiliary Police
3324:Kochavi, Arieh J. (2001).
2770:Kochavi, Arieh J. (2001),
2742:The Jews in Polish Culture
2655:. McFarland. p. 313.
2095:Kochavi, Arieh J. (2011).
1715:
1516:
1335:preceded and followed the
1240:Jewish Combat Organization
1171:Operation Harvest Festival
52:Aftermath of the Holocaust
7024:List of active synagogues
7021: .
7009:
6259:Simcha Bunim of Peshischa
5589:
5458:Sobibor perpetrator album
5089:
5043:Estonian Auxiliary Police
4170:
4153:Human medical experiments
3730:
3726:
3637:
2812:– via Google Books.
2740:Aleksander Hertz (1988).
2391:, Warszawa 1998, s. 252).
2364:direct download, 1.03 MB)
2065:Hakohen, Devorah (2003).
1470:Communist Party of Poland
1364:, and returned after the
1345:anti-communist resistance
1206:Białystok Ghetto uprising
6958:Lodzer Naje Folkscajtung
6234:Menachem Mendel of Kotzk
6218:Saba Kadisha of Radzymin
6083:Shalom Shachna of Lublin
5706:Auschwitz trial (Poland)
5051:Latvian Auxiliary Police
4784:Karl Eberhard Schöngarth
4286:Friedrich-Wilhelm Krüger
3096:Konopka, Tomasz (2005).
2849:Grzesik, Julian (2010).
2823:Wielka Historia Polski.
2773:Post-Holocaust politics,
2534:In: Robert Blobaum, ed.
1904:. Springer. p. 11.
1700:. Jews were attacked in
681:Old Synagogue (Przemyśl)
656:New Synagogue (Przemyśl)
6709:Chachmei Lublin Yeshiva
6179:Yehuda Aryeh Leib Alter
6159:Avraham Mordechai Alter
6048:Aaron Samuel Kaidanover
5796:Garden of the Righteous
5548:Identification in camps
5541:Technical and logistics
4987:Order Police battalions
3179:Pamięć I Sprawiedliwość
2829:NowaHistoria.interia.pl
1414:, assassinated by the "
1257:Rescue of Jews by Poles
842:Chachmei Lublin Yeshiva
137:Partisan Congress riots
7099:Antisemitism in Poland
6789:Okopowa Street, Warsaw
6244:Mordechai Yosef Leiner
5209:Warsaw Ghetto Uprising
4674:Heinrich Klaustermeyer
3546:Kwiek, Julian (2021).
2331:Revolution from Abroad
1801:
1601:The provisions of the
1488:, third in command in
1468:Members of the former
1235:Warsaw Ghetto Uprising
1228:Auschwitz Combat Group
676:Old Synagogue (Kraków)
651:New Synagogue (Ostrów)
596:Great Synagogue (Łódź)
7054:Jewish Polish history
6673:Council of Four Lands
6254:Elimelech of Lizhensk
6239:Gershon Henoch Leiner
6214:Yaakov Aryeh Guterman
5748:Majdanek State Museum
4881:Karl-Friedrich Höcker
3785:Auschwitz II-Birkenau
3357:Soviet Jewish Affairs
3000:Engel, David (1998).
2961:. McFarland. p.
2353:, Warsaw 2003 (p. 95)
1826:National Armed Forces
1517:Further information:
1474:Polish Workers' Party
1245:Jewish Military Union
1082:and mass murder sites
802:Council of Four Lands
6693:Vaad Rosh Hashochtim
6391:Abraham Silberschein
6249:Shmuel Shlomo Leiner
5225:Mordechai Anielewicz
4936:Elisabeth Volkenrath
4821:Jenny-Wanda Barkmann
4457:Arthur Liebehenschel
4382:Hermine Braunsteiner
4326:Arthur Seyss-Inquart
3428:Cited in Engel, 1998
3405:My Brother's Keeper?
3128:Zimmerman, Joshua D.
2721:The Doomed Soldiers.
2453:, Palgrave, page 101
2259:Michael C. Steinlauf
1976:, page 130, (ibidem)
1971:Tadeusz Piotrowski,
1896:Prazmowska, Anita J.
1412:new Stalinist regime
822:Vaad Rosh Hashochtim
6432:Shmuel Yankev Imber
6427:Yechiel Granatstein
6386:Adam Daniel Rotfeld
6351:Maksymilian Horwitz
6224:Ben Zion Halberstam
6169:Yitzchak Meir Alter
5763:March of the Living
5635:Holocaust survivors
5499:Vrba–Wetzler report
5275:Alexander Pechersky
5235:Mordechai Tenenbaum
4684:Alexander Palfinger
4507:Johann Schwarzhuber
4067:Międzyrzec Podlaski
4046:Lviv pogroms (1941)
3947:Sonderaktion Krakau
3280:Aleksiun, Natalia.
2951:Piotrowski, Tadeusz
2730:DoomedSoldiers.com.
2681:Sack, John (1993).
2594:Krzysztof Szwagrzyk
2572:Stanford University
2547:Joanna B. Michlic.
2385:Mniejszość żydowska
2308:The Times of Israel
2150:on December 3, 2013
2105:Press. p. 15.
1927:Joanna B. Michlic.
1706:Polish Armed Forces
1627:his own business."
1585:Kotki (Busko-Zdrój)
1391:Mandatory Palestine
996:Concentration camps
215:Historical Timeline
189:History of Jews and
6683:Judaica Foundation
6346:Apolinary Hartglas
6189:Avrohom Bornsztain
6123:David HaLevi Segal
6098:Moses ha-Levi Minz
6058:Yitzhak-Meir Levin
5678:West German trials
5473:Wannsee Conference
5260:Itzhak Katzenelson
5012:General Government
4497:Franz Reichleitner
4427:Fritz Hartjenstein
4417:Maximilian Grabner
4336:Bruno Streckenbach
4148:Grossaktion Warsaw
3801:Operation Reinhard
3500:Tadeusz Piotrowski
3486:2012-07-29 at the
3454:Contested Memories
3009:Yad Vashem Studies
2957:Poland's Holocaust
2647:Tadeusz Piotrowski
2617:2011-05-22 at the
2606:2009-02-06 at the
2575:Hoover Institution
2566:2010-11-30 at the
2414:Natalia Aleksiun.
2329:Jan Tomasz Gross,
2239:Richard C. Lukas,
2222:Natalia Aleksiun.
2020:Michael Bernhard;
1974:Poland's Holocaust
1788:Yad Vashem Studies
1773:Tadeusz Piotrowski
1754:Lucjan Dobroszycki
1091:Auschwitz-Birkenau
812:Judaica Foundation
626:Kowea Itim le-Tora
7031:
7030:
6986:Włocławker Sztyme
6727:
6726:
6656:
6655:
6634:Post-World War II
6480:
6479:
6437:Julian Kornhauser
6396:Stefan Staszewski
6361:Józef Lewartowski
6341:Bronisław Geremek
6204:Shmuel Bornsztain
6063:Yaakov Lorberbaum
6023:Aryeh Tzvi Frumer
5970:
5969:
5808:
5807:
5804:
5803:
5724:
5723:
5585:
5584:
5581:
5580:
5536:
5535:
5528:Sonderaktion 1005
5402:
5401:
5085:
5084:
5063:Ypatingasis būrys
4965:
4964:
4906:Johanna Langefeld
4901:Hildegard Lächert
4797:
4796:
4633:Alfred Trzebinski
4598:Franz von Bodmann
4550:Lorenz Hackenholt
4392:Theodor van Eupen
4331:Jakob Sporrenberg
4166:
4165:
3890:
3889:
3552:, as reported by
3298:Ochayon, Sheryl.
3159:Libionka, Dariusz
2870:978-83-61301-91-2
2794:Lukas, Richard C.
2684:An eye for an eye
2662:978-0-7864-2913-4
2343:Grabski, August.
2290:978-0-674-98466-0
2112:978-0-8078-2620-1
2048:978-0-271-02565-0
1744:Number of victims
1737:Marian Spychalski
1620:Arthur Bliss Lane
1581:Białowieża Forest
1575:(21 and 24 May),
1404:Marian Spychalski
1330:
1329:
1272:
1271:
860:
859:
472:
471:
452:Jewish Autonomism
288:Polish-Ashkenazim
191:Judaism in Poland
174:
173:
132:Kolbasov massacre
77:Kunmadaras pogrom
40:
39:in central Europe
16:(Redirected from
7106:
7025:
7019:
7015:
7014:
6993:Wloclawker Weker
6719:Novardok Yeshiva
6699:
6635:
6552:
6546:
6506:Cossack riots -
6406:Szmul Zygielbojm
6401:Roman Zambrowski
6300:Herman Lieberman
6199:Dovid Bornsztain
6118:Moshe Rosenstain
6108:Meir Dan Plotzky
5983:
5978:
5871:
5866:
5857:
5850:
5845:
5835:
5828:
5821:
5812:
5690:Treblinka trials
5675:
5614:
5607:
5600:
5591:
5489:Graebe affidavit
5482:Witness accounts
5428:Frank memorandum
5413:
5308:
5295:Szmul Zygielbojm
5285:Frumka Płotnicka
5245:Leon Feldhendler
5230:Icchak Cukierman
5184:Ghetto uprisings
5114:
5107:
5100:
5091:
5035:Schutzmannschaft
4856:Feodor Fedorenko
4806:
4714:Wolfgang Birkner
4502:Heinrich Schwarz
4492:Josef Oberhauser
4467:Heinrich Matthes
4351:Dieter Wisliceny
4341:Richard Thomalla
4316:Heinz Reinefarth
4266:Heinrich Himmler
4211:
4195:
4188:
4181:
4172:
4136:Other atrocities
3773:
3755:
3748:
3741:
3732:
3728:
3624:
3617:
3610:
3601:
3596:
3586:
3584:10.11649/sn.2812
3557:
3551:
3543:
3537:
3536:
3509:
3496:
3490:
3475:
3471:
3465:
3450:
3444:
3443:
3438:Yisrael Gutman.
3435:
3429:
3426:
3420:
3401:
3395:
3394:
3366:
3360:
3353:
3347:
3346:
3331:
3321:
3315:
3314:
3312:
3311:
3302:. Archived from
3295:
3289:
3288:
3277:
3271:
3270:
3243:
3234:
3225:
3219:
3218:
3200:
3191:
3190:
3176:
3155:
3146:
3145:
3123:
3117:
3116:
3103:
3093:
3087:
3086:Michlic, p. 347.
3084:
3078:
3069:
3063:
3062:
3034:
3028:
3027:
3025:
3024:
3006:
2997:
2980:
2979:
2960:
2947:
2936:
2935:
2927:
2921:
2920:
2902:
2896:
2895:
2886:
2885:
2879:
2873:. Archived from
2862:
2846:
2840:
2839:
2820:
2814:
2813:
2790:
2777:
2768:
2762:
2755:Dariusz Libionka
2752:
2746:
2745:
2737:
2731:
2715:
2709:
2708:
2678:
2667:
2666:
2643:
2634:
2627:
2621:
2591:
2582:
2558:
2552:
2545:
2539:
2530:Bozena Szaynok.
2528:
2522:
2519:Shattered Spaces
2516:
2510:
2496:
2490:
2484:
2478:
2472:
2466:
2460:
2454:
2448:
2442:
2436:
2430:
2425:
2419:
2412:
2406:
2400:
2394:
2393:
2373:
2371:
2366:on July 29, 2012
2365:
2340:
2334:
2327:
2314:
2311:
2298:
2276:
2270:
2256:
2250:
2237:
2231:
2220:
2214:
2200:
2194:
2193:
2191:
2189:
2166:
2160:
2159:
2157:
2155:
2149:
2143:. Archived from
2138:
2126:
2117:
2116:
2092:
2083:
2082:
2062:
2051:
2041:
2017:
2006:
2005:
1985:
1979:
1969:
1960:
1953:
1944:
1938:
1932:
1925:
1916:
1915:
1892:
1886:
1885:
1879:
1875:
1873:
1865:
1841:
1770:
1603:Yalta Conference
1484:. They included
1370:Yalta Conference
1322:
1315:
1308:
1294:
1289:
1283:
877:
852:Novardok Yeshiva
790:
576:Chabad-Lubavitch
274:
223:
219:
209:
204:
201:
176:
166:
159:
152:
127:Topoľčany pogrom
36:
32:
21:
7114:
7113:
7109:
7108:
7107:
7105:
7104:
7103:
7044:1940s in Poland
7034:
7033:
7032:
7027:
7023:
7017:
7005:
6979:The Jewish Word
6951:Lubliner Sztyme
6846:Arbeiter Fragen
6833:
6723:
6697:
6652:
6633:
6627:
6618:Valley of Death
6588:Kielce Cemetery
6550:
6544:
6486:
6476:
6452:Yosef Rosenthal
6415:
6381:Roman Romkowski
6309:
6278:
6173:Chidushei Harim
6142:
6013:Meir Eisenstadt
5976:
5966:
5932:Gdańsk (Danzig)
5905:
5864:
5858:
5848:
5839:
5809:
5800:
5767:
5720:
5711:Stutthof trials
5694:
5664:
5621:
5618:
5577:
5563:Holocaust train
5532:
5516:
5504:Witold's Report
5494:Gerstein Report
5477:
5443:Katzmann Report
5423:Auschwitz Album
5398:
5337:
5299:
5265:Michał Klepfisz
5213:
5172:
5121:
5118:
5081:
5021:
4991:Ordnungspolizei
4961:
4940:
4921:Erich Muhsfeldt
4851:Margot Dreschel
4836:Alexander Bülow
4793:
4789:Udo von Woyrsch
4779:Hermann Schaper
4774:Emanuel Schäfer
4759:Josef Meisinger
4719:Helmut Bischoff
4698:
4654:Heinz Auerswald
4642:
4584:
4532:
4526:
4522:Christian Wirth
4432:Gottlieb Hering
4355:
4321:Julian Scherner
4306:Georg Michalsen
4291:Franz Kutschera
4251:Odilo Globocnik
4202:
4199:
4162:
4131:
3993:
3951:
3932:Kielce cemetery
3886:
3823:
3762:
3759:
3722:
3633:
3628:
3568:
3565:
3560:
3554:Semczyszyn 2022
3545:
3544:
3540:
3522:
3498:
3497:
3493:
3488:Wayback Machine
3476:Stefan Grajek,
3473:
3472:
3468:
3451:
3447:
3437:
3436:
3432:
3427:
3423:
3402:
3398:
3383:
3368:
3367:
3363:
3354:
3350:
3340:
3323:
3322:
3318:
3309:
3307:
3297:
3296:
3292:
3279:
3278:
3274:
3260:
3245:
3244:
3237:
3227:B. Szaynok, in
3226:
3222:
3215:
3202:
3201:
3194:
3174:
3169:[Review of
3157:
3156:
3149:
3142:
3125:
3124:
3120:
3101:
3095:
3094:
3090:
3085:
3081:
3071:B. Szaynok, in
3070:
3066:
3051:
3036:
3035:
3031:
3022:
3020:
3004:
2999:
2998:
2983:
2973:
2949:
2948:
2939:
2929:
2928:
2924:
2917:
2904:
2903:
2899:
2883:
2881:
2877:
2871:
2860:
2848:
2847:
2843:
2822:
2821:
2817:
2810:
2792:
2791:
2780:
2769:
2765:
2753:
2749:
2739:
2738:
2734:
2716:
2712:
2695:
2680:
2679:
2670:
2663:
2645:
2644:
2637:
2628:
2624:
2619:Wayback Machine
2608:Wayback Machine
2592:
2585:
2568:Wayback Machine
2559:
2555:
2546:
2542:
2529:
2525:
2517:
2513:
2509:, pages 244-248
2497:
2493:
2485:
2481:
2473:
2469:
2461:
2457:
2449:
2445:
2437:
2433:
2426:
2422:
2413:
2409:
2403:Semczyszyn 2022
2401:
2397:
2369:
2367:
2359:
2342:
2341:
2337:
2328:
2317:
2301:
2291:
2278:
2277:
2273:
2257:
2253:
2238:
2234:
2221:
2217:
2201:
2197:
2187:
2185:
2183:
2168:
2167:
2163:
2153:
2151:
2147:
2136:
2128:
2127:
2120:
2113:
2094:
2093:
2086:
2079:
2064:
2063:
2054:
2038:
2022:Henryk Szlajfer
2019:
2018:
2009:
2002:
1987:
1986:
1982:
1970:
1963:
1954:
1947:
1941:Semczyszyn 2022
1939:
1935:
1926:
1919:
1912:
1894:
1893:
1889:
1876:
1866:
1858:
1843:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1810:
1768:
1761:Antony Polonsky
1746:
1720:
1714:
1633:
1596:Catholic Church
1583:, 28 May), and
1521:
1515:
1498:Roman Romkowski
1490:Bolesław Bierut
1463:occupied Poland
1454:
1437:
1432:
1416:cursed soldiers
1326:
1287:
1274:
1273:
1268:
1190:
1156:Kielce Cemetery
1125:
1121:Valley of Death
1074:
990:
874:
873:
862:
861:
856:
826:
787:
786:
777:
776:
775:
581:Chachmei Lublin
555:
554:
543:
542:
541:
486:
485:
474:
473:
468:
428:
371:
330:Izhbitza-Radzin
271:
270:
259:
221:
217:
202:
190:
170:
141:
111:
86:
38:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7112:
7110:
7102:
7101:
7096:
7091:
7086:
7081:
7076:
7071:
7066:
7061:
7056:
7051:
7046:
7036:
7035:
7029:
7028:
7010:
7007:
7006:
7004:
7003:
6996:
6989:
6982:
6975:
6968:
6961:
6954:
6947:
6940:
6933:
6926:
6919:
6912:
6905:
6898:
6891:
6884:
6877:
6870:
6863:
6860:Chełmer Sztyme
6856:
6853:Arbeiterstimme
6849:
6841:
6839:
6835:
6834:
6832:
6831:
6826:
6821:
6816:
6811:
6806:
6801:
6796:
6791:
6786:
6781:
6776:
6771:
6766:
6761:
6756:
6751:
6746:
6741:
6735:
6733:
6729:
6728:
6725:
6724:
6722:
6721:
6716:
6711:
6705:
6703:
6696:
6695:
6690:
6685:
6680:
6675:
6670:
6664:
6662:
6658:
6657:
6654:
6653:
6651:
6650:
6645:
6639:
6637:
6629:
6628:
6626:
6625:
6620:
6615:
6610:
6605:
6600:
6595:
6590:
6585:
6580:
6572:
6567:
6562:
6556:
6554:
6543:
6542:
6536:
6530:
6524:
6518:
6512:
6503:
6497:
6494:Alfonse Pogrom
6490:
6488:
6482:
6481:
6478:
6477:
6475:
6474:
6472:Lidia Zamenhof
6469:
6464:
6459:
6457:Artur Sandauer
6454:
6449:
6447:Roman Polanski
6444:
6439:
6434:
6429:
6423:
6421:
6417:
6416:
6414:
6413:
6411:Jakub Wygodzki
6408:
6403:
6398:
6393:
6388:
6383:
6378:
6376:Noach Pryłucki
6373:
6371:Roza Pomerantz
6368:
6363:
6358:
6353:
6348:
6343:
6338:
6333:
6328:
6326:Jerzy Borejsza
6323:
6317:
6315:
6311:
6310:
6308:
6307:
6305:Noach Pryłucki
6302:
6297:
6295:Herman Diamand
6292:
6286:
6284:
6280:
6279:
6277:
6276:
6271:
6261:
6256:
6251:
6246:
6241:
6236:
6231:
6221:
6211:
6201:
6196:
6186:
6176:
6166:
6156:
6150:
6148:
6144:
6143:
6141:
6140:
6130:
6120:
6115:
6110:
6105:
6095:
6085:
6080:
6077:Maharam Lublin
6070:
6060:
6055:
6045:
6038:Moses Isserles
6035:
6025:
6020:
6010:
6000:
5995:
5989:
5987:
5980:
5972:
5971:
5968:
5967:
5965:
5964:
5959:
5954:
5949:
5944:
5939:
5934:
5929:
5924:
5919:
5913:
5911:
5907:
5906:
5904:
5903:
5898:
5893:
5888:
5883:
5877:
5875:
5868:
5860:
5859:
5840:
5838:
5837:
5830:
5823:
5815:
5806:
5805:
5802:
5801:
5799:
5798:
5793:
5788:
5777:
5775:
5769:
5768:
5766:
5765:
5760:
5755:
5753:Sobibór Museum
5750:
5745:
5740:
5734:
5732:
5726:
5725:
5722:
5721:
5719:
5718:
5713:
5708:
5702:
5700:
5696:
5695:
5693:
5692:
5687:
5681:
5679:
5672:
5666:
5665:
5663:
5662:
5657:
5652:
5647:
5642:
5637:
5631:
5629:
5623:
5622:
5619:
5617:
5616:
5609:
5602:
5594:
5587:
5586:
5583:
5582:
5579:
5578:
5576:
5575:
5570:
5565:
5560:
5555:
5550:
5544:
5542:
5538:
5537:
5534:
5533:
5531:
5530:
5524:
5522:
5518:
5517:
5515:
5514:
5510:Sonderkommando
5506:
5501:
5496:
5491:
5485:
5483:
5479:
5478:
5476:
5475:
5470:
5465:
5460:
5455:
5453:Posen speeches
5450:
5448:Korherr Report
5445:
5440:
5438:Höfle telegram
5435:
5430:
5425:
5419:
5417:
5410:
5404:
5403:
5400:
5399:
5397:
5396:
5391:
5386:
5381:
5376:
5371:
5366:
5361:
5356:
5351:
5345:
5343:
5339:
5338:
5336:
5335:
5330:
5325:
5320:
5314:
5312:
5305:
5301:
5300:
5298:
5297:
5292:
5287:
5282:
5280:Witold Pilecki
5277:
5272:
5267:
5262:
5257:
5255:Henryk Iwański
5252:
5250:Paweł Frenkiel
5247:
5242:
5237:
5232:
5227:
5221:
5219:
5215:
5214:
5212:
5211:
5206:
5201:
5196:
5191:
5186:
5180:
5178:
5174:
5173:
5171:
5170:
5165:
5160:
5155:
5150:
5145:
5140:
5135:
5129:
5127:
5123:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5116:
5109:
5102:
5094:
5087:
5086:
5083:
5082:
5080:
5079:
5074:
5055:Arajs Kommando
5031:
5029:
5023:
5022:
5020:
5019:
5014:
5009:
5004:
4999:
4994:
4984:
4977:Einsatzgruppen
4973:
4971:
4967:
4966:
4963:
4962:
4960:
4959:
4954:
4948:
4946:
4942:
4941:
4939:
4938:
4933:
4931:Alice Orlowski
4928:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4873:
4868:
4863:
4858:
4853:
4848:
4846:John Demjanjuk
4843:
4838:
4833:
4828:
4823:
4818:
4812:
4810:
4803:
4799:
4798:
4795:
4794:
4792:
4791:
4786:
4781:
4776:
4771:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4744:Gerhard Flesch
4741:
4736:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4710:
4708:
4705:Einsatzgruppen
4700:
4699:
4697:
4696:
4691:
4686:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4656:
4650:
4648:
4647:Ghetto command
4644:
4643:
4641:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4628:Horst Schumann
4625:
4620:
4615:
4610:
4605:
4600:
4594:
4592:
4586:
4585:
4583:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4536:
4534:
4528:
4527:
4525:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4487:Johann Niemann
4484:
4479:
4474:
4472:Hermann Michel
4469:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4447:Karl-Otto Koch
4444:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4387:Irmfried Eberl
4384:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4363:
4361:
4357:
4356:
4354:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4276:Fritz Katzmann
4273:
4268:
4263:
4261:Arthur Greiser
4258:
4256:Richard Glücks
4253:
4248:
4243:
4241:Ludwig Fischer
4238:
4233:
4231:Adolf Eichmann
4228:
4223:
4217:
4215:
4208:
4204:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4197:
4190:
4183:
4175:
4168:
4167:
4164:
4163:
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4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4139:
4137:
4133:
4132:
4130:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4003:
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3995:
3994:
3992:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3959:
3957:
3953:
3952:
3950:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3898:
3896:
3895:Mass shootings
3892:
3891:
3888:
3887:
3885:
3884:
3882:Danzig-Matzkau
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3847:Kraków-Płaszów
3844:
3839:
3833:
3831:
3825:
3824:
3822:
3821:
3820:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3781:
3779:
3770:
3764:
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3760:
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3757:
3750:
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3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
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3680:
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3665:
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3655:
3650:
3647:
3642:
3638:
3635:
3634:
3629:
3627:
3626:
3619:
3612:
3604:
3598:
3597:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3558:
3556:, pp. 3–4
3538:
3520:
3491:
3466:
3445:
3430:
3421:
3396:
3381:
3361:
3348:
3338:
3316:
3290:
3272:
3258:
3235:
3220:
3213:
3192:
3147:
3140:
3118:
3088:
3079:
3064:
3049:
3029:
2981:
2971:
2937:
2922:
2915:
2897:
2869:
2841:
2815:
2809:978-0813150437
2808:
2778:
2763:
2747:
2732:
2710:
2705:Virtual Shtetl
2693:
2668:
2661:
2635:
2622:
2583:
2553:
2540:
2523:
2511:
2491:
2479:
2467:
2455:
2443:
2431:
2420:
2407:
2395:
2335:
2315:
2313:
2312:
2289:
2271:
2251:
2232:
2215:
2195:
2181:
2161:
2118:
2111:
2084:
2077:
2052:
2036:
2007:
2001:978-0306816505
2000:
1980:
1961:
1945:
1933:
1917:
1910:
1887:
1857:978-1107036666
1856:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1829:
1828:
1823:
1816:
1809:
1806:
1745:
1742:
1716:Main article:
1713:
1710:
1698:Kupa Synagogue
1632:
1629:
1573:Biała Podlaska
1514:
1511:
1456:Polish Jewish
1453:
1450:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1366:border changes
1328:
1327:
1325:
1324:
1317:
1310:
1302:
1299:
1298:
1285:Judaism portal
1276:
1275:
1270:
1269:
1267:
1266:
1265:
1264:
1254:
1253:
1252:
1247:
1242:
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1220:
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1199:
1198:
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1191:
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1173:
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1163:
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1153:
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1133:
1127:
1126:
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1123:
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1103:
1098:
1093:
1087:
1084:
1083:
1076:
1075:
1073:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1030:Kraków-Płaszów
1027:
1026:
1025:
1015:
1014:
1013:
1002:
999:
998:
992:
991:
989:
988:
983:
978:
973:
968:
963:
958:
953:
948:
943:
938:
933:
928:
923:
918:
913:
908:
903:
898:
893:
887:
884:
883:
875:
869:
868:
867:
864:
863:
858:
857:
855:
854:
849:
844:
838:
835:
834:
828:
827:
825:
824:
819:
814:
809:
804:
799:
793:
788:
784:
783:
782:
779:
778:
774:
773:
768:
763:
758:
753:
748:
743:
738:
733:
728:
723:
718:
713:
708:
703:
698:
693:
688:
683:
678:
673:
668:
663:
658:
653:
648:
643:
638:
633:
628:
623:
618:
613:
608:
603:
601:High Synagogue
598:
593:
588:
583:
578:
573:
568:
563:
557:
556:
550:
549:
548:
545:
544:
540:
539:
534:
529:
524:
519:
514:
509:
504:
499:
494:
488:
487:
481:
480:
479:
476:
475:
470:
469:
467:
466:
464:Reform Judaism
461:
460:
459:
449:
444:
438:
435:
434:
430:
429:
427:
426:
421:
416:
414:Lovers of Zion
411:
406:
405:
404:
394:
389:
383:
380:
379:
373:
372:
370:
369:
368:
367:
362:
357:
352:
347:
342:
337:
332:
327:
322:
317:
312:
307:
297:
296:
295:
293:Musar movement
284:
281:
280:
272:
266:
265:
264:
261:
260:
258:
257:
252:
247:
242:
237:
231:
228:
227:
211:
210:
194:
193:
185:
184:
172:
171:
169:
168:
161:
154:
146:
143:
142:
140:
139:
134:
129:
123:
120:
119:
113:
112:
110:
109:
104:
98:
95:
94:
88:
87:
85:
84:
82:Miskolc pogrom
79:
73:
70:
69:
65:
64:
60:
59:
55:
54:
48:
47:
43:
42:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7111:
7100:
7097:
7095:
7092:
7090:
7087:
7085:
7082:
7080:
7077:
7075:
7072:
7070:
7067:
7065:
7062:
7060:
7057:
7055:
7052:
7050:
7047:
7045:
7042:
7041:
7039:
7026:
7020:
7008:
7002:
7001:
6997:
6995:
6994:
6990:
6988:
6987:
6983:
6981:
6980:
6976:
6974:
6973:
6969:
6967:
6966:
6962:
6960:
6959:
6955:
6953:
6952:
6948:
6946:
6945:
6944:Kaliszer Woch
6941:
6939:
6938:
6934:
6932:
6931:
6927:
6925:
6924:
6920:
6918:
6917:
6913:
6911:
6910:
6906:
6904:
6903:
6899:
6897:
6896:
6892:
6890:
6889:
6888:Folkstsaytung
6885:
6883:
6882:
6878:
6876:
6875:
6871:
6869:
6868:
6864:
6862:
6861:
6857:
6855:
6854:
6850:
6848:
6847:
6843:
6842:
6840:
6836:
6830:
6827:
6825:
6822:
6820:
6817:
6815:
6812:
6810:
6807:
6805:
6802:
6800:
6797:
6795:
6792:
6790:
6787:
6785:
6782:
6780:
6777:
6775:
6772:
6770:
6767:
6765:
6762:
6760:
6757:
6755:
6752:
6750:
6747:
6745:
6742:
6740:
6737:
6736:
6734:
6730:
6720:
6717:
6715:
6714:Lomza Yeshiva
6712:
6710:
6707:
6706:
6704:
6700:
6694:
6691:
6689:
6686:
6684:
6681:
6679:
6676:
6674:
6671:
6669:
6666:
6665:
6663:
6661:Organizations
6659:
6649:
6646:
6644:
6641:
6640:
6638:
6636:
6630:
6624:
6621:
6619:
6616:
6614:
6611:
6609:
6606:
6604:
6601:
6599:
6596:
6594:
6591:
6589:
6586:
6584:
6581:
6579:
6577:
6573:
6571:
6570:Easter Pogrom
6568:
6566:
6563:
6561:
6558:
6557:
6555:
6553:
6551:The Holocaust
6547:
6540:
6537:
6534:
6531:
6528:
6525:
6522:
6519:
6516:
6513:
6510:
6509:
6504:
6501:
6498:
6495:
6492:
6491:
6489:
6483:
6473:
6470:
6468:
6465:
6463:
6460:
6458:
6455:
6453:
6450:
6448:
6445:
6443:
6440:
6438:
6435:
6433:
6430:
6428:
6425:
6424:
6422:
6418:
6412:
6409:
6407:
6404:
6402:
6399:
6397:
6394:
6392:
6389:
6387:
6384:
6382:
6379:
6377:
6374:
6372:
6369:
6367:
6364:
6362:
6359:
6357:
6354:
6352:
6349:
6347:
6344:
6342:
6339:
6337:
6334:
6332:
6329:
6327:
6324:
6322:
6319:
6318:
6316:
6312:
6306:
6303:
6301:
6298:
6296:
6293:
6291:
6288:
6287:
6285:
6281:
6275:
6272:
6269:
6265:
6262:
6260:
6257:
6255:
6252:
6250:
6247:
6245:
6242:
6240:
6237:
6235:
6232:
6229:
6228:Kedushas Zion
6225:
6222:
6219:
6215:
6212:
6209:
6208:Shem MiShmuel
6205:
6202:
6200:
6197:
6194:
6190:
6187:
6184:
6180:
6177:
6174:
6170:
6167:
6164:
6160:
6157:
6155:
6152:
6151:
6149:
6145:
6138:
6134:
6131:
6128:
6124:
6121:
6119:
6116:
6114:
6111:
6109:
6106:
6103:
6099:
6096:
6093:
6089:
6088:Solomon Luria
6086:
6084:
6081:
6078:
6074:
6071:
6068:
6064:
6061:
6059:
6056:
6053:
6049:
6046:
6043:
6039:
6036:
6033:
6029:
6026:
6024:
6021:
6018:
6014:
6011:
6008:
6004:
6003:Shmuel Eidels
6001:
5999:
5996:
5994:
5991:
5990:
5988:
5984:
5981:
5979:
5973:
5963:
5960:
5958:
5955:
5953:
5950:
5948:
5945:
5943:
5940:
5938:
5935:
5933:
5930:
5928:
5925:
5923:
5920:
5918:
5915:
5914:
5912:
5908:
5902:
5899:
5897:
5894:
5892:
5889:
5887:
5884:
5882:
5881:Early history
5879:
5878:
5876:
5872:
5869:
5867:
5861:
5856:
5851:
5844:
5836:
5831:
5829:
5824:
5822:
5817:
5816:
5813:
5797:
5794:
5792:
5789:
5786:
5782:
5779:
5778:
5776:
5774:
5770:
5764:
5761:
5759:
5756:
5754:
5751:
5749:
5746:
5744:
5741:
5739:
5736:
5735:
5733:
5731:
5727:
5717:
5714:
5712:
5709:
5707:
5704:
5703:
5701:
5697:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5683:
5682:
5680:
5676:
5673:
5671:
5667:
5661:
5658:
5656:
5653:
5651:
5650:Kielce pogrom
5648:
5646:
5643:
5641:
5638:
5636:
5633:
5632:
5630:
5628:
5624:
5615:
5610:
5608:
5603:
5601:
5596:
5595:
5592:
5588:
5574:
5571:
5569:
5566:
5564:
5561:
5559:
5556:
5554:
5551:
5549:
5546:
5545:
5543:
5539:
5529:
5526:
5525:
5523:
5519:
5513:
5511:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5487:
5486:
5484:
5480:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5468:Stroop Report
5466:
5464:
5461:
5459:
5456:
5454:
5451:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5441:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5421:
5420:
5418:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5408:Documentation
5405:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5347:
5346:
5344:
5340:
5334:
5331:
5329:
5326:
5324:
5321:
5319:
5316:
5315:
5313:
5309:
5306:
5302:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5243:
5241:
5240:Marek Edelman
5238:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5222:
5220:
5216:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5181:
5179:
5175:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5130:
5128:
5126:Organizations
5124:
5115:
5110:
5108:
5103:
5101:
5096:
5095:
5092:
5088:
5078:
5075:
5072:
5068:
5064:
5060:
5056:
5052:
5048:
5044:
5040:
5036:
5033:
5032:
5030:
5028:
5027:Collaboration
5024:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4992:
4988:
4985:
4982:
4978:
4975:
4974:
4972:
4970:Organizations
4968:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4949:
4947:
4943:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4916:Eduard Lorenz
4914:
4912:
4911:Anton Lechner
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4896:Josef Kollmer
4894:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4866:Kurt Gerstein
4864:
4862:
4861:Hans Hoffmann
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4831:Juana Bormann
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4813:
4811:
4807:
4804:
4800:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4769:Erich Naumann
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4724:Lothar Beutel
4722:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4711:
4709:
4707:
4706:
4701:
4695:
4694:Jürgen Stroop
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4664:Josef Blösche
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4651:
4649:
4645:
4639:
4638:Eduard Wirths
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4623:Josef Mengele
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4613:Horst Fischer
4611:
4609:
4608:Karl Gebhardt
4606:
4604:
4603:Carl Clauberg
4601:
4599:
4596:
4595:
4593:
4591:
4587:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4575:Ludwig Plagge
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4565:Herbert Lange
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4545:Kurt Bolender
4543:
4541:
4538:
4537:
4535:
4529:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4517:Gustav Wagner
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4442:Franz Hössler
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4407:Karl Fritzsch
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4377:Wilhelm Boger
4375:
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4365:
4364:
4362:
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4322:
4319:
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4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4296:Erwin Lambert
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4281:Wilhelm Koppe
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4271:Hermann Höfle
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
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4236:Theodor Eicke
4234:
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4000:
3996:
3990:
3987:
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3970:
3967:
3964:
3961:
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3954:
3948:
3945:
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3938:
3937:Aktion Krakau
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3907:Bloody Sunday
3905:
3903:
3900:
3899:
3897:
3893:
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3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
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3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3834:
3832:
3830:
3829:Concentration
3826:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3804:
3803:
3802:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3782:
3780:
3778:
3777:Extermination
3774:
3771:
3769:
3765:
3756:
3751:
3749:
3744:
3742:
3737:
3736:
3733:
3729:
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3709:
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3696:
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3684:
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3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3645:The Holocaust
3643:
3640:
3639:
3636:
3632:
3625:
3620:
3618:
3613:
3611:
3606:
3605:
3602:
3594:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3576:
3572:
3567:
3566:
3562:
3555:
3549:
3542:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3521:0-7864-0371-3
3517:
3513:
3508:
3507:
3501:
3495:
3492:
3489:
3485:
3482:
3479:
3470:
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3434:
3431:
3425:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3410:
3406:
3400:
3397:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3382:0-691-00953-8
3378:
3374:
3373:
3365:
3362:
3358:
3352:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3339:0-8078-2620-0
3335:
3330:
3329:
3320:
3317:
3306:on 2018-06-24
3305:
3301:
3294:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3276:
3273:
3269:
3267:
3261:
3259:1-56639-955-6
3255:
3251:
3250:
3242:
3240:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3224:
3221:
3216:
3214:0-903425-01-7
3210:
3206:
3199:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3187:
3180:
3172:
3168:
3166:
3160:
3154:
3152:
3148:
3143:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3122:
3119:
3115:
3113:
3107:
3099:
3092:
3089:
3083:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3068:
3065:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3050:0-691-00953-8
3046:
3042:
3041:
3033:
3030:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3003:
2996:
2994:
2992:
2990:
2988:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2972:9780786403714
2968:
2964:
2959:
2958:
2952:
2946:
2944:
2942:
2938:
2933:
2926:
2923:
2918:
2916:0-19-518224-3
2912:
2908:
2901:
2898:
2894:
2892:
2880:on 2016-04-04
2876:
2872:
2866:
2858:
2854:
2853:
2845:
2842:
2838:
2836:
2830:
2826:
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2801:
2800:
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2654:
2653:
2648:
2642:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2626:
2623:
2620:
2616:
2613:
2612:entire issue.
2609:
2605:
2602:
2598:
2595:
2590:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2573:
2569:
2565:
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2557:
2554:
2550:
2544:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2527:
2524:
2520:
2515:
2512:
2508:
2507:Dariusz Stola
2504:
2500:
2495:
2492:
2488:
2483:
2480:
2476:
2471:
2468:
2464:
2459:
2456:
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2300:
2299:
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2260:
2255:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2243:
2236:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2219:
2216:
2213:
2212:83-85888-36-5
2209:
2205:
2199:
2196:
2184:
2182:0-7425-1094-8
2178:
2174:
2173:
2165:
2162:
2146:
2142:
2135:
2131:
2125:
2123:
2119:
2114:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2099:
2091:
2089:
2085:
2080:
2078:0-8156-2969-9
2074:
2070:
2069:
2061:
2059:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2039:
2037:0-271-02565-4
2033:
2029:
2028:
2023:
2016:
2014:
2012:
2008:
2003:
1997:
1993:
1992:
1984:
1981:
1977:
1975:
1968:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1952:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1937:
1934:
1930:
1924:
1922:
1918:
1913:
1907:
1903:
1902:
1897:
1891:
1888:
1883:
1871:
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1795:
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1784:
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1766:
1762:
1757:
1755:
1751:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1732:
1729:
1725:
1719:
1718:Kielce pogrom
1712:Kielce pogrom
1711:
1709:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1694:
1693:Kraków pogrom
1689:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1624:United States
1621:
1616:
1613:
1608:
1604:
1599:
1597:
1592:
1591:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1577:Majdan-Topiło
1574:
1571:(18–21 May),
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1520:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1503:
1502:Anatol Fejgin
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1466:
1464:
1459:
1451:
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1413:
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1401:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1358:the Holocaust
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1323:
1318:
1316:
1311:
1309:
1304:
1303:
1301:
1300:
1297:
1296:Poland portal
1293:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1277:
1263:
1260:
1259:
1258:
1255:
1251:
1250:Oyneg Shabbos
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1237:
1236:
1233:
1229:
1226:
1225:
1224:
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1197:
1193:
1187:
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1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1146:Easter Pogrom
1144:
1142:
1139:
1138:
1136:
1135:
1132:
1128:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
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1086:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
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1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1024:
1021:
1020:
1019:
1016:
1012:
1009:
1008:
1007:
1004:
1003:
1001:
1000:
997:
993:
987:
984:
982:
979:
977:
974:
972:
969:
967:
964:
962:
959:
957:
954:
952:
949:
947:
944:
942:
939:
937:
934:
932:
929:
927:
924:
922:
919:
917:
914:
912:
909:
907:
904:
902:
899:
897:
894:
892:
889:
888:
886:
885:
882:
878:
872:
871:The Holocaust
866:
865:
853:
850:
848:
847:Lomza Yeshiva
845:
843:
840:
839:
837:
836:
833:
829:
823:
820:
818:
815:
813:
810:
808:
805:
803:
800:
798:
795:
794:
792:
791:
785:Organizations
781:
780:
772:
769:
767:
764:
762:
759:
757:
754:
752:
749:
747:
744:
742:
739:
737:
734:
732:
729:
727:
724:
722:
719:
717:
714:
712:
709:
707:
704:
702:
699:
697:
694:
692:
689:
687:
684:
682:
679:
677:
674:
672:
669:
667:
664:
662:
659:
657:
654:
652:
649:
647:
644:
642:
639:
637:
634:
632:
629:
627:
624:
622:
619:
617:
614:
612:
609:
607:
604:
602:
599:
597:
594:
592:
589:
587:
584:
582:
579:
577:
574:
572:
569:
567:
564:
562:
559:
558:
553:
547:
546:
538:
535:
533:
530:
528:
525:
523:
520:
518:
515:
513:
510:
508:
505:
503:
500:
498:
495:
493:
490:
489:
484:
478:
477:
465:
462:
458:
455:
454:
453:
450:
448:
445:
443:
440:
439:
437:
436:
431:
425:
422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
407:
403:
400:
399:
398:
395:
393:
390:
388:
385:
384:
382:
381:
378:
374:
366:
363:
361:
358:
356:
353:
351:
348:
346:
343:
341:
338:
336:
333:
331:
328:
326:
323:
321:
318:
316:
313:
311:
308:
306:
303:
302:
301:
298:
294:
291:
290:
289:
286:
285:
283:
282:
279:
275:
269:
263:
262:
256:
253:
251:
248:
246:
243:
241:
238:
236:
235:Early history
233:
232:
229:
226:
216:
213:
212:
208:
200:
196:
195:
192:
186:
182:
178:
177:
167:
162:
160:
155:
153:
148:
147:
145:
144:
138:
135:
133:
130:
128:
125:
124:
122:
121:
118:
114:
108:
107:Kielce pogrom
105:
103:
102:Kraków pogrom
100:
99:
97:
96:
93:
89:
83:
80:
78:
75:
74:
72:
71:
66:
62:
61:
56:
53:
50:
49:
44:
41:
33:
30:
19:
6998:
6991:
6984:
6977:
6970:
6965:Lodzer Veker
6963:
6956:
6949:
6942:
6935:
6928:
6921:
6914:
6907:
6900:
6893:
6886:
6881:Folks-Sztyme
6879:
6872:
6867:Der Arbeyter
6865:
6858:
6851:
6844:
6838:Publications
6749:Chełm-Gdańsk
6632:
6575:
6507:
6462:Julian Tuwim
6356:Alfred Lampe
6336:Paweł Finder
6321:Jakub Berman
6274:Meir Shapiro
6268:Yid HaKadosh
6267:
6227:
6217:
6207:
6192:
6182:
6172:
6162:
6136:
6126:
6113:Jacob Pollak
6102:Maharam Minz
6101:
6091:
6076:
6066:
6051:
6041:
6031:
6016:
6006:
5998:Solomon Eger
5901:1989–present
5896:20th century
5891:19th century
5886:18th century
5852:
5846:
5654:
5509:
5433:Höcker Album
5416:Nazi sources
5304:Victim lists
5270:Miles Lerman
5077:Trawniki men
5017:Hotel Polski
4926:Detlef Nebbe
4891:Oswald Kaduk
4886:Karl Jeschke
4764:Bruno Müller
4754:Felix Landau
4739:Ernst Damzog
4734:Karl Brunner
4703:
4679:Franz Konrad
4580:Adolf Theuer
4533:executioners
4512:Franz Stangl
4482:Robert Mulka
4452:Josef Kramer
4402:Karl Frenzel
4372:Richard Baer
4367:Hans Aumeier
4360:Camp command
4346:Otto Wächter
4226:Josef Bühler
4221:Viktor Brack
4207:Perpetrators
3799:
3641:Main article
3574:
3563:Bibliography
3547:
3541:
3533:
3505:
3494:
3477:
3469:
3453:
3448:
3439:
3433:
3424:
3399:
3371:
3364:
3356:
3351:
3343:
3327:
3319:
3308:. Retrieved
3304:the original
3293:
3285:
3275:
3265:
3263:
3248:
3229:
3223:
3204:
3185:
3182:
3178:
3170:
3164:
3131:
3121:
3111:
3109:
3105:
3091:
3082:
3073:
3067:
3039:
3032:
3021:. Retrieved
3012:
3008:
2976:
2956:
2931:
2925:
2906:
2900:
2890:
2888:
2882:. Retrieved
2875:the original
2856:
2851:
2844:
2834:
2832:
2828:
2818:
2798:
2772:
2766:
2750:
2741:
2735:
2724:
2720:
2713:
2698:
2683:
2651:
2630:
2625:
2596:
2556:
2543:
2535:
2526:
2514:
2494:
2482:
2470:
2458:
2446:
2434:
2423:
2410:
2405:, p. 7.
2398:
2388:
2384:
2376:
2375:
2368:. Retrieved
2357:the original
2348:
2338:
2307:
2294:
2280:
2274:
2266:
2254:
2246:
2241:
2235:
2227:
2218:
2203:
2198:
2186:. Retrieved
2171:
2164:
2152:. Retrieved
2145:the original
2097:
2067:
2050:, 500 pages.
2026:
1990:
1983:
1973:
1943:, p. 3.
1936:
1900:
1890:
1861:
1846:
1839:
1818:
1802:
1797:
1787:
1785:
1781:Julian Kwiek
1778:
1765:Jan T. Gross
1758:
1747:
1733:
1721:
1690:
1634:
1617:
1600:
1588:
1522:
1494:Jakub Berman
1467:
1455:
1446:
1440:
1438:
1424:antisemitism
1420:Jan T. Gross
1408:
1384:
1381:Eastern Bloc
1378:
1353:Julian Kwiek
1347:against the
1332:
1331:
1023:Mittelsteine
591:Ezras Israel
392:Brit HaHayal
255:1989–present
250:20th century
245:19th century
240:18th century
225:List of Jews
91:
29:
7049:Blood libel
6576:Grossaktion
6565:Częstochowa
6515:Częstochowa
6487:and Pogroms
6467:Jerzy Urban
6442:Louis Meyer
6366:Hilary Minc
6331:Ludwik Dorn
6314:Politicians
6193:Avnei Nezer
6133:Joel Sirkis
6073:Meir Lublin
6028:Joshua Falk
6017:Maharam Ash
5553:Gas chamber
5521:Concealment
5512:photographs
5359:Gross-Rosen
5328:Lviv (Lwów)
5290:Roza Robota
5194:Częstochowa
4826:Herta Bothe
4816:Hans Anhalt
4809:Camp guards
4749:Ludwig Hahn
4729:Paul Blobel
4669:Franz Bürkl
4659:Hans Biebow
4618:Fritz Klein
4555:Josef Klehr
4540:Erich Bauer
4531:Gas chamber
4477:Karl Möckel
4462:Maria Mandl
4437:Rudolf Höss
4422:Otto Hantke
4311:Oswald Pohl
4301:Ernst Lerch
4112:Stanisławów
4022:Częstochowa
3912:Bronna Góra
3842:Gross-Rosen
3837:Auschwitz I
3474:(in Polish)
3163:"Recenzja:
2130:David Engel
1878:|work=
1792:David Engel
1662:Częstochowa
1638:blood libel
1557:Siemiatycze
1537:Krasnosielc
1486:Hilary Minc
1141:Częstochowa
1080:Death camps
1018:Gross-Rosen
976:Stanisławów
906:Częstochowa
761:Wolf Popper
751:White Stork
666:Nomer Tamid
457:Folkspartei
7089:1946 riots
7084:1945 riots
7079:1944 riots
7038:Categories
6909:Głos Bundu
6809:Tarnobrzeg
6732:Cemeteries
6508:Tach VeTat
6163:Imrei Emes
6092:Maharashal
5993:Akiva Eger
4876:Irma Grese
4871:Paul Götze
4841:Luise Danz
4590:Physicians
4397:Kurt Franz
4246:Hans Frank
4214:Organizers
4158:Heidelager
3462:0813531586
3456:, p. 221.
3310:2016-12-05
3141:0813531586
3023:2007-04-01
3017:Yad Vashem
2884:2018-01-04
2694:0465042147
2381:Alina Cała
1911:0230504884
1832:References
1750:Yad Vashem
1590:Żydokomuna
1563:(11 May),
1430:Background
1196:Resistance
606:Inowrocław
552:Synagogues
402:Komverband
397:Poale Zion
360:Sochatchov
305:Aleksander
6923:Ha-Tsfira
6895:Folkswort
6739:Białystok
6613:Szczuczyn
6560:Białystok
6500:Białystok
6485:Massacres
6183:Sfas Emes
6052:Maharshak
5927:Białystok
5730:Memorials
5627:Aftermath
5394:Treblinka
5349:Auschwitz
5204:Treblinka
5189:Białystok
5177:Uprisings
4957:Treblinka
4802:Personnel
4570:Otto Moll
4560:Hans Koch
4412:Amon Göth
4143:Action T4
4107:Sosnowiec
4077:Nowy Sącz
4012:Białystok
3979:Szczuczyn
3927:Erntefest
3917:Bydgoszcz
3902:Białystok
3817:Treblinka
3693:Lithuania
3593:260229118
3282:"Beriḥah"
3186:Original:
3112:Original:
2891:Original:
2835:Original:
2725:See also:
2707:, Warsaw.
1880:ignored (
1870:cite book
1702:Kazimierz
1678:Sosnowiec
1654:Białystok
1569:Rembertów
1565:Ostrołęka
1555:(9 May),
1553:Białystok
1547:(7 May),
1545:Kuryłówka
1543:(1 May),
1458:survivors
1181:Szczuczyn
1131:Massacres
1116:Treblinka
1040:Poniatowa
1006:Auschwitz
971:Sosnowiec
941:Nowy Sącz
896:Białystok
706:Przedbórz
691:Piaskower
571:Bydgoszcz
502:Białystok
345:Peshischa
63:1944–1948
7018:Category
7000:Zibn teg
6937:In Kampf
6829:Wrzeszcz
6799:Oświęcim
6784:Obrzycko
6754:Chrzanów
6702:Yeshivas
6608:Radziłów
6583:Jedwabne
6527:Naliboki
6290:Emil Byk
6007:Maharsha
5573:Zyklon B
5389:Trawniki
5384:Stutthof
5369:Majdanek
4117:Tarnopol
4057:Lubartów
3969:Jedwabne
3872:Trawniki
3862:Stutthof
3852:Potulice
3795:Majdanek
3713:Slovakia
3530:37195289
3502:(1998).
3484:Archived
3464:. Essay.
3391:43840165
3284:. YIVO.
3161:(2002).
3144:. Essay.
3059:43840165
2953:(1998).
2775:page 31.
2649:(2007).
2615:Archived
2604:Archived
2564:Archived
2024:(2004).
1898:(2004).
1808:See also
1682:Szczecin
1607:DP camps
1533:Katowice
1480:and the
1395:DP camps
1176:Radziłów
1151:Jedwabne
1101:Majdanek
1065:Trawniki
1055:Stutthof
1045:Potulice
1035:Lipowa 7
1011:Monowitz
956:Piotrków
911:Frysztak
832:Yeshivas
696:Piotrków
686:Oświęcim
447:Haskalah
409:HeHalutz
278:Orthodox
181:a series
179:Part of
117:Slovakia
6972:Midrasz
6916:Ha-Asif
6824:Wrocław
6819:Wiślica
6759:Cieszyn
6593:Tykocin
6533:Przytyk
6420:Writers
6283:Lawyers
6067:Nesivos
5922:Beuthen
5910:By city
5865:History
5558:Gas van
5374:Sobibór
5311:Ghettos
5218:Leaders
5199:Sobibor
4952:Sobibor
4945:By camp
4092:Siedlce
3999:Ghettos
3984:Tykocin
3956:Pogroms
3942:Palmiry
3867:Szebnie
3812:Sobibor
3790:Chełmno
3718:Ukraine
3703:Romania
3683:Germany
3673:Estonia
3668:Denmark
3663:Croatia
3658:Belgium
3653:Belarus
3266:Brichah
3130:(ed.).
2370:July 4,
2263:Poland.
2188:May 23,
2154:May 23,
1794:wrote:
1786:In the
1674:Rzeszów
1666:Legnica
1658:Bielawa
1631:Pogroms
1561:Wyrzyki
1549:Grajewo
1541:Annówka
1441:de jure
1374:pogroms
1161:Tykocin
1111:Sobibor
1096:Chełmno
1060:Szebnie
966:Siedlce
916:Gorlice
901:Brzesko
881:Ghettos
771:Zasanie
756:Włodawa
741:Tykocin
736:Szydłów
701:Pińczów
646:Maharam
621:Końskie
561:Bielsko
497:Beuthen
442:Bundism
377:Zionist
350:Radomsk
315:Bluzhev
300:Hasidim
220:•
68:Hungary
46:Part of
6902:Forojs
6814:Warsaw
6794:Ostrów
6779:Lublin
6769:Krakow
6764:Kielce
6744:Bródno
6648:Kraków
6643:Kielce
6623:Wąsosz
6578:Warsaw
6541:(1881)
6539:Warsaw
6535:(1936)
6529:(1943)
6523:(1918)
6521:Kielce
6517:(1902)
6511:(1684)
6502:(1906)
6496:(1905)
6147:Rebbes
5986:Rabbis
5977:People
5962:Wieluń
5947:Łęczna
5942:Kraków
5937:Kalisz
5917:Adamów
5874:By era
5670:Trials
5645:Bricha
5379:Soldau
5364:Izbica
5354:Bełżec
5333:Warsaw
5318:Kraków
5158:Żegota
4127:Warsaw
4102:Słonim
4097:Sambor
4072:Mizocz
4062:Lublin
4037:Kraków
4032:Kielce
4027:Grodno
4007:Będzin
3989:Wąsosz
3965:(1946)
3963:Kielce
3877:Warsaw
3857:Soldau
3807:Belzec
3708:Russia
3698:Norway
3688:Latvia
3678:France
3591:
3577:(54).
3528:
3518:
3460:
3389:
3379:
3336:
3256:
3211:
3138:
3057:
3047:
2969:
2913:
2867:
2859:]
2806:
2691:
2659:
2287:
2210:
2179:
2109:
2101:. The
2075:
2046:
2034:
1998:
1908:
1854:
1728:Kielce
1724:pogrom
1686:Tarnów
1684:, and
1670:Otwock
1646:Kielce
1642:Kraków
1612:flight
1476:, the
1386:aliyah
1288:
1186:Wąsosz
1106:Belzec
1070:Warsaw
1050:Soldau
986:Warsaw
981:Tarnów
951:Opatów
946:Olkusz
926:Kraków
921:Kielce
891:Będzin
766:Zamość
746:Warsaw
636:Łańcut
586:Danzig
537:Wieluń
522:Łęczna
517:Kraków
512:Kalisz
507:Gdańsk
492:Adamów
483:Cities
419:Tarbut
268:Groups
222:
218:
203:
183:on the
92:Poland
6930:Haynt
6598:Dynów
5957:Łuków
5342:Camps
5002:RKFDV
4122:Wilno
4087:Radom
4082:Pińsk
4017:Brest
3922:Dynów
3768:Camps
3589:S2CID
3175:(PDF)
3102:(PDF)
3005:(PDF)
2878:(PDF)
2861:(PDF)
2855:[
2148:(PDF)
2137:(PDF)
1650:Bytom
1389:) to
1166:Dynów
961:Radom
936:Mińsk
931:Łomża
731:Stolp
726:Stara
721:Sejny
711:Radom
671:Nożyk
661:Nisko
641:Lesko
616:Jasło
611:Izaak
566:Bobov
532:Łuków
433:Other
387:Betar
365:Vurka
340:Lelov
335:Kotzk
320:Bobov
310:Biala
58:Dates
6804:Rema
6774:Łódź
6137:Bach
6042:Rema
5952:Łódź
5785:List
5323:Łódź
5143:Bund
5007:VoMi
4997:WVHA
4052:Łódź
4042:Lwów
3974:Lviv
3526:OCLC
3516:ISBN
3458:ISBN
3387:OCLC
3377:ISBN
3334:ISBN
3254:ISBN
3209:ISBN
3136:ISBN
3055:OCLC
3045:ISBN
3013:XXVI
2967:ISBN
2911:ISBN
2865:ISBN
2804:ISBN
2689:ISBN
2657:ISBN
2372:2012
2285:ISBN
2208:ISBN
2190:2011
2177:ISBN
2156:2011
2141:YIVO
2107:ISBN
2073:ISBN
2044:ISBN
2032:ISBN
1996:ISBN
1906:ISBN
1882:help
1852:ISBN
1763:and
1691:The
1567:and
1559:and
1551:and
1539:and
1529:NKVD
716:Rema
631:Kupa
527:Łódź
355:Sanz
6127:Taz
6032:Sma
5168:ŻZW
5163:ŻOB
5153:PKB
5138:AOB
3579:doi
3512:130
2963:136
2703:by
2362:PDF
2261:. "
1465:.
1360:in
325:Ger
7040::
5148:GL
5133:AK
5069:/
5065:,
5061:,
5057:,
5053:,
5049:,
5045:/
5041:,
4981:SS
3587:.
3573:.
3532:.
3524:.
3514:.
3385:.
3342:.
3262:.
3238:^
3195:^
3177:.
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3104:.
3053:.
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3011:.
3007:.
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2975:.
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2887:.
2781:^
2757:,
2671:^
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2570:,
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2383:,
2374:.
2347:.
2318:^
2306:.
2293:.
2139:.
2132:.
2121:^
2087:^
2055:^
2042:,
2010:^
1964:^
1948:^
1920:^
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1872:}}
1868:{{
1860:.
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1644:,
1622:,
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6230:)
6226:(
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6191:(
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