1106:) organisation, it has been reported that around 6% or 53 accounts of reported incidents of Islamophobia have occurred in British educational institutions in 2017. Many of the incidents are associated with bullying and verbal abuse, such as calling a fellow peer a "terrorist" or taunting religious garments like the hijab. The Muslim Student Survey was sent out from the National Union of Students in 2017 to try to gather data on the subject of Islamophobia in educational environments. In this survey, nearly 33% of Muslim students reported either abuse or crime in their place of study. Most of these reports are believed to be directly related to Islamophobia. It also shows a disconnect when relating to such students, since only about four in ten reported Muslim students feel their student governments understand their needs.
1212:, have been criticised for inappropriate comments on migrants, immigration and Muslims. A December 2015 survey by City University, London of journalists found an underrepresentation of Muslims in the field. Only 0.4% of British journalists identified as Muslim or Hindu, 31.6% were Christian, and 61.1% had "no religion." Cited in a report covering the ethics of the British Press, Lord Justice Leveson wrote that "the evidence demonstrates that sections of the press betray a tendency, which is far from being universal or even preponderant, to portray Muslims in a negative light."
1065:' Labour Force Survey found that "Muslim men were up to 76% less likely to have a job of any kind compared to white, male British Christians of the same age and with the same qualifications." An April 2016 report by Nabil Khattab and Shereen Hussein found that first-generation Muslim women from Bangladesh were over six times more likely to be unemployed than White non-Muslim women when adjusting for factors such as "level of education, family situation and age." First generation
1160:, said Muslims were "all jihadis," and that Muslims should be forced to leave their religion if they come to a western country. Blackman responded to criticism by saying that he did not regret sharing a platform with Ghosh, and that Ghosh was not Islamophobic. The Muslim Council of Britain condemned parliament for welcoming "a man who trades in propagating hatred against Muslims in India." On 26 October, Labour MP
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the lowest rung of the prison rewards and punishment scheme, more likely to be put into segregation and more likely to have restraint used against them. Almost a third of Muslim prisoners (29%) did not have prison jobs or attend education courses, compared with 17% of
Christian prisoners. Runnymede stated that the discrepancy in treatment particularly affects rehabilitation.
53:
1266:, stating that most mainstream media failed to cover the incident or "at best relegated it to a minor story". Ismail suggested that had the roles of the victims and perpetrator been reversed the case would have been headline news. He compared the acid attack to violent hate-murders of Muslims that had received little coverage in contrast with the
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Almost 50% of Muslim households are considered to be in poverty, compared with less than 20% in the overall population. The report listed barriers to success including negative stereotypes about
Muslims, a lack of Muslim staff or role models in the classroom, bullying, and harassment. The report revealed that women wearing
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1175:. A Conservative councillor, Stephen Ardley had been suspended after he allegedly posted Islamophobic comments about Sadiq Khan, who had by this point been elected as Mayor of London. Ardley had said it was "unbelievable" that a Muslim had been elected, and went on to describe those who voted for him as "blind".
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investigation found that hate crimes targeting mosques and other Muslim places of worship across the UK more than doubled between 2016 and 2017. The same month, during Hate Crime
Awareness Week, Associate Professor of Criminology at Birmingham City University Imran Awan and Lecturer in Criminology at
1695:
J-Voice, a socialist and progressive Jewish community project, has condemned what it refers to as a "a rise in hatred towards
Muslims" and called for Muslims and Jews in the UK to remain united against the "far-right." Following a meeting between Manchester's Jewish community and Tommy Robinson, the
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Agreement on a legal, meaningful, and actionable definition of the term "Islamophobia" has, to date, proved difficult in the UK. A definition put forward by the All Party
Parliamentary Group on British Muslims in May 2019 was rejected by both the police and Government, on the grounds that it was too
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Based out of London, the
Islamic Human Rights Commission (IHRC) is a UK human rights organization that works to campaign for justice for the British Muslim community. Along with working closely with the United Nations, IHRC has produced and submitted numerous articles, reports, and general research
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launched a hate crime investigation after letters threatening acid attacks on
Muslims were posted in Bradford. The police said the threats were "extremely seriously" increased patrols in Hanover Square, a mainly Muslim inner-city area where at least two residents received the letters last week. The
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study found that being black or Muslim doubles a prisoner's chances (40%) of having worse prison experiences, which includes having restraints used against them and being put into segregation in past six months, compared with white or non-Muslim prisoners (21%). They were also more likely to be on
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Islamophobia in schools is a growing concern for the United
Kingdom, since projections show there may be an estimated 300,000 Muslim teenagers in the education system by 2021. Various incidents have occurred where students were attacked while near school or on campus. Studies show such actions are
1219:
in 2011 explored the question of how "forced conversion narratives" arose around the Sikh diaspora in the United
Kingdom. Sian, who reports that claims of conversion through courtship on campuses are widespread in the UK, says that rather than relying on actual evidence they primarily rest on the
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report concluded that
Muslims were being held back in the workplace by widespread Islamophobia, racism and discrimination. Despite outperforming their non-Muslim counterparts in education, Muslims were roughly half as likely to hold higher managerial, administrative, and professional occupations.
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has increased, ranging from "death threats and murder to persistent low-level assaults, such as spitting and name-calling," for which the media and politicians have been blamed with fueling anti-Muslim hatred. The Islamophobic incidents it described include: "Neil Lewington, a violent extremist
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In July 2017, an SDL supporter was found guilty of kicking on the body and punching on the head of an anti-fascist protester who was handing out anti-racism leaflets in Edinburgh. It was alleged that he called the other fellow protesters, in particular a black South African woman, a monkey. He
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which aimed to examine the conditions for immigrants to the United Kingdom was criticised for its over focus of the Muslim community, as well as deeper methodical failings. In 2014, over a third of Muslims in the UK said politicians often make bigoted comments towards Muslims.
1317:
and Faith Matters. A statement by the groups said: "The printing of the phrase 'The Muslim Problem' – particularly with the capitalisation and italics for emphasis – in a national newspaper sets a dangerous precedent, and harks back to the use of the phrase 'The
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nationalist convicted in July 2009 of a bomb plot; Terence Gavan, a violent extremist nationalist convicted in January 2010 of manufacturing nail bombs and other explosives, firearms and weapons; a gang attack in November 2009 on Muslim students at
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investigation was launched. He revealed his anger at The FA's investigation, believing that they would make no difference to any future abuse. Two men were eventually arrested over the chanting and were due to appear at Teesside Magistrates Court.
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calling for a "Punish a Muslim Day", with a points system to award people for acts of hatred toward Muslims. Police said there was no credible evidence of a planned attack, and in June of the same year a man from
1431:; and an arson attack in June 2009 on Greenwich Islamic Centre." Other Islamophobic incidents mentioned in the report include "Yasir, a young Moroccan," being "nearly killed while waiting to take a bus from
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on the London Underground, the Commission on British Muslims and Islamophobia, warned that increased attacks against individuals and mosques, was resulting in bitterness that created violent "time-bombs".
1732:. Lambert also compares the media's role in fueling "Paki-bashing" in the late 20th century to its role in fueling anti-Muslim sentiment in the early 21st century. Geddes notes that variations of the "
1126:, which attempted to link Khan to Islamist extremists. Public opinion polling at the time showed that 31% of Londoners were "uncomfortable" with the prospect of a Muslim mayor. The government issued
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in London" and "left in a coma for three months"; "Mohammed Kohelee," a "caretaker who suffered burns to his body while trying to prevent an arson attack against Greenwich Mosque"; "the murder" of "
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Of the online islamophic attacks reports received in 2012 by the Tell Measuring Anti-Muslim Attacks (MAMA) organization, 69% had a connection to the far right including the English Defense League.
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Nottingham Trent University Irene Zempi presented research at the House of Commons showing that some non-Muslim men suffered verbal, physical and emotional abuse because they looked Muslim.
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broad to enforce and had potential consequences for freedom of speech. In an interview with the All Party Parliamentary Group on British Muslims, Professor Peter Hopkins of the Centre for
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In September 2017, police officers warned a Muslim doctor, Naila Imran, against pressing charges following anti-Muslim harassment as a counter claim could lead to her "being arrested."
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held a tea party with the goal of countering those demonstrations and promoting interfaith dialogue. The tea party ended up receiving more participants than the original EDL march.
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in October 2018 he pleaded guilty to fifteen charges relating to the "Punish a Muslim Day" letters and other correspondences sent to individuals, public figures and organisations.
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289:
1342:. Critics of the ruling claimed that it upheld the right of the authorities to kill potentially innocent people on the basis of mere supposition and racial/religious prejudice.
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Many studies and surveys have concluded that Muslims face discrimination in the work force. Research in 2014 by Dr Nabil Khattab and Professor Ron Johnston using data from the
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1322:' in the last century." A cross-party group of over 100 MPs from the Conservatives, Labour, the Liberal Democrats and the Greens subsequently signed a letter to the editor of
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pensioner Ekram Haque" who "was brutally beaten to death in front of his three year old granddaughter" by a "race-hate" gang; and "police officers" being injured "during an
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1629:. They are seen as Scotland's main anti-Islamic group. The SDL hold regular demonstrations in Scottish cities. The group is mainly active in Edinburgh, Fife and Glasgow.
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in 2005. De Menezes was trailed and then shot dead at London's Stockwell tube station by jumpy security officers who mistook him for a suicide bomber a fortnight after
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1485:, anti-Muslim hate crimes increased fivefold. It was the largest increase in hate crimes against Muslims in the country since the similar backlash following the 2013
1089:, which led the research, stated that "Muslims are being excluded, discriminated against or failed at all stages of their transition from education to employment."
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stated that by not adopting a concrete definition for Islamophobia it may "encourage some people to continue to deny that Islamophobia is an issue in society."
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mosques across the UK have experienced acts of hate crime in the last year and that islamophobic hate crimes had increased by five times in the last decade.
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began adopting the term 'Islamophobia' in the late 1980s in order to describe the rise in negative feelings towards the Muslim community. A report from the
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can manifest itself in a wide range of ways; including, discrimination in the workforce, negative coverage in the media, and violence against Muslims.
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stated that "Robinson’s record of anti-Muslim provocation means that he could never be a partner of a respectable or mainstream Jewish organisation."
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MP several days previously as a reason that it was "now acceptable" to describe Muslims as a "specific rather than cultural problem". Sean O'Grady of
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Asian youth movements in the 1970s and 1980s, including the Bradford Youth Movement in 1977, the Bangladeshi Youth Movement following the murder of
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faced less discrimination but were still four times more likely to be unemployed than White non-Muslim women when adjusting for those same factors.
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A ruling in March 2016 by the European Court of Human Rights effectively cleared of criminal responsibility security officials responsible for the
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1407:, found that of those polled 32% believed they had suffered religious discrimination at airports, and 80% said they had experienced Islamophobia.
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In October 2017, the British National Party launched a campaign against supposed plans for a mosque that local authorities said did not exist.
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left the group after four years to take on a more peaceful and political approach, and worried about the dangers of right-wing extremism.
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was criticised for hosting a parliamentary event attended by far-right Hindu nationalist Tapan Ghosh. The conference was also attended by
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refers to a set of discourses, behaviours and structures which express feelings of anxiety, fear, hostility and rejection towards
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demanding action over the column. The letter stated the MPs "were truly outraged by the hate and bigotry" in Kavanagh's column.
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which questioned what actions British society should take to deal with "The Muslim Problem". Kavanagh cited an opinion piece by
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Committee, Great Britain: Parliament: House of Commons: Communities and Local Government; (Na), Not Available (30 March 2010).
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Keyboard Warriors: The Production of Islamophobic Identity and an Extreme Worldview within an Online Political Community
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was arrested and charged with fourteen criminal offences in connection with the hate mail campaign. At his trial at the
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2862:"Campaigner unable to complain over Sun 'Muslim problem' piece because religious groups not covered by Editors' Code"
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https://static1.squarespace.com/static/599c3d2febbd1a90cffdd8a9/t/5bfd1ea3352f531a6170ceee/1543315109493/Islamophobia
1478:, concluded that between 40% and 60% of mosques and other Islamic centers in the UK had suffered vandalism or arson.
1102:. Women and girls who wear the hijab are particularly targeted. According to the Tell Measuring Anti-Muslim Attacks (
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has resulted in demonstrations in English cities with large Muslim populations. The EDL is a far-right, anti-Islam
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4167:"'The murder of Surjit Singh Chhokar showed the Scottish legal establishment to be a 'gentlemen's colonial club'"
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3684:"Fear and Loathing: the Political Discourse in Relation to Muslims and Islam in the British Contemporary Setting"
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1423:; the murder in September 2009 of Muslim pensioner, Ikram Syed ul-Haq; a serious assault in August 2007 on the
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125:
3744:"'No Surrender to the Taliban': Football Hooliganism, Islamophobia and the Rise of the English Defence League"
2002:
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Robert Lambert and Graham Edward Geddes have compared Islamophobia and anti-Muslim street violence to that of
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2553:"Conservatives must launch urgent inquiry into Islamophobia in the party, Muslim Council of Britain demands"
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1228:" lodged against the Jewish community and foreigners to the UK and the US, with the former having ties to
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Unsettling Sikh and Muslim Conflict: Mistaken Identities, Forced Conversions, and Postcolonial Formations
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4116:"Fury as councillor's refugee warnings sparks far-right Scottish Defence League protest plans in Wishaw"
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Committee, Great Britain: Parliament: House of Commons: Communities Local Government (30 March 2010).
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that mirror the Islamophobia betrayed by the modern narrative. Sian expanded on these views in 2013's
1156:, who distanced themselves from Ghosh's views a week later. Prior to the event, Ghosh had praised the
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3383:"What is the truth behind claims Muslims are being targeted by right-wing acid attackers in London?"
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is an organisation that monitors and records hate crimes against Muslims. Following the passage of
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4343:"Scottish Labour leadership hopeful Anas Sarwar gives up family business shares in bid to end row"
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2967:"Muslim doctor 'warned that she might be arrested' after reporting Islamophobic abuse in Romford"
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2497:"Amber Rudd Distances Herself From Anti-Muslim Hindu Extremist Hosted By Tory MP In Parliament"
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received 12 months community service. Also in 2017, former Scottish Labour Party Deputy Leader
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2834:"The Sun can't pretend saying we have a 'Muslim Problem' isn't reminiscent of Nazi propaganda"
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2581:"Tory councillor suspended after 'posting Islamophobic comments about Sadiq Khan on Facebook'"
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1947:
1922:. "Islamophobia Defined." All Party Parliamentary Group on British Muslims, 27 November 2018.
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face particular discrimination once entering the workplace. Professor Jacqueline Stevenson of
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4192:"Swastika tattooed thug who hates Muslim men launched petrol bomb attack on Scottish mosque"
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2525:"Naz Shah Has Asked The Home Secretary Why An Anti-Muslim Extremist Was Allowed On UK Soil"
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and received 4 years in prison in June 2017, is alleged to be associated with SDL members.
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4141:"Thug cleared of killing Indian waiter Surjit Chhokar is unmasked as race-hate campaigner"
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1938:"It's not difficult to define Islamophobia. So why does Britain struggle with it so much?"
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3493:"British men suffering Islamophobic abuse because they 'look Muslim', reveals research"
2749:"BBC acknowledges complaint against booking of 'Islamophobic' guest on Today programme"
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4266:"Scottish Defence League thug made Nazi salute after punching anti-racist campaigner"
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wrote to the Conservative Party calling for an urgent inquiry, following a number of
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2003:"Educated Muslim women much less likely to be in professional jobs than white women"
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The SDL are similar to their counterpart and are very closely associated with the
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poll which indicated an increase in anti-Muslim incidents, particularly after the
3022:
2269:"One in three Londoners feel 'uncomfortable' with the prospect of a Muslim Mayor"
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have also risen. Days after the London Bridge attack, a man named Darren Osborne
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have statistically risen against Muslims, predominantly in England and Scotland.
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1247:'s "conspiracy theories about Muslims and Islam" when he appeared as a guest on
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later served to more dramatically move the issue into the public light in 1997.
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4532:"Tommy Robinson: Former EDL leader holds secret gathering with Manchester Jews"
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Some Muslims have been victims of violence because of their religion. In 2005,
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in the United Kingdom. The EDL has been described as Islamophobic. It has had
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A 2023 survey by ITV News and anti Muslim monitoring group found that almost
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4478:"Pegida & Anti-Muslim groups pose a great danger to the Jewish Community"
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coming out of a mosque in London, killing one and leaving 10 people injured.
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2233:"Zac Goldsmith attacked by senior Tory over London mayoral election tactics"
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Islamophobia or anti-Muslim racism – or what? – concepts and terms revisited
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European Social Movements and Muslim Activism: Another World but with Whom?
1243:
acknowledged a complaint that it failed to properly introduce or challenge
1164:
wrote to Home Secretary Amber Rudd asking why Ghosh was granted a UK visa.
4716:
4704:. Istanbul, Turkey: Foundation for Political, Economic and Social Research
4502:
2941:"Anti-Muslim hate crime surges after Manchester and London Bridge attacks"
1673:
Several organisations exist in the United Kingdom to combat Islamophobia.
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2007:
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on islamophobia to governments and international organizations to offer
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3860:"English Defence League says Pastor Terry Jones will not speak at rally"
1720:
since the 1960s. Lambert notes that a key difference is that, while the
1414:'s European Muslim research centre noted that the number of anti-Muslim
4422:
3573:"'Punish a Muslim day' generates anger, fear and solidarity in Britain"
3357:"Anti-Muslim hate crimes increase fivefold since London Bridge attacks"
1440:
887:
4044:"Anonymous-linked groups publish EDL supporters' personal information"
3465:"How hate crimes are targeting Muslim places of worship more and more"
1742:(both Muslim and non-Muslim) faced increased discrimination following
1636:
was seen in attendance at a July 2016 SDL demonstration in Edinburgh.
2806:"More than 100 MPs demand action over Sun's 'Muslim Problem' article"
1974:"British Muslims face worst job discrimination of any minority group"
1728:(including Muslims, Hindus and Sikhs), the EDL specifically targeted
1588:
4558:
1234:
Mistaken Identities, Forced Conversions, and Postcolonial Formations
4292:"Community Payback Order for man who abused anti-racism campaigner"
3157:"Media and politicians 'fuel rise in hate crimes against Muslims'"
2058:"Young British Muslims 'hampered by discrimination', finds report"
1082:
1025:
3547:"UK communities take action against 'Punish a Muslim Day' letter"
3278:"Mido fury at FA over repeat of racist taunts at Tyne-Tees clash"
3251:"Briefs3-FA investigating claims of racist chanting against Mido"
2111:
1262:, writer Sufyan Ismail was critical of the media coverage of the
1224:. According to Sian, the narrative is similar to accusations of "
4646:
Young British Muslims: Identity, Culture, Politics and the Media
2995:"Black and Muslim prisoners suffer worse treatment, study finds"
2441:"Tory MP Bob Blackman hosts anti-Muslim nationalist Tapan Ghosh"
2381:"MP Bob Blackman defends Tapan Ghosh's appearance in Parliament"
2031:"Islamophobia holding back UK Muslims in workplace, study finds"
1424:
4720:
2915:"Manchester mosque seriously damaged in suspected arson attack"
2889:"PRESS RELEASE - UK: De Menezes ruling: the cover-up continues"
1766:, throughout the 1970s and 1980s. Drawing inspiration from the
1553:
4370:"BNP campaigns against local mosque plans that 'do not exist'"
4091:"Anti fascists to protest Scottish Defence League march today"
3437:"Letters threatening acid attacks sent to Muslims in Bradford"
3186:"Islamophobia and Anti-Muslim Hate Crime: a London Case Study"
2776:"When Muslims are the victims, we refuse to call it terrorism"
1565:, but it has been criticised for targeting Muslims in general.
1400:
3828:
Preventing violent extremism: sixth report of session 2009–10
3648:
Preventing violent extremism: sixth report of session 2009–10
1754:
in the late 1960s. This included overt racism in the form of
3411:"Finsbury Park accused Darren Osborne appears at Old Bailey"
3221:
Githens-Mazer, Jonathan; Lambert, Robert (28 January 2010).
2469:"Tories disown firebrand Hindu activist after Commons visit"
2295:"Casey report criticised for focus on UK Muslim communities"
2197:"A third of UK Muslims report abuse or crime while studying"
1340:
multiple bombings on the capital's transport network in 2005
4025:
Framing Muslims: Stereotyping and Representation After 9/11
3779:. London: Telegraph.co.uk. 14 December 2010. Archived from
1736:" racial slur are occasionally used by members of the EDL.
1583:
movement which opposes what it considers to be a spread of
4695:"Islamophobia in the United Kingdom National Report 2016"
4240:"Edinburgh mosque firebomber had 20 previous convictions"
3327:"Half of Britain's mosques have been attacked since 9/11"
3107:
Spiraling Islamophobia Alienating British Muslims: Report
1911:
1909:
1907:
1716:, a form of racist violence that was perpetrated against
1098:
increasingly common after trigger incidences such as the
2647:"UK: Poor reporting, media illiteracy fuel Islamophobia"
2410:"Tory MP hosts an anti-Islam extremist at Commons event"
2112:"Female Muslim Students Assaulted Outside Strand Campus"
1215:
An academic paper by Katy Sian published in the journal
1114:
Concerns were raised over comments made about the then
3594:"Police charge man over 'Punish a Muslim Day' letters"
4582:
Taylor, Max; Currie, P. M.; Holbrook, Donald (2013).
4423:"Trump travel ban: Thousands join protests across UK"
4398:"How British Organisations are Tackling Islamophobia"
2331:"Louise Casey's integration plan is behind the times"
1454:
On 26 August 2007, fans of the English football club
1403:
in July 2005. Another survey of Muslims, this by the
4218:"'Bigot' jailed for fire attack on Edinburgh mosque"
4622:. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 132–133.
4585:
Extreme Right Wing Political Violence and Terrorism
4450:"EDL Birmingham Demo Countered By Mosque Tea Party"
3325:Gander, Kashmira; Rawlinson, Kevin (28 June 2013).
2673:"'Forced' conversions in the British Sikh diaspora"
3956:"Violence erupts at far-right march in Birmingham"
1688:Following a protest by the EDL in April 2017, the
1651:alleged that he faced death threats from the SDL.
1301:said that the column used language reminiscent of
1292:Shadow Secretary of State for Women and Equalities
3520:"Communities unite to defy 'Punish a Muslim Day'"
2467:Safi, Michael; Elgot, Jessica (26 October 2017).
1798:following the murder of Akhtar Ali Baig in 1980.
3751:Papers from the British Criminology Conference
3737:
3735:
2375:
2373:
1520:In April 2018, letters were sent to people in
1345:As of 2017, arson attacks against mosques and
1220:word of "a friend of a friend" or on personal
4732:
1599:with various groups, including supporters of
1505:literature shows an image of a sword and the
1309:. A joint complaint was made to IPSO by the
1128:Casey Review into Integration and Opportunity
1002:
8:
4525:
4523:
2719:. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 55–71.
2434:
2432:
1387:Islamophobic incidents in the United Kingdom
27:Prejudice towards Islam or Muslims in the UK
3083:"Two-thirds of Muslims consider leaving UK"
2137:"Pigs' heads dumped outside Islamic school"
1887:Religion and politics of Peace and Conflict
1489:. Acid attacks against Muslims such as the
1474:A 2013 report by Professor Nigel Copsey of
1040:Defining Islamophobia in the United Kingdom
18:Anti-Muslim prejudice in the United Kingdom
4739:
4725:
4717:
4611:
4609:
4577:
4575:
3906:"Under the skin of English Defence League"
3253:. Reuters. 1 December 2008. Archived from
3184:Githens-Mazer, Jonathan; Lambert, Robert.
2799:
2797:
1890:. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 205.
1009:
995:
31:
3879:"Inquiry: Police, anti-fascist protester"
3131:"...And why we urgently need new answers"
3677:
3675:
1552:
1458:directed anti-Muslim chants at Egyptian
4069:"EDL leader Tommy Robinson quits group"
3742:Garland, Jon; Treadwell, James (2010).
3620:"Man admits 'Punish a Muslim' offences"
2612:Centre for the Study of Islam in the UK
2086:"Kidscape - Islamophobia in UK schools"
1849:
1639:Thomas Conington who petrol bombed the
1495:intentionally rammed a van into Muslims
43:
3046:
2965:Blackburn, Ralph (11 September 2017).
2632:
2364:
4643:Kabir, Nahid Afrose (14 March 2012).
3987:"Britain's fascists in a right state"
3954:Ambrogi, Stefano (5 September 2009).
3129:Manzoor, Sarfraz (30 November 2004).
2029:Asthana, Anushka (7 September 2017).
1509:with the words: "Kill scum Muslims."
950:Forum Against Islamophobia and Racism
7:
4022:Morey, Peter; Yaqin, Amina. (2011).
3223:"Muslims in the UK: beyond the hype"
2860:Ponsford, Dominic (15 August 2017).
1884:Hogan, Linda; Lehrke, Dylan (2009).
3904:O'Brien, Paraic (12 October 2009).
3582:– via www.washingtonpost.com.
3491:Osborne, Samuel (17 October 2017).
3276:Williams, Simon (4 December 2008).
2993:Slawson, Nicola (18 October 2017).
2439:Humphries, Will (26 October 2017).
2293:Taylor, Matthew (5 December 2016).
4911:Islamophobia in the United Kingdom
4368:Dearden, Lizzie (9 October 2017).
3059:ICM-Guardian Poll (26 July 2005).
2804:Cowburn, Ashley (15 August 2017).
1972:Dobson, Roger (30 November 2014).
1610:Co-founder and political activist
1336:killing of Jean Charles de Menezes
1022:Islamophobia in the United Kingdom
25:
3571:Hassan, Jennifer (3 April 2018).
3435:Halliday, Josh (29 August 2017).
3304:"Two arrested over Mido chanting"
3023:"Islamophobia pervades UK-report"
3021:Casciani, Dominic (2 June 2004).
2645:Safdar, Anealla (29 March 2016).
2195:Grierson, Jamie (19 March 2018).
1698:Board of Deputies of British Jews
1561:organises demonstrations against
1483:London Bridge attack in June 2017
1410:In January 2010, a report by the
1311:Board of Deputies of British Jews
1158:persecution of Muslims in Myanmar
3877:Helen Carter (21 October 2010).
3802:Helen Carter (21 October 2010).
3463:Rodger, James (9 October 2017).
3155:Dodd, Vikram (28 January 2010).
2832:O'Grady, Sean (15 August 2017).
2329:Travis, Alan (5 December 2016).
1999:British Sociological Association
51:
4678:Springer Science+Business Media
4530:Oppenheim, Maya (5 July 2017).
4476:Anker, Shlomo (December 2015).
3929:"Sharia, Law, religious courts"
2523:Gani, Aisha (26 October 2017).
2495:Waugh, Paul (25 October 2017).
2267:Dathan, Matt (13 August 2015).
1833:Terrorism in the United Kingdom
834:Persecution of Uyghurs in China
504:Palestinian genocide allegation
4649:. Edinburgh University Press.
4616:Geddes, Graham Edward (2016).
3927:Maryam Namazie (5 July 2010).
3545:Belam, Martin (3 April 2018).
2747:Walker, James (16 June 2017).
1936:Malik, Nesrine (19 May 2019).
1762:, the National Front, and the
1063:Office for National Statistics
516:Massacres, torture, expulsion:
1:
4503:"About Us: Mission Statement"
3985:Gable, Gerry (14 June 2012).
3691:Politics and Religion Journal
3081:Dodd, Vikram (26 July 2005).
2939:Travis, Alan (20 June 2017).
2913:Boyle, Danny (17 July 2017).
2713:Katy P. Sian (4 April 2013).
2671:Sian, Katy P. (6 July 2011).
2408:Peck, Tom (26 October 2017).
2110:Ullah, Areeb (4 March 2016).
1750:and the establishment of the
1030:Muslims in the United Kingdom
573:Cave of the Patriarchs (1994)
4916:Racism in the United Kingdom
4702:European Islamophobia Report
4448:York, Chris (8 April 2017).
3409:Ross, Alice (27 June 2017).
3381:Lusher, Adam (3 July 2017).
3351:Dodd, Vikram; Marsh, Sarah;
3306:. BBC Sport. 5 December 2008
2579:Khan, Shehab (2 June 2018).
2551:Khan, Shehab (1 June 2018).
2231:Mason, Rowena (6 May 2016).
2171:"Islamophobia in UK schools"
1786:activists began a number of
1200:The media, particularly the
1124:2016 London mayoral election
796:Muslim Massacre (video game)
717:Almondbury bullying incident
4396:John, Tara (6 March 2016).
4318:"SDL's march clashes dates"
3866:. London. 14 December 2010.
3061:"Poll of Muslims in the UK"
2680:South Asian Popular Culture
1808:Islam in the United Kingdom
1372:In June 2004, prior to the
1217:South Asian Popular Culture
1173:allegations of Islamophobia
1087:Sheffield Hallam University
975:Southern Poverty Law Center
4932:
4244:The Edinburgh Evening News
4042:Quinn, Ben (28 May 2013).
1857:Richardson, Robin (2012),
1658:
1568:
1481:In the week following the
1384:
1182:
1078:Social Mobility Commission
4752:
2692:10.1080/14746681003798060
1828:Islam in Northern Ireland
1724:and the BNP targeted all
1690:Birmingham Central Mosque
1185:Islamophobia in the media
1169:Muslim Council of Britain
839:Xinjiang internment camps
653:Northern Sri Lanka (1990)
598:İşkodra and Niş (1877–78)
4030:Harvard University Press
3806:. London: Guardian.co.uk
2169:Kidscape (20 May 2019).
1641:Edinburgh Central Mosque
1491:2017 Beckton acid attack
1264:2017 Beckton acid attack
1151:First Secretary of State
673:Sabra and Shatila (1982)
4747:Islamophobia by country
1621:Scottish Defence League
1361:University of Greenwich
1051:University of Leicester
965:Muslim American Society
722:Bendigo mosque protests
683:SĂ©tif and Guelma (1945)
499:Pacification of Algeria
138:Muslim immigration bans
4771:Bosnia and Herzegovina
4669:Timothy Peace (2015),
3112:9 January 2009 at the
1764:British National Party
1748:Rivers of Blood speech
1661:British National Party
1655:British National Party
1577:English Defence League
1571:English Defence League
1566:
1559:English Defence League
1549:English Defence League
1445:English Defence League
1405:Open Society Institute
1283:published a column by
758:Haridwar hate speeches
4693:Merali, Arzu (2017).
4590:Bloomsbury Publishing
3682:Allen, Chris (2010).
1796:Newham Youth Movement
1768:civil rights movement
1760:white power skinheads
1758:, predominantly from
1679:Executive Order 13769
1601:Unite Against Fascism
1575:The emergence of the
1556:
1502:West Yorkshire Police
1429:London Central Mosque
1330:In the justice system
1183:Further information:
1118:candidate for mayor,
940:Amnesty International
894:Politically Incorrect
746:Flying imams incident
3991:The Jewish Chronicle
3703:10.54561/prj0402221a
3193:University of Exeter
2143:. 22 December 2015.
1412:University of Exeter
776:Innocence of Muslims
548:Big Excursion (1989)
80:Conspiracy theories
4455:The Huffington Post
4349:. 24 September 2017
3864:The Daily Telegraph
3783:on 17 December 2010
3470:The Birmingham Mail
3202:on 16 February 2010
2175:www.kidscape.org.uk
2090:www.kidscape.org.uk
1784:British Bangladeshi
1507:Saint George's Flag
1487:Murder of Lee Rigby
1476:Teesside University
1272:murder of Lee Rigby
849:Trojan Horse affair
801:Quran desecrations
528:Albanians (1912–13)
311:Attacks on mosques:
4592:. pp. 40–53.
3966:on 10 January 2016
3257:on 11 January 2009
3119:– 22 November 2004
2651:Al Jazeera English
2066:. 7 September 2017
1774:movement, and the
1681:by U.S. President
1632:Two-time murderer
1567:
1460:Middlesbrough F.C.
1256:In an article for
1100:Manchester bombing
960:Islamophobia Watch
955:Human Rights Watch
877:FrontPage Magazine
618:Kulen Vakuf (1941)
588:Guangzhou (878–79)
553:Bossemptélé (2014)
523:Abu Ghraib (2000s)
480:Chechen and Ingush
278:Conservative Party
188:Bosnia–Herzegovina
4898:
4897:
4656:978-0-7486-8692-6
4559:"About Us - IHRC"
4429:. 30 January 2017
4322:The Sunday Herald
4198:. 18 January 2017
4171:The Sunday Herald
4120:The Evening Times
3777:"Telegraph.co.uk"
3626:. 12 October 2018
2726:978-0-7391-7874-4
2614:. 2 December 2015
2389:. 26 October 2017
1818:Islam in Scotland
1794:in 1978, and the
1780:British Pakistani
1593:Islamic extremism
1514:Press Association
1239:On 16 June 2017,
1134:In October 2017,
1076:A September 2017
1019:
1018:
844:Swiss minaret ban
623:Kafr Qasim (1956)
578:Granada (1482–92)
442:California (2001)
166:Status by country
153:Quran desecration
94:Great Replacement
69:Airport profiling
16:(Redirected from
4923:
4741:
4734:
4727:
4718:
4713:
4711:
4709:
4699:
4680:
4667:
4661:
4660:
4640:
4634:
4633:
4613:
4604:
4603:
4579:
4570:
4569:
4567:
4565:
4555:
4549:
4548:
4546:
4544:
4527:
4518:
4517:
4515:
4513:
4499:
4493:
4492:
4490:
4488:
4473:
4467:
4466:
4464:
4462:
4445:
4439:
4438:
4436:
4434:
4419:
4413:
4412:
4410:
4408:
4393:
4387:
4386:
4384:
4382:
4365:
4359:
4358:
4356:
4354:
4347:The Daily Record
4339:
4333:
4332:
4330:
4328:
4314:
4308:
4307:
4305:
4303:
4298:. 18 August 2017
4288:
4282:
4281:
4279:
4277:
4270:The Daily Record
4262:
4256:
4255:
4253:
4251:
4236:
4230:
4229:
4227:
4225:
4214:
4208:
4207:
4205:
4203:
4196:The Daily Record
4188:
4182:
4181:
4179:
4177:
4163:
4157:
4156:
4154:
4152:
4147:. 7 October 2016
4145:The Daily Record
4137:
4131:
4130:
4128:
4126:
4112:
4106:
4105:
4103:
4101:
4087:
4081:
4080:
4078:
4076:
4071:. 8 October 2013
4065:
4059:
4058:
4056:
4054:
4039:
4033:
4020:
4014:
4008:
4002:
4001:
3999:
3997:
3982:
3976:
3975:
3973:
3971:
3962:. Archived from
3951:
3945:
3944:
3942:
3940:
3924:
3918:
3917:
3915:
3913:
3901:
3895:
3894:
3892:
3890:
3874:
3868:
3867:
3856:
3850:
3849:
3847:
3845:
3822:
3816:
3815:
3813:
3811:
3804:"Guardian.co.uk"
3799:
3793:
3792:
3790:
3788:
3773:
3767:
3766:
3764:
3762:
3748:
3739:
3730:
3729:
3727:
3725:
3719:
3713:. Archived from
3688:
3679:
3670:
3669:
3667:
3665:
3642:
3636:
3635:
3633:
3631:
3616:
3610:
3609:
3607:
3605:
3590:
3584:
3583:
3581:
3579:
3568:
3562:
3561:
3559:
3557:
3542:
3536:
3535:
3533:
3531:
3516:
3510:
3509:
3507:
3505:
3488:
3482:
3481:
3479:
3477:
3460:
3454:
3453:
3451:
3449:
3432:
3426:
3425:
3423:
3421:
3406:
3400:
3399:
3397:
3395:
3378:
3372:
3371:
3369:
3367:
3348:
3342:
3341:
3339:
3337:
3322:
3316:
3315:
3313:
3311:
3300:
3294:
3293:
3291:
3289:
3273:
3267:
3266:
3264:
3262:
3247:
3241:
3240:
3238:
3236:
3218:
3212:
3211:
3209:
3207:
3201:
3195:. Archived from
3190:
3181:
3175:
3174:
3172:
3170:
3152:
3146:
3145:
3143:
3141:
3126:
3120:
3104:
3098:
3097:
3095:
3093:
3078:
3072:
3071:
3065:
3056:
3050:
3044:
3038:
3037:
3035:
3033:
3018:
3012:
3011:
3009:
3007:
2990:
2984:
2983:
2981:
2979:
2962:
2956:
2955:
2953:
2951:
2936:
2930:
2929:
2927:
2925:
2910:
2904:
2903:
2901:
2899:
2885:
2879:
2878:
2876:
2874:
2857:
2851:
2850:
2848:
2846:
2829:
2823:
2822:
2820:
2818:
2801:
2792:
2791:
2789:
2787:
2772:
2766:
2765:
2763:
2761:
2744:
2738:
2737:
2735:
2733:
2710:
2704:
2703:
2677:
2668:
2662:
2661:
2659:
2657:
2642:
2636:
2630:
2624:
2623:
2621:
2619:
2604:
2598:
2597:
2595:
2593:
2576:
2570:
2569:
2567:
2565:
2548:
2542:
2541:
2539:
2537:
2520:
2514:
2513:
2511:
2509:
2492:
2486:
2485:
2483:
2481:
2464:
2458:
2457:
2455:
2453:
2436:
2427:
2426:
2424:
2422:
2405:
2399:
2398:
2396:
2394:
2377:
2368:
2362:
2356:
2355:
2353:
2351:
2326:
2320:
2319:
2317:
2315:
2290:
2284:
2283:
2281:
2279:
2264:
2258:
2257:
2255:
2253:
2228:
2222:
2221:
2219:
2217:
2192:
2186:
2185:
2183:
2181:
2166:
2160:
2159:
2157:
2155:
2133:
2127:
2126:
2124:
2122:
2107:
2101:
2100:
2098:
2096:
2082:
2076:
2075:
2073:
2071:
2054:
2048:
2047:
2045:
2043:
2026:
2020:
2019:
2017:
2015:
2001:(7 April 2016).
1995:
1989:
1988:
1986:
1984:
1969:
1963:
1962:
1960:
1958:
1933:
1927:
1913:
1902:
1901:
1881:
1875:
1874:
1873:
1871:
1865:
1854:
1813:Islam in England
1778:movement, young
1512:An October 2017
1500:In August 2017,
1456:Newcastle United
1395:commissioned an
1277:In August 2017,
1268:murder of Jo Cox
1067:Muslim Pakistani
1011:
1004:
997:
915:Brussels Journal
790:Kathua rape case
710:Other incidents:
703:Walisongo (2000)
668:Sri Lanka (2018)
613:Karantina (1976)
608:Jerusalem (1099)
468:Ethnic cleansing
438:Planned attacks
126:Karnataka, India
55:
32:
21:
4931:
4930:
4926:
4925:
4924:
4922:
4921:
4920:
4901:
4900:
4899:
4894:
4748:
4745:
4707:
4705:
4697:
4692:
4689:
4684:
4683:
4668:
4664:
4657:
4642:
4641:
4637:
4630:
4615:
4614:
4607:
4600:
4581:
4580:
4573:
4563:
4561:
4557:
4556:
4552:
4542:
4540:
4537:The Independent
4529:
4528:
4521:
4511:
4509:
4501:
4500:
4496:
4486:
4484:
4475:
4474:
4470:
4460:
4458:
4447:
4446:
4442:
4432:
4430:
4421:
4420:
4416:
4406:
4404:
4395:
4394:
4390:
4380:
4378:
4375:The Independent
4367:
4366:
4362:
4352:
4350:
4341:
4340:
4336:
4326:
4324:
4316:
4315:
4311:
4301:
4299:
4290:
4289:
4285:
4275:
4273:
4264:
4263:
4259:
4249:
4247:
4238:
4237:
4233:
4223:
4221:
4216:
4215:
4211:
4201:
4199:
4190:
4189:
4185:
4175:
4173:
4165:
4164:
4160:
4150:
4148:
4139:
4138:
4134:
4124:
4122:
4114:
4113:
4109:
4099:
4097:
4089:
4088:
4084:
4074:
4072:
4067:
4066:
4062:
4052:
4050:
4041:
4040:
4036:
4021:
4017:
4009:
4005:
3995:
3993:
3984:
3983:
3979:
3969:
3967:
3953:
3952:
3948:
3938:
3936:
3926:
3925:
3921:
3911:
3909:
3908:. BBC Newsnight
3903:
3902:
3898:
3888:
3886:
3876:
3875:
3871:
3858:
3857:
3853:
3843:
3841:
3839:
3824:
3823:
3819:
3809:
3807:
3801:
3800:
3796:
3786:
3784:
3775:
3774:
3770:
3760:
3758:
3746:
3741:
3740:
3733:
3723:
3721:
3720:on 15 July 2011
3717:
3686:
3681:
3680:
3673:
3663:
3661:
3659:
3644:
3643:
3639:
3629:
3627:
3618:
3617:
3613:
3603:
3601:
3592:
3591:
3587:
3577:
3575:
3570:
3569:
3565:
3555:
3553:
3544:
3543:
3539:
3529:
3527:
3518:
3517:
3513:
3503:
3501:
3498:The Independent
3490:
3489:
3485:
3475:
3473:
3462:
3461:
3457:
3447:
3445:
3434:
3433:
3429:
3419:
3417:
3408:
3407:
3403:
3393:
3391:
3388:The Independent
3380:
3379:
3375:
3365:
3363:
3355:(7 June 2017).
3350:
3349:
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3333:
3331:The Independent
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3114:Wayback Machine
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2972:Ilford Recorder
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2839:The Independent
2831:
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2811:The Independent
2803:
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2780:The Independent
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2606:
2605:
2601:
2591:
2589:
2586:The Independent
2578:
2577:
2573:
2563:
2561:
2558:The Independent
2550:
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2535:
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2522:
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2415:The Independent
2407:
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2379:
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2371:
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2359:
2349:
2347:
2328:
2327:
2323:
2313:
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2292:
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2287:
2277:
2275:
2273:The Independent
2266:
2265:
2261:
2251:
2249:
2230:
2229:
2225:
2215:
2213:
2194:
2193:
2189:
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2167:
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2153:
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2135:
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2120:
2118:
2109:
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2104:
2094:
2092:
2084:
2083:
2079:
2069:
2067:
2063:The Independent
2056:
2055:
2051:
2041:
2039:
2028:
2027:
2023:
2013:
2011:
1997:
1996:
1992:
1982:
1980:
1978:The Independent
1971:
1970:
1966:
1956:
1954:
1935:
1934:
1930:
1914:
1905:
1898:
1883:
1882:
1878:
1869:
1867:
1863:
1856:
1855:
1851:
1846:
1804:
1730:British Muslims
1710:
1671:
1663:
1657:
1623:
1573:
1551:
1546:
1447:(EDL) march in
1421:City University
1401:London bombings
1389:
1383:
1370:
1357:Runnymede Trust
1347:vehicle ramming
1332:
1303:Nazi propaganda
1299:The Independent
1285:Trevor Kavanagh
1259:The Independent
1195:Runnymede Trust
1187:
1181:
1112:
1095:
1059:
1042:
1015:
986:
985:
984:
970:Muslims Condemn
934:
926:
925:
924:
920:Gates of Vienna
865:
855:
854:
853:
783:Jyllands-Posten
707:
698:Spain (1500–26)
678:Šahovići (1924)
638:Moriscos (1609)
603:Japan (1937–45)
593:Harmanli (1878)
558:Bukovica (1943)
538:Ayyadieh (1191)
513:
453:
308:
298:
297:
296:
167:
159:
158:
157:
63:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4929:
4927:
4919:
4918:
4913:
4903:
4902:
4896:
4895:
4893:
4888:
4886:United Kingdom
4883:
4878:
4873:
4868:
4863:
4858:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4833:
4828:
4823:
4818:
4813:
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4778:
4773:
4768:
4763:
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4743:
4736:
4729:
4721:
4715:
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4688:
4685:
4682:
4681:
4662:
4655:
4635:
4628:
4605:
4598:
4571:
4550:
4519:
4494:
4468:
4440:
4414:
4388:
4360:
4334:
4309:
4283:
4272:. 21 July 2017
4257:
4246:. 22 June 2017
4231:
4220:. 21 June 2017
4209:
4183:
4158:
4132:
4107:
4082:
4060:
4034:
4015:
4011:Gunning (2010)
4003:
3977:
3946:
3919:
3896:
3869:
3851:
3837:
3817:
3794:
3768:
3731:
3697:(2): 221–236.
3671:
3657:
3637:
3611:
3600:. 14 June 2018
3585:
3563:
3537:
3526:. 3 April 2018
3511:
3483:
3455:
3427:
3401:
3373:
3343:
3317:
3295:
3268:
3242:
3213:
3176:
3147:
3121:
3099:
3073:
3051:
3049:, p. 586.
3039:
3013:
2985:
2957:
2931:
2905:
2880:
2852:
2824:
2793:
2782:. 30 June 2017
2767:
2739:
2725:
2705:
2686:(2): 115–130.
2663:
2637:
2635:, p. 597.
2625:
2608:"Islamophobia"
2599:
2571:
2543:
2515:
2487:
2459:
2428:
2400:
2369:
2367:, p. 596.
2357:
2321:
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2259:
2223:
2187:
2161:
2128:
2102:
2077:
2049:
2021:
1990:
1964:
1928:
1920:Streeting, Wes
1903:
1896:
1876:
1848:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1841:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1823:Islam in Wales
1820:
1815:
1810:
1803:
1800:
1776:anti-apartheid
1752:National Front
1740:British Asians
1722:National Front
1709:
1706:
1670:
1667:
1659:Main article:
1656:
1653:
1634:Ronnie Coulter
1622:
1619:
1612:Tommy Robinson
1597:confrontations
1581:street protest
1569:Main article:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1385:Main article:
1382:
1379:
1369:
1366:
1331:
1328:
1320:Jewish Problem
1295:Sarah Champion
1180:
1177:
1144:Home Secretary
1111:
1108:
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1038:
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807:
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779:
772:
765:
760:
755:
754:
753:
743:
741:Erklärung 2018
738:
733:
727:Bulli Bai case
724:
719:
713:
706:
705:
700:
695:
690:
688:Shadian (1975)
685:
680:
675:
670:
665:
660:
655:
650:
645:
643:Myanmar (2015)
640:
635:
630:
628:Lasithi (1897)
625:
620:
615:
610:
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600:
595:
590:
585:
583:Gujarat (2002)
580:
575:
570:
565:
560:
555:
550:
545:
543:Baghdad (1258)
540:
535:
530:
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519:
512:
511:
506:
501:
496:
491:
486:
484:Crimean Tatars
477:
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459:
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6:
4:
3:
2:
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4891:United States
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2919:The Telegraph
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2867:Press Gazette
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2010:
2009:
2004:
2000:
1994:
1991:
1979:
1975:
1968:
1965:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1944:
1939:
1932:
1929:
1925:
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1897:9781556350672
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1245:Frank Gaffney
1242:
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1226:white slavery
1223:
1218:
1213:
1211:
1210:
1209:Daily Express
1205:
1204:
1198:
1196:
1192:
1191:British media
1186:
1178:
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1174:
1170:
1167:In 2018, the
1165:
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1137:
1132:
1129:
1125:
1122:, during the
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1101:
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1079:
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1057:In employment
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1037:
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1027:
1023:
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1756:Paki bashing
1744:Enoch Powell
1738:
1726:South Asians
1718:South Asians
1714:Paki-bashing
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1230:antisemitism
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1154:Damian Green
1140:Bob Blackman
1136:Conservative
1133:
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1093:In education
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1060:
1047:Hate Studies
1043:
1034:Islamophobia
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1020:
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767:
763:Hindutva pop
729: /
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708:
663:Paris (1961)
633:Mecca (600s)
533:Assam (2014)
515:
514:
482: /
455:
454:
357:Christchurch
332:Babri Masjid
310:
272:
111:Hijabophobia
45:Islamophobia
29:
4876:Switzerland
4846:Netherlands
4013:: p 151–152
3047:Merali 2017
3027:BBC website
2893:ihrc.org.uk
2633:Merali 2017
2618:12 November
2365:Merali 2017
2216:12 November
2095:12 November
1870:10 December
1866:, p. 7
1838:7/7 Attacks
1788:anti-racist
1772:black power
1649:Anas Sarwar
1522:East London
1416:hate crimes
1381:Hate crimes
1374:7/7 attacks
1368:Stereotypes
1241:BBC Radio 4
1110:In politics
1071:Black women
1069:and Muslim
883:Jihad Watch
871:Document.no
769:Holy Terror
751:Jerry Klein
731:Sulli Deals
568:Boyo (2021)
424:Quebec City
352:Bloomington
337:Banya Bashi
290:Stereotypes
268:Switzerland
243:Netherlands
148:Persecution
143:Orientalism
116:Netherlands
4905:Categories
4881:Tajikistan
4381:27 October
4353:24 October
4327:24 October
4302:24 October
4276:24 October
4250:24 October
4224:24 October
4176:24 October
4151:24 October
3912:21 October
3630:12 October
3504:24 October
3476:27 October
3310:5 December
3288:5 December
3261:5 December
3006:24 October
2536:27 October
2508:27 October
2480:27 October
2452:27 October
2421:27 October
2393:27 October
2070:27 October
2042:27 October
1844:References
1669:Opposition
1603:(UAF) and
1531:Old Bailey
1203:Daily Mail
1147:Amber Rudd
1120:Sadiq Khan
933:Opposition
905:Stormfront
900:Rebel News
489:Circassian
473:Srebrenica
387:Kattankudy
347:Beit Lahia
104:Love jihad
4866:Sri Lanka
4826:Indonesia
4756:Australia
4674:, page 55
4032:. p. 215.
3448:4 October
2978:4 October
2873:16 August
2845:16 August
2817:16 August
2446:The Times
2345:0261-3077
2309:0261-3077
2247:0261-3077
2211:0261-3077
2149:0261-3077
2116:Roar News
1952:0261-3077
1792:Altab Ali
1675:Tell MAMA
1605:Anonymous
1433:Willesden
1315:Tell MAMA
1104:Tell MAMA
980:Tell MAMA
910:WikiIslam
736:CAA, 2019
456:Genocide:
447:Singapore
419:Palimbang
377:Hyderabad
367:Escondido
322:Al-Nurayn
317:Al-Hidaya
223:Indonesia
173:Australia
4776:Bulgaria
4708:20 April
4564:9 August
4433:26 April
4427:BBC News
3711:55206236
3624:BBC News
3524:BBC News
3284:. London
3231:. London
3165:. London
3110:Archived
3032:16 March
2898:26 April
2700:54174845
2656:26 April
2502:HuffPost
2386:BBC News
2350:26 April
2314:26 April
2278:26 April
2252:26 April
2180:9 August
2154:26 April
2121:26 April
2014:26 April
2008:Phys.org
1983:26 April
1957:9 August
1802:See also
1591:law and
1585:Islamism
1563:Islamism
1462:striker
1222:anecdote
1206:and the
1162:Naz Shah
785:cartoons
509:Rohingya
402:Malegaon
306:Examples
37:a series
35:Part of
4841:Myanmar
4816:Iceland
4806:Germany
4801:Georgia
4791:Denmark
4766:Belgium
4761:Austria
4687:Sources
4543:18 July
4512:18 July
4507:J-Voice
4487:18 July
4482:J-Voice
4407:13 July
4202:14 July
4125:19 July
4100:14 July
4075:14 July
4053:13 July
3996:13 July
3970:13 July
3960:Reuters
3757:: 19–35
3604:15 June
3578:6 April
3556:6 April
3530:6 April
3420:14 July
3394:13 July
3366:10 June
3235:4 April
3206:8 April
3169:4 April
3140:13 July
3092:13 July
2950:19 July
2924:19 July
2760:13 July
2732:15 June
1708:History
1527:Lincoln
1441:Tooting
1355:A 2017
1324:The Sun
1280:The Sun
1270:or the
888:OpIndia
820:2019–23
463:Bosnian
412:2009–10
382:Ibrahim
362:Corsica
342:Bayonne
238:Myanmar
213:Iceland
208:Germany
183:Belgium
178:Austria
89:Eurabia
4871:Sweden
4856:Poland
4851:Norway
4831:Israel
4811:Greece
4796:France
4781:Canada
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434:ZĂĽrich
397:Manili
392:Kosovo
372:Gondar
263:Sweden
258:Russia
253:Poland
248:Norway
228:Israel
203:France
193:Canada
121:France
62:Issues
4861:Spain
4836:Italy
4821:India
4786:China
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3718:(PDF)
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3336:5 May
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218:India
198:China
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4463:2017
4435:2017
4409:2017
4402:Time
4383:2017
4355:2017
4329:2017
4304:2017
4278:2017
4252:2017
4226:2017
4204:2017
4178:2017
4153:2017
4127:2017
4102:2017
4077:2017
4055:2017
3998:2017
3972:2017
3941:2011
3935:. UK
3914:2009
3891:2011
3885:. UK
3846:2011
3833:ISBN
3812:2011
3789:2011
3763:2011
3726:2011
3666:2011
3653:ISBN
3632:2018
3606:2018
3580:2018
3558:2018
3532:2018
3506:2017
3478:2017
3450:2017
3422:2017
3396:2017
3368:2017
3338:2017
3312:2008
3290:2008
3263:2008
3237:2010
3208:2010
3171:2010
3142:2017
3094:2017
3034:2015
3008:2017
2980:2017
2952:2017
2926:2017
2900:2017
2875:2017
2847:2017
2819:2017
2788:2017
2762:2017
2734:2013
2721:ISBN
2658:2017
2620:2019
2594:2018
2566:2018
2538:2017
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2016:2017
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