Criticism of socialism - Knowledge (XXG)

1995: 1649:, an economic system (specifically centralized economic planning) that does not use money, financial calculation, and market pricing would be unable to effectively value capital goods and coordinate production, and therefore in his view socialism is impossible because it lacks the necessary information to perform economic calculation in the first place. Another central argument leveled against socialist systems based on economic planning is based on the use of dispersed knowledge. Socialism is unfeasible in this view because information cannot be aggregated by a central body and effectively used to formulate a plan for an entire economy, because doing so would result in distorted or absent price signals; this is known as the economic calculation problem. Other economists criticize models of socialism based on 1930:

apathy and frustration took their inevitable toll, and they would always have been susceptible to growing inequities and inefficiencies as the effects of differential economic power grew. Under central planning neither planners, managers, nor workers had incentives to promote the social economic interest. Nor did impending markets for final goods to the planning system enfranchise consumers in meaningful ways. But central planning would have been incompatible with economic democracy even if it had overcome its information and incentive liabilities. And the truth is that it survived as long as it did only because it was propped up by unprecedented totalitarian political power".

1895:, argued that centralized economic planning would be "insoluble without the daily experience of millions, without their critical review of their own collective experience, without their expression of their needs and demands and could not be carried out within the confines of the official sanctums" and "ven if the Politburo consisted of seven universal geniuses, of seven Marxes, or seven Lenins, it will still be unable, all on its own, with all its creative imagination, to assert command over the economy of 170 million people". In contrast to the lack of a marketplace, 2598:"... nur durch Feststellung des Privateigenthums ... deren Lösung die Kräfte einzelner Menschen weit übersteigt." ("... only through the establishment of private property is to be found the measure for determining the quantity of each commodity which it would be best to produce under given conditions. Therefore, the central authority proposed by the communists for the distribution of the various tasks and their reward, would very soon find that it had undertaken a task the solution of which far exceeds the abilities of individual men.") 2521:, editors Goodin, Robert E. and Pettit, Philip. Blackwell Publishing, 1995, p. 339 "Extreme equality overlooks the diversity of individual talents, tastes and needs, and save in a utopian society of unselfish individuals would entail strong coercion; but even short of this goal, there is the problem of giving reasonable recognition to different individual needs, tastes (for work or leisure) and talents. It is true therefore that beyond some point the pursuit of equality runs into controversial or contradictory criteria of need or merit". 3312:. p. 76. "The only certain fact about Russian affairs under the Soviet regime with regard to which all people agree is: that the standard of living of the Russian masses is much lower than that of the masses in the country which is universally considered as the paragon of capitalism, the United States of America. If we were to regard the Soviet regime as an experiment, we would have to say that the experiment has clearly demonstrated the superiority of capitalism and the inferiority of socialism". 2233: 2186: 1944: 5831: 1825:. In 1977, Hayek argued that "prices are an instrument of communication and guidance which embody more information than we directly have" and "the whole idea that you can bring about the same order based on the division of labor by simple direction falls to the ground. ... f you need prices, including the prices of labor, to direct people to go where they are needed, you cannot have another distribution except the one from the market principle". 1538: 1712: 2086: 56: 1782:. Mises and Hayek argued that this is the only possible solution and without the information provided by market prices socialism lacks a method to rationally allocate resources. Those who agree with this criticism argue it is a refutation of socialism and that it shows that a socialist planned economy could never work. The debate raged in the 1920s and 1930s and that specific period of the debate has come to be known by 2251: 5794: 2242: 92: 2041: 5843: 5819: 1550: 1521: 5806: 2023:

that they will thenceforth stagnate; will not exert themselves to improve, and by letting their faculties rust, will lose even the energy required to preserve them from deterioration. Competition may not be the best conceivable stimulus, but it is at present a necessary one, and no one can foresee the time when it will not be indispensable to progress.

1868:: "The loss part is just as important as the profit part. What distinguishes the private system from a government socialist system is the loss part. If an entrepreneur's project doesn't work, he closes it down. If it had been a government project, it would have been expanded, because there is not the discipline of the profit and loss element". 2170:(AEI) argued that socialism means giving up freedom for more security. Perry also argued that "Socialism is the Big Lie of the twentieth century. While it promised prosperity, equality, and security, it delivered poverty, misery, and tyranny. Equality was achieved only in the sense that everyone was equal in his or her misery." 2152:

socialist planned economy provides substantially greater freedom than is present in capitalism—under which the vast majority of people are coerced by the threat of starvation to work for the profit of a small capitalist class—adding markets to socialism improves freedom and efficiency. Accordingly, Self recommends

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do not exist, they nonetheless claim that these prices can be used as a rational basis when this is not the case, hence markets are not efficient. According to market abolitionists socialists, decentralized planning allows for a spontaneously self-regulating system of stock control (relying solely on

2006:

One criticism of socialism is that, in any society where everyone holds equal wealth, there can be no material incentive to work because one does not receive rewards for a work well done. They further argue that incentives increase productivity for all people and that the loss of those effects would

1976:

Socialism has proved no more efficient at home than abroad. What are our most technologically backward areas? The delivery of first class mail, the schools, the judiciary, the legislative system—all mired in outdated technology. No doubt we need socialism for the judicial and legislative systems. We

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As Hahnel explains: "Combined with a more democratic political system, and redone to closer approximate a best-case version, centrally planned economies no doubt would have performed better. But they could never have delivered economic self-management, they would always have been slow to innovate as

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notes that even if central planning overcame its inherent inhibitions of incentives and innovation, it would nevertheless be unable to maximize economic democracy and self-management, which he believes are concepts that are more intellectually coherent, consistent and just than mainstream notions of

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which he held essential for achieving rational and efficient allocation of capital goods to their most productive uses. According to Mises, socialism would fail as demand cannot be known without prices. These arguments were elaborated by subsequent Austrian economists such as Hayek and students such

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It is the common error of Socialists to overlook the natural indolence of mankind; their tendency to be passive, to be the slaves of habit, to persist indefinitely in a course once chosen. Let them once attain any state of existence which they consider tolerable, and the danger to be apprehended is

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argued that countries where the means of production are nationalized are not as prosperous as those where the means of production are under private control ("prosperous" is defined in terms of GDP). However, not all socialists subscribe to the idea of nationalization, some preferring socialisation

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By extending socialism far beyond the area where it is unavoidable, we have ended up performing essential government functions far less well than is not only possible but than was attained earlier. In a poorer and less socialist era, we produced a nationwide network of roads and bridges and subway

1963:

argued that socialism, by which he meant state ownership over the means of production, impedes technological progress due to competition being stifled. He noted that "we need only look to the United States to see where socialism fails" by observing that the "most technologically backward areas are

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as they were merely internal transfers of goods in a socialist system and not "objects of exchange", unlike final goods, therefore they were unpriced and hence the system would be necessarily inefficient since the central planners would not know how to allocate the available resources efficiently.

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Market socialism is the general designation for a number of models of economic systems. On the one hand, the market mechanism is utilized to distribute economic output, to organize production and to allocate factor inputs. On the other hand, the economic surplus accrues to society at large rather

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of income to a poor person is greater than that to a rich person. According to Mises, this mandates a preference for a lower average income over inequality of income at a higher average income. He sees no rational justification for this preference, and he also states that there is little evidence

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Mises also says: "The only certain fact about Russian affairs under the Soviet regime with regard to which all people agree is: that the standard of living of the Russian masses is much lower than that of the masses in the country which is universally considered as the paragon of capitalism, the

1967:

Friedman claimed that socialism advocated the abolition of a free markets and money- and risk-based reward systems, a claim disputed by some socialists. Friedman argues that without such a money- and risk-based reward system, many capitalist inventors, whom Friedman holds would nonetheless exist

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in defense of a socialist outlook and defending some socialist causes. Within this revised work, he also made the radical proposal that the whole wage system be abolished in favour of a co-operative wage system. Nonetheless, some of his views on the idea of flat taxation remained, albeit in a

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criticizes the traditional socialist planned economy and argues against pursuing "extreme equality" because he believes it requires "strong coercion" and does not allow for "reasonable recognition different individual needs, tastes (for work or leisure) and talents". Self holds that while a

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Mises argued that a socialist system based upon a planned economy would not be able to allocate resources effectively due to the lack of price signals. Because the means of production would be controlled by a single entity, approximating prices for capital goods in a planned economy would be

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that may not apply to all forms of socialism as different models of socialism conflict with each other over questions of property ownership, economic coordination and how socialism is to be achieved. Critics of specific models of socialism might be advocates of a different type of socialism.

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The information here has not been reviewed independently for accuracy, relevance and/or balance and thus deserves a considerable amount of caution. As a result, I would prefer not to be cited as reliable authorities on anything. However, I do not mind being listed as a general internet

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argued that the absence of private economic activity would enable political leaders to grant themselves coercive powers, powers that, under a capitalist system, would instead be granted by a capitalist class, which Friedman found preferable. In his campaign against Labour candidate

2068:, argued that aiming for more equal incomes through state intervention necessarily leads to a reduction in national income and therefore average income. Consequently, he says that the socialist chooses the objective of a more equal distribution of income on the assumption that the 1812:

impossible. His argument was that socialism must fail economically because of the economic calculation problem—the impossibility of a socialist government being able to make the economic calculations required to organize a complex economy. Mises projected that without a

1770:, wherein people individually have the ability to decide how resources should be distributed based on their willingness to give money for specific goods or services. The price conveys embedded information about the abundance of resources as well as their desirability ( 1899:

can be viewed as an alternative to the traditional socialist model. Theoretically, the fundamental difference between a traditional socialist economy and a market socialist economy is the existence of a market for the means of production and capital goods. Socialist

1980:

We all justly complain about the waste, fraud and inefficiency of the military. Why? Because it is a socialist activity—one that there seems no feasible way to privatize. But why should we be any better at running socialist enterprises than the Russians or Chinese?

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of the means of production cannot be achieved without a loss of political, economic, and human rights. He argued that to achieve control over means of production and distribution of wealth it is necessary for such socialists to acquire significant powers of

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were the inevitable outcome of socialist trends in Italy and Germany during the preceding period. Thus, held Hayek, moving leftward from capitalism to socialism is actually moving rightward, from capitalism to fascism. These ideas are encapsulated in the

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Some critics of socialism see socialism as a type of political state organization instead of as a type of socioeconomic structure (as is traditional). These thinkers generally criticize what they term "socialist states" rather than "socialism."

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has written that "the attempt to realize market socialism ... produces an incoherent system, in which there are elements that repel each other: the dominance of public ownership and the operation of the market are not compatible".

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Some philosophers have criticized the aims of socialism, arguing that equality erodes away at individual diversities and that the establishment of an equal society would have to entail strong coercion. Many critics point to the

1977:

do not for mail or schools, as has been shown by Federal Express and others, and by the ability of many private schools to provide superior education to underprivileged youngsters at half the cost of government schooling. ...

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as an indictment of socialism; some socialists respond that they were aberrations, point to mass deaths they argued were caused by capitalism and imperialism, and some say that they are not the socialist model they support.

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models of organization and their feasibility, as well as the political and social implications of adopting such a system. Some critiques are not necessarily directed toward socialism as a system but rather toward the

3052:. Cengage Learning. p. 142. "It is an economic system that combines social ownership of capital with market allocation of capital. ... The state owns the means of production, and returns accrue to society at large". 2077:

United States of America. If we were to regard the Soviet regime as an experiment, we would have to say that the experiment has clearly demonstrated the superiority of capitalism and the inferiority of socialism".

1994: 301: 1861:, "ithout a market in which allocations can be made in obedience to the law of supply and demand, it is difficult or impossible to funnel resources with respect to actual human preferences and goals". 1913:) to come about and that in turn decisively overcomes the objections raised by the economic calculation argument that any large scale economy must necessarily resort to a system of market prices. 1883: 2007:

lead to stagnation. Some critics of socialism argue that income sharing reduces individual incentives to work and therefore incomes should be individualized as much as possible.

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argues that in the absence of prices for the means of production, there is no cost-accounting which would direct labor and resources to the most valuable uses. According to

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Defenders of socialism state that the mass killings under communist regimes were aberrations caused by specific authoritarian regimes and not caused by socialism itself.

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watching them and if they were delivering inadequate service, or charging an excessive amount for a good or service, investors would start a competing enterprise. The

1793:" that the pricing systems in socialist economies were necessarily deficient because if government owned the means of production, then no prices could be obtained for 3028: 5723: 1349: 1686:

and the market exchange as natural entities or moral rights which are central to their conceptions of freedom and liberty and view the economic dynamics of

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within socialism, would not risk time or capital for research. Friedman believed that this was one of the reasons for the United States patent system and

3399: 2952: 2145:, and because "Nationalsozialistische" translates to "National Socialism," fascism is actually a type of socialism, and so many socialists are Nazis. 1948: 4324: 458: 3605: 3120: 3083: 3036: 2222: 1666: 297: 3347: 4329: 2206: 2816: 3738: 1625:, while others hold that certain historical examples exist and that they can be criticized on practical grounds. Because there are many 3695: 3673: 3639: 3218: 3004: 2910: 2826: 2740: 2570: 2499: 1892: 1617:. Some critics consider socialism to be a purely theoretical concept that should be criticized on theoretical grounds, such as in the 5810: 1529: 3057: 2333: 391: 41: 4188: 5715: 1485: 1342: 5878: 5873: 4469: 1573: 40:

This article is about criticism of socialist economic systems and political movements. For criticism of Communist states, see

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than to a class of private (capitalist) owners, through some form of collective, public or social ownership of capital.

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F. A. Hayek, (1935), "The Nature and History of the Problem" and "The Present State of the Debate," in F.A. Hayek, ed.

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tradition that has always been strongly opposed to the authoritarian 'socialism' that many governments have espoused".

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F.A. Hayek, (1935), "The Nature and History of the Problem" and "The Present State of the Debate," in F.A. Hayek, ed.

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argue that it is impossible to make accurate long-term predictions for highly complex systems such as an economy.

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Entwickelung der Gesetze des menschlichen Verkehrs, und der daraus fließenden Regeln für menschliches Handeln

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claimed that socialism requires totalitarian methods, including a political police, to achieve its goals.

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The Jakarta Method: Washington's Anticommunist Crusade and the Mass Murder Program that Shaped Our World

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Pierson, Nicolaas (1963). "The problem of value in the socialist society". In Hayek, Friedrich (ed.).

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Central planning is also criticized by elements of the radical left. Libertarian socialist economist

1901: 1887:, but he also proposes certain voluntary arrangements which would also require economic calculation. 1654: 1319: 1219: 1154: 691: 618: 613: 473: 217: 197: 167: 124: 107: 102: 49: 45: 5577: 5407: 5387: 5377: 5322: 5068: 4888: 4843: 4809: 4752: 4742: 4652: 4642: 4621: 4591: 4489: 4429: 4271: 4266: 4261: 4248: 4141: 4058: 4014: 4009: 4002: 3243: 2353: 2323: 2103: 2094: 1910: 1683: 1597: 1500: 1467: 1427: 1412: 1274: 696: 608: 598: 568: 463: 349: 316: 162: 144: 134: 91: 67:, depicting what Vernet thought were two ills that were plaguing France during the mid-19th century 5442: 926: 5798: 5759: 5502: 5457: 5232: 5003: 4770: 4717: 4677: 4546: 4536: 4515: 4355: 4256: 4203: 4089: 3805: 3785: 3770: 3724: 3626: 3544: 3296: 2690: 2649: 2617: 2290: 2057: 2049: 1854: 1850: 1783: 1742:

which exists in some forms of socialism. It was first proposed in 1854 by the Prussian economist

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Development of the laws of human intercourse, and the rules following therefrom for human action

2185: 1774:) which in turn allows—on the basis of individual consensual decisions—corrections that prevent 1061: 1051: 2232: 5612: 5552: 5347: 5058: 4799: 4687: 4682: 4484: 4299: 4278: 4163: 4121: 4024: 3935: 3892: 3872: 3832: 3800: 3691: 3669: 3635: 3601: 3571: 3536: 3469: 3461: 3437: 3326: 3214: 3126: 3116: 3089: 3079: 3053: 3032: 3000: 2946: 2822: 2801: 2774: 2587: 2566: 2495: 2369: 2210: 2157: 2138: 1943: 1905: 1775: 1771: 1727: 1723: 1715: 1695: 1679: 1671: 1658: 1382: 1294: 1199: 991: 896: 881: 648: 588: 543: 528: 488: 423: 202: 192: 129: 3375: 3210: 3204: 5835: 5823: 5696: 5562: 5547: 5522: 5507: 5342: 5272: 5182: 5153: 5138: 5113: 5073: 5063: 5028: 5023: 4968: 4943: 4933: 4903: 4898: 4883: 4863: 4672: 4657: 4606: 4586: 4454: 4434: 4343: 3997: 3940: 3867: 3837: 3528: 3291: 3286: 2845: 2682: 2443: 2153: 2134: 2069: 2065: 2015: 1896: 1804: 1779: 1751: 1747: 1691: 1646: 1542: 1525: 1324: 1244: 1224: 1144: 1139: 1081: 1041: 1031: 996: 986: 916: 891: 861: 846: 841: 816: 761: 746: 716: 653: 628: 558: 513: 483: 371: 359: 287: 272: 212: 177: 2906: 2744: 5567: 5537: 5357: 5337: 5332: 5327: 5267: 5257: 5252: 5237: 5207: 5133: 4993: 4973: 4948: 4878: 4838: 4727: 4722: 4667: 4601: 4566: 4561: 4556: 4231: 4094: 3957: 3820: 3815: 3683: 3659: 3274: 2914: 2879: 2796: 2313: 2197: 2121: 2112: 2108: 2089: 2085: 1960: 1865: 1845:

argue that although private monopolies do not have any actual competition, there are many

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Mill later altered his views and adopted a socialist perspective, adding chapters to his

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reply that while advocates of capitalism and the Austrian School in particular recognize

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This led him to declare "that rational economic activity is impossible in a socialist

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were nominal socialist leaders who committed mass killings during the 20th century.

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systems that were the envy of the world. Today we are unable even to maintain them.

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Anti-Leftist Politics in Modern World History: Avoiding "Socialism" at All Costs

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McKay, Iain, ed. (2008). "Does capitalism efficiently allocate resources?".

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The Laws of Human Relations and the Rules of Human Action Derived Therefrom

2141:, who hold that because the full German name of the German Nazi Party was 1629:, most critiques are focused on a specific type of socialism, that of the 5769: 5764: 5666: 5202: 4151: 4146: 4111: 3972: 3882: 3112: 3075: 2778: 2117: 5842: 5818: 1549: 1520: 5582: 5482: 4407: 3887: 3842: 2686: 2125: 1104: 583: 563: 3517:"Anti-Communism and the Hundreds of Millions of Victims of Capitalism" 2280:

under communist regimes, claiming them as an indictment of socialism.

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has been one of the most elaborate popular works to make this point.

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instead of either capitalism or non-market socialism. Philosopher

2084: 2039: 1993: 1942: 1710: 921: 54: 29:"Anti-socialism" redirects here. For opposition to communism, see 3070:

McKay, Iain, ed. (2008). "Is libertarian communism impossible?".

1758:. The problem referred to is that of how to distribute resources 1653:

for their reliance on the faulty and unrealistic assumptions of

354: 48:. For criticism of social democracy and welfare capitalism, see 3720: 3145:"The 'Economic Calculation' Controversy: Unravelling of a Myth" 2299:

magazine, has defended socialism from criticism, arguing of "a

1746:. It was subsequently expounded in 1902 by the Dutch economist 2712:. London, England: Routledge & Paul Kegan. pp. 41–85. 3203:

Mill, John Stuart; Benthem, Jeremy (2004). Ryan, Alan (ed.).

3151:. Socialist Party of Great Britain. Retrieved 17 August 2020. 2111:

argued that the more even distribution of wealth through the

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chart: political intervention in the creation of prices on a

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Gossen, Hermann Heinrich; Blitz, Rudolph C., trans. (1983).

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The Cambridge History of Twentieth-Century Political Thought

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Socialism. A Companion to Contemporary Political Philosophy

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World Map of countries that were ruled by Socialist Regimes

2120:. Hayek argued that the road to socialism leads society to 2073:

that the objective of greater income equality is achieved.

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Hans-Hermann Hoppe. A Theory of Socialism and Capitalism

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Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises in the Global Economy

2671:"Het waarde-probleem in een socialistische maatschappij" 2673:[The problem of value in a socialist society]. 2137:". A similar argument has been made by critics such as 44:. For criticism of Marxism, a branch of socialism, see 3050:

Comparing Economic Systems in the Twenty-First Century

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Some Skeptical Reflections on Research and Development

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Many commentators on the political right point to the

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those where government owns the means of production".

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as immutable and absolute. As a result, they perceive

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as examples of countries where socialism has failed.

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Suppression of economic democracy and self-management

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Representing the Shoah for the Twenty-first Century

2644:. Indianapolis, Indiana: Liberty Fund. p. 117. 2967:General Idea of the Revolution in the 19th Century 2449:Economic Calculation in the Socialist Commonwealth 1884:General Idea of the Revolution in the 19th Century 1791:Economic Calculation in the Socialist Commonwealth 3430:"3 Arguments Against Socialism And Why They Fail" 2857:"The Development Of The Theory Of Monopoly Price" 3596:Ronit Lenṭin; Mike Dennis; Eva Kolinsky (2003). 3310:Socialism: An Economic and Sociological Analysis 3292:Socialism: An Economic and Sociological Analysis 2771:Socialism: An Economic and Sociological Analysis 2642:Socialism: An Economic and Sociological Analysis 2425:Socialism: An Economic and Sociological Analysis 1805:Socialism, An Economic and Sociological Analysis 3564:"100 Years of Communism – and 100 Million Dead" 2293:, editor-in-chief of the left-wing progressive 2173:Critics of socialism cite the Soviet Union and 2044:Ludwig von Mises is best known for his work on 2020: 2640:Mises, Ludwig von; Kahane, J., trans. (1981). 2143:Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei 3732: 3688:Socialism and War: Essays, Documents, Reviews 3048:Gregory, Paul R.; Stuart, Robert C. (2003) . 2818:Market Socialism: The Debate Among Socialists 1574: 8: 3180:. University of Michigan Press, p. 47, 1999. 2654:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2622:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3515:Engel-DiMauro, Salvatore (2 January 2021). 2993:Encyclopedia of Political Economy, Volume 2 2882:. Kluwer Academic Publishers. p. 46 in PDF. 2815:Ollman, Bertell; David Schweickart (1998). 2612:. Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA: MIT Press. 1881:raises similar calculational issues in his 4757: 3907: 3739: 3725: 3717: 3665:The Fatal Conceit: The Errors of Socialism 2565:. Cambridge University Press. p. 60. 1581: 1567: 70: 2734: 2732: 1949:Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences 2792:The Road to Serfdom, Foreseeing the Fall 2531: 2529: 2527: 4194:Marxism–Leninism–Maoism–Gonzalo Thought 3510: 3508: 2537:"On Milton Friedman, MGR & Annaism" 2472: 2470: 2438: 2436: 2434: 2415: 1789:Mises argued in a famous 1920 article " 1786:as "the Socialist Calculation Debate". 82: 4199:Marxism–Leninism–Maoism–Prachanda Path 2951:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 2944: 2773:(English ed.). London: Jonathan Cape. 2647: 2615: 2513: 2511: 1955:and a well-known opponent of socialism 1939:Slow or stagnant technological advance 5724:International socialist organizations 3468:(2003). University of Chicago Press. 3423: 3421: 3236:"John Stuart Mill: Political Economy" 2799:interviewed by Thomas W. Hazlett for 2223:Mass killings under communist regimes 1667:mass killings under communist regimes 1350:International socialist organizations 298:To each according to his contribution 7: 3266:A Theory of Socialism and Capitalism 5805: 3428:Robinson, Nathan J. (6 July 2018). 3380:American Enterprise Institute – AEI 3240:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 3191:The Principles of Political Economy 3176:Zoltan J. Acs & Bernard Young. 2064:Another Austrian school economist, 2012:The Principles of Political Economy 2000:The Principles of Political Economy 2741:"The socialist calculation debate" 2050:comparing communism and capitalism 25: 3562:Satter, David (6 November 2017). 3299:1981, trans. J. Kahane, IV.30.21. 3209:. London: Penguin Books. p. 3025:Ethics, Efficiency and the Market 2586:Gossen, Hermann Heinrich (1854). 2334:Criticism of communist party rule 1707:Distorted or absent price signals 42:Criticism of Communist party rule 5841: 5829: 5817: 5804: 5793: 5792: 2249: 2240: 2231: 1702:Critique of centralized planning 1548: 1536: 1519: 90: 5648: 5169: 4825: 4786: 4762: 4470:Dictatorship of the proletariat 3690:. University of Chicago Press. 3668:. University of Chicago Press. 3600:. Berghahn Books. p. 217. 3206:Utilitarianism and Other Essays 2669:Pierson, Nicolaas (June 1902). 2181:Claims of leadership corruption 2029:Principles of Political Economy 1947:Milton Friedman, winner of the 1893:decentralized economic planning 1698:as infringements upon liberty. 1694:of the means of production and 4713:Organizational self-management 3165:The ABC's of Political Economy 3027:. Oxford University Press US. 2907:Interview with Milton Friedman 2842:"The Myth of Natural Monopoly" 2724:Collectivist Economic Planning 2710:Collectivist Economic Planning 2478:Collectivist Economic Planning 1726:leads to a deviation from the 1: 4693:Free association of producers 4450:Critique of political economy 3533:10.1080/10455752.2021.1875603 3466:Friedrich Hayek: A Biography. 2909:. 31 July 1991. Stanford, CA 2739:Fonseca, Gonçalo L. (2000s). 2391:Soviet-type economic planning 2344:Criticism of social democracy 2168:American Enterprise Institute 2160:has described similar views. 1934:Critique of public enterprise 1816:there would be no functional 183:Critique of political economy 5780:Socialist calculation debate 5755:Economic calculation problem 4733:Socialist mode of production 3710:(Bloomsbury Academic, 2022) 3376:"Why Socialism Always Fails" 3167:, Pluto Press, 2002, p. 262. 3149:Socialism or Your Money Back 3143:Cox, Robin (2 March 2020) . 2386:Socialist calculation debate 2349:Economic calculation problem 2081:Social and political effects 1736:economic calculation problem 1623:socialist calculation debate 1619:economic calculation problem 1453:Socialist calculation debate 1423:List of socialist economists 1398:Economic calculation problem 283:Socialist mode of production 140:Socialist calculation debate 5848:Organized Labour portal 4587:Socialisation of production 3521:Capitalism Nature Socialism 3488:"Socialism as a hate crime" 3308:Von Mises, Ludwig (1947) . 2422:Von Mises, Ludwig (1936) . 2283:The Black Book of Communism 1953:Chicago school of economics 35:Antisocial (disambiguation) 5895: 5094:Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin 4919:Victor Prosper Considerant 3374:Perry, Mark (2016-03-22). 3023:Buchanan, Alan E. (1985). 2769:Von Mises, Ludwig (1936). 2220: 2056:Austrian school economist 2032:slightly toned-down form. 39: 28: 5788: 4959:William Batchelder Greene 4894:Francisco Largo Caballero 3756: 3353:The American Conservative 2561:Bellamy, Richard (2003). 2490:Stiglitz, Joseph (1996). 1740:central economic planning 1448:Socialism and LGBT rights 392:Socialist-oriented market 340:Socialist planned economy 243:Material balance planning 5104:Friedrich Wilhelm Schulz 4597:Socialist market economy 3273:16 December 2008 at the 2991:O'Hara, Phillip (2000). 2913:16 February 2007 at the 2878:16 December 2008 at the 2821:. Routledge. p. 7. 1891:, a fierce proponent of 387:Socialist market economy 312:Workers' self-management 278:Socialism in one country 125:Age of the Enlightenment 4815:Étienne-Gabriel Morelly 4805:Gabriel Bonnot de Mably 4485:Equality of opportunity 4440:Criticism of capitalism 4189:Marxism–Leninism–Maoism 3946:Left-wing laissez-faire 3712:online scholarly review 2364:Economic liberalization 2329:Criticism of capitalism 1998:First edition cover to 1951:in 1976, member of the 1864:According to economist 1744:Hermann Heinrich Gossen 1388:Criticism of capitalism 399:Participatory economics 233:Labour-time calculation 5879:Criticism of socialism 5874:Macroeconomic problems 5473:José Carlos Mariátegui 5418:E. M. S. Namboodiripad 5403:Martin Luther King Jr. 5084:Luis Emilio Recabarren 5079:Pierre-Joseph Proudhon 5014:Alexandre Ledru-Rollin 4703:Labor-time calculation 4668:Decentralized planning 4572:Proletarian revolution 4527:State-owned enterprise 4445:Criticism of socialism 2428:(English ed.). p. 119. 2403:Tragedy of the commons 2190: 2098: 2053: 2025: 2003: 1987: 1956: 1879:Pierre-Joseph Proudhon 1731: 1651:neoclassical economics 1633:and the experience of 1594:Criticism of socialism 1393:Criticism of socialism 345:Decentralized planning 248:Peer‑to‑peer economics 68: 33:. For other uses, see 5811:Socialism WikiProject 5573:Léopold Sédar Senghor 5278:Cornelius Castoriadis 5144:Alfred Russel Wallace 4909:Nikolay Chernyshevsky 4874:Louis Auguste Blanqui 4834:Stephen Pearl Andrews 4663:Cooperative ownership 4184:Maoism–Third Worldism 3234:Wilson, Fred (2007). 3193:, Book IV, Chapter 7. 2743:. HET. Archived from 2301:libertarian socialist 2207:1945 general election 2188: 2088: 2043: 1997: 1974: 1946: 1847:potential competitors 1714: 1635:Soviet-type economies 65:Socialism and Cholera 58: 5836:Communism portal 5824:Socialism portal 5775:Socialism by country 5383:Pablo Iglesias Posse 5089:Henri de Saint-Simon 5044:Nikolay Mikhaylovsky 4698:Industrial democracy 4505:History of socialism 4500:History of communism 4495:History of anarchism 3634:. pp. 238–240. 3346:(27 December 2017). 3325:, Routledge (2001), 3295:, Indianapolis, IN: 3263:Hans-Hermann Hoppe. 2981:p. 96, Leon Trotsky. 2965:Proudhon, Pierre J. 2726:, pp. 1–40, 201–243. 2480:, pp. 1–40, 201–243. 2397:The Stalinist Legacy 2359:Economic equilibrium 2339:Criticism of Marxism 2166:of the conservative 1902:market abolitionists 1828:Hungarian economist 1655:economic equilibrium 1543:Communism portal 1526:Socialism portal 218:Industrial democracy 168:Collective ownership 59:An 1850 painting by 50:Criticism of welfare 46:Criticism of Marxism 5578:George Bernard Shaw 5493:François Mitterrand 5408:Alexandra Kollontai 5388:Jayaprakash Narayan 5069:Constantin Pecqueur 4889:Philippe Buonarroti 4844:John Goodwyn Barmby 4743:Workplace democracy 4653:Calculation in kind 4643:Anarchist economics 4592:Socialist economics 4490:Equality of outcome 4430:Anarchist economics 4142:Ho Chi Minh Thought 4059:Orthodox Trotskyism 4015:Libertarian Marxism 4010:Left-libertarianism 3706:Minehan, Philip B. 3568:Wall Street Journal 3404:Pew Research Center 3323:The Road to Serfdom 3244:Stanford University 3189:Mill, John Stuart. 2747:on 18 February 2009 2354:Economic efficiency 2324:Anti-Stalinist left 2104:The Road to Serfdom 2095:The Road to Serfdom 2002:by John Stuart Mill 1911:calculation in kind 1784:economic historians 1762:in an economy. The 1684:means of production 1598:socialist economics 1596:is any critique of 1428:Market abolitionism 1413:Left-libertarianism 350:Inclusive Democracy 317:Workplace democracy 163:Calculation in kind 145:Socialist economics 135:Revolutions of 1848 5760:Marxist philosophy 5677:Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu 5503:Gamal Abdel Nasser 5458:Alasdair MacIntyre 5233:Simone de Beauvoir 5004:Ferdinand Lassalle 4771:Tommaso Campanella 4718:Production for use 4678:Economic democracy 4547:Mode of production 4537:Left-wing politics 4516:The Internationale 4204:Xi Jinping Thought 3297:Liberty Fund, Inc. 2891:Machan, R. Tibor, 2687:10.1007/BF02286704 2291:Nathan J. Robinson 2191: 2099: 2058:Hans-Hermann Hoppe 2054: 2036:Reduced prosperity 2004: 1990:Reduced incentives 1957: 1926:economic freedom. 1906:equilibrium prices 1855:Hans-Hermann Hoppe 1851:anarcho-capitalist 1738:is a criticism of 1732: 1676:right-libertarians 1627:types of socialism 1607:socialist movement 1433:Marxist philosophy 253:Production for use 223:Input–output model 188:Economic democracy 69: 5856: 5855: 5729:Socialist parties 5710: 5709: 5613:Ram Manohar Lohia 5553:Gaetano Salvemini 5348:Mikhail Gorbachev 5059:Antonie Pannekoek 4688:Equal opportunity 4683:Economic planning 4416: 4415: 4305:African-Caribbean 4293:Regional variants 4025:Council communism 3893:Saint-Simonianism 3607:978-1-57181-802-7 3486:Piereson, James. 3462:Alan O. Ebenstein 3321:Friedrich Hayek, 3122:978-1-902593-90-6 3085:978-1-902593-90-6 3037:978-0-8476-7396-4 2979:Writings, 1932–33 2933:on 5 January 2007 2492:Whither Socialism 2455:. 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4447: 4442: 4437: 4432: 4426: 4424: 4418: 4417: 4414: 4413: 4411: 4410: 4405: 4400: 4395: 4394: 4393: 4388: 4386:In one country 4378: 4373: 4368: 4363: 4358: 4353: 4352: 4351: 4341: 4340: 4339: 4338: 4337: 4327: 4317: 4312: 4307: 4302: 4296: 4294: 4290: 4289: 4287: 4286: 4281: 4276: 4275: 4274: 4269: 4259: 4253: 4251: 4245: 4244: 4242: 4241: 4240: 4239: 4229: 4228: 4227: 4222: 4221: 4220: 4219: 4218: 4208: 4207: 4206: 4201: 4196: 4191: 4186: 4181: 4171: 4166: 4161: 4154: 4149: 4144: 4139: 4134: 4129: 4124: 4114: 4104: 4099: 4098: 4097: 4086: 4084: 4072: 4071: 4069: 4068: 4063: 4062: 4061: 4056: 4055: 4054: 4049: 4039: 4034: 4029: 4028: 4027: 4020:Left communism 4012: 4007: 4006: 4005: 4000: 3995: 3990: 3985: 3980: 3975: 3970: 3965: 3960: 3955: 3954: 3953: 3948: 3938: 3933: 3922: 3920: 3905: 3904: 3903: 3902: 3901: 3900: 3890: 3885: 3880: 3870: 3865: 3860: 3855: 3850: 3845: 3840: 3835: 3830: 3829: 3828: 3823: 3813: 3808: 3803: 3798: 3793: 3788: 3783: 3777: 3775: 3767: 3766: 3757: 3754: 3753: 3746: 3744: 3743: 3736: 3729: 3721: 3715: 3714: 3703: 3702: 3697:978-0226320588 3696: 3680: 3675:978-0226320687 3674: 3654: 3651: 3648: 3647: 3641:978-1541742406 3640: 3613: 3606: 3588: 3554: 3504: 3478: 3454: 3417: 3391: 3366: 3335: 3314: 3301: 3279: 3256: 3226: 3220:978-0140432725 3219: 3195: 3182: 3169: 3153: 3136: 3121: 3099: 3084: 3062: 3041: 3016: 3006:978-0415241878 3005: 2999:. p. 71. 2983: 2971: 2969:, third study. 2958: 2918: 2899: 2884: 2865: 2861:Joseph Salerno 2849: 2834: 2828:978-0415919661 2827: 2807: 2783: 2762: 2728: 2715: 2700: 2661: 2629: 2600: 2578: 2572:978-0521563543 2571: 2550: 2523: 2507: 2501:978-0262691826 2500: 2482: 2466: 2430: 2414: 2413: 2411: 2408: 2406: 2405: 2400: 2393: 2388: 2383: 2378: 2373: 2366: 2361: 2356: 2351: 2346: 2341: 2336: 2331: 2326: 2321: 2319:Anti-communism 2316: 2310: 2308: 2305: 2258: 2257: 2248: 2247: 2239: 2238: 2230: 2229: 2228: 2227: 2226: 2221:Main article: 2218: 2215: 2203:Clement Attlee 2182: 2179: 2139:Dinesh D'Souza 2082: 2079: 2037: 2034: 1991: 1988: 1972:law, arguing: 1940: 1937: 1935: 1932: 1918: 1915: 1871:Proponents of 1836:Proponents of 1814:market economy 1766:relies on the 1708: 1705: 1703: 1700: 1613:, or existing 1589: 1588: 1586: 1585: 1578: 1571: 1563: 1560: 1559: 1558: 1557: 1545: 1533: 1513: 1512: 1509: 1508: 1503: 1498: 1493: 1488: 1482: 1479: 1478: 1475: 1474: 1471: 1470: 1465: 1460: 1455: 1450: 1445: 1440: 1435: 1430: 1425: 1420: 1418:Libertarianism 1415: 1410: 1405: 1400: 1395: 1390: 1385: 1380: 1375: 1369: 1367:Related topics 1366: 1365: 1362: 1361: 1358: 1357: 1352: 1346: 1341: 1340: 1337: 1336: 1333: 1332: 1327: 1322: 1317: 1312: 1307: 1302: 1297: 1292: 1287: 1282: 1277: 1272: 1267: 1262: 1257: 1252: 1247: 1242: 1237: 1232: 1227: 1222: 1217: 1212: 1207: 1202: 1197: 1192: 1187: 1182: 1177: 1172: 1167: 1162: 1157: 1152: 1147: 1142: 1137: 1132: 1127: 1122: 1117: 1112: 1107: 1101: 1098: 1097: 1094: 1093: 1090: 1089: 1084: 1079: 1074: 1069: 1064: 1059: 1054: 1049: 1044: 1039: 1034: 1029: 1024: 1019: 1014: 1009: 1004: 999: 994: 989: 984: 979: 974: 969: 964: 959: 954: 949: 944: 939: 934: 929: 924: 919: 914: 909: 904: 899: 894: 889: 884: 879: 874: 869: 864: 859: 854: 849: 844: 839: 834: 829: 824: 819: 814: 809: 804: 799: 794: 789: 784: 779: 774: 769: 764: 759: 754: 749: 744: 739: 734: 729: 724: 719: 714: 709: 704: 699: 694: 689: 684: 679: 673: 670: 669: 666: 665: 662: 661: 656: 651: 646: 641: 636: 631: 626: 621: 616: 611: 606: 601: 596: 591: 586: 581: 576: 571: 566: 561: 556: 551: 546: 541: 536: 531: 526: 521: 516: 511: 506: 501: 496: 491: 486: 481: 476: 471: 466: 461: 456: 451: 446: 441: 436: 431: 426: 421: 415: 410: 409: 406: 405: 402: 401: 396: 395: 394: 389: 384: 379: 369: 368: 367: 362: 357: 352: 347: 337: 331: 328: 327: 324: 323: 320: 319: 314: 309: 304: 295: 290: 285: 280: 275: 270: 265: 260: 255: 250: 245: 240: 238:Labour voucher 235: 230: 225: 220: 215: 210: 205: 200: 195: 190: 185: 180: 175: 170: 165: 159: 156: 155: 152: 151: 148: 147: 142: 137: 132: 127: 121: 118: 117: 114: 113: 111: 110: 105: 99: 96: 95: 87: 86: 80: 79: 31:Anti-communism 24: 18:Anti-Socialist 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5891: 5880: 5877: 5875: 5872: 5870: 5867: 5866: 5864: 5849: 5844: 5839: 5837: 5827: 5825: 5820: 5815: 5813: 5812: 5803: 5801: 5800: 5791: 5790: 5787: 5781: 5778: 5776: 5773: 5771: 5768: 5766: 5763: 5761: 5758: 5756: 5753: 5751: 5748: 5746: 5743: 5742: 5740: 5736: 5730: 5727: 5725: 5722: 5721: 5719: 5717: 5716:Organizations 5713: 5703: 5700: 5698: 5695: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5687:Lula da Silva 5685: 5683: 5680: 5678: 5675: 5673: 5670: 5668: 5665: 5663: 5660: 5658: 5655: 5654: 5652: 5645: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5611: 5609: 5606: 5604: 5601: 5599: 5596: 5594: 5591: 5589: 5586: 5584: 5581: 5579: 5576: 5574: 5571: 5569: 5566: 5564: 5561: 5559: 5556: 5554: 5551: 5549: 5546: 5544: 5541: 5539: 5536: 5534: 5531: 5529: 5528:Fred Paterson 5526: 5524: 5521: 5519: 5518:George Orwell 5516: 5514: 5511: 5509: 5506: 5504: 5501: 5499: 5496: 5494: 5491: 5489: 5488:Salama Moussa 5486: 5484: 5481: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5466: 5464: 5463:Nestor Makhno 5461: 5459: 5456: 5454: 5451: 5449: 5446: 5444: 5443:György Lukács 5441: 5439: 5436: 5434: 5433:Claude Lefort 5431: 5429: 5426: 5424: 5421: 5419: 5416: 5414: 5411: 5409: 5406: 5404: 5401: 5399: 5396: 5394: 5391: 5389: 5386: 5384: 5381: 5379: 5376: 5374: 5371: 5369: 5368:Eric Hobsbawm 5366: 5364: 5363:Safdar Hashmi 5361: 5359: 5356: 5354: 5351: 5349: 5346: 5344: 5341: 5339: 5336: 5334: 5331: 5329: 5326: 5324: 5321: 5319: 5316: 5314: 5311: 5309: 5306: 5304: 5301: 5299: 5298:Jeremy Corbyn 5296: 5294: 5293:G. D. H. Cole 5291: 5289: 5286: 5284: 5281: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5251: 5249: 5246: 5244: 5241: 5239: 5236: 5234: 5231: 5229: 5226: 5224: 5221: 5219: 5216: 5214: 5213:Deng Xiaoping 5211: 5209: 5206: 5204: 5201: 5199: 5196: 5194: 5191: 5189: 5186: 5184: 5181: 5179: 5176: 5175: 5173: 5166: 5160: 5157: 5155: 5152: 5150: 5149:Josiah Warren 5147: 5145: 5142: 5140: 5137: 5135: 5132: 5130: 5129:Pyotr Tkachev 5127: 5125: 5122: 5120: 5117: 5115: 5112: 5110: 5107: 5105: 5102: 5100: 5097: 5095: 5092: 5090: 5087: 5085: 5082: 5080: 5077: 5075: 5072: 5070: 5067: 5065: 5062: 5060: 5057: 5055: 5052: 5050: 5047: 5045: 5042: 5040: 5039:Louise Michel 5037: 5035: 5032: 5030: 5027: 5025: 5022: 5020: 5019:Pierre Leroux 5017: 5015: 5012: 5010: 5007: 5005: 5002: 5000: 4999:Paul Lafargue 4997: 4995: 4992: 4990: 4987: 4985: 4982: 4980: 4977: 4975: 4972: 4970: 4967: 4965: 4962: 4960: 4957: 4955: 4952: 4950: 4947: 4945: 4942: 4940: 4937: 4935: 4932: 4930: 4927: 4925: 4922: 4920: 4917: 4915: 4912: 4910: 4907: 4905: 4902: 4900: 4899:Étienne Cabet 4897: 4895: 4892: 4890: 4887: 4885: 4884:Georg Büchner 4882: 4880: 4877: 4875: 4872: 4870: 4867: 4865: 4862: 4860: 4857: 4855: 4852: 4850: 4849:Enrico Barone 4847: 4845: 4842: 4840: 4837: 4835: 4832: 4831: 4829: 4822: 4816: 4813: 4811: 4808: 4806: 4803: 4801: 4798: 4796: 4793: 4792: 4790: 4783: 4777: 4774: 4772: 4769: 4768: 4766: 4759: 4756: 4754: 4750: 4744: 4741: 4739: 4736: 4734: 4731: 4729: 4726: 4724: 4721: 4719: 4716: 4714: 4711: 4709: 4706: 4704: 4701: 4699: 4696: 4694: 4691: 4689: 4686: 4684: 4681: 4679: 4676: 4674: 4671: 4669: 4666: 4664: 4661: 4659: 4656: 4654: 4651: 4649: 4646: 4644: 4641: 4639: 4636: 4635: 4633: 4629: 4623: 4620: 4618: 4617:Welfare state 4615: 4613: 4610: 4608: 4605: 4603: 4600: 4598: 4595: 4593: 4590: 4588: 4585: 4583: 4580: 4578: 4575: 4573: 4570: 4568: 4565: 4563: 4560: 4558: 4555: 4553: 4552:Nanosocialism 4550: 4548: 4545: 4543: 4542:Mixed economy 4540: 4538: 4535: 4533: 4530: 4528: 4525: 4523: 4520: 4517: 4513: 4511: 4510:Impossibilism 4508: 4506: 4503: 4501: 4498: 4496: 4493: 4491: 4488: 4486: 4483: 4481: 4480:Equal liberty 4478: 4476: 4473: 4471: 4468: 4466: 4463: 4461: 4458: 4456: 4453: 4451: 4448: 4446: 4443: 4441: 4438: 4436: 4433: 4431: 4428: 4427: 4425: 4419: 4409: 4406: 4404: 4401: 4399: 4396: 4392: 4389: 4387: 4384: 4383: 4382: 4379: 4377: 4374: 4372: 4369: 4367: 4364: 4362: 4359: 4357: 4354: 4350: 4349:Eurocommunism 4347: 4346: 4345: 4342: 4336: 4333: 4332: 4331: 4328: 4326: 4323: 4322: 4321: 4318: 4316: 4313: 4311: 4308: 4306: 4303: 4301: 4298: 4297: 4295: 4291: 4285: 4282: 4280: 4277: 4273: 4270: 4268: 4265: 4264: 4263: 4260: 4258: 4255: 4254: 4252: 4250: 4246: 4238: 4235: 4234: 4233: 4230: 4226: 4223: 4217: 4216:Neo-Stalinism 4214: 4213: 4212: 4209: 4205: 4202: 4200: 4197: 4195: 4192: 4190: 4187: 4185: 4182: 4180: 4177: 4176: 4175: 4172: 4170: 4169:Khrushchevism 4167: 4165: 4162: 4160: 4159: 4155: 4153: 4150: 4148: 4145: 4143: 4140: 4138: 4135: 4133: 4130: 4128: 4125: 4123: 4120: 4119: 4118: 4115: 4113: 4110: 4109: 4108: 4105: 4103: 4100: 4096: 4093: 4092: 4091: 4088: 4087: 4085: 4082: 4077: 4076:Authoritarian 4073: 4067: 4064: 4060: 4057: 4053: 4050: 4048: 4045: 4044: 4043: 4040: 4038: 4035: 4033: 4030: 4026: 4023: 4022: 4021: 4018: 4017: 4016: 4013: 4011: 4008: 4004: 4001: 3999: 3996: 3994: 3991: 3989: 3986: 3984: 3981: 3979: 3976: 3974: 3971: 3969: 3966: 3964: 3963:Individualist 3961: 3959: 3956: 3952: 3949: 3947: 3944: 3943: 3942: 3939: 3937: 3934: 3932: 3929: 3928: 3927: 3924: 3923: 3921: 3918: 3913: 3909: 3899: 3896: 3895: 3894: 3891: 3889: 3886: 3884: 3881: 3879: 3876: 3875: 3874: 3871: 3869: 3866: 3864: 3861: 3859: 3858:Revolutionary 3856: 3854: 3851: 3849: 3846: 3844: 3841: 3839: 3836: 3834: 3831: 3827: 3824: 3822: 3819: 3818: 3817: 3814: 3812: 3809: 3807: 3804: 3802: 3799: 3797: 3794: 3792: 3789: 3787: 3784: 3782: 3779: 3778: 3776: 3774: 3768: 3764: 3760: 3755: 3750: 3742: 3737: 3735: 3730: 3728: 3723: 3722: 3719: 3713: 3709: 3705: 3704: 3699: 3693: 3689: 3685: 3681: 3677: 3671: 3667: 3666: 3661: 3657: 3656: 3652: 3643: 3637: 3633: 3632:PublicAffairs 3629: 3628: 3623: 3617: 3614: 3609: 3603: 3599: 3592: 3589: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3558: 3555: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3538: 3534: 3530: 3526: 3522: 3518: 3511: 3509: 3505: 3493: 3489: 3482: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3467: 3463: 3458: 3455: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3424: 3422: 3418: 3405: 3401: 3395: 3392: 3381: 3377: 3370: 3367: 3355: 3354: 3349: 3345: 3339: 3336: 3332: 3328: 3324: 3318: 3315: 3311: 3305: 3302: 3298: 3294: 3293: 3288: 3283: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3267: 3260: 3257: 3245: 3241: 3237: 3230: 3227: 3222: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3207: 3199: 3196: 3192: 3186: 3183: 3179: 3173: 3170: 3166: 3160: 3158: 3154: 3150: 3146: 3140: 3137: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3103: 3100: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3066: 3063: 3059: 3058:0-618-26181-8 3055: 3051: 3045: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3020: 3017: 3013: 3008: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2987: 2984: 2980: 2975: 2972: 2968: 2962: 2959: 2954: 2948: 2932: 2928: 2922: 2919: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2903: 2900: 2896: 2895: 2888: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2874: 2869: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2853: 2850: 2847: 2843: 2838: 2835: 2830: 2824: 2820: 2819: 2811: 2808: 2804: 2803: 2798: 2794: 2793: 2787: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2766: 2763: 2759: 2746: 2742: 2735: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2719: 2716: 2711: 2704: 2701: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2665: 2662: 2657: 2651: 2643: 2636: 2634: 2630: 2625: 2619: 2611: 2604: 2601: 2595: 2591: 2590: 2582: 2579: 2574: 2568: 2564: 2557: 2555: 2551: 2538: 2532: 2530: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2517:Self, Peter. 2514: 2512: 2508: 2503: 2497: 2494:. MIT Press. 2493: 2486: 2483: 2479: 2473: 2471: 2467: 2451: 2450: 2445: 2439: 2437: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2426: 2419: 2416: 2409: 2404: 2401: 2399: 2398: 2394: 2392: 2389: 2387: 2384: 2382: 2381:Mixed economy 2379: 2377: 2374: 2372: 2371: 2367: 2365: 2362: 2360: 2357: 2355: 2352: 2350: 2347: 2345: 2342: 2340: 2337: 2335: 2332: 2330: 2327: 2325: 2322: 2320: 2317: 2315: 2312: 2311: 2306: 2304: 2302: 2298: 2297: 2292: 2287: 2285: 2284: 2279: 2278:mass killings 2269: 2265: 2264:Joseph Stalin 2261: 2252: 2243: 2234: 2224: 2217:Mass killings 2216: 2214: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2199: 2195: 2187: 2180: 2178: 2176: 2171: 2169: 2165: 2164:Mark J. Perry 2161: 2159: 2155: 2150: 2146: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2105: 2097: 2096: 2091: 2087: 2080: 2078: 2074: 2071: 2067: 2062: 2059: 2051: 2047: 2042: 2035: 2033: 2030: 2024: 2019: 2017: 2013: 2008: 2001: 1996: 1989: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1973: 1971: 1965: 1962: 1954: 1950: 1945: 1938: 1933: 1931: 1927: 1924: 1916: 1914: 1912: 1907: 1903: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1885: 1880: 1876: 1874: 1869: 1867: 1862: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1841: 1840: 1839:laissez-faire 1834: 1831: 1826: 1824: 1823:Hans Sennholz 1819: 1815: 1809: 1807: 1806: 1801: 1796: 1795:capital goods 1792: 1787: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1754:and later by 1753: 1750:, in 1920 by 1749: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1706: 1701: 1699: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1668: 1662: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1639: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1584: 1579: 1577: 1572: 1570: 1565: 1564: 1562: 1561: 1556: 1551: 1546: 1544: 1534: 1531: 1527: 1522: 1517: 1516: 1515: 1514: 1507: 1504: 1502: 1499: 1497: 1494: 1492: 1489: 1487: 1486:Related lists 1484: 1483: 1477: 1476: 1469: 1466: 1464: 1461: 1459: 1456: 1454: 1451: 1449: 1446: 1444: 1443:Progressivism 1441: 1439: 1438:Nanosocialism 1436: 1434: 1431: 1429: 1426: 1424: 1421: 1419: 1416: 1414: 1411: 1409: 1406: 1404: 1401: 1399: 1396: 1394: 1391: 1389: 1386: 1384: 1381: 1379: 1376: 1374: 1371: 1370: 1364: 1363: 1356: 1353: 1351: 1348: 1347: 1344: 1343:Organizations 1339: 1338: 1331: 1330:Ocasio-Cortez 1328: 1326: 1323: 1321: 1318: 1316: 1313: 1311: 1308: 1306: 1303: 1301: 1298: 1296: 1293: 1291: 1288: 1286: 1283: 1281: 1278: 1276: 1273: 1271: 1268: 1266: 1263: 1261: 1258: 1256: 1253: 1251: 1250:van der Lubbe 1248: 1246: 1243: 1241: 1238: 1236: 1233: 1231: 1228: 1226: 1223: 1221: 1218: 1216: 1213: 1211: 1208: 1206: 1203: 1201: 1198: 1196: 1193: 1191: 1188: 1186: 1183: 1181: 1178: 1176: 1173: 1171: 1168: 1166: 1163: 1161: 1158: 1156: 1153: 1151: 1148: 1146: 1143: 1141: 1138: 1136: 1133: 1131: 1128: 1126: 1123: 1121: 1118: 1116: 1113: 1111: 1108: 1106: 1103: 1102: 1096: 1095: 1088: 1085: 1083: 1080: 1078: 1075: 1073: 1070: 1068: 1065: 1063: 1060: 1058: 1055: 1053: 1050: 1048: 1045: 1043: 1040: 1038: 1035: 1033: 1030: 1028: 1025: 1023: 1020: 1018: 1015: 1013: 1010: 1008: 1005: 1003: 1000: 998: 995: 993: 990: 988: 985: 983: 980: 978: 975: 973: 970: 968: 965: 963: 960: 958: 955: 953: 950: 948: 945: 943: 940: 938: 935: 933: 930: 928: 925: 923: 920: 918: 915: 913: 910: 908: 905: 903: 900: 898: 895: 893: 890: 888: 885: 883: 880: 878: 875: 873: 870: 868: 865: 863: 860: 858: 855: 853: 850: 848: 845: 843: 840: 838: 835: 833: 830: 828: 825: 823: 820: 818: 815: 813: 810: 808: 805: 803: 800: 798: 795: 793: 790: 788: 787:Chernyshevsky 785: 783: 780: 778: 775: 773: 770: 768: 765: 763: 760: 758: 755: 753: 750: 748: 745: 743: 740: 738: 735: 733: 730: 728: 725: 723: 720: 718: 715: 713: 710: 708: 705: 703: 700: 698: 695: 693: 690: 688: 685: 683: 680: 678: 675: 674: 671:Intellectuals 668: 667: 660: 657: 655: 652: 650: 647: 645: 642: 640: 637: 635: 632: 630: 627: 625: 622: 620: 617: 615: 612: 610: 607: 605: 604:Revolutionary 602: 600: 597: 595: 592: 590: 587: 585: 582: 580: 577: 575: 572: 570: 567: 565: 562: 560: 557: 555: 552: 550: 547: 545: 542: 540: 539:Laissez-faire 537: 535: 532: 530: 527: 525: 522: 520: 517: 515: 512: 510: 507: 505: 502: 500: 497: 495: 492: 490: 487: 485: 482: 480: 477: 475: 472: 470: 467: 465: 462: 460: 457: 455: 452: 450: 447: 445: 444:Authoritarian 442: 440: 437: 435: 432: 430: 427: 425: 422: 420: 417: 416: 413: 408: 407: 400: 397: 393: 390: 388: 385: 383: 380: 378: 375: 374: 373: 370: 366: 363: 361: 358: 356: 353: 351: 348: 346: 343: 342: 341: 338: 336: 333: 332: 326: 325: 318: 315: 313: 310: 308: 305: 303: 299: 296: 294: 293:Strike action 291: 289: 286: 284: 281: 279: 276: 274: 271: 269: 266: 264: 261: 259: 256: 254: 251: 249: 246: 244: 241: 239: 236: 234: 231: 229: 226: 224: 221: 219: 216: 214: 211: 209: 206: 204: 201: 199: 198:Equal liberty 196: 194: 191: 189: 186: 184: 181: 179: 176: 174: 171: 169: 166: 164: 161: 160: 154: 153: 146: 143: 141: 138: 136: 133: 131: 128: 126: 123: 122: 116: 115: 109: 106: 104: 101: 100: 98: 97: 93: 89: 88: 85: 81: 77: 73: 72: 66: 62: 61:Horace Vernet 57: 51: 47: 43: 36: 32: 27: 19: 5809: 5797: 5628:Clara Zetkin 5608:Leon Trotsky 5603:Ernst Toller 5593:R. 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