37:
249:, as it is a member of the tripartite motif protein (TRIM) family, qualified by its RING and B-box domains. The protein is typically located in the cytoplasm, though it can move to the nucleus in the presence of pro-inflammatory signals, and it can also be expressed on the cell surface. There is evidence that Ro52 itself is a
284:
Ro52 may impact the pathogenesis of autoimmune disease: patients with SLE and SS have been shown to express high levels of Ro52 transcripts. Though Ro52 and Ro60 are often seen in elevated levels together in patients with autoimmune disease, Ro52 manifests without Ro60 in SS. Additionally, Anti-Ro52
118:
Anti-SSA/Ro autoantibodies are classified as extractable nuclear antigens. The Anti-SSA/Ro autoantibody targets Ro proteins, namely Ro52 and Ro60. Ro52 and Ro60 were originally thought to be one protein, however current findings show that they are two functionally distinct proteins encoded by genes
119:
on separate chromosomes. Anti-SSA/Ro autoantibodies are used in clinical settings as a diagnostic tool to identify patients with SLE and Sjögren's syndrome. In clinical tests for autoimmune disease, Anti-Ro antibodies are some of the most consistently and frequently detected among autoantibodies.
200:
Anti-Ro/SSA is produced in the cytoplasm of cells in the epidermal layer of the skin following UV irradiation. Ro antigens are simultaneously upregulated on the cell surface, resulting in the Anti-Ro/SSA antibody marking cells for destruction. Anti-Ro52 antibodies in particular have been tied to
301:
Ro60 is not part of the TRIM family. Ro60 is encoded by a gene 32 kb in length and acts to regulate the fate of misfolded RNA within the host cell. Ro60 forms a ribonucleoprotein complex with one molecule of noncoding Y1, Y3, Y4, or Y5RNA, all of which are approximately 100 nucleotides in
131:
In 1969, two separate labs simultaneously identified antigens in the sera of SLE and SS patients. Clark et al. referred to the antigen as Ro – named after the patient from which the antibodies were extracted, while
Alspaugh & Tanand used the term SSA. It was later found that the labs
265:
families. Ro52 can both regulate and be induced by INF cytokines. Loss of function or blockage of Ro52 results in uncontrolled inflammation at the onset of injury or disease. Patients with SLE and SS not only show elevated levels of Anti-Ro antibodies, but also elevated levels of Ro52.
360:(CHB) in the fetus. SLE-related symptoms in infants that arise from Anti-Ro/SSA resolve in about six months as the mother's antibodies leave the baby's system. Mothers of babies with NLE most often do not show signs of autoimmune disease.
163:
Anti-Ro/SSA can target Ro52 and Ro60 proteins. Most Anti-Ro/SSA activity occurs on the cell surface, wherein Ro proteins are expressed on the cell membrane and extracellular Anti-Ro/SSAs bind to Ro. There is some evidence that the
363:
The role of Anti-SSA/Ro in NLE is remains under study, as recent studies have suggested that CHB in neonates is more generally linked to instances of autoimmunity in the mother rather than the presence of Anti-Ro/SSA antibody.
579:
Gleicher, Norbert; Elkayam, Uri (September 2013). "Preventing congenital neonatal heart block in offspring of mothers with anti-SSA/Ro and SSB/La antibodies: a review of published literature and registered clinical trials".
122:
Anti-Ro autoantibodies are often found in conjunction with a similar antibody, Anti-La/SSB (also called anti–SS-B or anti–SS-B/La), in patients with SS. These two antibodies share pathological characteristics.
321:
Anti-Ro/SSA antibodies are found in 40–90% of patients with systematic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The antibodies can be detected years before symptoms of SLE surface, making them an effective diagnostic tool.
269:
Ro52 has one primary epitope to which anti-Ro/SSA binds, independent of the autoimmune disease. The most common domain anti-Ro52 targets is the coiled coil (cc) domain, as well as the RING and B-box domains.
155:(ANA) specific fluorescence staining patterns, and have a low signature in ELISA assays. Furthermore, Ro52 can be masked by Anti-Ro60 antibodies in lab tests that simultaneously assess the two antibodies.
184:
The mechanism that induces Anti-Ro/SSA production in autoimmune disorders remains under study. Some proposed factors that may stimulate production are viral infection, treatment of cells with
325:
In patients with SLE, high levels of Anti-Ro/SSA are correlated with elevated levels of IFN-α. The presence of Anti-Ro/SSA antibodies also correlates with symptoms of
302:
length, to form the epitope that Anti-Ro60 recognizes. The absence of Ro60 results in an elevated immune response and decreased resilience to immune-related stress.
213:
in humans) have been associated with the presence of Anti-Ro antibodies and the spread of the immune response. Anti-Ro/SSA associates with the HLA II alleles
147:
Antibodies specific to Ro52 are difficult to detect via laboratory testing. Their low detectability may be attributed to several factors: the antibodies are
1227:
1024:
1293:
429:"Clinical significance of autoantibodies recognizing Sjögren's syndrome A (SSA), SSB, calpastatin and alpha-fodrin in primary Sjögren's syndrome"
76:
902:
Reeves, Westley H.; Li, Yi; Zhuang, Haoyang (2015-01-01), Hochberg, Marc C.; Silman, Alan J.; Smolen, Josef S.; Weinblatt, Michael E. (eds.),
915:
824:
787:
690:
1177:
313:
virus, and the presence of the virus may enhance the autoimmune response to Ro60, as anti-Epstein Barr antibodies can target the protein.
1232:
253:
Fc receptor. Ro52 is a regulatory protein, and negatively moderates inflammatory response, such as the secretion of pro-inflammatory
40:
Immunofluorescence pattern of SS-A and SS-B antibodies. Produced using serum from a patient on HEp-20-10 cells with a FITC conjugate.
944:
330:
180:, and IgG isotypes, though most is known about the five IgG subclasses. The antibody is inducible via immunization using Ro peptide.
344:(CLE), a subcategory of lupus erythematosus, elevated levels of Ro52 are found regardless of expression of Anti-Ro autoantibodies.
1266:
1206:
1057:
206:
112:
1316:
634:
Oke, Vilija; Wahren-Herlenius, Marie (2012-08-01). "The immunobiology of Ro52 (TRIM21) in autoimmunity: A critical review".
1084:
1017:
353:
72:
1337:
1222:
1194:
1157:
1149:
1094:
1077:
185:
68:
1125:
1311:
1050:
286:
84:
1248:
1114:
144:
and immunodiffusion assays are most commonly used to detect levels of Anti-Ro/SSA antibodies in patient sera.
88:
1342:
1271:
1139:
1010:
210:
310:
957:
Hervier, Baptiste; Rimbert, Marie; Colonna, Francoise; Hamidou, Mohammed A.; Audrain, Marie (2009-08-01).
357:
229:
response plays a role in the formation of Anti-Ro/SSA antibodies due to T-cell affinity for MHC class II.
31:
1199:
1067:
1041:
903:
847:"Sjogren's syndrome: Review of the aetiology, Pathophysiology & Potential therapeutic interventions"
812:
767:
678:
152:
1282:
108:
96:
1253:
1062:
341:
334:
958:
813:"Chapter 15 - Extractable Nuclear Antigens and SLE: Specificity and Role in Disease Pathogenesis"
409:
92:
132:
described the same antigen, hence the compound term for the antibody, Anti-SSA/Ro, Anti-Ro/SSA.
677:
McMahon, Maureen; Kalunian, Kenneth (2005-01-01), Lotze, Michael T.; Thomson, Angus W. (eds.),
638:. Special Issue: Current pathogenetic, clinical and therapeutic aspects of Sjögren's syndrome.
352:
The presence of Anti-SSA/Ro in pregnant women with SLE is associated with an increased risk of
1288:
988:
980:
940:
911:
884:
866:
820:
783:
743:
735:
686:
659:
651:
605:
597:
556:
538:
458:
401:
811:
Keogan, Mary; Kearns, Grainne; Jefferies, Caroline A. (2011-01-01), Lahita, Robert G. (ed.),
970:
874:
858:
775:
727:
643:
589:
546:
528:
448:
440:
393:
326:
177:
173:
165:
1260:
959:"Clinical significance of anti-Ro/SSA-52 kDa antibodies—a retrospective monocentric study"
104:
237:
The specific pathogenic role of the Ro antigen in autoimmune disorders remains unknown.
879:
846:
779:
551:
516:
453:
428:
274:
193:
80:
1331:
444:
413:
281:
resulted from studies that suggesting that Ro52 and Ro60 formed a complex together.
1033:
100:
975:
17:
715:
593:
258:
647:
1132:
515:
Yoshimi, Ryusuke; Ueda, Atsuhisa; Ozato, Keiko; Ishigatsubo, Yoshiaki (2012).
397:
262:
148:
984:
870:
739:
731:
655:
601:
542:
384:
Franceschini, F.; Cavazzana, I. (2005). "Anti-Ro/SSA and La/SSB antibodies".
1168:
1104:
290:
189:
992:
888:
766:
Dutz, Jan P. (2013-01-01), Wallace, Daniel J.; Hahn, Bevra
Hannahs (eds.),
747:
663:
609:
560:
462:
405:
533:
1089:
254:
36:
862:
306:
250:
218:
214:
47:(anti–Sjögren's-syndrome-related antigen A autoantibodies, also called
1187:
1182:
246:
226:
222:
772:
Dubois' Lupus
Erythematosus and Related Syndromes (Eighth Edition)
278:
141:
35:
1002:
285:
antibody has been identified at elevated levels in patients with
1006:
768:"Chapter 23 - Pathomechanisms of Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus"
517:"Clinical and Pathological Roles of Ro/SSA Autoantibody System"
205:
Certain alleles of the human major histocompatibility complex (
1099:
277:
strands (hY-RNA). The notion that Ro52 formed a complex with
71:
that are associated with many autoimmune diseases, such as
115:(MCTD), and are also associated with heart arrhythmia.
935:
James, William; Berger, Timothy; Elston, Dirk (2005).
904:"130 - Autoantibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus"
714:
Rhodes, David A.; Isenberg, David A. (December 2017).
91:(SS). Additionally, Anti-Ro/SSA can be found in other
716:"TRIM21 and the Function of Antibodies inside Cells"
1304:
1241:
1215:
1166:
1148:
1040:
937:
910:, Content Repository Only!, pp. 1074–1081,
851:Journal of Clinical and Experimental Dentistry
845:Nair, Jisha J.; Singh, Tejas P. (2017-04-01).
309:of the Ro60 protein is similar to that of the
1018:
8:
817:Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (Fifth Edition)
168:of anti-Ro/SSA antibody can enter the cell.
1025:
1011:
1003:
974:
878:
550:
532:
452:
273:Ro52 does not bind to small cytoplasmic
373:
77:subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus
806:
804:
521:Clinical and Developmental Immunology
510:
508:
506:
504:
502:
500:
498:
496:
494:
492:
348:In neonatal lupus erythematosus (NLE)
317:In systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
172:Anti-Ro autoantibodies are typically
7:
819:, Academic Press, pp. 259–274,
761:
759:
757:
709:
707:
685:, Academic Press, pp. 210–220,
629:
627:
625:
623:
621:
619:
574:
572:
570:
490:
488:
486:
484:
482:
480:
478:
476:
474:
472:
379:
377:
774:, W.B. Saunders, pp. 310–318,
679:"Chapter 17 - SLE-Associated Tests"
245:The Ro52 gene is officially termed
27:Type of anti-nuclear autoantibodies
939:. (10th ed.). Saunders. Page 160.
780:10.1016/B978-1-4377-1893-5.00023-6
25:
445:10.1111/j.1365-2249.2007.03337.x
75:(SLE), SS/SLE overlap syndrome,
113:mixed connective tissue disease
1:
342:cutaneous lupus erythematosus
51:, or similar names including
908:Rheumatology (Sixth Edition)
594:10.1016/j.autrev.2013.04.006
427:V Goëb; et al. (2007).
356:which can be accompanied by
354:neonatal lupus erythematosus
87:. They are often present in
73:systemic lupus erythematosus
1178:Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic
1150:Anti-mitochondrial antibody
976:10.1093/rheumatology/kep145
289:, as well as in autoimmune
69:anti-nuclear autoantibodies
1359:
1294:Anti-citrullinated peptide
648:10.1016/j.jaut.2012.01.014
201:elevated photosensitivity.
29:
1085:Anti-topoisomerase/Scl-70
398:10.1080/08916930400022954
287:interstitial lung disease
85:primary biliary cirrhosis
732:10.1016/j.it.2017.07.005
140:In laboratory settings,
1207:Anti-TPO/Antimicrosomal
636:Journal of Autoimmunity
335:hematological disorders
45:Anti-SSA autoantibodies
358:congenital heart block
41:
32:Congenital heart block
1267:Anti-transglutaminase
1042:Anti-nuclear antibody
39:
720:Trends in Immunology
582:Autoimmunity Reviews
340:In individuals with
331:cutaneous vasculitis
153:antinuclear antibody
136:Methods of detection
127:History of discovery
109:rheumatoid arthritis
1317:Anti-apolipoprotein
1254:Lupus anticoagulant
534:10.1155/2012/606195
93:autoimmune diseases
1338:Chemical pathology
1305:Multiple locations
1195:Anti-smooth muscle
863:10.4317/jced.53605
683:Measuring Immunity
433:Clin. Exp. Immunol
221:, as well as some
192:, and exposure to
97:systemic sclerosis
89:Sjögren's syndrome
42:
18:Anti-Ro antibodies
1325:
1324:
1312:Anti-phospholipid
1289:Rheumatoid factor
917:978-0-323-09138-1
826:978-0-12-374994-9
789:978-1-4377-1893-5
692:978-0-12-455900-4
588:(11): 1039–1045.
16:(Redirected from
1350:
1274:not autoantibody
1223:Anti-ganglioside
1158:Anti-cardiolipin
1027:
1020:
1013:
1004:
997:
996:
978:
954:
948:
933:
927:
926:
925:
924:
899:
893:
892:
882:
857:(4): e584–e589.
842:
836:
835:
834:
833:
808:
799:
798:
797:
796:
763:
752:
751:
711:
702:
701:
700:
699:
674:
668:
667:
631:
614:
613:
576:
565:
564:
554:
536:
512:
467:
466:
456:
424:
418:
417:
381:
327:photosensitivity
67:) are a type of
21:
1358:
1357:
1353:
1352:
1351:
1349:
1348:
1347:
1328:
1327:
1326:
1321:
1300:
1261:Coeliac disease
1237:
1211:
1162:
1144:
1126:Anti-centromere
1036:
1031:
1001:
1000:
956:
955:
951:
934:
930:
922:
920:
918:
901:
900:
896:
844:
843:
839:
831:
829:
827:
810:
809:
802:
794:
792:
790:
765:
764:
755:
726:(12): 916–926.
713:
712:
705:
697:
695:
693:
676:
675:
671:
633:
632:
617:
578:
577:
568:
514:
513:
470:
426:
425:
421:
383:
382:
375:
370:
350:
319:
299:
243:
235:
161:
151:negative, lack
138:
129:
105:dermatomyositis
34:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1356:
1354:
1346:
1345:
1343:Autoantibodies
1340:
1330:
1329:
1323:
1322:
1320:
1319:
1314:
1308:
1306:
1302:
1301:
1299:
1298:
1297:
1296:
1291:
1278:
1277:
1276:
1275:
1269:
1257:
1256:
1251:
1245:
1243:
1239:
1238:
1236:
1235:
1233:Anti-glutamate
1230:
1225:
1219:
1217:
1213:
1212:
1210:
1209:
1204:
1203:
1202:
1192:
1191:
1190:
1185:
1174:
1172:
1164:
1163:
1161:
1160:
1154:
1152:
1146:
1145:
1143:
1142:
1136:
1135:
1129:
1128:
1122:
1121:
1120:
1119:
1118:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1092:
1087:
1073:
1072:
1071:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1046:
1044:
1038:
1037:
1034:Autoantibodies
1032:
1030:
1029:
1022:
1015:
1007:
999:
998:
969:(8): 964–967.
949:
928:
916:
894:
837:
825:
800:
788:
753:
703:
691:
669:
615:
566:
468:
419:
372:
371:
369:
366:
349:
346:
318:
315:
298:
295:
275:non-coding RNA
242:
239:
234:
231:
203:
202:
194:UV irradiation
182:
181:
160:
157:
137:
134:
128:
125:
81:neonatal lupus
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1355:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1335:
1333:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1309:
1307:
1303:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1286:
1285:
1284:
1280:
1279:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1258:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1249:Anti-thrombin
1247:
1246:
1244:
1242:Extracellular
1240:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1220:
1218:
1216:Cell membrane
1214:
1208:
1205:
1201:
1198:
1197:
1196:
1193:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1180:
1179:
1176:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1165:
1159:
1156:
1155:
1153:
1151:
1147:
1141:
1138:
1137:
1134:
1131:
1130:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1097:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1082:
1081:
1079:
1075:
1074:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1055:
1054:
1052:
1048:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1028:
1023:
1021:
1016:
1014:
1009:
1008:
1005:
994:
990:
986:
982:
977:
972:
968:
964:
960:
953:
950:
946:
945:0-7216-2921-0
942:
938:
932:
929:
919:
913:
909:
905:
898:
895:
890:
886:
881:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
841:
838:
828:
822:
818:
814:
807:
805:
801:
791:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
762:
760:
758:
754:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
710:
708:
704:
694:
688:
684:
680:
673:
670:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
630:
628:
626:
624:
622:
620:
616:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
575:
573:
571:
567:
562:
558:
553:
548:
544:
540:
535:
530:
526:
522:
518:
511:
509:
507:
505:
503:
501:
499:
497:
495:
493:
491:
489:
487:
485:
483:
481:
479:
477:
475:
473:
469:
464:
460:
455:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
423:
420:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
380:
378:
374:
367:
365:
361:
359:
355:
347:
345:
343:
338:
336:
332:
328:
323:
316:
314:
312:
308:
303:
296:
294:
292:
288:
282:
280:
276:
271:
267:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
240:
238:
232:
230:
228:
225:alleles. The
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
199:
198:
197:
195:
191:
187:
179:
175:
171:
170:
169:
167:
158:
156:
154:
150:
145:
143:
135:
133:
126:
124:
120:
116:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
38:
33:
19:
1281:
1272:Anti-gliadin
1140:Anti-histone
1109:
1076:
1049:
966:
963:Rheumatology
962:
952:
936:
931:
921:, retrieved
907:
897:
854:
850:
840:
830:, retrieved
816:
793:, retrieved
771:
723:
719:
696:, retrieved
682:
672:
642:(1): 77–82.
639:
635:
585:
581:
524:
520:
439:(2): 281–7.
436:
432:
422:
392:(1): 55–63.
389:
386:Autoimmunity
385:
362:
351:
339:
324:
320:
311:Epstein-Barr
304:
300:
283:
272:
268:
244:
236:
204:
183:
162:
146:
139:
130:
121:
117:
101:polymyositis
65:anti-Ro/SS-A
64:
61:anti–SS-A/Ro
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
43:
259:interleukin
188:, cellular
166:IgG isotype
57:anti-Ro/SSA
53:anti-SSA/Ro
1332:Categories
1200:Anti-actin
1133:Anti-dsDNA
1068:Anti-sp100
1058:Anti-gp210
923:2020-02-28
832:2020-02-28
795:2020-02-28
698:2020-02-28
527:: 606195.
368:References
149:precipitin
111:(RA), and
30:See also:
1169:cytoplasm
1105:Anti-nRNP
985:1462-0324
871:1989-5488
740:1471-4981
656:0896-8411
602:1873-0183
543:1740-2522
291:hepatitis
255:cytokines
251:cytosolic
209:, called
190:apoptosis
159:Mechanism
107:(PM/DM),
1228:Anti-GBM
1171:antibody
1090:Anti-Jo1
1063:Anti-p62
993:19531627
889:28469828
748:28807517
664:22402340
610:23684701
561:23304190
463:17286756
414:24327937
406:15804706
293:type 1.
233:Antigens
95:such as
79:(SCLE),
1115:Anti-La
1110:Anti-Ro
1100:Anti-Sm
880:5410683
552:3523155
454:1868868
307:epitope
257:in the
219:HLA-DR2
215:HLA-DR3
99:(SSc),
49:anti-Ro
1188:P-ANCA
1183:C-ANCA
991:
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877:
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738:
689:
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654:
608:
600:
559:
549:
541:
461:
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412:
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333:, and
247:TRIM21
227:T-cell
223:HLA-DQ
211:HLA II
207:MHC II
63:, and
1167:Anti-
410:S2CID
279:Y RNA
186:TNF-α
142:ELISA
1095:ENA4
989:PMID
981:ISSN
941:ISBN
912:ISBN
885:PMID
867:ISSN
821:ISBN
784:ISBN
744:PMID
736:ISSN
687:ISBN
660:PMID
652:ISSN
606:PMID
598:ISSN
557:PMID
539:ISSN
525:2012
459:PMID
402:PMID
305:The
297:Ro60
261:and
241:Ro52
217:and
83:and
1078:ENA
1051:PBC
971:doi
875:PMC
859:doi
776:doi
728:doi
644:doi
590:doi
547:PMC
529:doi
449:PMC
441:doi
437:148
394:doi
263:INF
178:IgM
174:IgA
1334::
1283:RA
1263::
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103:/
20:)
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