864:
793:
732:
1133:, a 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor which directly prevents the synthesis of leukotrienes. All three leukotriene pathway modifiers are indicated for the treatment of chronic asthma, but only Montelukast is approved to treat allergic rhinitis, with a similar effectiveness as antihistamines, but lower effectiveness than nasal corticosteroids in relieving the symptoms of seasonal allergic rhinitis.
638:
430:). They are usually the first line of medications prescribed by a general practitioner, or a pharmacist for allergies in a community pharmacy. H1-antihistamines are further split into three groups known as the first-generation, second-generation and third-generation antihistamines. Another type of antihistamines known as
965:
uses. Since they suppress inflammation and reduce the signs and symptoms such as swelling, redness and itching, they are commonly used to treat allergic conditions including allergic rhinitis, asthma and eczema. Glucocorticoids can be given via different routes of administration, depending on the
291:
Allergic reactions can range from mild to severe. Common allergic diseases include allergic rhinitis, allergic asthma, allergic conjunctivitis and atopic dermatitis. Each condition presents its own set of symptoms. In severe cases, certain allergies can lead to a life-threatening reaction called
1466:
Abdullah, Baharudin; Abdul Latiff, Amir Hamzah; Manuel, Anura
Michelle; Mohamed Jamli, Faizah; Dalip Singh, Harvinder Singh; Ismail, Intan Hakimah; Jahendran, Jeevanan; Saniasiaya, Jeyasakthy; Keen Woo, Kent Chee; Khoo, Phaik Choo; Singh, Kuljit; Mohammad, Nurashikin; Mohamad, Sakinah; Husain,
1211:
is the last line of medications, also known as the closest "cure" for allergies. It is often recommended for patients whose symptoms cannot be controlled by medications, or those who require multiple medications to control their allergies. This immunotherapy involves regular administration of
507:
are generally indicated for the alleviation of conditions such as allergic rhinitis, allergic conjunctivitis, or atopic dermatitis. Other indications may include nausea and vomiting. Antihistamines are usually for short-term treatment. Chronic allergies, such as
397:
Symptoms can vary in severity from person to person. Proper diagnosis and management are crucial as allergies can affect daily activities, sleep quality, work or school performance, and mood, directly impacting an individual's quality of life.
1981:
278:
and other chemicals that guards our immune system. Histamine increases the level of vascular permeability and increases the swelling and dilation of vessels. This induces allergic symptoms, such as runny nose,
2084:
406:
The most effective management of allergies is avoiding allergens to reduce the risk of an allergic reaction. If the allergic reaction continues, medications may be needed to help reduce symptoms.
1256:
96:. Antihistamines and decongestants are generally the first-line treatment in mild to moderate allergic reactions. Corticosteroids are generally indicated for moderate cases. In severe cases,
1240:
receptors are discovered to be responsible for producing inflammatory allergic reactions. The absence of this drug on the current market also emphasises its importance in future use.
1621:
Gentile, Deborah A.; Pleskovic, Nicole; Bartholow, Ashton; Skoner, David P. (2016-01-01), Leung, Donald Y. M.; Szefler, Stanley J.; Bonilla, Francisco A.; Akdis, Cezmi A. (eds.),
1067:, type of drug used and the duration of treatment. Systemic corticosteroids are not considered first-line therapy for chronic management due to common and significant risks of
723:(narrowing of blood vessels), helps reduce blood flow to the nasal mucosa and decreases swelling. Decongestants help open up nasal passages thus allowing for easier breathing.
2085:"HKU biologists designed and developed novel anti-allergic drugs by targeting Mas-related G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) X2 (MRGPRX2) - News - Faculty of Science, HKU"
1196:(the acute stress response). It is used to treat anaphylaxis as it provides immediate symptomatic relief. It helps open up the airways, maintain heart function and raise
1114:
759:
is the most common example of oral decongestant used to reduce nasal congestion. Topical decongestants have a faster onset of action compared with oral ones.
1212:
gradually increasing doses of the substance to which the person is allergic over several years. Treatment can be given as an injection, tablet, sprays or
1816:"The glucocorticoid dexamethasone alleviates allergic inflammation through a mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-1-dependent mechanism in mice"
1422:
Kalmarzi, Rasoul Nasiri; Khazaei, Zaher; Shahsavar, Jafar; Gharibi, Fardin; Tavakol, Marzieh; Khazaei, Salman; Shariat, Mansoureh (28 September 2017).
1881:
108:, but requiring a much longer duration of therapy. The choice of medications depends on the disease to be treated, its severity and patient factors.
1164:
to treat allergic conjunctivitis, in intranasal formulations for allergic rhinitis and given by inhalation for asthma. Common side effects include
1991:
1642:
426:, are medicines which provide relief for allergic symptoms such as runny nose, sneezing, itching, and watery eyes from seasonal allergies (
236:
143:, or direct contact with a certain material. A family history of allergies also leads to a higher risk of developing allergic diseases.
1144:
inhibit the release of allergic and inflammatory mediators, helping to prevent and treat allergic conditions. They work by blocking a
476:
can easily cross the blood-brain barrier into the central nervous system to reach the H-1 receptors within, often causing drowsiness.
45:. It was not until 1933 when antihistamines, the first type of anti-allergic agents, were developed. Common allergic diseases include
480:
selectively bind to the peripheral H-1 receptors outside the blood-brain barrier, therefore they are less likely to cause sedation.
135:
An allergic reaction can be caused by direct contact with an allergen. For example, through consuming a certain food, inhalation of
489:
477:
812:
can be used as a combination to treat nasal congestion, runny nose, and sneezing symptoms caused by common cold and hay fever.
1469:"Pharmacological Management of Allergic Rhinitis: A Consensus Statement from the Malaysian Society of Allergy and Immunology"
1365:
1340:
485:
481:
473:
1814:
Lehtola, Tiina; Nummenmaa, Elina; Nieminen, Riina; Hämäläinen, Mari; Vuolteenaho, Katriina; Moilanen, Eeva (4 March 2024).
123:, are a type of immune response which takes place when our body's protective mechanism defends us against triggers called
292:
anaphylaxis. This is a medical emergency that requires immediate treatment, as it can be fatal if not treated properly.
2113:
1757:"Homeostatic Regulation of Glucocorticoid Receptor Activity by Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1: From Physiology to Clinic"
1152:, inhibiting the release of histamine and other mediators from mast cells. Examples of mast cell stabilizers include
945:(transrepression). Ultimately, they decrease the synthesis and release of inflammatory mediators such as mast cells,
1695:
1315:
1217:
1188:. The most common anaphylactic reactions are induced by foods, insect stings and medications. Adrenaline is both a
1060:
841:
827:
708:
182:
1230:
Professor Billy K C Chow from the School of
Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, the University of Hong Kong
1213:
662:. Other common side effects for all generations include gastrointestinal side effects, headaches and tiredness.
450:
H-1 antihistamines work by inhibiting histamine from binding to H-1 receptors. Histamine receptors expressed in
73:. More than one-third of the world's population is currently being affected by one or more allergic conditions.
1193:
922:
712:
435:
1390:
1216:
drops. The gradual increase of allergen causes the immune system to become less sensitive to the substance (
926:
681:
355:
120:
1594:
743:. They provide temporary relief from symptoms of nasal congestion. Decongestants are available in oral and
1909:
1208:
768:
459:
431:
271:
101:
1622:
381:
37:
used to treat allergic reactions. Anti-allergic agents have existed since 3000 B.C in countries such as
1080:
254:
When a person comes in contact with a specific trigger, their immune system produces antibodies called
1220:), reducing symptoms during future exposures to the allergen, and possibly preventing new allergies.
1141:
744:
608:
521:
93:
2059:
893:
and regulating the activation of immune cells. The word "glucocorticoid" is derived from "glucose +
104:
is an alternative treatment considered in some patients, with a success rate of 80%-90% in reducing
1523:
1126:
1064:
863:
704:
463:
348:
70:
1184:(or epinephrine) is the first-line treatment for the life-threatening allergic reaction known as
579:
525:
105:
1936:"Leukotriene receptor antagonists for allergic rhinitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis"
767:
Topical decongestants should not be used for longer than a week as prolonged use may result in
2038:
1987:
1963:
1955:
1862:
1837:
1796:
1778:
1737:
1719:
1676:
1638:
1571:
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883:
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689:
427:
365:
306:
267:
54:
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2028:
2020:
1947:
1827:
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1561:
1490:
1480:
1435:
1095:
1068:
938:
894:
786:
720:
484:
usually last around 4–6 hours whilst second-generation antihistamines work for 12–24 hours.
319:
255:
1200:, reducing or reversing severe symptoms like throat swelling and difficulty in breathing.
1153:
1145:
1110:
966:
condition and severity. The most common ones are oral, inhalation, topical and injection.
934:
847:
833:
819:
756:
669:
with second-generation antihistamines being more preferred due to their lack of sedation.
562:
554:
344:
140:
89:
1236:
antagonists as some cases of allergies are refractive to currently available treatments.
2033:
2008:
1791:
1756:
1732:
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1634:
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1549:
1495:
1468:
1197:
1102:
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875:
871:
655:
618:
558:
493:
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and increased membrane permeability from happening, thus preventing allergic symptoms.
85:
792:
731:
2107:
1149:
986:
970:
Some examples of glucocorticoids with their indications and routes of administration
805:
752:
739:
Decongestants are mainly used in conditions like common cold, allergic rhinitis, and
716:
677:
622:
517:
513:
504:
451:
423:
419:
389:
77:
1423:
532:
Some examples of antihistamines with their indications and routes of administration
17:
1664:
1072:
1016:
930:
906:
851:
809:
779:
700:
626:
566:
467:
439:
240:
205:
81:
886:, which regulate salt and water balances, and glucocorticoids that play a role in
650:
Side effects generally exist more in first-generation antihistamines, for example
1951:
882:
agents used to treat allergic conditions. Corticosteroids can be classified into
1856:
1185:
1122:
1118:
1091:
1003:
962:
890:
748:
685:
598:
455:
376:
232:
209:
1983:
BCSC 2020-2021 series: Section 2 - Fundamentals and
Principles of Ophthalmology
684:. They are also often used as the first-line therapy for nasal congestion from
2024:
1181:
1165:
999:
946:
902:
837:
823:
651:
602:
594:
590:
316:
228:
97:
58:
34:
1959:
1782:
1723:
1449:
1424:"The impact of allergic rhinitis on quality of life: a study in western Iran"
1935:
1934:
Wilson, Andrew M.; O'Byrne, Paul M.; Parameswaran, Krishnan (1 March 2004).
1440:
1109:
secretion and enhanced immune response, resulting in allergic inflammation.
740:
666:
659:
637:
572:
385:
275:
259:
213:
178:
174:
2042:
1967:
1866:
1841:
1800:
1741:
1680:
1575:
1504:
1773:
1694:
Yau, Wai-Ping; Mitchell, Allen A.; Lin, Kueiyu Joshua; Werler, Martha M.;
1715:
1161:
1130:
1076:
1063:, mood changes and weight gain. The side effects are associated with the
950:
775:
680:
are medicines which relieve nasal obstruction due to inflammation in the
190:
124:
1485:
1286:
1832:
1815:
1237:
1233:
1189:
942:
898:
887:
217:
116:
1700:"Use of Decongestants During Pregnancy and the Risk of Birth Defects"
1099:
509:
340:
331:
312:
280:
186:
164:
136:
50:
1548:
So, Miranda; Bozzo, Pina; Inoue, Miho; Einarson, Adrienne (2010).
1106:
862:
791:
730:
636:
336:
66:
42:
38:
2007:
Ring, Johannes; Klimek, Ludger; Worm, Margitta (6 August 2018).
323:
263:
201:
168:
62:
571:
Allergic rhinitis, allergic conjunctivitis, atopic dermatitis,
1855:
Hodgens, Alexander; Sharman, Tariq (2024). "Corticosteroids".
1669:
1105:, causing constriction of the airway smooth muscle, increased
1755:
Marchi, Davide; van Eeden, Fredericus J. M. (December 2021).
1366:"Common Allergens - Peanut, Egg, and Sesame Allergies | FARE"
1192:
and a medication which plays an important role in the body's
719:
situated on the blood vessels in nasal passages. This causes
1316:"Allergy shots can bring you long-term relief from symptoms"
1627:
Pediatric
Allergy: Principles and Practice (Third Edition)
1550:"Safety of antihistamines during pregnancy and lactation"
782:(elevated blood pressure), and difficulty in urination.
1524:"Antihistamines: Definition, Types & Side Effects"
901:", representing its role in the regulation of glucose
789:
of uterine arteries thus reducing fetal blood supply.
755:
are common topical (intranasal) decongestants, whilst
2060:"What is Epinephrine? | Allergy & Asthma Network"
516:
alone cannot treat. The routes of administration of
1910:"Leukotriene Modifiers: Treatment & Definition"
1595:"Decongestant - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics"
1345:
American
Academy of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology
774:Common side effects for oral decongestants include
2009:"Adrenaline in the Acute Treatment of Anaphylaxis"
1882:"Leukotrienes: Function & Associated Diseases"
1820:Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology
1125:) that bind to leukotriene receptors to inhibit
665:Antihistamines are generally safe to use during
1232:has been conducted into the use of small novel
1059:Common side effects of glucocorticoids include
641:Example of a H-1 antihistamine (Levocetirizine)
1904:
1902:
1261:Charlotte Eye Ear Nose & Throat Associates
100:is used to reduce swelling and aid breathing.
2054:
2052:
1395:Global Allergy & Airways Patient Platform
1291:Global Allergy & Airways Patient Platform
8:
1986:. American Academy of Ophthalmology. 2023.
796:Zyrtec-D, an example of combination therapy
785:Avoid use during pregnancy as it may cause
360:Redness, itching, and swelling of the eyes
76:Commonly used anti-allergic agents include
27:Medication used to treat allergic reactions
1115:cysteinyl leukotriene receptor antagonists
913:, and the steroid structure it possesses.
371:Itching, redness, and flaking of the skin
2032:
1831:
1790:
1772:
1731:
1629:, London: Elsevier, pp. 210–218.e2,
1565:
1494:
1484:
1439:
968:
530:
294:
145:
1467:Salina; Mösges, Ralph (2 August 2022).
1257:"The first 5,000 years of allergy care"
1248:
1129:and other effects of leukotrienes, and
801:Combination therapy with antihistamines
727:Indications and route of administration
500:Indications and route of administration
1113:can be classified into two types: the
925:to form a complex which activates the
1663:Ramey, John; Bailen, E; Lockey, R F.
1616:
1614:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1309:
1307:
1281:
1279:
1277:
961:Glucocorticoids have a wide range of
7:
1518:
1516:
1514:
1461:
1459:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1411:
735:Example of oxymetazoline nasal spray
2013:Deutsches Ärzteblatt International
1635:10.1016/b978-0-323-29875-9.00024-0
937:) and represses the expression of
929:of anti-inflammatory genes in the
512:may include health problems which
262:(immune cells found mainly in the
25:
1880:Tello, Carlos (29 October 2019).
1148:which is essential for mast cell
57:with varying symptoms, including
1940:The American Journal of Medicine
1704:American Journal of Epidemiology
1172:Less common anti allergic agents
1094:are lipid mediators formed from
490:second-generation antihistamines
478:Second-generation antihistamines
1428:Biomedical Research and Therapy
486:Third generation antihistamines
482:First-generation antihistamines
474:First-generation antihistamines
867:The basic structure of steroid
274:) and triggers the release of
1:
1473:Journal of Asthma and Allergy
1111:Leukotriene pathway modifiers
1087:Leukotriene pathway modifiers
258:(IgE) molecules that bind to
90:leukotriene pathway modifiers
1952:10.1016/j.amjmed.2003.10.030
1160:. They are commonly used in
771:(rebound nasal congestion).
1034:Severe acute asthma attack
1021:Severe acute asthma attack
464:cellular signaling cascades
462:. This prevents a range of
436:gastrointestinal conditions
410:Common anti-allergic agents
283:, watery eyes and itching.
2130:
1314:Coon, Lisa (21 May 2018).
1194:"fight-or-flight" response
709:sympathetic nervous system
705:alpha-adrenergic receptors
456:vascular endothelial cells
301:Common signs and symptoms
2025:10.3238/arztebl.2018.0528
1861:. StatPearls Publishing.
1554:Canadian Family Physician
1079:, depressed immunity and
713:fight or flight" response
570:
298:Type of allergic disease
147:List of common allergens
2064:allergyasthmanetwork.org
1665:"Rhinitis medicamentosa"
1623:"24 - Allergic Rhinitis"
981:Route of administration
923:glucocorticoid receptors
921:Glucocorticoids bind to
546:Route of administration
537:Class of antihistamines
1441:10.15419/bmrat.v4i9.370
815:Some examples include:
703:work by binding to the
682:upper respiratory tract
488:are metabolites of the
384:, shortness of breath,
356:Allergic conjunctivitis
121:type 1 hypersensitivity
1209:Allergen immunotherapy
1168:, itching, and cough.
1037:Intravenous injection
868:
797:
769:rhinitis medicamentosa
736:
711:(controls our body's "
642:
460:central nervous system
163:Airborne: pollen, pet
102:Allergen immunotherapy
1774:10.3390/cells10123441
1696:Hernández-Díaz, Sonia
1599:www.sciencedirect.com
1142:Mast cell stabilizers
1137:Mast cell stabilizers
866:
795:
734:
640:
458:, the heart, and the
94:mast cell stabilizers
1391:"Medication Allergy"
1341:"Allergic Reactions"
438:caused by excessive
171:, dust mites, smoke
31:Anti-allergic agents
18:Anti-allergic agents
1486:10.2147/JAA.S374346
1370:www.foodallergy.org
1320:OSF HealthCare Blog
1224:Future developments
1127:bronchoconstriction
971:
717:smooth muscle cells
533:
349:shortness of breath
179:cleaning detergents
148:
71:shortness of breath
2114:Immunosuppressants
2019:(31–32): 528–534.
1833:10.1111/bcpt.13995
1716:10.1093/aje/kws427
1081:Cushing's syndrome
991:Allergic rhinitis
969:
884:mineralocorticoids
869:
798:
737:
643:
587:Second generation
531:
524:, intraocular and
520:are usually oral,
434:are used to treat
146:
2089:www.scifac.hku.hk
1993:978-1-68104-640-2
1644:978-0-323-29875-9
1158:nedocromil sodium
1069:adverse reactions
1052:
1051:
880:anti-inflammatory
690:allergic rhinitis
635:
634:
615:Third generation
551:First generation
432:H2-antihistamines
424:H1-antihistamines
395:
394:
366:Atopic dermatitis
307:Allergic rhinitis
268:respiratory tract
247:
246:
185:, metals such as
55:atopic dermatitis
47:allergic rhinitis
16:(Redirected from
2121:
2099:
2098:
2096:
2095:
2081:
2075:
2074:
2072:
2070:
2056:
2047:
2046:
2036:
2004:
1998:
1997:
1978:
1972:
1971:
1931:
1925:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1914:Cleveland Clinic
1906:
1897:
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1606:
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1528:Cleveland Clinic
1520:
1509:
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1434:(9): 1629–1637.
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1362:
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1301:
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1297:
1283:
1272:
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1267:
1253:
1228:Research led by
1096:arachidonic acid
1071:. These include
1048:Topical (cream)
972:
939:pro-inflammatory
787:vasoconstriction
721:vasoconstriction
559:Chlorpheniramine
534:
494:cardiac toxicity
295:
256:immunoglobulin E
243:drugs and more.
149:
119:, also known as
21:
2129:
2128:
2124:
2123:
2122:
2120:
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2118:
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2103:
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1994:
1980:
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1975:
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1932:
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1218:desensitization
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1154:cromolyn sodium
1146:calcium channel
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1061:fluid retention
1057:
1042:Hydrocortisone
1008:Chronic asthma
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941:factors in the
935:transactivation
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876:glucocorticoids
874:, specifically
872:Corticosteroids
861:
859:Corticosteroids
848:Pseudoephedrine
834:Pseudoephedrine
820:Pseudoephedrine
757:pseudoephedrine
675:
563:Brompheniramine
555:Diphenhydramine
510:allergic asthma
422:, specifically
417:
412:
404:
345:chest tightness
332:Allergic asthma
289:
272:digestive tract
252:
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86:corticosteroids
61:, watery eyes,
51:allergic asthma
28:
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1946:(5): 338–344.
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1806:
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1710:(2): 198–208.
1698:(2013-07-15).
1686:
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1560:(5): 427–429.
1540:
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1198:blood pressure
1178:
1175:
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1170:
1138:
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1103:5-lipoxygenase
1088:
1085:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1049:
1046:
1043:
1039:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1030:Hydrocortisone
1026:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1013:
1012:
1009:
1006:
996:
995:
992:
989:
987:Beclomethasone
983:
982:
979:
976:
958:
955:
918:
915:
911:adrenal cortex
860:
857:
856:
855:
845:
831:
806:Antihistamines
674:
671:
656:blurred vision
633:
632:
629:
619:Levocetirizine
616:
612:
611:
605:
588:
584:
583:
582:, intraocular
576:
569:
552:
548:
547:
544:
541:
538:
518:antihistamines
514:antihistamines
505:Antihistamines
452:smooth muscles
420:Antihistamines
416:
415:Antihistamines
413:
411:
408:
403:
400:
393:
392:
379:
373:
372:
369:
362:
361:
358:
352:
351:
334:
328:
327:
326:, watery eyes
320:or stuffy nose
310:
303:
302:
299:
288:
285:
251:
248:
245:
244:
226:
222:
221:
199:
195:
194:
173:Skin: plants,
161:
160:Environmental
157:
156:
153:
132:
129:
113:
110:
78:antihistamines
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
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3:
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2112:
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2065:
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2030:
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2018:
2014:
2010:
2003:
2000:
1995:
1989:
1985:
1984:
1977:
1974:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1930:
1927:
1915:
1911:
1905:
1903:
1899:
1887:
1883:
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1873:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1859:
1851:
1848:
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1839:
1834:
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1825:
1821:
1817:
1810:
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1717:
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1204:Immunotherapy
1203:
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1150:degranulation
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927:transcription
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839:
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832:
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821:
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817:
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813:
811:
810:decongestants
807:
803:
802:
794:
790:
788:
783:
781:
777:
772:
770:
765:
764:
760:
758:
754:
753:oxymetazoline
750:
746:
742:
733:
729:
728:
724:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
701:Decongestants
698:
697:
693:
691:
687:
683:
679:
678:Decongestants
673:Decongestants
672:
670:
668:
663:
661:
657:
653:
648:
647:
639:
630:
628:
624:
623:Desloratadine
620:
617:
614:
613:
610:
606:
604:
600:
596:
592:
589:
586:
585:
581:
577:
574:
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564:
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536:
535:
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523:
519:
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511:
506:
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497:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
469:
466:that lead to
465:
461:
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448:
447:
443:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
414:
409:
407:
401:
399:
391:
390:consciousness
387:
383:
380:
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375:
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370:
367:
364:
363:
359:
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354:
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346:
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284:
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273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
249:
242:
238:
234:
230:
227:
224:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
200:
197:
196:
193:
192:
188:
184:
183:insect stings
180:
176:
170:
166:
162:
159:
158:
154:
151:
150:
144:
142:
138:
131:Common causes
130:
128:
126:
122:
118:
111:
109:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
82:decongestants
79:
74:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
19:
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2088:
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2067:. Retrieved
2063:
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2012:
2002:
1982:
1976:
1943:
1939:
1929:
1917:. Retrieved
1913:
1889:. Retrieved
1885:
1875:
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1850:
1823:
1819:
1809:
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1764:
1760:
1750:
1707:
1703:
1689:
1672:
1668:
1658:
1648:, retrieved
1626:
1602:. Retrieved
1598:
1557:
1553:
1543:
1531:. Retrieved
1527:
1479:: 983–1003.
1476:
1472:
1431:
1427:
1398:. Retrieved
1394:
1385:
1373:. Retrieved
1369:
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1344:
1335:
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1319:
1294:. Retrieved
1290:
1264:. Retrieved
1260:
1251:
1229:
1227:
1207:
1180:
1140:
1092:Leukotrienes
1090:
1073:osteoporosis
1058:
1055:Side effects
1017:Prednisolone
960:
920:
907:biosynthesis
870:
854:(Telfast-D®)
852:Fexofenadine
814:
804:
800:
799:
784:
780:hypertension
773:
766:
763:Side effects
762:
761:
738:
726:
725:
699:
695:
694:
676:
664:
649:
646:Side effects
645:
644:
627:Fexofenadine
567:Promethazine
503:
499:
498:
492:but without
472:
468:vasodilation
449:
445:
444:
440:stomach acid
418:
405:
396:
309:(hay fever)
290:
253:
241:chemotherapy
233:sulfonamides
225:Medications
172:
134:
115:
75:
30:
29:
1287:"Allergies"
1186:anaphylaxis
1123:Zafirlukast
1119:Montelukast
1117:(including
1011:Inhalation
1004:fluticasone
994:Intranasal
963:therapeutic
957:Indications
947:eosinophils
891:homeostasis
828:Claritin-D®
749:Naphazoline
686:common cold
599:Acrivastine
377:Anaphylaxis
229:Antibiotics
35:medications
2094:2024-04-04
1886:SelfHacked
1858:StatPearls
1650:2024-04-06
1604:2024-04-04
1244:References
1214:sublingual
1182:Adrenaline
1177:Adrenaline
1166:irritation
1000:Budesonide
903:metabolism
838:Cetirizine
824:Loratadine
745:intranasal
652:drowsiness
609:intranasal
603:Azelastine
595:Loratadine
591:Cetirizine
575:, itching
522:intranasal
402:Management
388:, loss of
260:mast cells
141:dust mites
98:adrenaline
59:runny nose
1960:0002-9343
1783:2073-4409
1724:0002-9262
1450:2198-4093
1162:eye drops
1077:cataracts
951:cytokines
917:Mechanism
842:Zyrtec-D®
741:sinusitis
715:) on the
696:Mechanism
667:pregnancy
660:dry mouth
573:urticaria
540:Examples
446:Mechanism
428:hay fever
386:dizziness
368:(eczema)
276:histamine
250:Mechanism
220:and more
214:shellfish
175:cosmetics
155:Examples
152:Allergen
125:allergens
117:Allergies
63:itchiness
2108:Category
2069:28 March
2043:30149833
1968:14984820
1919:11 March
1891:11 March
1867:32119499
1842:38439200
1801:34943949
1742:23825167
1681:16784007
1576:20463270
1505:35942430
1400:28 March
1325:11 March
1131:Zileuton
776:insomnia
382:Flushing
341:wheezing
337:Coughing
313:Sneezing
281:sneezing
191:chromium
106:symptoms
67:coughing
2034:6131363
1792:8699886
1733:3816336
1567:2868610
1533:5 March
1496:9356736
1375:9 March
1350:5 March
1296:5 March
1266:3 April
1238:MRGPRX2
1234:MRGPRX2
1190:hormone
1098:by the
1045:Eczema
943:cytosol
931:nucleus
909:in the
899:steroid
888:glucose
747:forms.
707:in the
580:topical
526:topical
324:itching
137:pollens
112:Allergy
2041:
2031:
1990:
1966:
1958:
1865:
1840:
1799:
1789:
1781:
1740:
1730:
1722:
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1564:
1503:
1493:
1448:
1100:enzyme
1065:dosage
949:, and
905:, its
895:cortex
878:, are
607:Oral,
578:Oral,
237:NSAIDs
187:nickel
165:dander
69:, and
1761:Cells
1107:mucus
1024:Oral
975:Name
631:Oral
543:Uses
317:runny
287:Types
198:Food
169:mould
43:Egypt
39:China
2071:2024
2039:PMID
1988:ISBN
1964:PMID
1956:ISSN
1921:2024
1893:2024
1863:PMID
1838:PMID
1797:PMID
1779:ISSN
1738:PMID
1720:ISSN
1677:PMID
1639:ISBN
1572:PMID
1535:2024
1501:PMID
1446:ISSN
1402:2024
1377:2024
1352:2024
1327:2024
1298:2024
1268:2024
1156:and
1121:and
978:Use
808:and
751:and
658:and
270:and
264:skin
210:nuts
206:eggs
202:Milk
189:and
92:and
53:and
41:and
33:are
2029:PMC
2021:doi
2017:115
1948:doi
1944:116
1828:doi
1824:134
1787:PMC
1769:doi
1728:PMC
1712:doi
1708:178
1631:doi
1562:PMC
1491:PMC
1481:doi
1436:doi
688:or
528:.
218:soy
139:or
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