Criticism of democracy - Knowledge (XXG)

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have high corruption, as well as countries with no democracy having very little corruption. Varying types of democratic policies reduce corruption, but only high levels of, and multiple kinds of democratic institutions, such as open and free elections combined with judicial and legislative constraints, will effectively reduce corruption. One important internal element of democracy is the electoral process which can be considered easily corruptible. For example, it is not inevitable in a democracy that elections will be free and fair. The giving and receiving of bribes, the threat or use of violence, treatment, and impersonation are common ways that the electoral process can be corrupted, meaning that democracy is not impenetrable from external problems and can be criticized for allowing it to take place.

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government (even a potentially aristocratic democracy), at the expense of seeking the equal right to be the face of that democracy. And it is elections, not lots, that provide citizens with more opportunities to consent. In elections, citizens consent both to the procedure of elections and the product of the elections (even if they produce the election of elites). In lotteries, citizens consent only to the procedure of lots, but not to the product of the lots (even if they produce the election of the average person). That is, if the revolutionaries prioritized consent to be governed over equal opportunity to serve as the government, then their choice of elections over lotteries makes sense.

1465:" within any organization as part of the "tactical and technical necessities" of organization and on the topic of democracy, Michels stated: "It is organization which gives birth to the dominion of the elected over the electors, of the mandataries over the mandators, of the delegates over the delegators. Who says organization, says oligarchy" and went on to state "Historical evolution mocks all the prophylactic measures that have been adopted for the prevention of oligarchy". Michels stated that the official goal of democracy of eliminating elite rule was impossible, that democracy is a 1907:, this critique arises as part of a post-1990s trend in which various countries have sought to redefine "democracy" in ways that differ from Western multi-party democratic systems. Under the framing of whole-process people's democracy, the most important criteria for democracy is whether it can "solve the people's real problems," while a system in which "the people are awakened only for voting" is deemed not truly democratic. The concept is thus both a way of criticizing liberal democracy and deflecting criticism of the Chinese system. 823: 1851:

been uncovering is a gigantic cavern into which fall almost all of our ideas about social actions. Almost anything we say and/or anyone has ever said about what society wants or should get is threatened with internal inconsistency. It is as though people have been talking for years about a thing that cannot, "in principle," exist, and a major effort now is needed to see what objectively remains from the conversations.

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level and begins to democratize at the subnational level, among its social and private affairs. Dahl is not deeply concerned about the limits of his polyarchy spectrum because he believes that most countries today still have a long way before they reach full polyarchy status. For Dahl, whatever lies beyond full polyarchy is only possible, and thus only a concern, for advanced countries like those of Western Europe.

1554:(independently) argued that democracy was illusory, and served only to mask the reality of elite rule. Indeed, they argued that elite oligarchy is the unbendable law of human nature, due largely to the apathy and division of the masses (as opposed to the drive, initiative and unity of the elites), and that democratic institutions would do no more than shift the exercise of power from oppression to manipulation. 2031: 1973: 5622: 43: 1255:

this democratization in terms of the country's endorsement and reception of public contestation. Polyarchy, or "rule of the many people," is the only existing form of democratized government; that is, it is within polyarchies that democratization can flourish. Countries do not immediately transform from

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movement believed in biological inequality and natural hierarchies, and claimed that the individual is naturally subordinated to social collectivities such as the family, the society, and the state, which he claims are doomed to fail if based upon the "myth of equality" or "abstract liberty". Maurras

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Chinese policymakers argue that policy under democratic systems is largely restricted to ad hoc interventions which leaves social development vulnerable to market forces. According to this view, policy-making in democratic systems is limited to ad hoc policy interventions. Chinese planners argue that

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Fierlbeck (1998) believes that a majority rule that may not be in the best interest of all its citizens is not necessarily due to a failure in the democratic process, but rather, "because democracy is responsive to the desires of a large middle class increasingly willing to disregard the muted voices

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argue that much constitutional thought, from Madison to Lincoln and beyond, has focused on "the problem of majority tyranny". They conclude, "The principles of republican government embedded in the Constitution represent an effort by the framers to ensure that the inalienable rights of life, liberty,

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has been criticized for not offering enough political stability. As governments are frequently elected on and off there tends to be frequent changes in the policies of democratic countries both domestically and internationally. Reason Wafawarova argued in 2008 that rigid approaches to democracy may

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extends to politics, where the "rules of the game" in politics need to be enforced to achieve low transaction costs. Groups with political power can prefer inefficient policies and inefficient institutions and oppose further democratization. Anthony Downs argued that the political markets works much

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A 2014 study led by Princeton professor Martin Gilens of 1,779 U.S. government decisions concluded that "elites and organized groups representing business interests have substantial independent impacts on U.S. government policy, while average citizens and mass-based interest groups have little or no

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The inability of governments around the world to successfully deal with corruption is causing a global crisis of democracy. Whilst countries that have high levels of democracy tend to have low levels of different forms of corruption, it is also clear that countries with moderate levels of democracy

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democratic regimes do not exist—they do. Thus, Dahl rejects a democracy dichotomy in favor of a democratization spectrum. To Dahl, the question is not whether a country is a democracy or not. The question is to what extent a country is experiencing democratization at a national level. Dahl measures

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summarised the implications of the theorem in a non-mathematical form, stating that "no voting method is fair," "every ranked voting method is flawed," and "the only voting method that isn't flawed is a dictatorship". However, Arrow's formal premises can be considered overly strict, and with their

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The subject began with what seemed to be a minor problem with majority rule. "It is just a mathematical curiosity," said some...But intrigued and curious about this little hole, researchers, not deterred by the possibly irrelevant, began digging in the ground nearby...What they now appear to have

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of (aristocratic) elections in their respective democratic experiments. Manin suggests that the discrepancy is explained by the revolutionaries' contemporary preoccupation with one form of equality over another. The revolutionaries prioritized gaining the equal right to consent to their choice of

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into democracies. Instead, a country that adopts democracy as its form of government can only claim to have switched to polyarchy, which is conducive to, but does not guarantee democratization. Dahl's polyarchy spectrum ends at the point in which a country becomes a full polyarchy at the national

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is a major problem in America and is the main objection to democracies in general because the system does not incentivize being informed. Brennan cites a study where less than 30% of Americans can name two or more of the rights listed in the First Amendment of the Bill of Rights. He believes an

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combining elements of democracy, aristocracy and kingship... is reminiscent of Aristotle's preference for mixed government over either democracy or oligarchy." Scholars also consider "the substantial medieval literature in support of the Inquisitions" as opposed to modern ideas of democracy.

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and, thus, aristocratic. Manin does not dwell on direct democracy's potentially aristocratic elements, perhaps because he shares Montesquieu's belief that nothing is alarming about the exclusion of citizens who may be incompetent; this exclusion may be inevitable in any method of selection.

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A hereditary monarchy has been argued to be a more effective leadership selection process when communication was costly in pre-modern era. The spread of mass communication is argued to increase the efficiency of democratic forms for resolving the coordination problem of government.

1271:, "democracy is being so emptied of content that it can be instrumentally defended by those who use it in order to destroy it," saying that individuals calling for increased democratization and protection from fascism are labeled as leftists. De Sousa Santos says that while the 1388:. He says that modern representative governments exercise political power through aristocratic elections which, in turn, contradicts "rule of the people". As far as Montesquieu is concerned, elections favor the "best" citizens who Manin notes tend to be wealthy and 1660:

the same way as the economic market and that there could potentially be an equilibrium in the system because of the democratic process. However, he argued that imperfect knowledge in politicians and voters prevented the full realization of that equilibrium.

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to democracy, while others concerned about the sway of the public argue for limiting the ability of money to play a role in democracy. Critics claim that mass media actually shapes public opinion, and can therefore be used to "control" democracy.

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and in contrast supported an activist, voluntarist, anti-parliamentarian socialism. Michels would later become a supporter of fascism upon Mussolini's rise to power in 1922, viewing fascism's goal to destroy liberal democracy sympathetically.

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can lead to social unrest and revolutions. The extension of the democratic franchise can be seen as a commitment by the political elite in favor of economic redistribution and political redistribution to prevent social unrest, explaining the

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Dan Slater and Lucan Ahmad Way criticized the FBI for announcing that the agency would examine potentially incriminating evidence against Hillary Clinton's use of a private email server just 11 days before the election. The argue that

4653: 2283:" (the "oneness of God"), can be interpreted by fundamentalists to mean, among other things, that democracy as a political system is incompatible with the purported notion that laws not handed down by God should not be recognized. 1827:

2) If every voter's preference between X and Y remains unchanged, then the group's preference between X and Y will also remain unchanged (even if voters' preferences between other pairs like X and Z, Y and Z, or Z and W change).

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subordinates the national interest, or common good, to private interests of a parliament's representatives where only short-sighted interests of individuals prevail. Attempts to replace Democratic meritocracy with Authoritarian

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summoned by the monarch, or sometimes the nobles themselves, to deal with important matters of state." The "state of military technology and organization" in medieval Europe was "highly unfavorable in its effects" on democracy.

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dominance". Lagardelle opposed democracy for its universalism, and believed in the necessity of class separation of the proletariat from the bourgeoisie, as democracy did not recognize the social differences between them.

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was truly direct. Montesquieu finds that citizens who had reason to believe they would be accused as "unworthy of selection" commonly withheld their names from the lottery, thereby making selection by lot vulnerable to

1178:," while classical history seemed to provide examples of "the common man's inferiority" as in the cases of Athens and Rome, "which showed the populace turning to disorder". The three doctrines were developed during the 1610:

Political representatives might tend to vote against their constituency and for special interest groups with increasing lobbying money. Some aspects of lobbying have been criticized by some for contributing to a

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remarked that "No one pretends that democracy is perfect or all-wise. Indeed, it has been said that democracy is the worst form of government except all those other forms that have been tried from time to time."

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legitimizing the rule of a particular elite, and that elite rule, which he refers to as oligarchy, is inevitable. Michels had formerly been a Marxist but became drawn to the syndicalism of Sorel, Eduoard Berth,

1538:, elected or not...Democracy, by contrast, flourishes precisely by allowing a diversity of voices to be heard. It's all about having an equal say, an equal right to determine what political action is taken." 2130:

by working "to undermine public faith in the U.S. democratic process, denigrate Secretary Clinton, and harm her electability and potential presidency" − including passing material against the Democrats to

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defines democracies as systems of government that respond nearly fully to every one of their citizens. He then poses that no such, fully responsive system exists today. However, this does not mean that

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wrote that "they opposed democracy fundamentally for the same reason as Plato—that democracy led to disorder." Their unique historical contribution was to critique democracy under capitalism in modern

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and the different aspects of how to implement democracy best have been widely discussed. There are both internal critics (those who call upon the constitutional regime to be true to its own highest

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disclosed that he manipulated public opinion to rig elections in Latin America. According to him, with a budget of $ 600,000, he led a team of hackers that stole campaign strategies, manipulated

1588:, describes democracy as "...to a very large extent only a myth in practice...The high-sounding concept of 'individual freedom' only meant the freedom of those talented few to exploit the rest". 5381: 4993: 846:

ideas have been more influential... what we know of their ideas comes less from the writings and speeches of democratic advocates, of which only fragments survive, than from their critics".

1806:, and many may be unhappy with their decisions. In this way, they argue, Two-party democracies are inefficient. Such a system could result in a wealth disparity or racial discrimination. 2127: 1415:

However, Manin also provides criticism of the Athenians' experiment with direct democracy, or selection by lot. Manin reflects on Montesquieu's interrogation of the extent to which

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writings within the Asian traditions. But neither is it hard to find them in Western classics: One has only to reflect on the writings of Plato or Aquinas to see that devotion to

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Critics of democracy have often tried to highlight democracy's inconsistencies, paradoxes, and limits by contrasting it with other forms of government, such as a less democratic

1820:) can be logically incoherent. This is based on a certain set of criteria for democratic decision-making being inherently conflicting, i.e., these three "fairness" criteria: 2354: 1167:

Lippincott proposed that their three leading doctrines were "the common man's inferiority, the title of the few to rule, and authority". The main sources of these ideas were

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From 500 to 1500 AD, philosophers and political leaders around the world often advocated for traditional systems of governing society, which were critical of democracy.

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criticized democracy as being a "government by numbers" in which quantity matters more over quality and prefers the worst over the best. Maurras denounced the principles of

1101:. Hobbes was a critic of democracy because "the sovereign in a democracy (i.e. the people) can only exercise its power when it is actually assembled together...Only in a 3331: 1412:

believed that lotteries choose indifferently, preventing self-interest and partiality from polluting the citizen's choice (and thus prevent hereditary aristocracy).

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such interventions are incapable of coping with fundamental challenges such as environmental degradation, dysfunction in capital markets, and demographic change.

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Wang, Zhongyuan (2022). "Democracy with Chinese Adjectives: Whole-Process Democracy and China's Political Development". In Pieke, Frank N; Hofman, Bert (eds.).

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McMann, Kelly M.; Seim, Brigitte; Teorell, Jan; Lindberg, Staffan (July 2019). "Why Low Levels of Democracy Promote Corruption and High Levels Diminish It".

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is the capacity to govern always exercised." Hobbes also thought democracy would lead to instability, conflict, glory seeking, mistrust, and undermining the

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Gerring, John; Wig, Tore; Veenendaal, Wouter; Weitzel, Daniel; Teorell, Jan; Kikuta, Kyosuke (2021). "Why Monarchy? The Rise and Demise of a Regime Type".

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being lower than desired in some democracies has been attributed to several causes, with examples including reduced trust in democratic processes, lack of

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McChesney, Robert W. (July 2, 2016). "Journalism is dead! Long live journalism?: why democratic societies will need to subsidise future news production".

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over 110,000 people have been purged and nearly 40,000 have been imprisoned in Turkey, which is or was considered to be a democratic nation, during the

2045:. looks like synthesis for many of the sources - don't specifically look at democracy in the context of other systems, just at this aspect of democracy 4714: 1171:, middle-class ideas of power, and the classical education that they received in their youth. The three doctrines were "most perfectly represented in 869: 758: 1712:, democratic theorists worried about conditions where a majority could become tyrannical. Plato and James Madison, for example, were concerned about 4617:

Mosler, Martin; Schaltegger, Christoph (June 27, 2024). "The Swiss Debt Brake Is Democratic, Strict, Transparent, and Binding. A Model to Follow?".

864:"trained rigorously in...ancient learning" as a young man, and the ideas of ancient authors explain a "facet of Madison's recorded attitude on the 5380:. General Intelligence and Security Service (AIVD) National Coordinator for Security and Counterterrorism (NCTV). 2015. p. 12. Archived from 3636:

Balles, Patrick; Matter, Ulrich; Stutzer, Alois (May 31, 2024). "Special Interest Groups Versus Voters and the Political Economics of Attention".

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Gorton, William A. (January 2, 2016). "Manipulating Citizens: How Political Campaigns' Use of Behavioral Social Science Harms Democracy".

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According to Dahl, Aristotle and Plato would agree with most advocates of modern democracy that an aim of the society is "to produce good

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Van Brakel, Rosamunde (June 25, 2021). "How to Watch the Watchers? Democratic Oversight of Algorithmic Police Surveillance in Belgium".

1896: 5630: 2583: 2543: 2599: 5658: 5112: 4775: 4075:"liberalism In general, the belief that it is the aim of politics to preserve individual rights and to maximize freedom of choice." 3692: 3566:

Demetriades, Panicos; Vassileva, Radosveta (August 17, 2020). "Money Laundering and Central Bank Governance in The European Union".

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informed voter should have extensive knowledge of the candidate's current and previous political beliefs/tendencies. He proposes an

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The practice of orthodox Islam in the form of Salafism can clash with a democratic system. The core precept of Islam, that of "

853: 711: 2126:− has become central to elections around the world. In December 2016 United States' intelligence agencies made allegations of 2433: 2296: 1328:, planting or creating compromising material and perpetuation of public fear may be used to suppress dissent. After a failed 2505: 1400:. Manin further evinces the aristocratic nature of representative governments by contrasting them with the ancient style of 53: 3939: 2308:

believed it's reckless to allow common men to vote. The vote of an expert has equal value to the vote of 'an incompetent'.

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democracy promote "rule of the people," but that elections lead to the "rule of the aristocratic". Manin explains that in

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provides a more "coherent ideological basis for a well-ordered Asian society than Western notions of individual liberty".

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These critiques largely see people as incapable of self-rule, preferring the empowerment of religious or secular elites.

1627:. Spatially concentrated costs and diffuse benefits together with regulatory transaction costs can result in ineffective 4193: 1164:. They believed that democracy produced anarchy in society, not simply anarchy within the individual as Plato believed. 913:

in his critique of the democratic government. At the heart of his critique were how democracy failed "in the search for

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has been an important pillar of society for much of the world, and some critics have defended this tradition from "the

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Short-term incentives on elected politicians can lead to short-term benefits, while ignoring long-term risks such as

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believed that lotteries prevent jealousy and distribute offices equally (among citizens from different ranks), while

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was a mild critic who "disliked the power that he thought the expansion of democracy necessarily gave to the poor."

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writes, "Although the practices of modern democracy bear only a weak resemblance to the political institutions of

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Criticism of democracy has been a key part of democracy, its functions, and its development throughout history.

5945: 5917: 2169:, a right-of-center candidate, win the election. Televised debates and, according to George Bishop, inaccurate 1903:

without, in the party's view, genuinely reflecting the interests of the people. According to Wang Zhongyuan of

1781: 1709: 1531: 1350: 1221: 1217: 608: 453: 313: 1474:, and Enrico Leone and had become strongly opposed parliamentarian, legalistic, and bureaucratic socialism of 937:, allowing most Athenians to "believe silly things about their past and the institutions of their opponents". 4920: 1336:. Fake parties, phantom political rivals, and "scarecrow" opponents may be used to undermine the opposition. 4269: 2214: 1892: 1758: 1746: 1713: 1699: 1527: 1145: 1085: 822: 613: 548: 458: 433: 288: 3900: 3786: 2842: 2629: 1831:

3) There is no "dictator": no single voter possesses the power to always determine the group's preference.

1793: 1773: 1429: 1397: 1315: 1241: 1207: 868:". The influence of the ancient critiques of democracy is seen in how Madison spent the months before the 438: 395: 323: 278: 258: 239: 179: 169: 164: 144: 5826: 4046: 2154: 5905: 4401:"Review Procedures And Public Accountability In Sunset Legislation: An Analysis And Proposal For Reform" 3332:"Turkey's ruthless, slow-motion coup: 110,000 purged as Western ally cracks down on dissent, journalism" 2402: 2376: 2358:

as based upon the false assumption of liberty and the false assumption of equality. He claimed that the

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contends that liberal democracy is insufficiently meritocratic and fails to choose trustworthy leaders.

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displays its support for democracy, its approval of governments being overthrown is a double standard.

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to suggest that the dominant form of government, representative as opposed to direct, is effectively

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James M. Buchanan and Richard E. Wagner argue that the nontransparent nature of tax system causes a

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extensively studied the historic attempts at and arguments on democracy in his preparation for the

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claimed that French revolutionary syndicalism came to being as the result of "the reaction of the

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Walker, Christopher; Aten, Melissa (2018). "The Rise of Kleptocracy: A Challenge For Democracy".

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Various reasons can be found for eliminating or suppressing political opponents. Methods such as

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moments in modern democracies; they have termed the societies produced by modern democracies as

5921: 4494:"The Conditionality of Political Short-Termism: A Review of Empirical and Experimental Studies" 3977: 3003: 5893: 5882: 5834: 5808: 5786: 5766: 5756: 5734: 5712: 5692: 5682: 5599: 5589: 5570: 5550: 5540: 5526: 5501: 5358: 5308: 5265: 5234: 5194: 5159: 5067: 5049: 4820: 4812: 4771: 4726: 4683: 4634: 4591: 4550: 4515: 4474: 4464: 4412: 4310: 4277: 4183: 4110: 4080: 3959: 3920: 3881: 3688: 3663: 3618: 3583: 3409: 3361: 3093: 3052: 2976: 2930: 2891: 2815: 2717: 2675: 2579: 2575: 2539: 2491: 2487: 2427: 2412: 2300: 2206: 2202: 2146: 2106: 1777:

undermine that ability for a developing country to achieve long-term stability and democracy.

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1) If every voter prefers alternative X over alternative Y, then the group prefers X over Y.

1534:. "Democracy is not government by the best in our society, because such a thing is called an 5748: 5674: 5532: 5491: 5483: 5456: 5298: 5257: 5226: 5186: 5151: 5057: 5039: 4862: 4804: 4718: 4673: 4665: 4626: 4581: 4542: 4505: 4454: 4347: 4302: 4228: 3979:

Political Parties – A Sociological Study of the Oligarchical Tendencies of Modern Democracy,

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A major scholarly attack based on democracy was made by German-Italian political scientist

1064:." In many societies today, people of faith challenge the idea of "secularism as the only ' 5586:

Against the masses : varieties of anti-democratic thought since the French Revolution

2464:"Democratic Athens as an Experimental System: History and the Project of Political Theory" 2324: 2234: 1952: 1920: 1673: 1579: 1547: 1471: 1211: 1106: 694: 518: 478: 263: 5406: 4793:"Commentary: Manipulators and Manipulation: Public Opinion in a Representative Democracy" 5035: 1396:

government officials or the citizens with the strongest personalities, which results in

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was skeptical of democracy and advocated for "government by the best qualified". Modern

5909: 5062: 5019: 4764: 4654:"Preferences for consensus and majoritarian democracy: long- and short-term influences" 4099: 3997: 3770: 2656:"Leo Strauss and Anglo-American Democracy: A Conservative Critique, by Grant N. Havers" 2119: 2102: 1885: 1721: 1652: 1450: 1237: 1141: 1133: 971: 827: 623: 513: 283: 17: 4144: 3817:

Downs, Anthony (April 1957). "An Economic Theory of Political Action in a Democracy".

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result algorithms may be used to alter the perception and opinion of voters. In 2016

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reasonable weakening, the logical incoherence of democracy looks much less critical.

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criticizes liberal democracy for excessively relying on procedural formalities or

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Medieval Jewish political philosophy was influenced by Plato, Muslim thought, and

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greatly influenced East Asian societies over time, and political leaders, such as

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Ward, Norman (February 1949). "Electoral Corruption and Controverted Elections".

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While surveillance in democracies has been justified with arguments on enforcing

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was not invented by democrats but developed instead as a medieval institution of

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Enlightened republicanism: a study of Jefferson's Notes on the State of Virginia

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Plato is considered one of the most important opponents of democratic rule in

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famously opposed democracy, arguing for a 'government of the best qualified';

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to delegate power more directly and unfiltered through the election process.

1025:

wrote about traditional Asian societies, "It is not hard, of course, to find

5770: 5603: 5230: 3916: 3774: 3740: 3048: 2256: 2132: 2123: 1870: 1523: 1503: 1458: 1393: 1362: 1203: 1114: 1057: 991: 948: 940: 930: 892: 849: 802: 778: 774: 739: 603: 558: 418: 120: 105: 31: 5444: 5071: 4824: 4740: 3579: 3408:. Vol. 1. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO, Inc. pp. 418–419. 3183: 3164: 2463: 1729:

warned that "an elective despotism is not the government we fought for". A

1466: 5886: 5261: 3614: 3089: 2887: 2811: 4630: 3649: 2475: 2274: 1931:. Some election systems have been shown to reward financial prudence and 1605: 1256: 1168: 1117:

concerns about "the strongest passions and most dangerous weaknesses" of

1102: 1094: 999: 770: 598: 568: 533: 355: 5536: 4722: 4424: 3658: 3193: 2942: 2918: 2261:

Theocracies view deities as supreme ruling authorities, not the people.

1428:

Additionally, Manin is interested in explaining the discrepancy between

5496: 4459: 4400: 4359: 4240: 3838: 3266: 2988: 2961:"Can the Postcolonial Critic Speak? Orientalism and the Rushdie Affair" 2960: 2729: 2697: 2217:. Existing democratic oversight of surveillance has been criticized of 2162: 1742: 1015: 922: 888: 794: 786: 4895:"Was the 2016 U.S. election democratic? Here are 7 serious shortfalls" 4678: 4510: 4493: 3552: 3250: 4792: 4299:

Analytical Theory of Democracy: History, Mathematics and Applications

2871: 2849:(Winter 2019 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University 2795: 2280: 2185:

and truth finding role in a democracy, also described as part of the

884: 618: 5018:

Davis, Colin J.; Bowers, Jeffrey S.; Memon, Amina (March 30, 2011).

4965:

Robertson, Jordan; Riley, Michael; Willis, Andrew (March 31, 2016).

4351: 3862:"Economic Determinants of Political Unrest: An Econometric Approach" 2972: 2713: 2059:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. 5569:. Translated by Waters, Liz. London: The Bodley Head. p. 133. 5177:

Josephi, Beate (2013). "How much democracy does journalism need?".

4382:"Approach with Caution: Sunset Clauses as Safeguards of Democracy?" 4232: 3830: 3544: 3010:(Fall 2021 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University 2671: 1725:

and the pursuit of happiness would not be trampled by majorities".

1361:, virtually every citizen has the chance to be selected (sometimes 876:

and histories of past attempts at republican forms of government".

4172:

The Idea of China: Chinese Thinkers on Power, Progress, and People

2305: 1632: 1366: 1037: 952: 914: 821: 750: 4447:

CPC Futures The New Era of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics

3358:

Virtual politics : faking democracy in the post-Soviet world

2600:

Time to Remove the Bananas...and Return Our Republic to Democracy

2221:, limited independence typically from the executive, and limited 1733:

would limit the powers of what a simple majority can accomplish.

1596:

has the potential to erode democracy, including at global scale.

1121:, would use some of these critiques to improve modern democracy. 4169:

Bachulska, Alicja; Leonard, Mark; Oertel, Janka (July 2, 2024).

4101:

Beyond Rawls: An Analysis of the Concept of Political Liberalism

4051:

Essays on Government, Houghton Mifflin & Co. New York, 1890.

2161:

to create false waves of enthusiasm and derision, and installed

777:. They have characterized most modern democracies as democratic 4711:

Red Swan: How Unorthodox Policy-Making Facilitated China's Rise

1018:

concepts and was "monarchist, and inherently anti-democratic."

5615: 4301:. Studies in Choice and Welfare. Cham, Switzerland: Springer. 2919:"The Attitude Towards Democracy in Medieval Jewish Philosophy" 2468:

Princeton/Stanford Working Papers in Classics Paper No. 110512

2024: 1966: 917:" and how leaders and citizens attempted "to impose their own 36: 4533:

Lipscy, Phillip Y. (2018). "Democracy and Financial Crisis".

1765:

of economically marginalized groups within its own borders".

1453:

who developed the mainstream political science theory of the

5445:"Can meritocracy replace democracy? A conceptual framework" 4338:

Plott, Charles R (1976). "Axiomatic social choice theory".

1365:) to populate the government but in modern republics, only 5252:

Haggerty, Kevin D.; Samatas, Minas, eds. (July 12, 2010).

4921:"Merkel fears social bots may manipulate German election" 4766:

Democracy in Deficit: The Political Legacy of Lord Keynes

4274:

The Corruption Conundrum and Other Paradoxes and Dilemmas

4079:, Iain McLean and Alistair McMillan, Third edition 2009, 3710:"Democracy and the Management of International Conflict" 2128:

Russian interference in the 2016 United States Elections

1780:

In his criticism of Western liberal democracy, academic

1651:

will generally lead to inefficient conflict resolution.

3533:

The Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science

2048: 1990: 1935:. Different voting systems lead to different levels of 1392:. As far as Rousseau is concerned, elections favor the 909:, witnessed the fall of Athenian democracy and applied 5426: 5424: 5422: 1498:

against idiotic democracy," which he claimed was "the

742:) and external ones who reject the values promoted by 4215:

Meltzer, Allan H.; Richard, Scott F. (October 1981).

2691: 2689: 1802:, only a few people hold the balance of power in an 5374:

Salafism in the Netherlands: Diversity and dynamics

2630:"Democracy and Its Critics | Yale University Press" 2538:. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 1–16. 2355:

Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

2205:itself can pose a risk to democracy in the form of 1842:This situation was metaphorically characterized by 1737:safeguards against the tyranny of majority through 895:are companions... developing citizens who seek the 860:incorporated some of these critiques. For example, 4893:Slater, Dan; Way, Lucan Ahmad (January 12, 2017). 4763: 4098: 2574:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 986:of medieval Italy... were ultimately submerged in 3147:After the Revolution? Authority in a Good Society 2413:Liberal democracy § Objections and criticism 2265:combines authority by both deity and the people. 5087:"Polls Can Create an Illusion of Public Opinion" 3387:Democratic theory: the philosophical foundations 3305:"Turkey's crackdown on dissent has gone too far" 2367:face challenges since power can override merit. 1880:with an extension review process are discussed. 1812:suggests that winner-take-all elections (unlike 1430:18th-century American and French revolutionaries 4762:Buchanan, James M.; Wagner, Richard E. (1977). 4652:Ferrín, Mónica; Hernández, Enrique (May 2021). 3119:. The University of Minnesota Press. p. 5. 2775:"Thucydides' Criticism of Democratic Knowledge" 1848: 1822: 56:for grammar, style, cohesion, tone, or spelling 4568:Buchs, Aurélia; Soguel, Nils (April 1, 2022). 3163:De Sousa Santos, Boaventura (March 21, 2023). 4217:"A Rational Theory of the Size of Government" 2173:may also be able to shift election outcomes. 1859:(1976) Axiomatic social choice theory, p. 511 712: 8: 5113:"The Challenges of Investigative Journalism" 3940:"Does Democracy Reduce Economic Inequality?" 3684:Democracy and lobbying in the European Union 3135:. The University of Minnesota Press. p. 257. 2841:Kilcullen, John; Robinson, Jonathan (2019), 1436:of the "equality of all citizens" and their 1068:' way to deal with the challenges of life." 905:, the famous ancient Greek historian of the 5785:. New Brunswick, : Transaction Publishers. 4129:Shrag, P. (1956), "India elected anarchy." 3360:(1st ed.). New Haven : Yale Univ. Pr. 2570:The Principles of Representative Government 4797:Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law 4145:"Opinion: Head to head: African democracy" 793:; and they have contrasted democracy with 719: 705: 93: 5902:Henry Holt & Company. New York, 1919. 5733:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 5659:Learn how and when to remove this message 5567:Against Elections: The Case for Democracy 5495: 5302: 5061: 5043: 4715:The Chinese University of Hong Kong Press 4677: 4585: 4509: 4458: 3790: 3657: 3428: 3381: 3379: 3377: 3225: 3192: 3182: 2075:Learn how and when to remove this message 2013:Learn how and when to remove this message 1708:or majoritarian democracies that embrace 1520:Against Elections: The Case for Democracy 80:Learn how and when to remove this message 27:Critiques of democratic political systems 5914:Charles Scribner's Sons. New York, 1896. 5833:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 4888: 4886: 4884: 4791:Jacobs, Lawrence R. (December 1, 2001). 4411:(4). American Bar Association: 393–413. 3405:World Fascism: a Historical Encyclopedia 1109:. Later Enlightenment thinkers, such as 1006:government," and had its beginnings in " 30:For broader coverage of this topic, see 5430: 5212: 5210: 5208: 4701: 4699: 4697: 4143:Wafawarova, Reason (October 16, 2008). 3008:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 2847:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 2536:Polyarchy: Participation and Opposition 2451: 2331:and member of the far-right FRS of the 2181:Investigative journalism can perform a 1984:not related to the topic of the article 1681:. In what situations democracy reduces 1522:, argues that allocating power through 1340:Elections give oligarchs too much power 1079:, one of the first philosophers of the 104: 5091:The Opinion Pages - The New York Times 4919:Copley, Caroline (November 24, 2016). 4451:National University of Singapore Press 4440: 4438: 4436: 4434: 3899:Acemoglu, D.; Robinson, J. A. (2000). 3739:Foster, David; Warren, Joseph (2022). 1182:and the Enlightenment by writers like 5805:The Crisis of Parliamentary Democracy 5753:The Case Against the Democratic State 5443:He, Baogang; Warren, Mark E. (2020). 5407:"Plato | Criticism of democracy" 4340:American Journal of Political Science 4180:European Council on Foreign Relations 4077:Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics 4019:Richard J. Ellis and Michael Nelson, 3812: 3810: 3568:Journal of International Economic Law 3440: 3397: 3395: 3158: 3156: 3026: 3024: 2954: 2952: 2865: 2863: 2768: 2766: 2764: 2698:"James Madison and the Nature of Man" 2561: 2559: 2557: 2555: 2529: 2527: 1198:Arguments for further democratization 7: 5085:Bishop, George (November 30, 2015). 4942:Gaycken, Sandro (October 18, 2016). 3944:British Journal of Political Science 2624: 2622: 2620: 2618: 2616: 2614: 2612: 2135:to discredit the election and favor 1884:are discussed to increase long-term 1530:, fixes many of the shortcomings of 5588:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 4992:Staufenberg, Jess (April 2, 2016). 3149:. New Haven: Yale University Press. 3129:Lippincott, Benjamin Evans (1938). 3113:Lippincott, Benjamin Evans (1938). 1224:or relying more on mechanisms like 970:Italian philosopher and theologian 5956:Criticisms of political philosophy 4196:from the original on July 17, 2024 3905:The Quarterly Journal of Economics 3472:"How Corruption Weakens Democracy" 1546:The 20th-century Italian thinkers 1369:have the chance of being elected. 1310:Suppression of political opponents 25: 5449:Philosophy & Social Criticism 5144:Journal of Media Business Studies 4658:European Political Science Review 4048:"Democracy and the Constitution," 3982:Jarrold & Sons. London, 1916. 3170:Journal of World-Systems Research 1349:Bernard Manin believes that both 1036:Since the post-classical period, 5755:. Thorverton: Imprint Academic. 5620: 3779:Journal of Comparative Economics 3330:Norton, Ben (November 2, 2016). 3078:Coleman, Frank (June 12, 2017). 2872:"Democracy as a Universal Value" 2773:Ober, Josiah (January 1, 1993). 2029: 1971: 1897:whole-process people's democracy 1089:in 1651 in defense of "absolute 688: 41: 5807:. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. 5783:Democracy - the God That Failed 4944:"The new power of manipulation" 4492:Ogami, Masakazu (May 2, 2024). 3993:"The Federalist Papers: No. 10" 3745:Journal of Theoretical Politics 3084:. University of Toronto Press. 2923:Jewish Political Studies Review 2843:"Medieval Political Philosophy" 2702:Journal of the History of Ideas 2654:Arnhart, Larry (June 1, 2015). 1033:is not a special Asian taste." 672:Latin America and the Caribbean 5899:Democratic Ideals and Reality, 5531:. Princeton University Press. 5528:Against Democracy: New Preface 5111:Waisbord, Silvio (2001–2002). 3866:Journal of Conflict Resolution 3714:Journal of Conflict Resolution 3165:"Silence of the Intellectuals" 3132:Victorian Critics of Democracy 3116:Victorian Critics of Democracy 2434:The Myth of the Rational Voter 2408:General will § Criticisms 2297:Democracy: The God That Failed 2165:in opposition offices to help 1959:than democratically expected. 1716:. Professors Richard Ellis of 1: 5911:Problems of Modern Democracy, 5643:and help improve the section. 5476:Comparative Political Studies 5156:10.1080/16522354.2016.1184919 4867:10.1080/07393148.2015.1125119 4399:Davis, Lewis Anthony (1981). 3687:. Campus Verlag. p. 10. 3006:, in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.), 2845:, in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.), 1993:or discuss this issue on the 1810:Arrow's impossibility theorem 1457:in 1911. Michels argued that 1306:for new political movements. 1216:These arguments support more 1132:critics of democracy include 484:Democracy and economic growth 5045:10.1371/journal.pone.0018154 4770:. New York: Academic Press. 4221:Journal of Political Economy 3938:Timmons, Jeffrey F. (2010). 3819:Journal of Political Economy 3255:The American Economic Review 3251:"Entry Barriers in Politics" 3214:Communication and the Public 2796:"Confucianism and Democracy" 1689:Debated aspects of democracy 982:Democracy existed in a few " 872:"studying many centuries of 854:Plato's political philosophy 677:Middle East and North Africa 544:Peaceful transition of power 4107:University Press of America 3726:10.1177/0022002793037001002 2870:Sen, Amartya Kumar (1999). 2744:"The Life of James Madison" 2440:The Rise of the Meritocracy 2055:the claims made and adding 1818:proportional representation 1623:Democracy tends to improve 574:Proportional representation 5982: 5926:John Murray. London, 1886. 5868:The Caxton Printers, 1952. 5860:Kuehnelt-Leddihn, Erik von 5731:The Dark Side of Democracy 5254:Surveillance and Democracy 5219:Surveillance & Society 4809:10.1215/03616878-26-6-1361 4587:10.1007/s11127-021-00949-z 4535:International Organization 4297:Tangian, Andranik (2020). 3878:10.1177/002200277301700205 3860:Parvin, Manoucher (1973). 3708:Dixon, William J. (1993). 3476:Transparency International 3402:Blamires, Cyprian (2006). 3285:. Rockford Institute. 2003 2794:Fukuyama, Francis (1995). 2696:Ketcham, Ralph L. (1958). 2660:American Political Thought 2393:Collective problem solving 2374: 2290: 2272: 2254: 2232: 2086: 1791: 1697: 1603: 1570: 1313: 1269:Boaventura de Sousa Santos 1235: 1201: 29: 5711:. Yale University Press. 5584:Femia, Joseph V. (2001). 5332:Oxford English Dictionary 5304:10.1177/26317877221129290 5285:Zuboff, Shoshana (2022). 4967:"How to Hack an Election" 4670:10.1017/S1755773921000047 4547:10.1017/S0020818318000279 4405:Administrative Law Review 4307:10.1007/978-3-030-39691-6 3956:10.1017/S0007123410000165 3801:10.1016/j.jce.2003.09.003 3757:10.1177/09516298211044852 2917:Melamed, Avraham (1993). 1955:which results in greater 1788:Winner-take-all elections 1755:right to private property 1606:Lobbying § Criticism 1417:Athenian direct democracy 1158:Benjamin Evans Lippincott 870:Constitutional Convention 759:Constitutional Convention 5894:Mackinder, Sir Halford J 5853:The Heresy of Democracy, 5848:Newcastle, Lord Percy of 5679:The Problem of Democracy 5488:10.1177/0010414020938090 5461:10.1177/0191453720948388 5191:10.1177/1464884912464172 4270:Raghunathan, Viswanathan 3510:10.1177/1065912919862054 3454:Perspectives on politics 3249:Tullock, Gordon (1965). 3227:10.1177/2057047319829580 3208:Park, Chang Sup (2019). 3145:Dahl, Robert A. (1970). 3002:Duncan, Stewart (2021), 2534:Dahl, Robert A. (1972). 2177:Investigative journalism 1886:electoral accountability 1739:rights of the individual 1710:political egalitarianism 1563:independent influence." 1532:representative democracy 1222:representative democracy 1218:political egalitarianism 744:constitutional democracy 629:Wars between democracies 609:Territorial peace theory 454:Democratic confederalism 5918:Maine, Sir Henry Sumner 5856:Henry Regnery Co, 1955. 5256:. Routledge-Cavendish. 5231:10.24908/ss.v19i2.14325 4498:Politics and Governance 4386:23 Eur. J.L. Reform 147 4021:Debating the presidency 3917:10.1162/003355300555042 3681:Karr, Karolina (2007). 3356:Wilson, Andrew (2005). 3049:10.1111/1467-9256.00101 3031:Apperley, Alan (1999). 2566:Manin, Bernard (1997). 2229:Anti-democratic thought 2215:surveillance capitalism 1893:Chinese Communist Party 1759:equality before the law 1747:consent of the governed 1714:tyranny of the majority 1700:Tyranny of the majority 1146:James Fitzjames Stephen 921:-dependent meanings on 785:; they have identified 614:Tyranny of the majority 549:Political demonstration 459:Democratic peace theory 434:Deliberative referendum 18:Anti-democratic thought 5951:Criticism of democracy 5709:Democracy and Populism 5335:. 2015. Archived from 5297:(3): 263178772211292. 3184:10.5195/JWSR.2023.1177 2959:Majid, Anouar (1995). 2314:low information voters 2109:as a reason to prefer 1963:Influence of the media 1862: 1833: 1794:Political polarization 1774:Majoritarian democracy 1720:and Michael Nelson of 1674:socioeconomic mobility 1398:hereditary aristocracy 1316:Suppression of dissent 1242:Democratic backsliding 1208:Deliberative democracy 925:". Thucydides blamed " 831: 732:Criticism of democracy 439:Democratic backsliding 429:Criticism of democracy 5262:10.4324/9780203852156 4855:New Political Science 4619:The Economists' Voice 4097:Young, Shaun (2002). 4045:Lowell, A. Lawrence. 3615:10.1353/jod.2018.0001 3090:10.3138/9781442652989 3033:"Hobbes on Democracy" 2888:10.1353/jod.1999.0055 2812:10.1353/jod.1995.0029 2403:Group decision-making 2377:Criticism of monarchy 2375:Further information: 2350:Jean-Jacques Rousseau 2327:, a supporter of the 1982:may contain material 1895:political concept of 1718:Willamette University 1647:states that non-zero 1604:Further information: 1567:Preventing corruption 1487:French revolutionary 1461:is inevitable as an " 1455:iron law of oligarchy 1382:Jean-Jacques Rousseau 1326:counterterrorism-laws 1314:Further information: 1232:Not democratic enough 1093:" and supporting the 1062:traditional societies 1054:historical continuity 1048:" and an "uncritical 963:Post-classical period 825: 773:or a more democratic 494:Electoral competition 474:Democratic transition 449:Democratic centralism 444:Democratic capitalism 5966:Political philosophy 5865:Liberty or Equality, 5563:Reybrouck, David Van 4631:10.1515/ev-2024-0021 3638:The Economic Journal 3603:Journal of Democracy 3580:10.1093/jiel/jgaa011 2876:Journal of Democracy 2800:Journal of Democracy 2476:10.2139/ssrn.1426841 2360:parliamentary system 2287:Voter literacy tests 1991:improve this section 1875:state of emergencies 1800:median voter theorem 1528:citizens' assemblies 1226:citizens' assemblies 874:political philosophy 469:Democratic socialism 5923:Popular Government, 5881:. New York: Knopf. 5779:Hoppe, Hans-Hermann 5537:10.2307/j.ctvc77mcz 5415:. January 23, 2021. 5291:Organization Theory 5036:2011PLoSO...618154D 4723:10.2307/j.ctv2n7q6b 4707:Heilmann, Sebastian 4178:. Berlin, Germany: 4001:. December 29, 1998 3741:"The NIMBY problem" 2512:. November 11, 1947 2418:Illiberal democracy 2345:The Social Contract 2223:checks and balances 2183:checks and balances 2145:and other forms of 2097:Post-truth politics 1957:government spending 1911:Short-term thinking 1814:multi-winner voting 1706:consensus democracy 1683:economic inequality 1664:Economic inequality 1629:conflict resolution 1625:conflict resolution 1619:Conflict resolution 1516:David Van Reybrouck 1422:self-selection bias 1404:. Manin notes that 1334:2016 Turkish purges 1072:Early modern period 1044:assumptions of the 935:epistemic knowledge 818:Classical antiquity 736:debate on democracy 695:Politics portal 489:Democracy promotion 464:Democratic republic 5878:Notes on democracy 5825:(April 15, 1975). 5681:. London: Arktos. 5387:on January 5, 2019 4460:10.56159/eai.52060 4133:, 289(1734), 50-9. 3650:10.1093/ej/ueae020 3644:(662): 2290–2320. 3081:Hobbes and America 2748:www.montpelier.org 2634:yalebooks.yale.edu 2578:, 67–93, 132–160. 2398:Democracy in China 2312:believes that the 2239:Dark Enlightenment 2219:regulatory capture 2207:surveillance state 2167:Enrique Peña Nieto 2093:Media manipulation 2089:Crowd manipulation 2040:possibly contains 1751:political equality 1613:democratic deficit 1600:Effect of lobbying 1359:direct democracies 1292:political efficacy 1162:industrial society 911:scientific history 832: 813:Historical debates 799:anarcho-capitalism 634:Waves of democracy 594:Right to candidacy 564:Popular referendum 554:Political equality 424:Citizens' assembly 60:You can assist by 5840:978-0-226-07488-7 5814:978-0-262-69126-0 5803:(June 22, 1988). 5792:978-0-7658-0868-4 5762:978-0-907845-38-6 5740:978-0-521-53854-1 5718:978-0-300-10773-9 5707:(March 8, 2005). 5688:978-1-907166-16-7 5675:Benoist, Alain de 5669: 5668: 5661: 5595:978-0-19-828063-7 5576:978-1-84792-422-3 5546:978-1-4008-8839-9 5359:Times and Seasons 5271:978-1-136-97451-9 4732:978-962-996-827-4 4511:10.17645/pag.7764 4470:978-981-18-5206-0 4316:978-3-030-39690-9 4283:978-0-670-08356-5 4276:. Penguin Books. 4189:978-1-916682-42-9 4116:978-0-7618-2240-0 4085:978-0-19-920516-5 4065:Federalist No. 10 3976:Michels, Robert. 3385:James L. Hyland. 3311:. October 4, 2016 3099:978-1-4426-5298-9 2965:Cultural Critique 2606:, 6 November 2002 2510:api.parliament.uk 2506:"Parliament Bill" 2470:. Rochester, NY. 2428:Political warfare 2301:Voter suppression 2203:mass surveillance 2147:online propaganda 2085: 2084: 2077: 2042:original research 2023: 2022: 2015: 1882:Sunset provisions 1878:sunset provisions 1735:Liberal democracy 1670:income inequality 1649:transaction costs 1639:Transaction costs 1585:Bunch of Thoughts 1492:Hubert Lagardelle 1372:Manin draws from 1304:barriers to entry 1288:compulsory voting 1099:English Civil War 1056:and the sense of 1052:," which "erodes 974:advocated for "a 933:for a failure of 907:Peloponnesian War 858:liberal democracy 807:absolute monarchy 763:Winston Churchill 729: 728: 584:Right to petition 90: 89: 82: 16:(Redirected from 5973: 5941:Authoritarianism 5890: 5844: 5831:Victorian People 5818: 5796: 5774: 5744: 5722: 5700: 5664: 5657: 5653: 5650: 5644: 5639:Please read the 5635:may need cleanup 5624: 5623: 5616: 5607: 5580: 5558: 5510: 5509: 5499: 5482:(3–4): 585–622. 5471: 5465: 5464: 5455:(9): 1093–1112. 5440: 5434: 5428: 5417: 5416: 5403: 5397: 5396: 5394: 5392: 5386: 5379: 5369: 5363: 5355: 5349: 5348: 5346: 5344: 5339:on July 21, 2013 5323: 5317: 5316: 5306: 5282: 5276: 5275: 5249: 5243: 5242: 5214: 5203: 5202: 5174: 5168: 5167: 5139: 5133: 5132: 5130: 5128: 5108: 5102: 5101: 5099: 5097: 5082: 5076: 5075: 5065: 5047: 5015: 5009: 5008: 5006: 5004: 4989: 4983: 4982: 4980: 4978: 4962: 4956: 4955: 4953: 4951: 4946:. Deutsche Welle 4939: 4933: 4932: 4930: 4928: 4916: 4910: 4909: 4907: 4905: 4890: 4879: 4878: 4850: 4844: 4843: 4841: 4839: 4803:(6): 1361–1374. 4788: 4782: 4781: 4769: 4759: 4753: 4752: 4703: 4692: 4691: 4681: 4649: 4643: 4642: 4614: 4608: 4607: 4589: 4565: 4559: 4558: 4530: 4524: 4523: 4513: 4489: 4483: 4482: 4462: 4442: 4429: 4428: 4396: 4390: 4389: 4378: 4372: 4371: 4335: 4329: 4328: 4294: 4288: 4287: 4266: 4260: 4259: 4257: 4255: 4212: 4206: 4205: 4203: 4201: 4177: 4166: 4160: 4159: 4157: 4155: 4140: 4134: 4127: 4121: 4120: 4104: 4094: 4088: 4073: 4067: 4058: 4052: 4043: 4037: 4030: 4024: 4017: 4011: 4010: 4008: 4006: 3989: 3983: 3974: 3968: 3967: 3935: 3929: 3928: 3911:(4): 1167–1199. 3896: 3890: 3889: 3857: 3851: 3850: 3814: 3805: 3804: 3794: 3767: 3761: 3760: 3736: 3730: 3729: 3705: 3699: 3698: 3678: 3672: 3671: 3661: 3633: 3627: 3626: 3598: 3592: 3591: 3563: 3557: 3556: 3528: 3522: 3521: 3493: 3487: 3486: 3484: 3482: 3468: 3462: 3450: 3444: 3438: 3432: 3426: 3420: 3419: 3399: 3390: 3383: 3372: 3371: 3353: 3347: 3346: 3344: 3342: 3327: 3321: 3320: 3318: 3316: 3301: 3295: 3294: 3292: 3290: 3277: 3271: 3270: 3261:(1/2): 458–466. 3246: 3240: 3239: 3229: 3205: 3199: 3198: 3196: 3186: 3160: 3151: 3150: 3142: 3136: 3127: 3121: 3120: 3110: 3104: 3103: 3075: 3069: 3068: 3028: 3019: 3018: 3017: 3015: 2999: 2993: 2992: 2956: 2947: 2946: 2914: 2908: 2907: 2867: 2858: 2857: 2856: 2854: 2838: 2832: 2831: 2791: 2785: 2784: 2770: 2759: 2758: 2756: 2754: 2740: 2734: 2733: 2693: 2684: 2683: 2651: 2645: 2644: 2642: 2640: 2626: 2607: 2604:CommonDreams.org 2598:Thom Hartmann, " 2596: 2590: 2589: 2573: 2563: 2550: 2549: 2531: 2522: 2521: 2519: 2517: 2502: 2496: 2495: 2456: 2342:as described in 2334:Action Française 2269:Salafism (Islam) 2155:Andrés Sepúlveda 2101:Malleability of 2080: 2073: 2069: 2066: 2060: 2057:inline citations 2033: 2032: 2025: 2018: 2011: 2007: 2004: 1998: 1975: 1974: 1967: 1929:financial crisis 1905:Fudan University 1860: 1804:two-party system 1727:Thomas Jefferson 1655:argues that the 1594:money laundering 1542:Pareto and Mosca 1518:, the author of 1476:social democracy 1402:selection by lot 1374:James Harrington 1259:and competitive 1156:. In his study, 976:mixed government 955:today often say 844:Greek democratic 840:classical Greece 721: 714: 707: 693: 692: 589:Right to protest 539:Nomination rules 94: 85: 78: 74: 71: 65: 45: 44: 37: 21: 5981: 5980: 5976: 5975: 5974: 5972: 5971: 5970: 5946:Totalitarianism 5931: 5930: 5929: 5906:Godkin, Edwin L 5871: 5841: 5821: 5815: 5799: 5793: 5777: 5763: 5747: 5741: 5725: 5719: 5703: 5689: 5673: 5665: 5654: 5648: 5645: 5638: 5631:Further reading 5625: 5621: 5614: 5612:Further reading 5596: 5583: 5577: 5561: 5547: 5521: 5518: 5513: 5473: 5472: 5468: 5442: 5441: 5437: 5429: 5420: 5405: 5404: 5400: 5390: 5388: 5384: 5377: 5371: 5370: 5366: 5356: 5352: 5342: 5340: 5327:"Theocracy, n." 5325: 5324: 5320: 5284: 5283: 5279: 5272: 5251: 5250: 5246: 5216: 5215: 5206: 5176: 5175: 5171: 5141: 5140: 5136: 5126: 5124: 5117:U. Miami L. Rev 5110: 5109: 5105: 5095: 5093: 5084: 5083: 5079: 5017: 5016: 5012: 5002: 5000: 4998:The Independent 4991: 4990: 4986: 4976: 4974: 4964: 4963: 4959: 4949: 4947: 4941: 4940: 4936: 4926: 4924: 4918: 4917: 4913: 4903: 4901: 4899:Washington Post 4892: 4891: 4882: 4852: 4851: 4847: 4837: 4835: 4790: 4789: 4785: 4778: 4761: 4760: 4756: 4733: 4705: 4704: 4695: 4651: 4650: 4646: 4616: 4615: 4611: 4567: 4566: 4562: 4532: 4531: 4527: 4491: 4490: 4486: 4471: 4444: 4443: 4432: 4398: 4397: 4393: 4380: 4379: 4375: 4352:10.2307/2110686 4337: 4336: 4332: 4317: 4296: 4295: 4291: 4284: 4268: 4267: 4263: 4253: 4251: 4214: 4213: 4209: 4199: 4197: 4190: 4175: 4168: 4167: 4163: 4153: 4151: 4142: 4141: 4137: 4128: 4124: 4117: 4096: 4095: 4091: 4074: 4070: 4059: 4055: 4044: 4040: 4031: 4027: 4018: 4014: 4004: 4002: 3991: 3990: 3986: 3975: 3971: 3937: 3936: 3932: 3898: 3897: 3893: 3859: 3858: 3854: 3816: 3815: 3808: 3792:10.1.1.199.8045 3771:Acemoglu, Daron 3769: 3768: 3764: 3738: 3737: 3733: 3707: 3706: 3702: 3695: 3680: 3679: 3675: 3635: 3634: 3630: 3600: 3599: 3595: 3565: 3564: 3560: 3530: 3529: 3525: 3495: 3494: 3490: 3480: 3478: 3470: 3469: 3465: 3451: 3447: 3439: 3435: 3427: 3423: 3416: 3401: 3400: 3393: 3384: 3375: 3368: 3355: 3354: 3350: 3340: 3338: 3329: 3328: 3324: 3314: 3312: 3309:Financial Times 3303: 3302: 3298: 3288: 3286: 3279: 3278: 3274: 3248: 3247: 3243: 3207: 3206: 3202: 3162: 3161: 3154: 3144: 3143: 3139: 3128: 3124: 3112: 3111: 3107: 3100: 3077: 3076: 3072: 3030: 3029: 3022: 3013: 3011: 3004:"Thomas Hobbes" 3001: 3000: 2996: 2973:10.2307/1354529 2958: 2957: 2950: 2916: 2915: 2911: 2869: 2868: 2861: 2852: 2850: 2840: 2839: 2835: 2793: 2792: 2788: 2772: 2771: 2762: 2752: 2750: 2742: 2741: 2737: 2714:10.2307/2707952 2695: 2694: 2687: 2653: 2652: 2648: 2638: 2636: 2628: 2627: 2610: 2597: 2593: 2586: 2565: 2564: 2553: 2546: 2533: 2532: 2525: 2515: 2513: 2504: 2503: 2499: 2458: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2444: 2388: 2379: 2373: 2325:Charles Maurras 2303: 2289: 2277: 2271: 2259: 2253: 2245: 2235:Autocratization 2231: 2195: 2179: 2099: 2081: 2070: 2064: 2061: 2046: 2034: 2030: 2019: 2008: 2002: 1999: 1988: 1976: 1972: 1965: 1953:fiscal illusion 1949: 1947:Fiscal illusion 1921:pensions crisis 1913: 1867: 1861: 1855: 1796: 1790: 1771: 1702: 1696: 1694:Majoritarianism 1691: 1666: 1641: 1621: 1608: 1602: 1580:M. S. Golwalkar 1575: 1569: 1560: 1548:Vilfredo Pareto 1544: 1513: 1485: 1472:Arturo Labriola 1447: 1347: 1342: 1318: 1312: 1281: 1244: 1234: 1214: 1212:Democratization 1202:Main articles: 1200: 1127: 1107:social contract 1074: 996:"representation 994:." The idea of 992:oligarchic rule 965: 820: 815: 781:and democratic 725: 687: 682: 681: 647: 639: 638: 519:Majoritarianism 479:Democratization 414: 406: 405: 140: 130: 99:Politics series 86: 75: 69: 66: 59: 46: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5979: 5977: 5969: 5968: 5963: 5958: 5953: 5948: 5943: 5933: 5932: 5928: 5927: 5915: 5903: 5891: 5873:Mencken, H. L. 5869: 5857: 5845: 5839: 5819: 5813: 5797: 5791: 5775: 5761: 5749:Graham, Gordon 5745: 5739: 5723: 5717: 5701: 5687: 5670: 5667: 5666: 5628: 5626: 5619: 5613: 5610: 5609: 5608: 5594: 5581: 5575: 5559: 5545: 5523:Brennan, Jason 5517: 5514: 5512: 5511: 5466: 5435: 5418: 5398: 5364: 5350: 5318: 5277: 5270: 5244: 5225:(2): 228–240. 5204: 5185:(4): 474–489. 5169: 5150:(3): 128–135. 5134: 5103: 5077: 5010: 4984: 4957: 4934: 4911: 4880: 4845: 4783: 4776: 4754: 4731: 4693: 4664:(2): 209–225. 4644: 4625:(1): 213–218. 4609: 4560: 4541:(4): 937–968. 4525: 4484: 4469: 4430: 4391: 4373: 4346:(3): 511–596. 4330: 4315: 4289: 4282: 4261: 4233:10.1086/261013 4227:(5): 914–927. 4207: 4188: 4161: 4135: 4122: 4115: 4109:. p. 36. 4105:. Lanham, MD: 4089: 4068: 4053: 4038: 4032:David Tucker, 4025: 4012: 3998:Avalon Project 3984: 3969: 3950:(4): 741–757. 3930: 3891: 3872:(2): 271–296. 3852: 3831:10.1086/257897 3825:(2): 135–150. 3806: 3785:(4): 620–652. 3762: 3731: 3700: 3693: 3673: 3628: 3593: 3574:(2): 509–533. 3558: 3545:10.2307/137956 3523: 3488: 3463: 3445: 3433: 3431:, p. 133. 3429:Reybrouck 2016 3421: 3414: 3391: 3373: 3366: 3348: 3322: 3296: 3272: 3241: 3200: 3177:(1): 219–226. 3152: 3137: 3122: 3105: 3098: 3070: 3043:(3): 165–171. 3020: 2994: 2948: 2929:(1/2): 33–56. 2909: 2859: 2833: 2786: 2760: 2735: 2685: 2672:10.1086/682033 2666:(3): 513–516. 2646: 2608: 2591: 2585:978-0521458917 2584: 2551: 2545:978-0300015652 2544: 2523: 2497: 2450: 2448: 2445: 2443: 2442: 2437: 2430: 2425: 2420: 2415: 2410: 2405: 2400: 2395: 2389: 2387: 2384: 2372: 2369: 2288: 2285: 2273:Main article: 2270: 2267: 2255:Main article: 2252: 2249: 2230: 2227: 2194: 2191: 2178: 2175: 2120:misinformation 2103:public opinion 2083: 2082: 2037: 2035: 2028: 2021: 2020: 1979: 1977: 1970: 1964: 1961: 1948: 1945: 1912: 1909: 1866: 1863: 1853: 1789: 1786: 1770: 1767: 1722:Rhodes College 1698:Main article: 1695: 1692: 1690: 1687: 1665: 1662: 1653:Daron Acemoglu 1640: 1637: 1620: 1617: 1601: 1598: 1582:, in his book 1568: 1565: 1559: 1556: 1543: 1540: 1512: 1509: 1484: 1481: 1451:Robert Michels 1446: 1443: 1351:representative 1346: 1343: 1341: 1338: 1311: 1308: 1280: 1277: 1247:Robert A. Dahl 1238:Post-democracy 1233: 1230: 1199: 1196: 1142:Matthew Arnold 1134:Thomas Carlyle 1126: 1123: 1073: 1070: 1060:that sustains 972:Thomas Aquinas 964: 961: 927:public orators 828:Ancient Greece 819: 816: 814: 811: 727: 726: 724: 723: 716: 709: 701: 698: 697: 684: 683: 680: 679: 674: 669: 664: 659: 654: 648: 645: 644: 641: 640: 637: 636: 631: 626: 624:War referendum 621: 616: 611: 606: 601: 596: 591: 586: 581: 576: 571: 566: 561: 556: 551: 546: 541: 536: 531: 526: 521: 516: 514:Libertarianism 511: 506: 501: 496: 491: 486: 481: 476: 471: 466: 461: 456: 451: 446: 441: 436: 431: 426: 421: 415: 413:Related topics 412: 411: 408: 407: 404: 403: 398: 393: 388: 383: 378: 373: 368: 363: 358: 353: 348: 347: 346: 341: 336: 331: 326: 316: 314:Representative 311: 306: 301: 296: 291: 286: 281: 276: 271: 266: 261: 256: 251: 242: 237: 232: 227: 222: 217: 212: 207: 202: 197: 192: 187: 182: 177: 172: 167: 162: 157: 152: 147: 141: 136: 135: 132: 131: 129: 128: 123: 118: 112: 109: 108: 102: 101: 88: 87: 49: 47: 40: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5978: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5949: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5939: 5938: 5936: 5925: 5924: 5919: 5916: 5913: 5912: 5907: 5904: 5901: 5900: 5895: 5892: 5888: 5884: 5880: 5879: 5874: 5870: 5867: 5866: 5861: 5858: 5855: 5854: 5849: 5846: 5842: 5836: 5832: 5828: 5824: 5820: 5816: 5810: 5806: 5802: 5801:Schmitt, Carl 5798: 5794: 5788: 5784: 5780: 5776: 5772: 5768: 5764: 5758: 5754: 5750: 5746: 5742: 5736: 5732: 5728: 5727:Mann, Michael 5724: 5720: 5714: 5710: 5706: 5702: 5698: 5694: 5690: 5684: 5680: 5676: 5672: 5671: 5663: 5660: 5652: 5642: 5641:editing guide 5636: 5632: 5627: 5618: 5617: 5611: 5605: 5601: 5597: 5591: 5587: 5582: 5578: 5572: 5568: 5564: 5560: 5556: 5552: 5548: 5542: 5538: 5534: 5530: 5529: 5524: 5520: 5519: 5515: 5507: 5503: 5498: 5493: 5489: 5485: 5481: 5477: 5470: 5467: 5462: 5458: 5454: 5450: 5446: 5439: 5436: 5432: 5427: 5425: 5423: 5419: 5414: 5413: 5412:The Gallerist 5408: 5402: 5399: 5383: 5376: 5375: 5368: 5365: 5361: 5360: 5354: 5351: 5338: 5334: 5333: 5328: 5322: 5319: 5314: 5310: 5305: 5300: 5296: 5292: 5288: 5281: 5278: 5273: 5267: 5263: 5259: 5255: 5248: 5245: 5240: 5236: 5232: 5228: 5224: 5220: 5213: 5211: 5209: 5205: 5200: 5196: 5192: 5188: 5184: 5180: 5173: 5170: 5165: 5161: 5157: 5153: 5149: 5145: 5138: 5135: 5122: 5118: 5114: 5107: 5104: 5092: 5088: 5081: 5078: 5073: 5069: 5064: 5059: 5055: 5051: 5046: 5041: 5037: 5033: 5030:(3): e18154. 5029: 5025: 5021: 5014: 5011: 4999: 4995: 4988: 4985: 4972: 4971:Bloomberg.com 4968: 4961: 4958: 4945: 4938: 4935: 4922: 4915: 4912: 4900: 4896: 4889: 4887: 4885: 4881: 4876: 4872: 4868: 4864: 4860: 4856: 4849: 4846: 4834: 4830: 4826: 4822: 4818: 4814: 4810: 4806: 4802: 4798: 4794: 4787: 4784: 4779: 4777:0-86597-227-3 4773: 4768: 4767: 4758: 4755: 4750: 4746: 4742: 4738: 4734: 4728: 4724: 4720: 4716: 4712: 4708: 4702: 4700: 4698: 4694: 4689: 4685: 4680: 4675: 4671: 4667: 4663: 4659: 4655: 4648: 4645: 4640: 4636: 4632: 4628: 4624: 4620: 4613: 4610: 4605: 4601: 4597: 4593: 4588: 4583: 4579: 4575: 4574:Public Choice 4571: 4564: 4561: 4556: 4552: 4548: 4544: 4540: 4536: 4529: 4526: 4521: 4517: 4512: 4507: 4503: 4499: 4495: 4488: 4485: 4480: 4476: 4472: 4466: 4461: 4456: 4452: 4449:. Singapore: 4448: 4441: 4439: 4437: 4435: 4431: 4426: 4422: 4418: 4414: 4410: 4406: 4402: 4395: 4392: 4387: 4383: 4377: 4374: 4369: 4365: 4361: 4357: 4353: 4349: 4345: 4341: 4334: 4331: 4326: 4322: 4318: 4312: 4308: 4304: 4300: 4293: 4290: 4285: 4279: 4275: 4271: 4265: 4262: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4238: 4234: 4230: 4226: 4222: 4218: 4211: 4208: 4195: 4191: 4185: 4181: 4174: 4173: 4165: 4162: 4150: 4146: 4139: 4136: 4132: 4126: 4123: 4118: 4112: 4108: 4103: 4102: 4093: 4090: 4086: 4082: 4078: 4072: 4069: 4066: 4062: 4061:James Madison 4057: 4054: 4050: 4049: 4042: 4039: 4036:(2008) p. 109 4035: 4029: 4026: 4023:(2009) p. 211 4022: 4016: 4013: 4000: 3999: 3994: 3988: 3985: 3981: 3980: 3973: 3970: 3965: 3961: 3957: 3953: 3949: 3945: 3941: 3934: 3931: 3926: 3922: 3918: 3914: 3910: 3906: 3902: 3895: 3892: 3887: 3883: 3879: 3875: 3871: 3867: 3863: 3856: 3853: 3848: 3844: 3840: 3836: 3832: 3828: 3824: 3820: 3813: 3811: 3807: 3802: 3798: 3793: 3788: 3784: 3780: 3776: 3772: 3766: 3763: 3758: 3754: 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