390:
147:
333:
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According to internal GM documents, the ultimate culprit appears to be operating vehicles for long periods of time with low coolant levels. The low coolant is caused by pressure caps that fail in the open position. (The new caps and recovery bottles were introduced at the same time as DEX-COOL). This
263:
Ethylene glycol has desirable thermal properties, including a high boiling point, low freezing point, stability over a wide range of temperatures, and high specific heat and thermal conductivity. It also has a low viscosity and, therefore, reduced pumping requirements. Although EGW has more desirable
543:
Both specific gravity and refractive index are affected by temperature, although the former is affected much less catastrophically. Temperature compensation is nevertheless recommended for RI measurement. Propylene glycol solutions cannot be tested using specific gravity because of ambiguous results
104:
Water was the original coolant for internal combustion engines. It is cheap, nontoxic, and has a high heat capacity. It however has only a 100 Kelvin liquid range, and it expands upon freezing. To address these problems, alternative coolants with improved properties were developed. Freezing and
646:
lawsuits were registered in several states of the US, and in Canada, to address some of these claims. The first of these to reach a decision was in
Missouri, where a settlement was announced early in December 2007. Late in March 2008, GM agreed to compensate complainants in the remaining 49 states.
376:
Ethylene glycol has a bitter, sweet taste and causes inebriation. The toxic effects of ingesting ethylene glycol occur because it is converted by the liver into 4 other chemicals that are much more toxic. The lethal dose of pure ethylene glycol is 1.4 ml/kg (3 US fluid ounces (90 ml) is lethal
259:
are mixtures of water and either ethylene glycol (EGW) or propylene glycol (PGW). The use of ethylene glycol has a longer history, especially in the automotive industry. However, EGW solutions formulated for the automotive industry often have silicate based rust inhibitors that can coat and/or clog
571:
with water is usually used, resulting in a freezing point of about −34 °F (−37 °C), depending on the formulation. In warmer or colder areas, weaker or stronger dilutions are used, respectively, but a range of 40%/60% to 60%/40% is frequently specified to ensure corrosion protection, and
585:
systems) are often monitored by specialist firms which take responsibility for adding corrosion inhibitors and regulating coolant composition. For simplicity, most automotive manufacturers recommend periodic complete replacement of engine coolant, to simultaneously renew corrosion inhibitors and
459:
Propylene glycol should be replaced when it turns a reddish color. When an aqueous solution of propylene glycol in a cooling or heating system develops a reddish or black color, this indicates that iron in the system is corroding significantly. In the absence of inhibitors, propylene glycol can
356:
When ethylene glycol is used in a system, it may become oxidized to five organic acids (formic, oxalic, glycolic, glyoxalic and acetic acid). Inhibited ethylene glycol antifreeze mixes are available, with additives that buffer the pH and reserve alkalinity of the solution to prevent oxidation of
733:
All automotive antifreeze formulations, including the newer organic acid (OAT antifreeze) formulations, are environmentally hazardous because of the blend of additives (around 5%), including lubricants, buffers, and corrosion inhibitors. Because the additives in antifreeze are proprietary, the
514:
Once antifreeze has been mixed with water and put into use, it periodically needs to be maintained. If engine coolant leaks, boils, or if the cooling system needs to be drained and refilled, the antifreeze's freeze protection will need to be considered. In other cases a vehicle may need to be
400:
is considerably less toxic than ethylene glycol and may be labeled as "non-toxic antifreeze". It is used as antifreeze where ethylene glycol would be inappropriate, such as in food-processing systems or in water pipes in homes where incidental ingestion may be possible. For example, the U.S.
224:(pockets of steam), leading to localized hot spots and the catastrophic failure of the engine. If plain water were to be used as an engine coolant in northern climates freezing would occur, causing significant internal engine damage. Also, plain water would increase the prevalence of
610:
Most modern cars are built with organic acid technology (OAT) antifreeze (e.g., DEX-COOL), or with a hybrid organic acid technology (HOAT) formulation (e.g., Zerex G-05), both of which are claimed to have an extended service life of five years or 240,000 km (150,000 mi).
228:. Proper engine coolant and a pressurized coolant system obviate these shortcomings of water. With proper antifreeze, a wide temperature range can be tolerated by the engine coolant, such as −34 °F (−37 °C) to +265 °F (129 °C) for 50% (by volume)
580:
In the absence of leaks, antifreeze chemicals such as ethylene glycol or propylene glycol may retain their basic properties indefinitely. By contrast, corrosion inhibitors are gradually used up, and must be replenished from time to time. Larger systems (such as
784:
isomers (ortho-, meta-, and para-toluidine) and meta-diamino toluene which are side-products in the manufacture of tolyltriazole. These side-products are highly reactive and produce volatile aromatic amines which are responsible for the unpleasant odor.
768:
dye is added to conventional ethylene glycol formulas to visually distinguish leaked amounts from other vehicle fluids, and as a marker of type to distinguish it from incompatible types. This dye fluoresces bright green when illuminated by blue or
344:
solutions first became available in 1926 and were marketed as "permanent antifreeze" since the higher boiling points provided advantages for summertime use as well as during cold weather. They are used today for a variety of applications, including
682:
Typically, OAT antifreeze contains an orange dye to differentiate it from the conventional glycol-based coolants (green or yellow), though some OAT products may contain a red or mauve dye. Some of the newer OAT coolants claim to be compatible with
654:
According to the DEX-COOL manufacturer, "mixing a 'green' coolant with DEX-COOL reduces the batch's change interval to 2 years or 30,000 miles, but will otherwise cause no damage to the engine". DEX-COOL antifreeze uses two inhibitors:
264:
physical properties than PGW, the latter coolant is used in applications where toxicity might be a concern. PGW is generally recognized as safe for use in food or food processing applications, and can also be used in enclosed spaces.
602:. American-made vehicles traditionally used both silicates and phosphates. European makes contain silicates and other inhibitors, but no phosphates. Japanese makes traditionally use phosphates and other inhibitors, but no silicates.
478:
has the advantage of being non-toxic, withstands relatively high temperatures, and is noncorrosive. It is not however used widely. Glycerol was historically used as an antifreeze for automotive applications before being replaced by
675:
exposes hot engine components to air and vapors, causing corrosion and contamination of the coolant with iron oxide particles, which in turn can aggravate the pressure cap problem as contamination holds the caps open permanently.
3871:
294:, and other organisms that prevent the formation of ice. In this way, these compounds allow their host organism to operate at temperatures well below the freezing point of water. Antifreeze proteins bind to small
678:
Honda and Toyota's new extended life coolants use OAT with sebacate, but without the 2-EHA. Some added phosphates provide protection while the OAT builds up. Honda specifically excludes 2-EHA from its formulas.
312:
to prevent or inhibit freezing in sperm, blood, stem cells, plant seeds, etc. Ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, and glycerol (all used in automotive antifreeze) are commonly used as biological cryoprotectants.
738:(SDS) provided by the manufacturer list only those compounds which are considered to be significant safety hazards when used in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations. Common additives include
275:. Many formulations have corrosion inhibitors, and it is expected that these chemicals will be replenished (manually or under automatic control) to keep expensive piping and equipment from corroding.
547:
The boiling point can be similarly determined by a concentration given from one of the three methods. Datasheets for glycol/water coolant mixtures are commonly available from chemical vendors.
906:
515:
operated in a colder environment, requiring more antifreeze and less water. Three methods are commonly employed to determine the freeze point of the solution by measuring the concentration:
448:
also occurs. Once bacterial slime starts to grow, the corrosion rate of the system increases. Maintenance of systems using glycol solution includes regular monitoring of freeze protection,
38:
for cold environments. Common antifreezes also increase the boiling point of the liquid, allowing higher coolant temperature. However, all common antifreeze additives also have lower
460:
react with oxygen and metal ions, generating various compounds including organic acids (e.g., formic, oxalic, acetic). These acids accelerate the corrosion of metals in the system.
1245:
3821:
3851:
1930:
1495:
80:(diluted solution) are called antifreeze, depending on the context. Careful selection of an antifreeze can enable a wide temperature range in which the mixture remains in the
1150:
Hartwick, D.; Hutchinson, D.; Langevin, M., "A multi-discipline approach to closed system treatment," Corrosion 2004; New
Orleans, Louisiana; March 28 - April 1, 2004; NACE (
873:
125:
organic compounds tend to have melting points lower than water, which makes them suitable for use as antifreeze agents. Solutions of organic compounds, especially
3866:
1631:
A safe and effective propylene glycol based capture liquid for fruit fly traps baited with synthetic lures; Florida
Entomologist, June, 2008 by Donald B. Thomas
1344:
3359:
2608:
340:
Most antifreeze is made by mixing distilled water with additives and a base product, usually MEG (mono ethylene glycol) or MPG (mono propylene glycol).
1168:"An on-line cleaning procedure used to remove iron and microbiological fouling from a critical glycol-contaminated closed-loop cooling water system,"
3861:
3793:
1923:
3987:
1350:
622:' (GM's) 3.1L and 3.4L engines, and with other failures in 3.8L and 4.3L engines. One of the anti-corrosion components presented as sodium or
3666:
2498:
1011:"Cryoprotectants: A review of the actions and applications of cryoprotective solutes that modulate cell recovery from ultra-low temperatures"
426:
1419:
3826:
3788:
1659:
780:, a corrosion inhibitor. The unpleasant odor in industrial-use tolyltriazole comes from impurities in the product that are formed from the
1916:
1611:
A safe and effective propylene glycol based capture liquid for fruit fly traps baited with synthetic lures – page 2|Florida
Entomologist
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92:. Most if not all commercial antifreeze formulations intended for use in heat transfer applications include anti-corrosion and anti-
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1170:
2007 Annual
Convention and Exposition of the Association of Water Technologies; Colorado Springs, Colorado; November 7–10, 2007
491:(TL 774-G) antifreezes containing glycerol in 2008, marketed as better for the environment due to its low toxicity and reduced
109:
of a solution, which depend on the concentration of dissolved substances. Salts lower the melting points of aqueous solutions.
2599:
2115:
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P-HOAT coolants mix phosphates with HOAT. This technology is typically used in Asian makes and is often dyed red or blue.
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1197:"An investigation of the degradation of aqueous ethylene glycol and propylene glycol solutions using ion chromatography,"
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1996:
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402:
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Si-OAT coolants mix silicates with HOAT. This technology is typically used in
European makes and is often dyed pink.
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3444:
3209:
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1939:
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is an additive which lowers the freezing point of a water-based liquid. An antifreeze mixture is used to achieve
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35:
544:(40% and 100% solutions have the same specific gravity), although typical uses rarely exceed 60% concentration.
260:
heat exchanger surfaces. Ethylene glycol is listed as a toxic chemical requiring care in handling and disposal.
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651:) filed for bankruptcy in 2009, which tied up the outstanding claims until a court determines who gets paid.
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Fluorescent green-dyed antifreeze is visible in the radiator header tank when car radiator cap is removed
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On the other hand, if the engine coolant gets too hot, it might boil while inside the engine, causing
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Bojic S, Murray A, Bentley BL, Spindler R, Pawlik P, Cordeiro JL, Bauer R, de Magalhães JP (2021).
755:
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Hudgens, R. Douglas; Hercamp, Richard D.; Francis, Jaime; Nyman, Dan A.; Bartoli, Yolanda (2007).
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65:
68:. The purpose of antifreeze is to prevent a rigid enclosure from bursting due to expansion when
871:
Bosen, Sidney F.; Bowles, William A.; Ford, Emory A.; Perlson, Bruce D. (2000). "Antifreezes".
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2016:
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to a 140-pound (64 kg) person) but is much less lethal if treated within an hour. (see
350:
229:
146:
110:
133:, etc. have been the basis of all antifreezes since they were commercialized in the 1920s.
3926:
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was developed because its higher boiling point was more compatible with heating systems.
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1986:
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types of OAT and glycol-based coolants; these are typically green or yellow in color.
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2080:
2020:
1981:
1971:
1668:
1598:"Gears Magazine - Cool It: What You Need to Know about Your Vehicle's Cooling System"
1214:"An Evaluation of Glycerin (Glycerol) as a Heavy Duty Engine Antifreeze/Coolant Base"
984:
834:
777:
751:
568:
529:
85:
39:
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HOAT coolants typically mix an OAT with a traditional inhibitor, usually silicates.
17:
3936:
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643:
295:
81:
1322:
1195:
Walter J. Rossiter, Jr., McClure
Godette, Paul W. Brown and Kevin G. Galuk (1985)
162:, though the "water" used is actually a mixture of water and antifreeze. The term
1389:
1010:
3946:
3588:
3545:
3519:
3459:
3439:
3434:
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2173:
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971:
Fletcher GL, Hew CL, Davies PL (2001). "Antifreeze proteins of teleost fishes".
950:
814:
804:
770:
765:
668:
639:
615:
564:
438:
309:
1294:
1128:
Evaluation of
Certain Food Additives and Contaminants (Technical Report Series)
1081:
709:
A HOAT coolant can have a life expectancy as high as 10 years / 180,000 miles.
3702:
3624:
3555:
3524:
3399:
3369:
3299:
3249:
3219:
3204:
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3084:
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2277:
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2135:
2075:
2006:
664:
523:
484:
471:
is used as an antifreeze in diesel engines. It is more volatile than glycol.
422:
332:
167:
159:
93:
1908:
1622:
VOGT, P. F. 2005. Tolyltriazole-myth and misconceptions. The
Analyst 12: 1–3.
1420:"Coolant Confusion: It's Not Easy Being Green ... or Yellow or Orange or ..."
882:
3661:
3339:
3334:
3284:
3259:
3114:
2910:
2488:
2229:
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2011:
1991:
1887:
1844:
1695:
781:
631:
599:
434:
414:
195:
118:
1100:
1036:
992:
594:
Traditionally, there were two major corrosion inhibitors used in vehicles:
1525:
117:, but salt solutions are not used for cooling systems because they induce
3644:
3578:
3079:
2879:
2679:
2654:
2629:
2511:
2507:
2379:
2110:
2035:
2001:
1864:
1725:
1715:
1705:
1685:
1225:
829:
819:
703:
656:
595:
572:
70%/30% for maximum freeze prevention down to −84 °F (−64 °C).
506:
Glycerol is mandated for use as an antifreeze in many sprinkler systems.
475:
362:
240:
191:
114:
3154:
2826:
2538:
2422:
1798:
1730:
759:
702:
G05, which is a low-silicate, phosphate free formula that includes the
358:
61:
43:
3831:
3583:
3389:
3139:
2349:
2328:
2105:
2055:
567:
green, red, orange, yellow, or blue) to aid in identification. A 1:1
539:
Test strips—specialized, disposable indicators made for this purpose.
366:
287:
207:
199:
1536:
776:
Automotive antifreeze has a characteristic odor due to the additive
618:. Litigation has linked it with intake manifold gasket failures in
96:
agents (that protect the hydraulic circuit from progressive wear).
53:
has good properties as a coolant, water plus antifreeze is used in
3846:
3279:
1549:"GM wants to dump liability for damaged engines in Dex-Cool cases"
699:
370:
291:
214:
203:
50:
3354:
3274:
2503:
1671:
1574:
Draft—DEX 2007, Part 3: Now It’s All Up To The Judges and Juries
582:
268:
58:
2581:
1912:
1641:
1950:
1637:
1181:"Selecting and maintaining glycol based heat transfer fluids,"
560:
346:
129:, in water are effective. Alcohols such as methanol, ethanol,
69:
1345:
Ethylene GlycolHeat
Transfer Fluid Freeze/Boiling Point Chart
271:
and industrial heating or cooling systems as a high-capacity
907:"Dispelling the Myths of Heat Transfer Fluids Presentation"
449:
1246:"Proposed ASTM Engine Coolant Standards Focus on Glycerin"
1179:
Allan Browning and David Berry (September / October 2010)
27:
Coolant additive which reduces the freezing point of water
425:, and it is commonly used as the main ingredient in the "
255:
The most common water-based antifreeze solutions used in
213:
Antifreeze was developed to overcome the shortcomings of
1271:"What you need to know about G13 antifreeze and coolant"
456:, inhibitor level, color, and biological contamination.
1496:"Canadian Nationwide Class Action Settlement Agreement"
373:
may also be used to prevent corrosive attack on metal.
349:, but there are lower-toxicity alternatives made with
42:
than water, and do reduce water's ability to act as a
1526:
Tentative Settlement of GM DEX-COOL Class Action Suit
1467:. Havoline.com (2003-01-31). Retrieved on 2011-01-01.
1166:
Kenneth Soeder, Daniel Benson, and Dennis Tomsheck,
3919:
3885:
3812:
3716:
3564:
3067:
2753:
2615:
2521:
2481:
2436:
2393:
2342:
2309:
2291:
2238:
2192:
2154:
2074:
1959:
1878:
1837:
1749:
1678:
1063:"Winter is coming: the future of cryopreservation"
210:, etc.). Water pump seal lubricant is also added.
1117:. Forensic science international, 2005 - Elsevier
1592:
1590:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1582:
1323:Engine Cooling Testing: Why use a refractometer?
555:Most commercial antifreeze formulations include
286:refer to chemical compounds produced by certain
939:The Scripps Research Institute and the RCSB PDB
526:test strip or some sort of floating indicator),
170:industry, which covers its primary function of
1056:
1054:
1004:
1002:
874:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
503:(TL 774-L) which no longer contains glycerol.
499:. However, since 2018, they have moved on to
357:ethylene glycol and formation of these acids.
57:and other heat transfer applications, such as
2593:
1924:
1653:
1465:Products: North America: Anti Freeze/Coolants
142:Automotive and internal combustion engine use
8:
1613:. Findarticles.com. Retrieved on 2011-01-01.
1414:
1412:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1404:
935:"Molecule of the Month: Antifreeze Proteins"
1366:
1364:
1362:
1152:National Association of Corrosion Engineers
3360:High efficiency glandless circulating pump
2609:Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
2600:
2586:
2578:
1931:
1917:
1909:
1660:
1646:
1638:
1130:. World Health Organization. p. 105.
1569:
1567:
1565:
1090:
1080:
866:
864:
862:
860:
3794:Mold growth, assessment, and remediation
1997:Crankcase ventilation system (PCV valve)
713:Phosphate hybrid organic acid technology
663:), the latter which works well with the
388:
331:
145:
856:
721:Silicate hybrid organic acid technology
1576:. Imcool.com. Retrieved on 2011-01-01.
1318:
1316:
1314:
1009:Elliott GD, Wang S, Fuller BJ (2017).
302:of ice that would otherwise be fatal.
267:Similar mixtures are commonly used in
232:diluted with distilled water and a 15
178:. When used in an automotive context,
3667:Programmable communicating thermostat
667:found in the United States, but is a
474:Once used for automotive antifreeze,
7:
3789:Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing
239:Early engine coolant antifreeze was
182:are added to help protect vehicles'
1373:. (PDF) . Retrieved on 2011-01-01.
3650:Minimum efficiency reporting value
825:Internal combustion engine cooling
444:Besides cooling system corrosion,
25:
3692:Standard temperature and pressure
3405:Packaged terminal air conditioner
2941:Passive daytime radiative cooling
2670:Heat pump and refrigeration cycle
1332:posted 2/7/2001 by Michael Reimer
614:DEX-COOL specifically has caused
586:remove accumulated contaminants.
186:, which often contain a range of
84:, which is critical to efficient
2761:Absorption-compression heat pump
1478:"Zerex G-05® Antifreeze/Coolant"
985:10.1146/annurev.physiol.63.1.359
773:from daylight or testing lamps.
671:that can cause gaskets to leak.
3656:Normal temperature and pressure
3036:Vapor-compression refrigeration
2099:Overhead valve (pushrod) layout
1784:2,4-Dimethyl-6-tert-butylphenol
536:of the antifreeze solution, and
3988:Automotive engine technologies
1184:Facilities Engineering Journal
1029:10.1016/j.cryobiol.2017.04.004
691:Hybrid organic acid technology
215:water as a heat transfer fluid
88:and the proper functioning of
1:
3804:Testing, adjusting, balancing
3748:Building information modeling
3743:Building services engineering
3320:Ground-coupled heat exchanger
2848:Demand controlled ventilation
2796:Building insulation materials
1351:Ethylene Glycol product guide
469:Propylene glycol methyl ether
3365:High-pressure cut-off switch
2916:Ice storage air conditioning
2837:Dedicated outdoor air system
1855:Automatic transmission fluid
1789:Dinonylnaphthylsulfonic acid
1741:Racing fuel (Tetraethyllead)
947:10.2210/rcsb_pdb/mom_2009_12
933:Goodsell D (December 2009).
407:propylene glycol to be added
236:pressurized coolant system.
154:Most automotive engines are
3708:Thermostatic radiator valve
3510:Thermostatic radiator valve
3021:Underfloor air distribution
2956:Radiant heating and cooling
2874:Energy recovery ventilation
2786:Automobile air conditioning
2650:Domestic energy consumption
1537:DEX-COOL Litigation Website
973:Annual Review of Physiology
176:internal combustion engines
76:(pure concentrate) and the
55:internal combustion engines
4014:
3857:Institute of Refrigeration
3738:Architectural technologist
3210:Electrostatic precipitator
1940:Internal combustion engine
1779:Dimethyl methylphosphonate
1371:Coolants Matrix 2003_5.xls
1218:SAE Technical Paper Series
1082:10.1186/s12915-021-00976-8
649:Motors Liquidation Company
624:potassium 2-ethylhexanoate
510:Measuring the freeze point
325:
3910:Volatile organic compound
3769:Environmental engineering
3733:Architectural engineering
3535:Ultra-low particulate air
3120:Automatic balancing valve
3048:Variable refrigerant flow
2900:Heat recovery ventilation
2843:Deep water source cooling
2557:
2408:Diesel particulate filter
2360:Idle air control actuator
2301:Engine control unit (ECU)
1946:
1202:, vol. 11, pages 455-467.
1115:Ethylene glycol poisoning
559:compounds, and a colored
379:Ethylene glycol poisoning
72:. Commercially, both the
36:freezing-point depression
3957:Template:Home automation
3779:Kitchen exhaust cleaning
3475:Solar-assisted heat pump
3075:Air conditioner inverter
2854:Displacement ventilation
2745:Vapour pressure of water
2730:Thermal destratification
2473:Viscous fan (fan clutch)
2385:Throttle position sensor
2094:Overhead camshaft layout
1764:Butylated hydroxytoluene
1395:October 5, 2010, at the
883:10.1002/14356007.a03_023
172:convective heat transfer
113:are frequently used for
3952:World Refrigeration Day
3799:Refrigerant reclamation
3728:Architectural acoustics
3672:Programmable thermostat
3604:Clean air delivery rate
3500:Thermal expansion valve
3415:Pressurisation ductwork
3325:Ground source heat pump
2766:Absorption refrigerator
2012:Core plug (freeze plug)
1870:Windshield washer fluid
1814:Methyl tert-butyl ether
1794:2,6-Di-tert-butylphenol
1706:Lead Replacement Petrol
877:. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH.
845:Windshield washer fluid
762:(hydroxyethyl starch).
606:Organic acid technology
421:, salad dressings, and
3942:Glossary of HVAC terms
3904:Sick building syndrome
3784:Mechanical engineering
3495:Smoke exhaust ductwork
2926:Mixed-mode ventilation
1721:Compressed natural gas
1328:July 25, 2011, at the
1200:Solar Energy Materials
1113:PM Leth, M Gregersen.
795:Aircraft deicing fluid
590:Traditional inhibitors
394:
337:
298:to inhibit growth and
279:Biological antifreezes
166:is widely used in the
151:
107:colligative properties
100:Principles and history
3962:Template:Solar energy
3640:Intelligent buildings
3599:Carbon dioxide sensor
2986:Room air distribution
2806:Central solar heating
1390:Peak Antifreeze chart
1154:) paper 04-322. See:
630:is incompatible with
431:electronic cigarettes
411:ultra-processed foods
409:to a large number of
392:
335:
308:are commonly used in
251:Other industrial uses
190:incompatible metals (
149:
3983:Automotive chemicals
3764:Duct leakage testing
3754:Deep energy retrofit
3698:Thermographic camera
3635:Infrared thermometer
3110:Air source heat pump
3059:Water heat recycling
2625:Air changes per hour
2253:Compression ignition
1226:10.4271/2007-01-4000
914:Dow Chemical Company
766:Disodium fluorescein
661:2-ethylhexanoic acid
557:corrosion inhibiting
551:Corrosion inhibitors
532:—which measures the
273:heat transfer medium
180:corrosion inhibitors
18:Antifreeze (coolant)
3998:Household chemicals
3630:HVAC control system
3620:Home energy monitor
3594:Building automation
3380:Inverter compressor
3042:Variable air volume
2951:Passive ventilation
2921:Kitchen ventilation
2821:Constant air volume
2791:Autonomous building
2403:Catalytic converter
1441:"Coolant Confusion"
756:denatonium benzoate
433:. Propylene glycol
284:Antifreeze proteins
257:electronics cooling
105:boiling points are
66:solar water heaters
3893:Indoor air quality
3837:ASTM International
3774:Hydronic balancing
3551:Wood-burning stove
3430:Radiator reflector
3215:Evaporative cooler
3026:Underfloor heating
3011:Thermal insulation
2529:Knocking / pinging
2121:Combustion chamber
1774:1,2-Dichloroethane
1551:. 18 November 2009
1377:2008-04-16 at the
800:Antifreeze protein
744:disodium phosphate
736:safety data sheets
628:ethylhexanoic acid
446:biological fouling
395:
338:
243:(methyl alcohol).
226:galvanic corrosion
152:
137:Use and occurrence
46:when added to it.
3970:
3969:
3886:Health and safety
3465:Scroll compressor
3420:Process duct work
3175:Convection heater
3170:Condensing boiler
3100:Air-mixing plenum
2996:Solar combisystem
2832:Cross ventilation
2635:Building envelope
2575:
2574:
2544:Stratified charge
2311:Electrical system
2293:Engine management
2126:Compression ratio
2066:Starter ring gear
1965:rotating assembly
1906:
1905:
1829:Tetranitromethane
1809:Metal deactivator
1769:1,2-Dibromoethane
1156:Document preview.
840:Waterless coolant
638:, and is a known
464:Other antifreezes
300:recrystallization
188:electrochemically
16:(Redirected from
4005:
3932:Building science
3687:Smart thermostat
3682:Room temperature
3265:Fireplace insert
2971:Radon mitigation
2869:Electric heating
2864:District heating
2859:District cooling
2776:Air conditioning
2602:
2595:
2588:
2579:
2418:Exhaust manifold
2283:Spark plug wires
2169:Boost controller
2156:Forced induction
1933:
1926:
1919:
1910:
1893:MTBE controversy
1662:
1655:
1648:
1639:
1632:
1629:
1623:
1620:
1614:
1608:
1602:
1601:
1594:
1577:
1571:
1560:
1559:
1557:
1556:
1545:
1539:
1534:
1528:
1523:
1517:
1516:
1514:
1513:
1507:
1501:. Archived from
1500:
1492:
1486:
1485:
1474:
1468:
1462:
1456:
1455:
1453:
1452:
1443:. Archived from
1437:
1431:
1430:
1428:
1427:
1416:
1399:
1387:
1381:
1368:
1357:
1339:
1333:
1320:
1309:
1308:
1306:
1305:
1295:"Approval lists"
1291:
1285:
1284:
1282:
1281:
1267:
1261:
1260:
1258:
1257:
1248:. Archived from
1242:
1236:
1235:
1233:
1232:
1209:
1203:
1193:
1187:
1177:
1171:
1164:
1158:
1148:
1142:
1141:
1124:
1118:
1111:
1105:
1104:
1094:
1084:
1058:
1049:
1048:
1006:
997:
996:
968:
962:
961:
959:
958:
949:. Archived from
930:
924:
923:
921:
920:
911:
903:
897:
896:
868:
748:sodium molybdate
534:refractive index
520:Specific gravity
454:specific gravity
398:Propylene glycol
393:Propylene glycol
385:Propylene glycol
351:propylene glycol
230:propylene glycol
123:molecular weight
21:
4013:
4012:
4008:
4007:
4006:
4004:
4003:
4002:
3973:
3972:
3971:
3966:
3927:ASHRAE Handbook
3915:
3899:Passive smoking
3881:
3814:
3808:
3720:
3718:
3712:
3566:
3560:
3541:Whole-house fan
3455:Run-around coil
3450:Reversing valve
3395:Mechanical room
3385:Kerosene heater
3375:Infrared heater
3305:Gasoline heater
3245:Fan filter unit
3160:Condensate pump
3145:Centrifugal fan
3063:
2966:Radiant heating
2961:Radiant cooling
2936:Passive cooling
2931:Microgeneration
2801:Central heating
2749:
2725:Thermal comfort
2617:
2611:
2606:
2576:
2571:
2553:
2549:Top dead centre
2517:
2477:
2432:
2389:
2338:
2312:
2305:
2294:
2287:
2234:
2188:
2150:
2106:Tappet / lifter
2089:Flathead layout
2079:
2070:
1964:
1955:
1942:
1937:
1907:
1902:
1898:Pay at the pump
1874:
1833:
1804:Ethylenediamine
1745:
1686:Gasoline/petrol
1674:
1666:
1636:
1635:
1630:
1626:
1621:
1617:
1609:
1605:
1596:
1595:
1580:
1572:
1563:
1554:
1552:
1547:
1546:
1542:
1535:
1531:
1524:
1520:
1511:
1509:
1505:
1498:
1494:
1493:
1489:
1476:
1475:
1471:
1463:
1459:
1450:
1448:
1439:
1438:
1434:
1425:
1423:
1418:
1417:
1402:
1397:Wayback Machine
1388:
1384:
1379:Wayback Machine
1369:
1360:
1356:
1340:
1336:
1330:Wayback Machine
1321:
1312:
1303:
1301:
1293:
1292:
1288:
1279:
1277:
1275:Wolf Lubricants
1269:
1268:
1264:
1255:
1253:
1244:
1243:
1239:
1230:
1228:
1220:. Vol. 1.
1211:
1210:
1206:
1194:
1190:
1178:
1174:
1165:
1161:
1149:
1145:
1138:
1126:
1125:
1121:
1112:
1108:
1060:
1059:
1052:
1008:
1007:
1000:
970:
969:
965:
956:
954:
932:
931:
927:
918:
916:
909:
905:
904:
900:
893:
870:
869:
858:
853:
791:
740:sodium silicate
731:
723:
715:
693:
636:silicone rubber
608:
592:
578:
553:
512:
496:
481:ethylene glycol
466:
387:
342:Ethylene glycol
336:Ethylene glycol
330:
328:Ethylene glycol
324:
322:Ethylene glycol
319:
306:Cryoprotectants
281:
253:
245:Ethylene glycol
144:
139:
131:ethylene glycol
121:of metals. Low
102:
90:heat exchangers
40:heat capacities
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4011:
4009:
4001:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3975:
3974:
3968:
3967:
3965:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3923:
3921:
3917:
3916:
3914:
3913:
3907:
3901:
3896:
3889:
3887:
3883:
3882:
3880:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3818:
3816:
3810:
3809:
3807:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3724:
3722:
3714:
3713:
3711:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3677:Psychrometrics
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3653:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3574:Air flow meter
3570:
3568:
3562:
3561:
3559:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3350:Heating system
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3330:Heat exchanger
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3295:Gas compressor
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3230:Expansion tank
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3150:Ceramic heater
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3071:
3069:
3065:
3064:
3062:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3045:
3039:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2991:Solar air heat
2988:
2983:
2981:Renewable heat
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2897:
2892:
2890:Forced-air gas
2887:
2882:
2877:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2845:
2840:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2757:
2755:
2751:
2750:
2748:
2747:
2742:
2740:Thermodynamics
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2710:Psychrometrics
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2665:Gas compressor
2662:
2660:Fluid dynamics
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2621:
2619:
2613:
2612:
2607:
2605:
2604:
2597:
2590:
2582:
2573:
2572:
2570:
2569:
2564:
2558:
2555:
2554:
2552:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2525:
2523:
2519:
2518:
2516:
2515:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2485:
2483:
2479:
2478:
2476:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2454:
2453:
2448:
2442:
2440:
2438:Cooling system
2434:
2433:
2431:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2399:
2397:
2395:Exhaust system
2391:
2390:
2388:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2365:Inlet manifold
2362:
2357:
2352:
2346:
2344:
2340:
2339:
2337:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2307:
2306:
2304:
2303:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2289:
2288:
2286:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2244:
2242:
2236:
2235:
2233:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2220:Fuel injection
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2196:
2194:
2190:
2189:
2187:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2160:
2158:
2152:
2151:
2149:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2102:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2085:
2083:
2072:
2071:
2069:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1987:Connecting rod
1984:
1979:
1974:
1968:
1966:
1957:
1956:
1947:
1944:
1943:
1938:
1936:
1935:
1928:
1921:
1913:
1904:
1903:
1901:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1884:
1882:
1876:
1875:
1873:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1841:
1839:
1835:
1834:
1832:
1831:
1826:
1824:Tetraethyllead
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1755:
1753:
1751:Fuel additives
1747:
1746:
1744:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1682:
1680:
1676:
1675:
1667:
1665:
1664:
1657:
1650:
1642:
1634:
1633:
1624:
1615:
1603:
1578:
1561:
1540:
1529:
1518:
1487:
1469:
1457:
1432:
1400:
1382:
1358:
1355:
1354:
1348:
1341:
1334:
1310:
1286:
1262:
1237:
1204:
1188:
1186:, pages 16-18.
1172:
1159:
1143:
1136:
1119:
1106:
1050:
998:
963:
925:
898:
892:978-3527306732
891:
855:
854:
852:
849:
848:
847:
842:
837:
832:
827:
822:
817:
812:
810:Cryoprotectant
807:
802:
797:
790:
787:
730:
727:
722:
719:
714:
711:
698:An example is
692:
689:
620:General Motors
607:
604:
591:
588:
577:
574:
552:
549:
541:
540:
537:
527:
511:
508:
494:
465:
462:
419:frozen custard
386:
383:
326:Main article:
323:
320:
318:
317:Primary agents
315:
280:
277:
252:
249:
164:engine coolant
156:"water"-cooled
143:
140:
138:
135:
101:
98:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4010:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3980:
3978:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3924:
3922:
3918:
3911:
3908:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3894:
3891:
3890:
3888:
3884:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3819:
3817:
3815:organizations
3811:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3759:Duct cleaning
3757:
3755:
3752:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3725:
3723:
3715:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3657:
3654:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3610:Control valve
3608:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3571:
3569:
3563:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3530:Turning vanes
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3505:Thermal wheel
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3470:Solar chimney
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3240:Fan coil unit
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3185:Cooling tower
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3072:
3070:
3066:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3049:
3046:
3043:
3040:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3031:Vapor barrier
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3006:Solar heating
3004:
3002:
3001:Solar cooling
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2976:Refrigeration
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2946:Passive house
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2816:Chilled water
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2758:
2756:
2752:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2715:Sensible heat
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2695:Noise control
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2675:Heat transfer
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2622:
2620:
2614:
2610:
2603:
2598:
2596:
2591:
2589:
2584:
2583:
2580:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2559:
2556:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2526:
2524:
2520:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2486:
2484:
2480:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2455:
2452:
2451:Water cooling
2449:
2447:
2444:
2443:
2441:
2439:
2435:
2429:
2428:Oxygen sensor
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2400:
2398:
2396:
2392:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2347:
2345:
2343:Intake system
2341:
2335:
2334:Starter motor
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2316:
2314:
2308:
2302:
2299:
2298:
2296:
2290:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2273:Ignition coil
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2245:
2243:
2241:
2237:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2205:Petrol engine
2203:
2201:
2200:Diesel engine
2198:
2197:
2195:
2191:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2164:Blowoff valve
2162:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2153:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2103:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2086:
2084:
2082:
2081:Cylinder head
2077:
2073:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1972:Balance shaft
1970:
1969:
1967:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1952:
1945:
1941:
1934:
1929:
1927:
1922:
1920:
1915:
1914:
1911:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1877:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1842:
1840:
1836:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1756:
1754:
1752:
1748:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1683:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1670:
1663:
1658:
1656:
1651:
1649:
1644:
1643:
1640:
1628:
1625:
1619:
1616:
1612:
1607:
1604:
1599:
1593:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1570:
1568:
1566:
1562:
1550:
1544:
1541:
1538:
1533:
1530:
1527:
1522:
1519:
1508:on 2013-05-12
1504:
1497:
1491:
1488:
1483:
1479:
1473:
1470:
1466:
1461:
1458:
1447:on 2013-05-12
1446:
1442:
1436:
1433:
1421:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1407:
1405:
1401:
1398:
1394:
1391:
1386:
1383:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1359:
1352:
1349:
1346:
1343:
1342:
1338:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1324:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1311:
1300:
1296:
1290:
1287:
1276:
1272:
1266:
1263:
1252:on 2012-11-20
1251:
1247:
1241:
1238:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1208:
1205:
1201:
1198:
1192:
1189:
1185:
1182:
1176:
1173:
1169:
1163:
1160:
1157:
1153:
1147:
1144:
1139:
1137:92-4-120909-7
1133:
1129:
1123:
1120:
1116:
1110:
1107:
1102:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1069:
1064:
1057:
1055:
1051:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1017:
1012:
1005:
1003:
999:
994:
990:
986:
982:
979:(1): 359–90.
978:
974:
967:
964:
953:on 2015-11-04
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
929:
926:
915:
908:
902:
899:
894:
888:
884:
880:
876:
875:
867:
865:
863:
861:
857:
850:
846:
843:
841:
838:
836:
835:Water cooling
833:
831:
828:
826:
823:
821:
818:
816:
813:
811:
808:
806:
803:
801:
798:
796:
793:
792:
788:
786:
783:
779:
778:tolyltriazole
774:
772:
767:
763:
761:
757:
753:
752:sodium borate
749:
745:
741:
737:
728:
726:
720:
718:
712:
710:
707:
705:
701:
696:
690:
688:
686:
680:
676:
672:
670:
666:
662:
658:
652:
650:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
612:
605:
603:
601:
597:
589:
587:
584:
575:
573:
570:
566:
562:
558:
550:
548:
545:
538:
535:
531:
530:Refractometer
528:
525:
521:
518:
517:
516:
509:
507:
504:
502:
498:
490:
486:
482:
477:
472:
470:
463:
461:
457:
455:
451:
447:
442:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
399:
391:
384:
382:
380:
374:
372:
368:
364:
360:
354:
352:
348:
343:
334:
329:
321:
316:
314:
311:
307:
303:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
278:
276:
274:
270:
265:
261:
258:
250:
248:
246:
242:
237:
235:
231:
227:
223:
218:
216:
211:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
148:
141:
136:
134:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
99:
97:
95:
91:
87:
86:heat transfer
83:
79:
75:
71:
70:water freezes
67:
63:
60:
56:
52:
47:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
3937:Fireproofing
3721:and services
3717:Professions,
3615:Gas detector
3515:Trickle vent
3490:Smoke damper
3485:Smoke canopy
3480:Space heater
3410:Plenum space
3345:Heating film
3225:Exhaust hood
3195:Dehumidifier
3135:Blast damper
3130:Barrier pipe
3105:Air purifier
3016:Thermosiphon
2895:Free cooling
2811:Chilled beam
2780:
2735:Thermal mass
2720:Stack effect
2705:Particulates
2685:Infiltration
2616:Fundamental
2458:Electric fan
2258:Coil-on-plug
2184:Turbocharger
2179:Supercharger
2051:Main bearing
2041:Firing order
2031:Displacement
1977:Block heater
1961:Engine block
1949:Part of the
1948:
1849:
1819:Nitromethane
1759:Butyl rubber
1736:Butanol fuel
1627:
1618:
1606:
1553:. Retrieved
1543:
1532:
1521:
1510:. Retrieved
1503:the original
1490:
1481:
1472:
1460:
1449:. Retrieved
1445:the original
1435:
1424:. Retrieved
1385:
1337:
1302:. Retrieved
1298:
1289:
1278:. Retrieved
1274:
1265:
1254:. Retrieved
1250:the original
1240:
1229:. Retrieved
1217:
1207:
1199:
1191:
1183:
1175:
1162:
1146:
1127:
1122:
1114:
1109:
1072:
1066:
1020:
1014:
976:
972:
966:
955:. Retrieved
951:the original
938:
928:
917:. Retrieved
901:
872:
775:
764:
732:
724:
716:
708:
697:
694:
684:
681:
677:
673:
653:
644:Class action
613:
609:
593:
579:
563:(commonly a
554:
546:
542:
513:
505:
500:
488:
473:
467:
458:
443:
413:, including
396:
375:
355:
339:
304:
296:ice crystals
282:
266:
262:
254:
238:
219:
212:
163:
153:
103:
82:liquid phase
77:
73:
48:
31:
29:
3947:Warm Spaces
3589:Blower door
3567:and control
3565:Measurement
3546:Windcatcher
3520:Trombe wall
3460:Sail switch
3440:Refrigerant
3435:Recuperator
3310:Grease duct
3270:Freeze stat
3255:Fire damper
3125:Back boiler
3095:Air ionizer
3090:Air handler
3054:Ventilation
2906:Hybrid heat
2771:Air barrier
2690:Latent heat
2482:Lubrication
2446:Air cooling
2263:Distributor
2215:Fuel filter
2193:Fuel system
2174:Intercooler
2141:Timing belt
2131:Head gasket
2061:Piston ring
1860:Brake fluid
1711:Electricity
1701:Biogasoline
1068:BMC Biology
1016:Cryobiology
815:Heater core
805:Air cooling
706:inhibitor.
669:plasticizer
659:and 2-EHA (
640:plasticizer
616:controversy
576:Maintenance
565:fluorescent
487:introduced
439:lactic acid
423:baked goods
353:available.
347:automobiles
310:cryobiology
3977:Categories
3703:Thermostat
3625:Humidistat
3556:Zone valve
3525:TurboSwing
3400:Oil heater
3370:Humidifier
3300:Gas heater
3250:Fan heater
3220:Evaporator
3205:Economizer
3180:Compressor
3085:Air filter
3068:Components
2885:Forced-air
2781:Antifreeze
2754:Technology
2700:Outgassing
2640:Convection
2534:Power band
2494:Oil filter
2468:Thermostat
2413:EGT sensor
2375:MAF sensor
2370:MAP sensor
2355:Air filter
2319:Alternator
2278:Spark plug
2210:Carburetor
2136:Rocker arm
2076:Valvetrain
2007:Crankshaft
1951:Automobile
1850:Antifreeze
1679:Fuel types
1555:2013-06-07
1512:2013-06-07
1451:2013-06-07
1426:2013-06-07
1353:, MEGlobal
1347:, CoreChem
1304:2022-07-26
1280:2022-07-20
1256:2013-06-07
1231:2013-06-07
957:2019-08-12
919:2021-06-04
851:References
665:hard water
600:phosphates
524:hydrometer
522:—(using a
485:Volkswagen
429:" used in
168:automotive
160:waste heat
158:to remove
94:cavitation
32:antifreeze
3813:Industry
3662:OpenTherm
3340:Heat pump
3335:Heat pipe
3285:Fume hood
3260:Fireplace
3165:Condenser
3115:Attic fan
2911:Hydronics
2268:Glow plug
2230:Fuel tank
2225:Fuel pump
1992:Crankcase
1888:Fuel card
1845:Motor oil
1696:Biodiesel
1482:Valvoline
1422:motor.com
1299:Glysantin
1075:(1): 56.
1023:: 74–91.
782:toluidine
729:Additives
632:nylon 6,6
596:silicates
497:emissions
415:ice cream
363:silicates
196:cast iron
184:radiators
119:corrosion
3993:Coolants
3920:See also
3645:LonWorks
3579:Aquastat
3445:Register
3425:Radiator
3080:Air door
2880:Firestop
2680:Humidity
2655:Enthalpy
2645:Dilution
2630:Bake-out
2618:concepts
2567:Category
2512:Dry sump
2508:Wet sump
2499:Oil pump
2463:Radiator
2380:Throttle
2240:Ignition
2111:Camshaft
2036:Flywheel
2017:Cylinder
2002:Crankpin
1865:Gear oil
1726:Hydrogen
1716:Kerosene
1393:Archived
1375:Archived
1326:Archived
1101:33761937
1037:28428046
993:11181960
830:Radiator
820:Ice melt
789:See also
771:UV light
704:benzoate
657:sebacate
569:dilution
476:glycerol
435:oxidizes
427:e-liquid
359:Nitrites
241:methanol
192:aluminum
127:alcohols
115:de-icing
74:additive
62:chillers
49:Because
3719:trades,
3290:Furnace
3155:Chiller
2827:Coolant
2539:Redline
2423:Muffler
2324:Battery
2248:Magneto
1799:Ecalene
1731:Ethanol
1092:7989039
1045:4176915
760:dextrin
405:allows
367:borates
288:animals
78:mixture
44:coolant
3872:SMACNA
3832:ASHRAE
3652:(MERV)
3606:(CADR)
3584:BACnet
3537:(ULPA)
3390:Louver
3315:Grille
3190:Damper
3140:Boiler
3038:(VCRS)
2839:(DOAS)
2562:Portal
2350:Airbox
2329:Dynamo
2056:Piston
2046:Stroke
2025:layout
1953:series
1880:Retail
1838:Fluids
1691:Diesel
1134:
1099:
1089:
1043:
1035:
991:
889:
758:, and
501:G12EVO
371:azoles
292:plants
208:solder
200:copper
3912:(VOC)
3906:(SBS)
3895:(IAQ)
3852:CIBSE
3847:BSRIA
3750:(BIM)
3694:(STP)
3658:(NTP)
3280:Freon
3050:(VRF)
3044:(VAV)
2902:(HRV)
2876:(ERV)
2850:(DCV)
2823:(CAV)
2522:Other
2146:Valve
2116:Chest
1672:fuels
1669:Motor
1506:(PDF)
1499:(PDF)
1041:S2CID
910:(PDF)
700:Zerex
222:voids
204:brass
111:Salts
51:water
3867:LEED
3827:AMCA
3822:AHRI
3355:HEPA
3275:Flue
3200:Duct
2504:Sump
2021:bank
1982:Bore
1132:ISBN
1097:PMID
1033:PMID
989:PMID
887:ISBN
647:GM (
634:and
626:and
598:and
583:HVAC
369:and
269:HVAC
174:for
64:and
59:HVAC
3877:UMC
3862:IIR
3842:BRE
3235:Fan
2489:Oil
2078:and
1963:and
1222:doi
1087:PMC
1077:doi
1025:doi
981:doi
943:doi
879:doi
685:all
561:dye
489:G13
483:.
437:to
403:FDA
381:).
234:psi
30:An
3979::
2510:,
2023:,
1581:^
1564:^
1480:.
1403:^
1361:^
1313:^
1297:.
1273:.
1216:.
1095:.
1085:.
1073:19
1071:.
1065:.
1053:^
1039:.
1031:.
1021:76
1019:.
1013:.
1001:^
987:.
977:63
975:.
941:.
937:.
912:.
885:.
859:^
754:,
750:,
746:,
742:,
642:.
493:CO
452:,
450:pH
441:.
417:,
365:,
361:,
290:,
217:.
206:,
202:,
198:,
194:,
2601:e
2594:t
2587:v
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2019:(
1932:e
1925:t
1918:v
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1600:.
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1429:.
1307:.
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1259:.
1234:.
1224::
1140:.
1103:.
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960:.
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495:2
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