407:) that is able to trigger a humoral (innate) or cell-mediated immune response. It first initiates an innate immune response, which then causes the activation of the adaptive immune response. An antigen binds the highly variable immunoreceptor products (B-cell receptor or T-cell receptor) once these have been generated. Immunogens are those antigens, termed
31:
698:) and predict potential neoantigens. In mice models, for all novel protein sequences, potential MHC-binding peptides were predicted. The resulting set of potential neoantigens was used to assess T cell reactivity. Exome–based analyses were exploited in a clinical setting, to assess reactivity in patients treated by either
297:
Antigenic molecules, normally "large" biological polymers, usually present surface features that can act as points of interaction for specific antibodies. Any such feature constitutes an epitope. Most antigens have the potential to be bound by multiple antibodies, each of which is specific to one of
725:
The majority of human neoantigens identified in unbiased screens display a high predicted MHC binding affinity. Minor histocompatibility antigens, a conceptually similar antigen class are also correctly identified by MHC binding algorithms. Another potential filter examines whether the mutation is
750:
Antigenic specificity is the ability of the host cells to recognize an antigen specifically as a unique molecular entity and distinguish it from another with exquisite precision. Antigen specificity is due primarily to the side-chain conformations of the antigen. It is measurable and need not be
605:
Neoantigens are those that are entirely absent from the normal human genome. As compared with nonmutated self-proteins, neoantigens are of relevance to tumor control, as the quality of the T cell pool that is available for these antigens is not affected by central T cell tolerance. Technology to
392:. The T cells selectively recognize the antigens; depending on the antigen and the type of the histocompatibility molecule, different types of T cells will be activated. For T-cell receptor (TCR) recognition, the peptide must be processed into small fragments inside the cell and presented by a
144:
Antigens are recognized by antigen receptors, including antibodies and T-cell receptors. Diverse antigen receptors are made by cells of the immune system so that each cell has a specificity for a single antigen. Upon exposure to an antigen, only the lymphocytes that recognize that antigen are
709:
As of 2015 mass spectrometry resolution is insufficient to exclude many false positives from the pool of peptides that may be presented by MHC molecules. Instead, algorithms are used to identify the most likely candidates. These algorithms consider factors such as the likelihood of
705:
The false-negative rate of cancer exome sequencing is low—i.e.: the majority of neoantigens occur within exonic sequence with sufficient coverage. However, the vast majority of mutations within expressed genes do not produce neoantigens that are recognized by autologous T cells.
689:
A large fraction of human tumor mutations are effectively patient-specific. Therefore, neoantigens may also be based on individual tumor genomes. Deep-sequencing technologies can identify mutations within the protein-coding part of the
509:
Some antigens start out as exogenous and later become endogenous (for example, intracellular viruses). Intracellular antigens can be returned to circulation upon the destruction of the infected cell.
168:" or "self antigens") or from the external environment ("non-self"). The immune system identifies and attacks "non-self" external antigens. Antibodies usually do not react with self-antigens due to
358:
that are capable of binding to antibodies at positions outside of the antigen-binding site. While antigens are the "target" of antibodies, immunoglobulin-binding proteins "attack" antibodies.
371:) in their ability to produce an immune response. T cell responses typically are directed against a relatively few immunodominant epitopes, although in some cases (e.g., infection with the
298:
the antigen's epitopes. Using the "lock and key" metaphor, the antigen can be seen as a string of keys (epitopes) each of which matches a different lock (antibody). Different antibody
597:. Under normal conditions, these self-proteins should not be the target of the immune system, but in autoimmune diseases, their associated T cells are not deleted and instead attack.
1191:
Doolan DL, Southwood S, Freilich DA, Sidney J, Graber NL, Shatney L, Bebris L, Florens L, Dobano C, Witney AA, Appella E, Hoffman SL, Yates JR, Carucci DJ, Sette A (August 2003).
1558:
1320:
Janeway CA (November 2013). "Pillars article: approaching the asymptote? Evolution and revolution in immunology. Cold spring harb symp quant biol. 1989. 54: 1-13".
494:
molecules on their surface. Some T cells are specific for the peptide:MHC complex. They become activated and start to secrete cytokines, substances that activate
442:. Non-microbial non-self antigens can include pollen, egg white, and proteins from transplanted tissues and organs or on the surface of transfused blood cells.
702:(TIL) cell therapy or checkpoint blockade. Neoantigen identification was successful for multiple experimental model systems and human malignancies.
279:
indicates that the logical construction should be "anti(body)-gen". The term originally referred to a substance that acts as an antibody generator.
1551:
606:
systematically analyze T cell reactivity against neoantigens became available only recently. Neoantigens can be directly detected and quantified.
726:
expected to improve MHC binding. The nature of the central TCR-exposed residues of MHC-bound peptides is associated with peptide immunogenicity.
1409:
670:
Tumor antigens can appear on the surface of the tumor in the form of, for example, a mutated receptor, in which case they are recognized by
198:
are examples of antigens in an immunogenic form, which are intentionally administered to a recipient to induce the memory function of the
236:
1544:
1175:
303:
1029:
947:
1890:
393:
239:
named the hypothetical substances halfway between bacterial constituents and antibodies "antigenic or immunogenic substances" (
1885:
430:, nucleic acids or other biomolecules. This includes parts (coats, capsules, cell walls, flagella, fimbriae, and toxins) of
322:– A class of antigens that cause non-specific activation of T-cells, resulting in polyclonal T-cell activation and massive
259:. But, by 1903, he understood that an antigen induces the production of immune bodies (antibodies) and wrote that the word
1828:
699:
400:. Similarly, the adjuvant component of vaccines plays an essential role in the activation of the innate immune system.
153:, meaning that an antibody can only react to and bind one specific antigen; in some instances, however, antibodies may
1165:
389:
361:
T-dependent antigen – Antigens that require the assistance of T cells to induce the formation of specific antibodies.
418:. Different antibodies have the potential to discriminate among specific epitopes present on the antigen surface. A
1714:
971:
Gallucci S, Lolkema M, Matzinger P (November 1999). "Natural adjuvants: endogenous activators of dendritic cells".
818:
593:
or protein complex (and sometimes DNA or RNA) that is recognized by the immune system of patients with a specific
422:
is a small molecule that can only induce an immune response when attached to a larger carrier molecule, such as a
316:. The (detrimental) reaction may result after exposure via ingestion, inhalation, injection, or contact with skin.
275:
158:
660:
1894:
1652:
664:
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495:
479:
385:
1992:
1916:
1634:
1570:
1349:"Toward a modern synthesis of immunity: Charles A. Janeway Jr. and the immunologist's dirty little secret"
808:
783:
760:
652:
199:
1997:
1863:
1719:
1697:
803:
715:
619:
264:
188:. The diseases in which antibodies react with self antigens and damage the body's own cells are called
1193:"Identification of Plasmodium falciparum antigens by antigenic analysis of genomic and proteomic data"
1880:
1813:
1724:
1648:
1455:
1276:
1204:
823:
798:
467:
1536:
1940:
1875:
1858:
1692:
1610:
1078:
Strebhardt K, Ullrich A (June 2008). "Paul
Ehrlich's magic bullet concept: 100 years of progress".
43:
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of the infected cell. In order to keep the cytotoxic cells from killing cells just for presenting
1760:
1146:
1103:
996:
594:
574:
203:
189:
71:
67:
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At the molecular level, an antigen can be characterized by its ability to bind to an antibody's
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1987:
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169:
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Exogenous antigens are antigens that have entered the body from the outside, for example, by
157:
to bind more than one antigen. The reaction between an antigen and an antibody is called the
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1868:
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1803:
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1348:
1297:
1264:
1134:
793:
483:
343:
333:
118:
106:
1227:
1192:
659:. More common are antigens that are presented by tumor cells and normal cells, called
1981:
1818:
1707:
1265:"Adjuvant-enhanced antibody responses in the absence of toll-like receptor signaling"
1150:
734:
A native antigen is an antigen that is not yet processed by an APC to smaller parts.
635:
439:
35:
1107:
1000:
847:
1785:
1770:
1765:
1702:
1600:
1263:
Gavin AL, Hoebe K, Duong B, Ota T, Martin C, Beutler B, Nemazee D (December 2006).
813:
644:
590:
586:
570:
546:
491:
475:
319:
214:
165:
114:
1508:
850:. National Human Genome Research Institute, US National Institutes of Health. 2020
1019:
937:
738:
cannot bind native antigens, but require that they be processed by APCs, whereas
517:
Endogenous antigens are generated within normal cells as a result of normal cell
640:
526:
503:
471:
408:
185:
122:
1197:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1015:
1908:
1661:
1567:
957:
711:
648:
626:
derived from viral open reading frames contribute to the pool of neoantigens.
558:
518:
470:. The immune system's response to exogenous antigens is often subclinical. By
459:
377:
51:
1966:
1671:
1468:
1443:
1288:
1217:
1039:
778:
554:
542:
522:
463:
396:(MHC). The antigen cannot elicit the immune response without the help of an
355:
351:
347:
337:
329:
299:
1526:
1477:
1374:
1333:
1306:
1236:
1121:
Lindenmann J (April 1984). "Origin of the terms 'antibody' and 'antigen'".
1099:
992:
525:. The fragments are then presented on the cell surface in the complex with
332:– A substance that invokes a specific immune non-responsiveness due to its
1142:
202:
towards antigens of the pathogen invading that recipient. The vaccine for
1956:
1741:
1729:
1687:
1641:
1605:
678:
656:
562:
549:, the cytotoxic cells (self-reactive T cells) are deleted as a result of
431:
415:
397:
368:
367:
Immunodominant antigens – Antigens that dominate (over all others from a
323:
309:
219:
138:
126:
83:
75:
63:
39:
17:
482:(APCs) and processed into fragments. APCs then present the fragments to
27:
Molecule triggering an immune response (antibody production) in the host
1961:
1775:
1624:
1391:, 3rd Edition, p. G:11, Garland Science, Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.
788:
671:
623:
423:
372:
288:
252:
195:
102:
98:
1253:, 3rd Edition, p. G:2, Garland Science, Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.
381:) it is dispersed over a relatively large number of parasite antigens.
1933:
1921:
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756:
752:
739:
735:
719:
691:
499:
419:
404:
256:
181:
177:
173:
134:
79:
1091:
30:
881:. MedlinePlus, US National Institute of Medicine. 28 September 2020
984:
936:
Abbas AK, Lichtman A, Pillai S (2018). "Antibodies and
Antigens".
695:
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that recognize these antigens may be able to destroy tumor cells.
538:
534:
435:
427:
130:
110:
364:
T-independent antigen – Antigens that stimulate B cells directly.
1059:. US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 15 October 2019
1540:
681:(neo-epitopes) are created by tumor-specific DNA alterations.
487:
336:. If its molecular form is changed, a tolerogen can become an
1491:
Wang Q, Douglass J, Hwang MS, et al. (November 2019).
1014:
Janeway Jr CA, Travers P, Walport M, Shlomchik MJ (2001).
1016:"Autoimmune responses are directed against self antigens"
1021:
Immunobiology: The Immune System in Health and
Disease
450:
Antigens can be classified according to their source.
90:. The presence of antigens in the body may trigger an
1493:"Direct Detection and Quantification of Neoantigens"
164:
Antigen can originate either from within the body ("
1949:
1907:
1849:
1750:
1680:
1588:
1581:
751:linear or of a rate-limited step or equation. Both
722:and gene expression or protein translation levels.
291:– the distinct surface features of an antigen, its
34:An illustration that shows how antigens induce the
655:(TSAs) and generally result from a tumor-specific
553:(negative selection). Endogenous antigens include
677:For human tumors without a viral etiology, novel
521:, or because of viral or intracellular bacterial
247:). He originally believed those substances to be
651:. Antigens found only on such cells are called
569:(homologous) antigens. Sometimes antigens are
1552:
1404:(6th ed.). Macmillan. 2006. p. 77.
426:. Antigens can be proteins, polysaccharides,
8:
533:recognize them, the T cells secrete various
388:present antigens in the form of peptides on
268:
145:activated and expanded, a process known as
1585:
1559:
1545:
1537:
1442:Schumacher TN, Schreiber RD (April 2015).
411:, capable of inducing an immune response.
1516:
1467:
1364:
1296:
1226:
1216:
639:are those antigens that are presented by
403:An immunogen is an antigen substance (or
235:at the end of the 19th century. In 1899,
1353:The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine
1170:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 10.
942:(9th ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier.
718:, affinity for the relevant MHC class I
478:, exogenous antigens are taken into the
29:
1437:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1421:
931:
929:
927:
925:
836:
1164:Male DK, Roitt IM, Brostoff J (2006).
902:
900:
898:
896:
1444:"Neoantigens in cancer immunotherapy"
1051:
1049:
873:
871:
869:
867:
865:
842:
840:
614:For virus-associated tumors, such as
7:
346:-binding protein – Proteins such as
312:– A substance capable of causing an
304:complementarity-determining regions
245:substances immunogènes ou antigènes
1135:10.1111/j.1365-3083.1984.tb00931.x
1123:Scandinavian Journal of Immunology
25:
1024:(5th ed.). Elsevier España.
939:Cellular and Molecular Immunology
742:can be activated by native ones.
394:major histocompatibility complex
149:. In most cases, antibodies are
38:response by interacting with an
714:processing, transport into the
237:Ladislas Deutsch (László Detre)
1886:Immunoglobulin class switching
302:, each have distinctly formed
82:, that can bind to a specific
1:
1509:10.1158/2326-6066.CIR-19-0107
879:"Immune system and disorders"
700:tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte
1057:"Antigenic characterization"
647:molecules on the surface of
390:histocompatibility molecules
759:are cellular components of
492:class II histocompatibility
117:. Antigens exist on normal
109:(chains of simple sugars),
2014:
1715:Polyclonal B cell response
1497:Cancer Immunology Research
819:Polyclonal B cell response
814:Paul Ehrlich: Magic Bullet
498:(CTL), antibody-secreting
661:tumor-associated antigens
276:Oxford English Dictionary
251:of antibodies, just as a
159:antigen-antibody reaction
910:. Cleveland Clinic. 2023
529:molecules. If activated
480:antigen-presenting cells
386:Antigen-presenting cells
1469:10.1126/science.aaa4971
1387:Parham, Peter. (2009).
1289:10.1126/science.1135299
1249:Parham, Peter. (2009).
1218:10.1073/pnas.1633254100
665:Cytotoxic T lymphocytes
653:tumor-specific antigens
571:part of the host itself
496:cytotoxic T lymphocytes
1829:Tolerance in pregnancy
1571:adaptive immune system
1347:Gayed PM (June 2011).
1080:Nature Reviews. Cancer
809:Original antigenic sin
784:Conformational epitope
269:
244:
228:
200:adaptive immune system
47:
1864:Somatic hypermutation
1698:Polyclonal antibodies
1693:Monoclonal antibodies
1322:Journal of Immunology
804:Neutralizing antibody
746:Antigenic specificity
716:endoplasmic reticulum
620:head and neck cancers
531:cytotoxic CD8 T cells
506:and other particles.
293:antigenic determinant
255:is a precursor of an
206:is a common example.
105:(amino acid chains),
33:
1881:Junctional diversity
1649:Antigen presentation
824:Priming (immunology)
799:Magnetic immunoassay
398:immunologic adjuvant
1876:V(D)J recombination
1859:Affinity maturation
1611:Antigenic variation
1460:2015Sci...348...69S
1281:2006Sci...314.1936G
1275:(5807): 1936–1938.
1209:2003PNAS..100.9952D
513:Endogenous antigens
267:of antisomatogen (
190:autoimmune diseases
44:molecular structure
595:autoimmune disease
575:autoimmune disease
454:Exogenous antigens
270:Immunkörperbildner
204:seasonal influenza
170:negative selection
72:particulate matter
48:
1975:
1974:
1903:
1902:
1653:professional APCs
1503:(11): 1748–1754.
1411:978-1-4292-0211-4
1389:The Immune System
1251:The Immune System
979:(11): 1249–1255.
761:adaptive immunity
314:allergic reaction
233:side-chain theory
42:that matches the
16:(Redirected from
2005:
1869:Clonal selection
1841:Immune privilege
1836:Immunodeficiency
1791:Cross-reactivity
1781:Hypersensitivity
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1328:(9): 4475–4487.
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774:Antigenic escape
618:and a subset of
557:(heterologous),
490:) by the use of
272:
217:coined the term
151:antigen-specific
147:clonal selection
97:Antigens can be
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2013:
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2008:
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1824:Clonal deletion
1752:
1746:
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1535:
1534:
1490:
1489:
1485:
1454:(6230): 69–74.
1441:
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1402:Kuby Immunology
1400:
1399:
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1382:
1346:
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1203:(17): 9952–57.
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1120:
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1092:10.1038/nrc2394
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973:Nature Medicine
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612:
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537:that cause the
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378:Plasmodium spp.
296:
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107:polysaccharides
92:immune response
88:T-cell receptor
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23:
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1851:Immunogenetics
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1796:Co-stimulation
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1177:978-0323033992
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1129:(4): 281–285.
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794:Linear epitope
791:
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731:
728:
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683:
636:Tumor antigens
631:
630:Tumor antigens
628:
611:
610:Viral antigens
608:
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599:
582:
579:
514:
511:
484:T helper cells
455:
452:
447:
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440:microorganisms
383:
382:
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344:Immunoglobulin
341:
334:molecular form
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24:
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9:
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1993:Immune system
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1819:Clonal anergy
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46:of an antigen
45:
41:
37:
36:immune system
32:
19:
1998:Biomolecules
1786:Inflammation
1771:Alloimmunity
1766:Autoimmunity
1751:Immunity vs.
1703:Autoantibody
1601:Superantigen
1595:
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883:. Retrieved
852:. Retrieved
749:
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708:
704:
688:
676:
669:
645:MHC class II
634:
633:
613:
604:
591:self-protein
584:
581:Autoantigens
516:
508:
476:phagocytosis
457:
449:
438:, and other
413:
402:
384:
376:
320:Superantigen
292:
274:
260:
218:
215:Paul Ehrlich
213:
194:
166:self-protein
163:
150:
143:
123:cancer cells
96:
59:
55:
49:
1909:Lymphocytes
1568:Lymphocytic
712:proteasomal
649:tumor cells
641:MHC class I
601:Neoantigens
587:autoantigen
527:MHC class I
504:macrophages
472:endocytosis
409:immunogenic
283:Terminology
265:contraction
186:bone marrow
155:cross-react
1982:Categories
1950:Substances
1814:Peripheral
1802:Inaction:
1681:Antibodies
1662:Macrophage
1575:complement
1167:Immunology
1063:13 October
958:1002110073
885:13 October
854:13 October
848:"Antibody"
831:References
559:autologous
519:metabolism
460:inhalation
249:precursors
229:Antikörper
78:, such as
70:, foreign
52:immunology
1967:Cytolysin
1957:Cytokines
1804:Tolerance
1753:tolerance
1672:Immunogen
1151:222200504
908:"Antigen"
779:Antitoxin
567:allogenic
563:idiotypic
555:xenogenic
551:tolerance
543:apoptosis
523:infection
468:injection
464:ingestion
416:paratopes
375:pathogen
356:protein L
352:protein G
348:protein A
338:immunogen
330:Tolerogen
300:idiotypes
231:) in his
210:Etymology
127:parasites
18:Antigenic
1988:Antigens
1917:Cellular
1761:Immunity
1759:Action:
1742:Paratope
1730:Idiotype
1720:Allotype
1688:Antibody
1642:Mimotope
1606:Allergen
1589:Antigens
1582:Lymphoid
1527:31527070
1478:25838375
1375:21698045
1334:24141854
1307:17185603
1237:12886016
1108:30063909
1100:18469827
1040:45708106
1001:29090284
993:10545990
767:See also
730:Nativity
679:peptides
663:(TAAs).
657:mutation
624:epitopes
432:bacteria
369:pathogen
326:release.
324:cytokine
310:Allergen
220:antibody
196:Vaccines
139:bacteria
103:peptides
99:proteins
84:antibody
76:allergen
74:, or an
64:molecule
40:antibody
1962:Opsonin
1941:NK cell
1929:Humoral
1809:Central
1776:Allergy
1725:Isotype
1625:Epitope
1596:Antigen
1518:6825591
1456:Bibcode
1448:Science
1366:3117407
1298:1868398
1277:Bibcode
1269:Science
1205:Bibcode
1143:6374880
789:Epitope
757:B cells
753:T cells
740:B cells
736:T cells
720:alleles
685:Process
672:B cells
500:B cells
446:Sources
436:viruses
424:protein
373:malaria
289:Epitope
273:). The
261:antigen
253:zymogen
184:in the
182:B cells
176:in the
174:T cells
131:viruses
62:) is a
56:antigen
1934:B cell
1922:T cell
1667:B cell
1630:Linear
1618:Hapten
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914:23 May
692:genome
573:in an
535:toxins
428:lipids
420:hapten
405:adduct
354:, and
257:enzyme
241:French
225:German
178:thymus
137:, and
111:lipids
80:pollen
68:moiety
1147:S2CID
1104:S2CID
997:S2CID
696:exome
694:(the
539:lysis
263:is a
135:fungi
119:cells
113:, or
54:, an
1573:and
1523:PMID
1474:PMID
1406:ISBN
1371:PMID
1330:PMID
1303:PMID
1233:PMID
1172:ISBN
1139:PMID
1096:PMID
1065:2020
1036:OCLC
1026:ISBN
989:PMID
954:OCLC
944:ISBN
916:2023
887:2020
856:2020
755:and
561:and
180:and
1895:HLA
1891:MHC
1513:PMC
1505:doi
1464:doi
1452:348
1361:PMC
1326:191
1293:PMC
1285:doi
1273:314
1223:PMC
1213:doi
1201:100
1131:doi
1088:doi
981:doi
643:or
585:An
565:or
541:or
488:CD4
474:or
466:or
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