310:
221:
35:
474:
710:, Antimycin A is used as an agent to enhance catfish production via selective killing small and more sensitive species. When Antimycin A is added at 25 ppb it provides a complete kill. However at 10 ppb, Antimycin A is used as a selective killing agent to kill smaller or more sensitive species that may reduce the yield of commercial farming.
610:
886:. In presence of antimycin A the dependence of the superoxide production rate on oxygen level is hyperbolic. In cultured cells at the background of mitochondrial respiration inhibition, the rate of superoxide production exceeds the cellular mechanisms to scavenge it, overwhelming the cell and leading to cell death.
690:
Antimycin A was first discovered in 1945 and registered for use as a fish toxicant in 1960. Fintrol ® is the only currently registered product containing
Antimycin A and is classified as a restricted use pesticide because of its aquatic toxicity and requirement for highly specialized training in
904:
acts to block the electron transport chain, Antimycin A and cyanide act in different mechanisms. Cyanide binds a site in neighboring protein where iron normally binds, preventing oxygen from binding at all. This prevents cellular respiration completely leading to cell death. Because
Antimycin A
702:
in an area where resident species are threatened. Antimycin A is added drop-wise in order to reach a concentration of 25 parts per billion. These drip stations are typically used upstream in an area that is accessible to boats and traffic. In deeper bodies of water, a pump mechanism is used to
1111:(RfD), the upper limit of the substance that can be consumed daily for the rest of one's life without any observable consequences. The RfD was determined to be 1.7 micrograms/kg/day. For a grown adult, weighing around 70 kg, they can safely consume 2 liters of treated water at 60ppb.
1107:) toxicology studies. Estimates in the literature have been determined using EPA risk assessment protocols. Studies aimed at determining these levels found a concentration in mice where there is "No Observed Adverse Effect Level." From there, the EPA describes methods to determine a
138:
756:
When
Antimycin A is applied as a selective kill in aquaculture, the Certified Applicator must inform the owner/operator of the aquaculture site being treated that surviving fish must not be harvested for food or feed for a minimum of 12 months after
905:
binds to a specific protein in the electron transport chain, its toxicity can be highly species dependent because of subtle species specific differences in ubiquinol. This is why
Fintrol can be used a selective killing agent in commercial farming.
1375:
Kim, Hoeon; Esser, Lothar; Hossain, M. Bilayet; Xia, Di; Yu, Chang-An; Rizo, Josep; van der Helm, Dick; Deisenhofer, Johann (1999). "Structure of
Antimycin A1, a Specific Electron Transfer Inhibitor of Ubiquinol−CytochromecOxidoreductase".
760:
When
Antimycin A is applied as a complete kill in aquaculture, the Certified Applicator must inform the owner/operator of the aquaculture site being treated that the water body must not be restocked for a minimum of 7 days after
333:
InChI=1S/C28H40N2O9/c1-6-7-8-9-11-20-25(39-22(32)14-16(2)3)18(5)38-28(36)23(17(4)37-27(20)35)30-26(34)19-12-10-13-21(24(19)33)29-15-31/h10,12-13,15-18,20,23,25,33H,6-9,11,14H2,1-5H3,(H,29,31)(H,30,34)/t17-,18+,20-,23+,25+/m1/s1
343:
InChI=1/C28H40N2O9/c1-6-7-8-9-11-20-25(39-22(32)14-16(2)3)18(5)38-28(36)23(17(4)37-27(20)35)30-26(34)19-12-10-13-21(24(19)33)29-15-31/h10,12-13,15-18,20,23,25,33H,6-9,11,14H2,1-5H3,(H,29,31)(H,30,34)/t17-,18+,20-,23+,25+/m1/s1
791:
The applicator is required to wear long sleeved shirt and long pants, chemical resistant gloves, closed toed shoes and socks, and protective eyeware. Applicators using handheld equipment like a nozzle must wear a dust/mist
482:
454:
1114:
Toxic effects may result from accidental ingestion of the material. Animal toxicology studies suggest that exposure to less than 40 grams of
Antimycin A can result in serious adverse health effects to the individual.
1197:
can be given as 240mL of water with 30g of charcoal. The patient should be monitored for development of systemic symptoms and signs. After inhalation the patient should be moved to fresh air and monitored for
738:
Drinking water within the treatment areas must be closed during treatment and until all monitoring of samples is below the limit of
Antimycin A detection, 0.015 parts per billion
623:
915:
bacteria - in their fungiculture, to inhibit non-cultivar (i.e. pathogenic) fungi. One research group studying these symbiotic
Streptomyces bacteria recently identified the
668:
692:
359:
1411:
Dairaku N, Kato K, Honda K, et al. (March 2004). "Oligomycin and antimycin A prevent nitric oxide–induced apoptosis by blocking cytochrome C leakage".
1134:
Direct contact to the eye may result in discomfort with tearing and redness. There may be slight abrasion and the
Antimycin has the potential to produce a
1287:
1831:
552:
839:
1648:
Yu, Jae-Hyuk; Seipke, Ryan F.; Barke, Jörg; Brearley, Charles; Hill, Lionel; Yu, Douglas W.; Goss, Rebecca J. M.; Hutchings, Matthew I. (2011).
1280:
854:
of enzyme turn over. It also will cause the disruption of the entire electron transport chain. Due to this, there can be no production of ATP.
664:
671:(42 U.S.C. 11002), and is subject to strict reporting requirements by facilities which produce, store, or use it in significant quantities.
1448:"The dependence of brain mitochondria reactive oxygen species production on oxygen level is linear, except when inhibited by antimycin A"
1103:
Exposure to Treated Water: The effects of chronic, sub-lethal human exposure have estimated and extrapolated from murine (=pertaining to
919:
for antimycins, which was unknown despite the compounds themselves being identified 60 years ago. Antimycins are synthesised by a hybrid
750:
The certified applicator or designee under his/her direct supervision must prohibit consumption of dead fish taken from treatment areas.
753:
The registrant must amend labels to specify maximum treatment concentrations of 10 ppb for use as a ‘selective kill’ in aquaculture.
324:
1558:
1836:
1194:
1728:
J. O. Kuhn, “Final Report. Acute Oral Toxicity Study in Rats”, Stillmeadow, Inc., Submitted to Aquabiotics Corp. (March 2001)
435:
1821:
540:
630:
871:
544:
518:
267:
1202:, difficulty breathing, and respiratory distress. If needed, provide the patient with oxygen and secure an airway via
1826:
1811:
1281:"40 C.F.R.: Appendix A to Part 355—The List of Extremely Hazardous Substances and Their Threshold Planning Quantities"
288:
1650:"A Single Streptomyces Symbiont Makes Multiple Antifungals to Support the Fungus Farming Ant Acromyrmex octospinosus"
882:
complex in the absence of a proton gradient. This inhibition also results in the formation of the toxic free radical
788:
Anitmycin A must be applied by a certified applicator who attends a certification program for piscicide applications.
584:
916:
863:
835:
773:
The certified applicator or his/her designee must prohibit access to treated area for 7 days following treatment.
1207:
867:
859:
228:
1767:
811:
The certified applicator or designee must ensure treatment does not pass beyond the designated treatment area
1505:"Antimycin A-like molecules inhibit cyclic electron transport around photosystem I in ruptured chloroplasts"
1446:
Stepanova, Anna; Konrad, Csaba; Manfredi, Giovanni; Springett, Roger; Ten, Vadim; Galkin, Alexander (2019).
1347:
560:
1591:"Chemical basis of the synergism and antagonism in microbial communities in the nests of leaf-cutting ants"
216:
1801:
1233:"Conditions influencing antimycin production by a Streptomyces species grown in chemically defined medium"
1135:
875:
855:
733:
234:
178:
1310:
496:
473:
466:
72:)-3-(3-Formamido-2-hydroxybenzamido)-8-hexyl-2,6-dimethyl-4,9-dioxo-1,5-dioxonan-7-yl 3-methylbutanoate
34:
576:
1791:
1661:
1602:
1291:
1170:
924:
650:
47:
713:
Products Containing Antimycin A can be registered providing they follow risk mitigation procedures.
305:
1816:
1796:
1203:
1186:
920:
532:
93:
1154:
524:
536:
1806:
1697:
1679:
1630:
1534:
1485:
1467:
1428:
1393:
1262:
1687:
1669:
1620:
1610:
1524:
1516:
1475:
1459:
1420:
1385:
1252:
1244:
1193:
after ingestion is not recommended for the potential of central nervous system depression.
699:
382:
564:
309:
276:
220:
198:
1323:
1182:
703:
disperse Antimycin A through a perforated hose stretching the length of the water column.
568:
548:
556:
103:
1665:
1606:
580:
158:
1692:
1649:
1625:
1590:
1529:
1504:
1480:
1447:
1211:
1108:
890:
601:
1257:
1232:
1785:
1565:
209:
1181:
Treatment is focused on relieving symptoms and monitoring for respiratory distress,
592:
1199:
879:
843:
823:
655:
528:
256:
1674:
1559:"Antimycin. A Brief Review of It's Chemistry, Environmental Fate, and Toxicology"
822:
To date there has been no usage in human medicine, although its possibility as a
698:
Fintrol is used primarily by federal and state governments in order to eliminate
707:
1520:
1424:
894:
883:
793:
416:
189:
1683:
1471:
1397:
1615:
909:
847:
691:
order to use it. In 1993, several toxicology studies were submitted to the
684:
680:
660:
1741:
1701:
1634:
1538:
1489:
1432:
908:
Fungus-growing attine ants have been shown to use antimycins - produced by
17:
1266:
814:
The certified applicator or designee should collect and bury any dead fish
506:
1190:
1248:
901:
851:
808:
Antimycin A is forbidden to be used in marine or estuarine environments
243:
1463:
1389:
1169:
Prolonged inhalation can result in airway irritation and potentially
1104:
878:
is subsequently inhibited, as protons are unable to flow through the
169:
796:
and coveralls. The applicator should not be wearing contact lenses.
600:
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their
1153:
It is crucial that good hygiene practices are followed to prevent
889:
It has also been found to inhibit the cyclic electron flow within
834:
Antimycin A is an inhibitor of cellular respiration, specifically
502:
149:
137:
127:
866:. The inhibition of this reaction disrupts the formation of the
588:
510:
785:
The registrant must specify maximum treatment levels of 25 ppb
659:
bacteria and a member of a group of related compounds called
367:
O=CNc1cccc(c1O)C(=O)N2C(=O)O((OC(=O)CC(C)C)(C(=O)O2C)CCCCCC)C
679:
Antimycin A is the active ingredient in Fintrol, a chemical
667:
in the United States, as defined in Section 302 of the U.S.
572:
293:
768:
Exposure from recreational activities in the treated water
618:
1716:
Draft EIS, Flathead Westslope Cutthroat Trout Project
1348:"Reregistration Eligibility Decision for Antimycin A"
1210:
and severe bronchospasm can be treated with systemic
669:Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act
1552:
1550:
1548:
113:1397-94-0 (Antimycin A), 116095-18-2 (Antimycin A
1150:Open cuts should not be exposed to the material.
803:Ecological Risk Quotients for non-target species
255:
102:
693:United States Environmental Protection Agency
8:
1736:
1734:
940:Lethal doses in fish and amphibian species
1742:"Material Safety Data Sheet - Antimycin A"
1341:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1333:
308:
306:DTXSID3058668 DTXSID9032325, DTXSID3058668
219:
197:
26:
1762:
1760:
1758:
1691:
1673:
1624:
1614:
1528:
1479:
1256:
275:
1378:Journal of the American Chemical Society
1117:
1045:
942:
715:
1223:
874:of the mitochondria. The production of
850:in the Qi site, thereby disrupting the
364:
329:
304:
233:
1319:
1308:
838:. Antimycin A binds to the Qi site of
210:
727:Exposure from consuming treated water
336:Key: UIFFUZWRFRDZJC-SBOOETFBSA-N
177:
157:
7:
1503:Taira, Yoshichika (1 January 2013).
745:Exposure from consuming treated fish
1589:Schoenian, I.; et al. (2011).
1206:. Treat bronchospasm with inhaled
732:Flowing water must be treated with
663:. Antimycin A is classified as an
346:Key: UIFFUZWRFRDZJC-SBOOETFBBB
246:
25:
1832:Superoxide generating substances
1774:. National Institutes of Health.
1231:Neft N, Farley TM (March 1972).
608:
472:
400:
394:
33:
1718:. June 2004. p. Chapter 3.
604:(at 25 °C , 100 kPa).
925:non-ribosomal peptide synthase
842:, inhibiting the reduction of
436:Occupational safety and health
406:
388:
1:
665:extremely hazardous substance
1675:10.1371/journal.pone.0022028
1237:Antimicrob. Agents Chemother
1099:Human Exposure and First Aid
897:quinone reductase pathway.
893:systems along the proposed
858:is a central enzyme in the
1853:
1288:Government Printing Office
1521:10.1016/j.fob.2013.09.007
1452:Journal of Neurochemistry
1425:10.1016/j.lab.2003.11.003
1286:(July 1, 2008 ed.).
1043:Lethal Doses in Mammals
917:biosynthetic gene cluster
864:oxidative phosphorylation
836:oxidative phosphorylation
598:
453:
433:
428:
375:
355:
320:
86:
78:
46:
41:
32:
1749:Santa Cruz Biotechnology
1208:beta2-adrenergic agonist
860:electron transport chain
519:Precautionary statements
1616:10.1073/pnas.1008441108
1157:from prolonged exposure
952:LC50/96 hours exposure
695:yielding its toxicity.
1837:Complex III inhibitors
1595:Proc Natl Acad Sci USA
1318:Cite journal requires
1136:foreign body sensation
968:Black Bullhead Catfish
949:LC50/24 hours exposure
856:Cytochrome c reductase
840:cytochrome c reductase
734:potassium permanganate
683:(fish poison) used in
780:Occupational Exposure
1822:Mitochondrial toxins
1297:on February 25, 2012
1171:respiratory distress
1138:in some individuals.
1052:LD50 mg/kg ingested
722:Mitigation Measures
651:secondary metabolite
48:Preferred IUPAC name
1666:2011PLoSO...622028S
1607:2011PNAS..108.1955S
1249:10.1128/aac.1.3.274
1204:tracheal intubation
921:polyketide synthase
830:Mechanism of action
424: g·mol
29:
1827:Respiratory toxins
1812:Carboxylate esters
1195:Activated charcoal
631:Infobox references
27:
1464:10.1111/jnc.14654
1413:J. Lab. Clin. Med
1390:10.1021/ja990190h
1384:(20): 4902–4903.
1355:United States EPA
1346:Caulkins, Peter.
1179:
1178:
1121:Route of Exposure
1096:
1095:
1041:
1040:
820:
819:
639:Chemical compound
637:
636:
497:Hazard statements
289:CompTox Dashboard
139:Interactive image
107: Antimycin A
16:(Redirected from
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1628:
1618:
1601:(5): 1955–1960.
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1570:
1564:. Archived from
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1290:. Archived from
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1270:
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1185:, seizures, and
1118:
1046:
1010:Tiger salamander
943:
824:chemotherapeutic
716:
700:invasive species
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383:Chemical formula
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1331:
1317:
1307:
1300:
1298:
1294:
1283:
1279:
1278:
1274:
1230:
1229:
1225:
1220:
1212:corticosteroids
1183:pulmonary edema
1101:
979:Channel Catfish
938:
933:
868:proton gradient
832:
719:Risk of Concern
677:
640:
633:
628:
627:
626: ?)
617:
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605:
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1515:(1): 406–410.
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1458:(6): 731–745.
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1320:|journal=
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1109:reference dose
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891:photosynthetic
872:inner membrane
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826:was explored.
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645:(more exactly
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1802:Salicylamides
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1768:"Antimycin A"
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1660:(8): e22028.
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1571:on 2016-03-04
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1509:FEBS Open Bio
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647:Antimycin A1b
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1573:. Retrieved
1566:the original
1557:Ott, Kevin.
1512:
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1358:. Retrieved
1354:
1311:cite journal
1299:. Retrieved
1292:the original
1275:
1243:(3): 274–6.
1240:
1236:
1226:
1200:bronchospasm
1180:
1113:
1102:
1042:
1031:Leopard Frog
1013:>1080 ppb
939:
936:Lethal Doses
913:Streptomyces
912:
907:
899:
888:
880:ATP synthase
833:
821:
712:
705:
697:
689:
687:management.
678:
656:Streptomyces
654:
653:produced by
646:
642:
641:
488:
455:
449:Acute toxic
445:Main hazards
434:
179:ChEMBL211501
87:Identifiers
79:Other names
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
28:Antimycin A
1792:Antibiotics
1301:October 29,
870:across the
708:aquaculture
643:Antimycin A
483:Signal word
439:(OHS/OSH):
376:Properties
235:Antimycin+A
217:100.162.279
159:CHEBI:22584
18:Antimycin a
1817:Formamides
1797:Toxicology
1786:Categories
1575:2017-04-25
1218:References
982:>10 ppb
895:ferredoxin
884:superoxide
844:ubiquinone
794:respirator
757:treatment.
661:antimycins
467:Pictograms
417:Molar mass
277:8771CCP8LT
190:ChemSpider
126:3D model (
94:CAS Number
1684:1932-6203
1472:1471-4159
1398:0002-7863
1360:April 17,
963:0.04 ppb
910:symbiotic
900:Although
848:ubiquinol
761:treatment
685:fisheries
681:piscicide
585:P403+P233
553:P304+P340
549:P302+P352
545:P301+P310
458:labelling
1807:Lactones
1702:21857911
1654:PLOS ONE
1635:21245311
1539:24251103
1490:30582748
1433:15007303
1155:abrasion
1020:Tadpoles
990:Goldfish
960:0.07 ppb
931:Toxicity
927:(NRPS).
429:Hazards
104:642-15-9
1693:3153929
1662:Bibcode
1626:3033269
1603:Bibcode
1530:3821020
1481:7086484
1267:4558141
1164:Inhaled
1124:Effect
1105:rodents
1037:10 ppb
1026:10 ppb
1003:800 ppb
974:45 ppb
971:200 ppb
946:Species
902:cyanide
852:Q-cycle
649:) is a
624:what is
622: (
422:548.633
244:PubChem
81:Fintrol
1772:TOXNET
1700:
1690:
1682:
1633:
1623:
1537:
1527:
1488:
1478:
1470:
1431:
1396:
1265:
1258:444205
1255:
1191:Emesis
1089:Rabbit
1084:>5
1049:Animal
1034:45 ppb
1023:45 ppb
1000:Snails
985:9 ppb
923:(PKS)/
619:verify
616:
489:Danger
360:SMILES
170:ChEMBL
42:Names
1745:(PDF)
1569:(PDF)
1562:(PDF)
1351:(PDF)
1295:(PDF)
1284:(PDF)
1187:shock
1065:Mouse
993:1 ppb
957:Trout
325:InChI
257:14957
199:14246
150:ChEBI
128:JSmol
1698:PMID
1680:ISSN
1631:PMID
1535:PMID
1486:PMID
1468:ISSN
1429:PMID
1394:ISSN
1362:2017
1324:help
1303:2011
1263:PMID
1145:Skin
1076:1-5
1073:Lamb
593:P501
589:P405
581:P363
577:P361
573:P330
569:P322
565:P321
561:P312
557:P311
541:P280
537:P271
533:P270
529:P264
525:P261
511:H331
507:H311
503:H301
268:UNII
229:MeSH
1688:PMC
1670:doi
1621:PMC
1611:doi
1599:108
1525:PMC
1517:doi
1476:PMC
1460:doi
1456:148
1421:doi
1417:143
1386:doi
1382:121
1253:PMC
1245:doi
1189:.
1129:Eye
1092:10
1081:Dog
1068:25
1060:28
1057:Rat
876:ATP
862:of
846:to
706:In
675:Use
456:GHS
294:EPA
247:CID
1788::
1770:.
1757:^
1747:.
1733:^
1696:.
1686:.
1678:.
1668:.
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1652:.
1629:.
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1597:.
1593:.
1547:^
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1454:.
1450:.
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1392:.
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1353:.
1332:^
1315::
1313:}}
1309:{{
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551:,
547:,
543:,
539:,
535:,
531:,
527:,
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505:,
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392:28
115:1b
68:,8
64:,7
60:,6
56:,3
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1241:1
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614:N
410:9
407:O
404:2
401:N
395:H
389:C
296:)
292:(
130:)
117:)
109:1
70:R
66:R
62:S
58:S
54:R
20:)
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