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reply that I can take back to the Roman Senate." This implied Rome would declare war if the King stepped out of the circle without committing to leave Egypt immediately. Weighing his options, Antiochus decided to withdraw. Only then did
Popillius agree to shake hands with him. Ancient sources and traditional historiography describe this "Day of Elesius" as a great humiliation for Antiochus IV that unhinged him for a time. Some more modern historians conjecture that Antiochus may have been more reconciled to this than ancient sources indicate, as the Roman intervention meant that Antiochus had been given an excuse to not undertake a potentially long and costly siege of Alexandria. He could instead return with treasure and loot having weakened the Egyptian state at little risk and cost compared to a larger-scale invasion.
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and strange inflictions. Yet he did not in any way stop his insolence, but was even more filled with arrogance, breathing fire in his rage against the Jews, and giving orders to drive even faster. And so it came about that he fell out of his chariot as it was rushing along, and the fall was so hard as to torture every limb of his body. Thus he who only a little while before had thought in his superhuman arrogance that he could command the waves of the sea, and had imagined that he could weigh the high mountains in a balance, was brought down to earth and carried in a litter, making the power of God manifest to all. And so the ungodly man's body swarmed with worms, and while he was still living in anguish and pain, his flesh rotted away, and because of the stench the whole army felt revulsion at his decay.
42:
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1034:). Other scholars argue that the entire work was created in the Maccabean period, although presumably loosely influenced by older legends of the Babylonian period. Some traditionalist scholars defend that the entire work was written during or shortly after the life of the Prophet Daniel; of the traditionalists, some say that the prophecies therein have not yet been fulfilled, which would render it unrelated to Antiochus IV Epiphanes, while others of the traditionalist bent see the work as loosely foretelling Antiochus IV.
389:, a suburb of Antioch; and held opulent banquets with the aristocracy using the best spices, clothing, and food. He also supplemented the Seleucid army with mercenaries. All of this cost the Seleucid treasury, but the Empire was apparently able to raise enough taxes to pay for it. His eccentric behavior and unexpected interactions with common people such as appearing in the public bath houses and applying for municipal offices led his detractors to call him
495:
285:. However, Demetrius I was very young and a hostage in Rome at the time, and Antiochus seized the opportunity to declare himself king instead, successfully rallying enough of the Greek ruling class in Antioch to support his claim. This helped set a destabilizing trend in the Seleucid Empire in subsequent generations, as an increasing number of claimants tried to usurp the throne. After his own death,
735:), when Antiochus heard that his army had been defeated in Judea, he boarded a ship and fled to the coastal cities. Wherever he came the people rebelled and called him "The Fugitive," so he drowned himself in the sea. This story is from the 2nd century, however, much further removed from the event than Polybius or 2 Maccabees. It is generally considered secondary and unlikely to be accurate.
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antiquity, even though modern values would find this kind of behavior unobjectionable. The historian Dov Gera writes in defense of
Antiochus IV that he was a "talented and accomplished politician" and that "the negative portrait of him painted by Polybius was influenced by political considerations of his friends... and should not be trusted." There is also some evidence on this: historian
532:
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834:, generally considered one of the highest-quality sources on the time period. Polybius paints a negative picture of him, and other surviving accounts have as well. The negative accounts of the Jews in the Books of the Maccabees are also influential. On the basis of this, Antiochus IV has generally been judged poorly.
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But the all-seeing Lord, the God of Israel, struck him with an incurable and invisible blow. As soon as he stopped speaking he was seized with a pain in his bowels, for which there was no relief, and with sharp internal tortures—and that very justly, for he had tortured the bowels of others with many
602:
These decrees were a departure from typical
Seleucid practice, which did not attempt to suppress local religions in their empire, though they may be similar to other instances in the Hellenistic era when local polities were punished for revolt against their imperial suzerain by having their autonomy
567:
to the regency that would take power in the wake of the king's death, assuming that they would allow him to stay in power rather than invite further conflict during a delicate political moment. But
Antiochus was still alive, and returned from Egypt enraged by the reverse he had suffered at the hands
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in 170 BC, declaring war on the
Seleucids on the assumption that the kingdom was divided after Antiochus' murder of his nephew. However, Antiochus had warning of the attack and had prepared more thoroughly. He had already built his forces and moved them into position; as soon as the Egyptian forces
598:
wrote that
Antiochus "sacrificed a great swine at the image of Moses, and at the altar of God that stood in the outward court, and sprinkled them with the blood of the sacrifice. He commanded likewise that the books, by which they were taught to hate all other nations, should be sprinkled with the
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directing
Antiochus to withdraw his armies from Egypt and Cyprus or consider himself in a state of war with the Roman Republic. Antiochus said he would discuss it with his council, whereupon the Roman envoy drew a line in the sand around Antiochus and said: "Before you leave this circle, give me a
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successfully challenged King
Demetrius for leadership of the Seleucid Empire decades later in 152 BC while claiming to be an unknown son of Antiochus IV. This claim appears to have been useful to him, suggesting Antiochus IV was remembered fondly by at least some. Even 1 Maccabees, an extremely
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When these happenings were reported to the king, he thought that Judea was in revolt. Raging like a wild animal, he set out from Egypt and took
Jerusalem by storm. He ordered his soldiers to cut down without mercy those whom they met and to slay those who took refuge in their houses. There was a
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in Persia shortly before his demise, and his death was possibly attributed to impiety and punishment by Nanaya in some quarters. Jewish sources gave credit for
Antiochus's death to his earlier impiety at the Temple of Jerusalem. According to 2 Maccabees, he died from divinely-inflicted disease:
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which Polybius hailed from was also traditionally hostile to the Seleucid Empire. Polybius was, like many of the educated upper class, something of an elitist. So stories related by Polybius such as those of Antiochus IV frolicking with commoners at taverns may have soured his reputation in
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for details. In general, scholars fall into two camps: some argue that some form of chapters 2–6 of Daniel circulated in the 6th, 5th, or 4th centuries BC, shortly after the events of the book, and only the first and final six chapters were written during the Maccabean period (such as
359:
of Pergamum, Antiochus IV traveled from Athens through Asia Minor and reached Syria by November 175 BC. Seleucus' legitimate heir Demetrius was still a hostage in Rome, so Antiochus seized the throne for himself, proclaiming himself co-regent with another son of Seleucus, an infant named
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Antiochus IV spared no pains to defend his empire against the growing power of Rome. Proud of his Greek ancestry and determined to unite all the peoples of the ancient world under his rule, he had sought to force his subjects to follow the Greek way of life to the exclusion of all
638:, where a villain called the "King of the North" is generally considered to be a reference to Antiochus IV. The portrayal of Antiochus there attacking the holy city of Jerusalem but eventually meeting his end would influence later Christian depictions of the
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concluded that "ince Jewish and heathen sources agree in their characterization of him, their portrayal is evidently correct", summarizing this portrayal as one of a cruel and vainglorious ruler who tried to force on all the peoples of his realm a
559:, who had offered Antiochus a large bribe to secure the office. In 168 BC, when Antiochus was campaigning in Egypt, a rumor spread in Judea that he had been killed. Jason gathered a force of 1,000 soldiers and made a surprise attack on the city of
573:
massacre of young and old, a killing of women and children, a slaughter of virgins and infants. In the space of three days, eighty thousand were lost, forty thousand meeting a violent death, and the same number being sold into slavery.
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and Second Books of the Maccabees, the Maccabean Revolt was painted as a national resistance to a foreign political and cultural oppression. In modern times, however, scholars have argued that Antiochus IV was more intervening in a
542:
Local revolts against the Seleucid Empire were not unusual, but most were not successful. The revolt that Antiochus IV ultimately triggered in Judea was unusually well chronicled and preserved, however. According to the book of
524:: they respected Jewish culture and protected Jewish institutions. This policy was drastically reversed by Antiochus IV, seemingly after what was either a dispute over leadership of the Temple in Jerusalem and the office of
372:
Antiochus IV cultivated a reputation as an extravagant and generous ruler. He scattered money to common people in the streets of Antioch; gave unexpected gifts to people he did not know; contributed money to the
450:
they were attacked and defeated by Antiochus IV and his Seleucid army. The Seleucids then seized Pelusium, giving them supplies and access to all of Egypt. He advanced into Egypt proper, conquering all but
599:
broth made of the swine's flesh. And he put out the lamp (called by them immortal) which burns continually in the temple. Lastly he forced the high priest and the other Jews to eat swine's flesh."
586:
After restoring Menelaus, Antiochus IV issued decrees aimed at helping the most enthusiastically pro-Greek faction of Jews (usually called "Hellenizers") against the traditionalists. He outlawed
426:
After his ascension Antiochus took care to maintain good relations with the Roman Republic, sending an embassy to Rome in 173 BC with a part of the unpaid indemnity still owed from the 188 BC
841:
does not say anything particularly bad about Antiochus IV, in contrast. Polybius does not appear to be neutral on this issue, as he was good friends with Antiochus IV's nephew and rival
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Antiochus IV—Epiphanes or Epimanes? (da 11:21–31) Thirteen kings of the Greek Seleucid dynasty from Syria bore the name of Antiochus. Antiochus III (223–187 B.C.), the great conqueror …
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Hellenistic kings who had earlier done so, or else building on the ruler cult that his father Antiochus the Great had codified within the Seleucid Empire. These epithets included
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563:. Menelaus was forced to flee Jerusalem during the ensuing riot. Jason's intention may have been to retake his former office by force and present his reassumption of power as
603:
and local laws repealed and local shrines removed from their control. The city of Jerusalem was sacked a second time in the disorder. Antiochus established a military Greek
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The Literature of the Sages: Second Part: Midrash and Targum Liturgy, Poetry, Mysticism Contracts, Inscriptions, Ancient Science and the Languages of Rabbinic Literature
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430:. While there the embassy secured a renewed treaty of friendship and alliance with Rome, greatly helped by the fact Antiochus had come to power with the help of
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Heliodorus proclaimed himself regent afterward, essentially giving himself control of the government. This arrangement did not last long. With the help of king
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348:, the son and heir of Seleucus. After this Antiochus lived in Athens and was there when his brother was assassinated in 175 BC by the government minister
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of the Romans and by the Jews' rejection of his chosen candidate for High Priest; he attacked Jerusalem and restored Menelaus, then executed many Jews.
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There are historians who think that these hostile depictions deserve some skepticism, however. Not all ancient accounts are hostile; the historian
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685:, while Antiochus himself led the main Seleucid army against the Parthians. Antiochus had initial success in his eastern campaign, capturing king
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A History of the Jews and Judaism in the Second Temple Period: The Coming of the Greeks: The Early Hellenistic Period (335–175 BCE)
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Antiochus's often eccentric behavior and capricious actions during his interactions with common people, such as appearing in the public
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786:, "the true essence of which he can scarcely be said to have appreciated". Whether Antiochus' policy was directed at extermination of
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hostile source, has Antiochus IV wonder on his deathbed why calamity has struck him when he was "well-loved in the day of my power".
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as a culture and a religion, though, is debatable on the grounds that his persecution was limited to Judea and Samaria (Jews in the
254:), he assumed the name Antiochus after he ascended the throne. Notable events during Antiochus' reign include his near-conquest of
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Antiochus recognized the potential danger in the east but was unwilling to give up control of Judea. He sent a commander named
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and capturing King Ptolemy. This was partially achieved because Rome (Ptolemaic Egypt's traditional ally) was embroiled in the
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1714:"The Megillah of Antiochus – The Scroll of the Hasmoneans (Per translation by Phillip Birnbaum, 1974 with some modifications)"
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in Jerusalem to serve as a stronghold for Hellenized Jews and a Greek military garrison. This happened from 168–167 BC.
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Antiochus's accession to the throne was controversial, and he was seen as a usurper by some. After the death of his brother
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therefore sometimes refer to Antiochus' reign as the 'Antiochene crises' for the Jews. Traditionally, as expressed in the
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Various religious explanations exist for Antiochus IV's death. Apparently, he attacked a temple of the Mesopotamian deity
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from Memphis. Upon Antiochus' withdrawal, the city of Alexandria chose a new king, one of Ptolemy's brothers, also named
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1888:. Studies on the History of Ancient and Medieval Art of Warfare 5. Oficyna Naukowa MS. pp. 159–171.
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Jewish Literacy: The Most Important Things to Know about the Jewish Religion, Its People, and Its History
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in 167 BC and disrupting the direct trade route to India, effectively splitting the Greek world in two.
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suggests that, instead, he was driven more by pragmatics such as the need to gather income from Judea.
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Antiochus IV is remembered as a major villain and persecutor in the Jewish traditions associated with
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470:. The Ptolemy brothers reconciled and agreed to rule Egypt jointly instead of fighting a civil war.
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Judaism and Hellenism: Studies in Their Encounter in Palestine During the Early Hellenistic Period
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Judaism and Hellenism: Studies in Their Encounter in Palestine During the Early Hellenistic Period
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and the Temple in Jerusalem was changed to a syncretic Greek-Jewish cult that included worship of
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477:. Before he reached Alexandria, his path was blocked by a single elderly Roman ambassador named
364:. (Antiochus, son of Seleucus IV would later die in 170 BC, possibly murdered by Antiochus IV).
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Antiochus was the first Seleucid king to use divine epithets on coins, perhaps inspired by the
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took advantage of Antiochus' western problems and attacked from the east, seizing the city of
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1769:"Vedibarta Bam – And You Shall Speak of Them: Megilat Antiochus The Scroll of the Hasmoneans"
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succeeded their father onto the throne in 187 BC, Antiochus was exchanged for his nephew
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1817:(1993). "Hellenism and Persecution: Antiochus IV and the Jews". In Green, Peter (ed.).
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1803:. Vol. I: Aach–Apocalyptic literature. Funk and Wagnalls. 1925. pp. 634–635.
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The Land of the Elephant Kings: Space, Territory, and Ideology in the Seleucid Empire
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between the traditionalist Jews in the country and the Hellenized Jews in Jerusalem.
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1296:. Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. pp. 130–134.
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The most important ancient non-Jewish source on Antiochus IV is the Greek historian
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1553:. Library of Second Temple Studies. Vol. 68. T&T Clark. pp. 103–107.
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were exempt), and that Antiochus was hardly an ideologically motivated Hellenizer.
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In 168 BC, Antiochus led a second attack on Egypt and also sent a fleet to capture
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and applying for municipal offices, led some of his contemporaries to call him
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To avoid alarming Rome, Antiochus allowed Ptolemy VI to continue ruling as a
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The claim that Antiochus was murdered by his uncle Antiochus IV is from the
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1743:(2006). "Appendix: The Scroll of Antiochos and the Scroll of Fasts".
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Apocalypse Against Empire: Theologies of Resistance in Early Judaism
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but were driven off by the populace. On his return home, he died at
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1665:(2016). "Indigenous Revolts in 2 Maccabees: The Persian Version".
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M. Zambelli, "L'ascesa al trono di Antioco IV Epifane di Siria,"
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According to the later rabbinical work, the scroll of Antiochus (
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328:. As a potential successor to the throne, he became a political
259:
3470:
2036:
1523:
Judaism and the Gentile Faiths: Comparative Studies in Religion
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C. Habicht, "The Seleucids and their rivals", in A. E. Astin,
1747:. CRIaNT. Royal Van Gorcum, Fortress Press. pp. 238–241.
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T&T Clark Encyclopedia of Second Temple Judaism Volume One
947:
944:
1884:
Sekunda, Nicholas Victor (2001). "Polybius on Antiochus IV".
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Such steps triggered a revolt against his rule, known as the
503:
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power struggles between competing lines of the ruling dynasty
547:, the crisis had its origins in the years leading up to the
244:
from 175 BC until his death in 164 BC. He was a son of King
1208:
Judas Maccabaeus: The Jewish Struggle Against the Seleucids
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in 175 BC, the "true" heir should have been Seleucus's son
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Scholars think the revolt also led to the writing of the
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Erran Baron Cohen Presents: Songs in the Key of Hanukkah
1581:(1st English ed.). London: SCM Press. p. 306.
1401:
Newsom, Carol Ann; Breed, Brennan W. (1 January 2014).
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Grainger, "The Fall of the Seleucid Empire," pp. 20–23.
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coinage of Antiochos IV, depicting a victorious galley.
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1821:. University of California Press. pp. 250–252.
1456:Stuckenbruck, Loren T.; Gurtner, Daniel M. (2019).
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551:. In 171 BC, Antiochus had deposed the High Priest
289:heavily contributed to the collapse of the empire.
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1858:Judaea and Mediterranean Politics 219 to 161 B.C.E
845:; the two both spent years in exile in Rome. The
459:and was not willing to become involved elsewhere.
1938:entry in historical sourcebook by Mahlon H. Smith
508:(King Antiochus, God manifest, bearer of victory)
248:. Originally named Mithradates (alternative form
1210:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 230–231.
1190:, although should be taken with some skepticism.
816:"manifest god", and, after his defeat of Egypt,
654:Antiochus falling from his chariot, painting by
490:Persecution of the Jews and the Maccabean revolt
320:Antiochus, born around 215 BC, was a son of the
1525:. Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press. p. 155.
715:
570:
340:, concluded in 188 BC. After his older brother
1636:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 20–21.
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1157:Rivista di Filologia e di Istruzione Classica
8:
1407:. Presbyterian Publishing Corp. p. 26.
1104:. Thomas Nelson Incorporated. p. 1078.
505:ΘΕΟΥ ΕΠΙΦΑΝΟΥΣ ΝΙΚΗΦΟΡΟΥ / ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΑΝΤΙΟΧΟΥ
1886:Hellenistic Infantry Reform in the 160's BC
1435:(1st English ed.). London: SCM Press.
912:
771:". Rabbinical sources refer to him as הרשע
498:Coin depicting Antiochus IV adorned with a
3835:
3519:
3489:
3475:
3467:
2055:
2041:
2033:
1966:
1962:Antiochus IV entry in 'Seleucid Genealogy'
1879:
1877:
1651:. University of Chicago Press. p. 21.
1606:. University of Chicago Press. p. 20.
405:Wars against Egypt and relations with Rome
74:3 September 175 – November/December 164 BC
40:
31:
1102:NIV, The Chronological Study Bible, eBook
27:King of the Seleucid Empire (175–164 BCE)
1851:
1849:
1621:. Harvard University Press. p. 21.
1047:
885:
434:, Rome's principal ally in the region.
397:, "The Mad"), a word play on his title
230:215 BC–November/December 164 BC) was a
1837:Rome and the Mediterranean to 133 B.C.
304:, "The Mad"), a wordplay on his title
2987:Mithridates IV Philopator Philadephos
1389:Hellenistic Civilization and the Jews
1076:Mithridates VI and the Pontic Kingdom
588:Jewish religious rites and traditions
119:November/December 164 BC (aged 50–51)
7:
4055:People in the books of the Maccabees
4050:People in the deuterocanonical books
3455:Hellenistic rulers were preceded by
3736:The One with the Holiday Armadillo
1073:Hojte, Jakob Munk (22 June 2009).
25:
481:who delivered a message from the
272:rebellion of the Jewish Maccabees
4025:2nd-century BC Seleucid monarchs
3818:
1922:
893:
1819:Hellenistic History and Culture
1292:Portier-Young, Anathea (2011).
1188:Babylonian astronomical diaries
1132:. Ktav Pub. House. p. 98.
1130:Pathways through Jewish history
752:Woodcut depicting Antiochus by
697:and he and his forces attacked
1860:. Leiden: Brill. p. 320.
1649:A Political History of Parthia
1647:Debevoise, Neilson C. (1938).
1634:A Political History of Parthia
1632:Debevoise, Neilson C. (1938).
1604:A Political History of Parthia
1602:Debevoise, Neilson C. (1938).
1:
3459:in most of their territories.
2257:Cleopatra II Philometor Soter
1841:The Cambridge Ancient History
227:
106:
83:Antiochus, son of Seleucus IV
693:. His campaign went through
46:Bust of Antiochus IV at the
3888:Miracle of the cruse of oil
2252:Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator
1521:Schultz, Joseph P. (1981).
1259:. Brill. pp. 297–308.
1174:. Brill. pp. 292–293.
4076:
1795:"Antiochus IV., Epiphanes"
1490:Telushkin, Joseph (1991).
1255:Grainger, John D. (2010).
1170:Grainger, John D. (2010).
996:
818:
812:
538:of Antiochus IV Epiphanes.
504:
502:, Greek inscription reads
408:
3816:
3453:
2157:Antigonus I Monophthalmus
2021:
2004:
1996:
1969:
1462:. Bloomsbury Publishing.
869:Abomination of desolation
258:, his persecution of the
39:
2518:Antiochus XIII Asiaticus
2317:Cleopatra VII Philopator
1617:Kosmin, Paul J. (2014).
1331:Ma, John (9 July 2013).
1233:. See also Polybius 30.
1056:"Antiochus IV Epiphanes"
512:The Seleucids, like the
468:Ptolemy (VIII Euergetes)
375:Temple of Zeus at Athens
3643:I Have a Little Dreidel
3638:(Eat Fattened Animals)"
3629:Odecha Ki Tovot Gamalta
3315:'s attempted rule with
2996:Mithridates V Euergetes
2408:Antiochus III the Great
2221:Ptolemy II Philadelphus
2162:Demetrius I Poliorcetes
2086:Alexander III the Great
1971:Antiochus IV Epiphanes
1333:"Re-Examining Hanukkah"
1100:Nelson, Thomas (2014).
874:List of Syrian monarchs
778:The Jewish Encyclopedia
594:. The Greek historian
441:demanded the return of
385:on a massive parade at
383:Western military forces
336:under the terms of the
326:Antiochus III the Great
246:Antiochus III the Great
196:Antiochus III the Great
4030:Antisemitism in Greece
4010:Antiochus IV Epiphanes
3934:Antiochus IV Epiphanes
3765:Latke–Hamantash Debate
3099:Monarchs of Cappadocia
3001:Mithridates VI Eupator
2523:Philip II Philoromaeus
2508:Antiochus XII Dionysus
2498:Demetrius III Eucaerus
2493:Antiochus XI Epiphanes
2478:Antiochus IX Cyzicenus
2418:Antiochus IV Epiphanes
2413:Seleucus IV Philopator
2398:Seleucus II Callinicus
2297:Cleopatra VI Tryphaena
2172:Demetrius II Aetolicus
1942:Antiochus IV Epiphanes
1936:Antiochus IV Epiphanes
1160:38 (1960), pp. 363–389
1128:Samuels, Ruth (1967).
1007:Antiochos ho Epiphanes
822:"bringer of victory".
765:Books of the Maccabees
756:
729:
659:
584:
555:and replaced him with
539:
509:
479:Gaius Popillius Laenas
437:The guardians of King
423:
342:Seleucus IV Philopator
279:Seleucus IV Philopator
224:Antiochus IV Epiphanes
35:Antiochus IV Epiphanes
4045:Deified male monarchs
4035:Antisemitism in Syria
3683:The Hanukkah Sessions
3041:Monarchs of Commagene
2962:Mithridates I Ctistes
2503:Philip I Philadelphus
2483:Seleucus VI Epiphanes
2473:Antiochus VIII Grypus
2468:Seleucus V Philometor
2453:Antiochus VII Sidetes
2443:Antiochus VI Dionysus
2403:Seleucus III Ceraunus
2302:Berenice IV Epiphanea
2247:Ptolemy VI Philometor
2231:Ptolemy IV Philopator
2226:Ptolemy III Euergetes
2091:Philip III Arrhidaeus
1931:at Wikimedia Commons
1496:. W. Morrow. p.
751:
689:and reconquering the
653:
620:Second Temple Judaism
534:
497:
439:Ptolemy VI Philometor
418:
4040:Deified Greek people
2875:Monarchs of Bithynia
2458:Alexander II Zabinas
2438:Demetrius II Nicator
2355:Ptolemy VIII Physcon
2322:Ptolemy XV Caesarion
2287:Ptolemy XI Alexander
2262:Ptolemy VIII Physcon
2167:Antigonus II Gonatas
1954:18 July 2016 at the
1404:Daniel: A Commentary
1387:Tchrikover, Victor.
516:before them, held a
457:Third Macedonian War
4060:History of Hanukkah
3970:Campaigns of 163 BC
3883:The War of the Jews
3870:Historical accounts
3851:Temple in Jerusalem
3631:(I will Thank You)"
3457:Hellenistic satraps
2488:Antiochus X Eusebes
2423:Antiochus V Eupator
2365:Cleopatra Selene II
2292:Ptolemy XII Auletes
2277:Ptolemy X Alexander
2272:Ptolemy IX Lathyros
2236:Ptolemy V Epiphanes
2177:Antigonus III Doson
2025:Antiochus V Eupator
1800:Jewish Encyclopedia
1668:Classical Philology
1368:2 Maccabees 5:11–14
1204:Bar-Kochva, Bezalel
997:Ἀντίοχος ὁ Ἐπιφανής
769:Scroll of Antiochus
149:Antiochus V Eupator
93:Antiochus V Eupator
18:Antiochus Epiphanes
3877:Books of Maccabees
3743:A Rugrats Chanukah
3709:Full-Court Miracle
3702:Eight Crazy Nights
3677:Puppy for Hanukkah
3361:Monarchs of Epirus
3194:Cimmerian Bosporus
2954:Monarchs of Pontus
2513:Cleopatra Selene I
2393:Antiochus II Theos
2383:Seleucus I Nicator
2350:Demetrius the Fair
2332:Monarchs of Cyrene
1856:Gera, Dov (1998).
1843:, volume 8, p. 341
1775:on 1 February 2008
757:
733:Megillat Antiochus
691:Kingdom of Armenia
660:
540:
510:
424:
401:("God Manifest").
3997:
3996:
3993:
3992:
3861:Hasmonean Kingdom
3814:
3813:
3801:Mensch on a Bench
3716:The Hebrew Hammer
3657:The Chanukah Song
3535:Dreidel (Sevivon)
3464:
3463:
2944:Socrates Chrestus
2433:Alexander I Balas
2428:Demetrius I Soter
2388:Antiochus I Soter
2134:Antipater Etesias
2031:
2030:
2022:Succeeded by
2019:175–164 BC
2016:
1927:Media related to
1702:2 Maccabees 9:5–9
1560:978-0-567-03396-3
1547:Grabbe, Lester L.
1414:978-0-664-22080-8
1282:, Livy 45.12.4ff.
1086:978-87-7934-655-0
1005:
681:to deal with the
377:and the altar at
221:
220:
16:(Redirected from
4067:
3836:
3822:
3670:Light One Candle
3530:Hanukkah menorah
3520:
3491:
3484:
3477:
3468:
3256:
3172:Ariobarzanes III
2546:Ptolemy Epigonos
2448:Diodotus Tryphon
2241:Cleopatra I Syra
2216:Ptolemy Keraunos
2057:
2050:
2043:
2034:
2010:
1997:Preceded by
1992:
1985:
1976:Seleucid dynasty
1967:
1926:
1911:
1909:1 Maccabees 6:11
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784:Hellenic culture
775:("the wicked").
763:, including the
744:Jewish tradition
727:
616:Maccabean Revolt
582:
549:Sixth Syrian War
507:
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428:Treaty of Apamea
411:Sixth Syrian War
338:Treaty of Apamea
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216:Greek polytheism
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3687:
3636:Ichlu Mashmanim
3624:(These lights)"
3622:Haneirot Halalu
3617:(Rock of Ages)"
3600:
3571:Fritas de prasa
3549:
3509:
3507:
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3449:
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3346:Mithridates III
3250:
3193:
3192:Monarchs of the
3186:
3167:Ariobarzanes II
3152:Ariarathes VIII
3093:
3079:Mithridates III
3035:
2977:Mithridates III
2948:
2869:
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2604:Greco-Bactrians
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2369:
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2211:Ptolemy I Soter
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3275:Paerisades V
3238:Spartokos IV
3202:Paerisades I
3177:Ariarathes X
3132:Ariarathes V
3107:Ariarathes I
3089:Antiochus IV
3074:Antiochus II
3006:Pharnaces II
2967:Ariobarzanes
2939:Nicomedes IV
2929:Nicomedes II
2855:Apollophanes
2840:Hippostratos
2755:Heliokles II
2715:Demetrius II
2695:Antimachus I
2657:Eucratides I
2652:Demetrius II
2637:Antimachus I
2622:Euthydemus I
2417:
2307:Ptolemy XIII
2282:Berenice III
2129:Antipater II
2096:Alexander IV
2005:
1988:
1981:
1974:
1945:
1929:Antiochus IV
1921:
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1798:
1789:
1777:. Retrieved
1773:the original
1763:
1744:
1735:
1723:. Retrieved
1717:
1708:
1697:
1675:(1): 32–53.
1672:
1666:
1663:Kosmin, Paul
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1473:. Retrieved
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1011:God Manifest
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852:Nick Sekunda
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726:9:5–9 (NRSV)
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368:Ruling style
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48:Altes Museum
29:
3806:Chrismukkah
3650:Oh Chanukah
3440:Pyrrhus III
3424:Olympias II
3394:Alexander I
3251: [
3248:Spartokos V
3117:Ariamnes II
3064:Antiochus I
3026:Pythodorida
2982:Pharnaces I
2903:Zipoetes II
2898:Nicomedes I
2815:Artemidoros
2810:Menander II
2750:Antialcidas
2735:Agathokleia
2690:Demetrius I
2682:Indo-Greeks
2672:Heliocles I
2627:Demetrius I
2617:Diodotus II
2594:Eumenes III
2589:Attalus III
2564:Philetaerus
2533:Lysimachids
2345:Berenice II
2312:Ptolemy XIV
2194:(pretender)
2124:Alexander V
2106:Antipatrids
2064:Hellenistic
1079:. ISD LLC.
854:notes that
843:Demetrius I
754:Georg Pencz
724:2 Maccabees
705:in 164 BC.
646:Final years
607:called the
579:2 Maccabees
545:2 Maccabees
526:High Priest
464:puppet king
443:Coele-Syria
393:(Ἐπιμανής,
300:(Ἐπιμανής,
283:Demetrius I
251:Mithridates
235:Hellenistic
206:Laodice III
79:Predecessor
4004:Categories
3955:Beth Horon
3904:Mattathias
3829:Maccabean
3753:Activities
3615:Ma'oz Tzur
3591:Sufganiyah
3515:Traditions
3430:Pyrrhus II
3409:Alcetas II
3374:Tharrhypas
3341:Gepaepyris
3313:Scribonius
3207:Satyros II
3137:Orophernes
3049:Ptolemaeus
3031:Polemon II
2924:Prusias II
2893:Zipoetes I
2865:Strato III
2790:Theophilos
2770:Philoxenus
2725:Menander I
2705:Agathocles
2647:Agathocles
2612:Diodotus I
2584:Attalus II
2579:Eumenes II
2541:Lysimachus
2149:Antigonids
1947:livius.org
1779:4 December
1725:4 December
1719:Chabad.org
1588:0334007887
1442:0334007887
1337:Marginalia
1217:0521323525
1060:Livius.org
1042:References
699:Persepolis
658:, ca. 1738
656:Noël Hallé
640:Antichrist
518:suzerainty
453:Alexandria
432:Eumenes II
357:Eumenes II
350:Heliodorus
306:Epiphanes.
294:bathhouses
270:, and the
172:(possibly)
166:(possibly)
154:Laodice VI
131:Laodice IV
3879:(1 and 2)
3856:Maccabees
3561:Biscochos
3414:Pyrrhus I
3379:Alcetas I
3285:Pharnaces
3260:Kamasarye
3243:Leukon II
3227:Hygiainon
3182:Archelaus
3021:Polemon I
2919:Prusias I
2860:Strato II
2850:Zoilos II
2845:Dionysios
2825:Archebius
2795:Peukolaos
2760:Polyxenos
2700:Pantaleon
2642:Pantaleon
2574:Attalus I
2569:Eumenes I
2375:Seleucids
2203:Ptolemies
2192:Philip VI
2139:Sosthenes
2119:Philip IV
2114:Cassander
2081:Philip II
2000:Antiochus
1689:162983934
1577:(1974) .
1475:5 January
1431:(1974) .
1002:romanized
819:Νικηφόρος
767:and the "
683:Maccabees
629:civil war
561:Jerusalem
514:Ptolemies
399:Epiphanes
362:Antiochus
346:Demetrius
311:Biography
159:Antiochis
89:Successor
3965:Beth Zur
3929:Jonathan
3760:Festigal
3596:Buñuelos
3504:חֲנֻכָּה
3501:Hanukkah
3445:Deidamia
3426:(regent)
3399:Aeacides
3336:Aspurgus
3229:(regent)
3212:Prytanis
3054:Sames II
2910:(regent)
2883:Boteiras
2830:Telephos
2820:Hermaeus
2775:Diomedes
2745:Strato I
2730:Zoilos I
2556:Attalids
2243:(regent)
2182:Philip V
1952:Archived
1549:(2008).
1350:Josephus
1206:(1989).
863:See also
832:Polybius
808:Bactrian
792:diaspora
761:Hanukkah
721:—
695:Ecbatana
687:Artaxias
596:Diodorus
576:—
557:Menelaus
448:Pelusium
395:Epimanḗs
391:Epimanes
322:Seleucid
302:Epimanḗs
298:Epimanes
212:Religion
186:Seleucid
61:Basileus
3943:Battles
3924:Eleazar
3566:Syrniki
3523:Symbols
3435:Ptolemy
3389:Arybbas
3369:Admetus
3351:Cotys I
3331:Polemon
3326:Polemon
3322:Dynamis
3317:Dynamis
3308:Dynamis
3304:Asander
3294:Dynamis
3290:Asander
3217:Eumelos
3016:Arsaces
2991:Laodice
2914:Ziaelas
2908:Etazeta
2785:Epander
2780:Amyntas
2187:Perseus
2073:Argeads
1358:1:1:1–2
1143:others.
788:Judaism
773:harasha
703:Isfahan
668:Parthia
605:citadel
581:5:11–14
332:of the
330:hostage
268:Samaria
181:Dynasty
170:Laodice
63:of the
3960:Emmaus
3897:People
3839:Events
3831:Revolt
3786:Hallel
3011:Darius
2805:Nicias
2800:Thraso
2740:Lysias
2066:rulers
1991:164 BC
1987:
1984:215 BC
1892:
1864:
1833:et al.
1751:
1687:
1585:
1557:
1529:
1504:
1466:
1439:
1411:
1300:
1263:
1214:
1178:
1138:899113
1136:
1108:
1083:
839:Appian
739:Legacy
710:Nanaya
679:Lysias
475:Cyprus
387:Daphne
202:Mother
192:Father
52:Berlin
3985:Elasa
3980:Adasa
3919:Judas
3914:Simon
3774:Other
3693:Films
3606:Music
3586:Sfenj
3576:Latke
3554:Foods
3324:with
3306:with
3292:with
3255:]
2989:with
2662:Plato
2340:Magas
1989:Died:
1982:Born:
1685:S2CID
880:Notes
672:Herat
662:King
624:First
553:Jason
522:Judea
520:over
446:left
420:Sidon
379:Delos
324:king
264:Judea
232:Greek
141:Issue
71:Reign
3909:John
3540:Gelt
1890:ISBN
1862:ISBN
1781:2022
1749:ISBN
1727:2022
1583:ISBN
1555:ISBN
1527:ISBN
1502:ISBN
1477:2021
1464:ISBN
1437:ISBN
1409:ISBN
1298:ISBN
1261:ISBN
1212:ISBN
1176:ISBN
1134:OCLC
1106:ISBN
1081:ISBN
1030:and
1021:See
609:Acra
592:Zeus
536:Mina
266:and
260:Jews
238:King
124:Wife
116:Died
103:Born
2888:Bas
1944:at
1677:doi
1673:111
1498:114
666:of
262:of
50:in
4006::
3253:ru
1876:^
1848:^
1839:,
1835:,
1797:.
1716:.
1683:.
1671:.
1500:.
1352:,
1335:.
1323:^
1247:^
1195:^
1140:.
1114:.
1058:.
1009:,
999:,
995::
991:;
948:iː
945:ən
910:aɪ
642:.
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228:c.
107:c.
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2011:(
1958:)
1950:(
1898:.
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1391:.
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963:n
960:æ
957:ˌ
954:,
951:z
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930:ɛ
925:s
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907:t
904:ˈ
901:n
898:æ
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