Antireligious campaigns in China

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wreaths, stockings or Santa Claus figures in the city would be punished. ... While the ban on the sale of Christmas goods might appear to be directed at retailers, it also comes amid a crackdown on Christians who are practising their religion across the country. On Saturday morning, more than 60 police officers and officials stormed a children's Bible class in Guangzhou, the capital of southern China's Guangdong province. The incident came after authorities shut down the 1,500-member Zion Church in Beijing in September and Chengdu's 500-member Early Rain Covenant Church last week. In the case of the latter, about 100 worshippers were snatched from their homes or from the streets in coordinated raids.

585:, in 2019 at Yarchen Gar, in 2013 at Jhada Gon Palden Khachoe Nunnery, and elsewhere. For Yarchen Gar alone, almost six thousand monks and nuns were evicted from their homes. Between 2017 and 2018, at least 4,820 Tibetan and Han Chinese monks and nuns were removed from Larung Gar, and over 7,000 dwellings and other structures were demolished, which began in 2001. Reports indicate that nuns and nunneries are targeted for demolition more often than those of monks. Tourist accommodations and roads replaced the residences, or are planned for the sites where residences were demolished. Other monasteries are partially renovated for tourist accommodations, whose proximity disrupts daily life. 915: 30: 748: 2623:

Xinjiang — mostly small facilities at first, which held dozens or hundreds of Uighurs at a time for sessions intended to pressure them into disavowing devotion to Islam and professing gratitude for the party.' 'Then in August 2016, a hard-liner named Chen Quanguo was transferred from Tibet to govern Xinjiang. Within weeks, he called on local officials to "remobilize" around Mr. Xi's goals and declared that Mr. Xi's speeches "set the direction for making a success of Xinjiang.

1393:, religion was treated as a 'contorted' world-view and people were taught to believe that it would eventually disappear, an inevitable result of the development of human societies. A series of anti-religious campaigns was implemented by the Chinese Communist Party from the early 1950s to the late 1970s. As a result, in nearly 30 years between the beginning of the 1950s and the end of the 1970s, mosques (as well as churches and Chinese temples) were shut down and 172:, the United States froze all Chinese assets in the United States and banned the transfer of funds from the United States to within the PRC. Among the effects of these policies was cutting off funding for American-affiliated cultural institutions in China, including Christian colleges and religious institutions. The PRC responded by nationalizing American-affiliated cultural institutions, including religious ones. 6502: 901: 419:, a China analyst and human-rights investigator, the Chinese government began harvesting organs from members of the predominantly Muslim Uyghur ethnic minority group in the 1990s. "Each year, about 25,000-50,000 captive Uyghurs go missing," wrote Gutmann. Other reports also concluded the targeted populations of state-sanctioned organ harvest include Uyghurs in Xinjiang in addition to Falun Gong. 2348:

campaign against Tibetan religion and nationalism has intensified with each passing year. This campaign of repression initially confined to monasteries and nunneries has now been extended to cover all parts of the Tibetan society. In some spheres of life in Tibet, we are witnessing the return of an atmosphere of intimidation, coercion and fear, reminiscent of the days of the Cultural Revolution.

3886: 772:, under Xi Jinping, thousands of mosques and Muslim religious sites were damaged or destroyed in China. The Chinese government has intensified its repression by using artificial intelligence facial recognition cameras against the Uyghurs, both outside and inside places of worship. Government campaigns against Islam have extended to the 2391:

Tibet, officials from Beijing as well as the provincial capital, Chengdu, have gone to the site to expel most of the students. The officials have burned down abandoned cabins to limit visitors and declared that the total number of residents should be held to 1,400, according to accounts received by the international campaign.

281:, then CCP Secretary of Tibet, possibly hundreds of Tibetans were killed. Martial Law was declared for a year, until 30 April 1990, during which, hundreds more were killed and thousands imprisoned under Jiang's Beijing authority and Hu's local authority. Hu was later promoted to top leadership posts for his work. 1473:

Seeking a complete annihilation of religion, places of worship were shut down; temples, churches, and mosques were destroyed; artifacts were smashed; sacred texts were burnt; and it was a criminal offence even to possess a religious artifact or sacred text. Atheism had long been the official doctrine

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province, a number of Catholic priests and supporters were injured while preventing a government-owned bulldozer from demolishing a church-owned property—an old factory building allocated to the Church as restitution for a church-owned property destroyed in 1992. Local authorities unanimously decided

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The Chinese government and the Chinese Communist Party, led by Xi Jinping from 2012 to the present, intensified antireligious campaigns in the country. In 2016, Xi called for "improved religious work" by uniting religious and non-religious people, and emphasizing that members of the Chinese Communist

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According to Human Rights Watch, Christians who met in private homes, including those involved in underground churches and house churches, and did not register with the authorities, were repeatedly detained, fined, or harassed by the police. On January 27, 1994, Huang Fangxin was arrested and labeled

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There must be effective educational remolding and transformation of criminals," told officials in southern Xinjiang on the second day of his trip. "And even after these people are released, their education and transformation must continue."' 'Within months, indoctrination sites began opening across

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Gedhun Choekyi Nyima was nominated as the reincarnation of the Panchen Lama the second most important figure in Tibetan religion, culture and politics after the Dalai Lama himself. But China disagreed with the choice and arrested the boy a few days later. Mystery surrounds his fate and outside China

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campaign, "where Uyghur Muslims are remade into atheist Chinese subjects" and subjected to forced labor. For children forcibly taken away from their parents, the Chinese government has established kindergartens with the aim of combating 'three evil forces' (separatism, extremism, and terrorism), and

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Human Rights Watch reported in 2005 that Falun Gong practitioners constituted the majority of detainees in the camps examined and endured the "longest sentences and worst treatment." "The government's campaign against the group has been so thorough that even long-time Chinese activists are afraid to

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Harsher punishments, including lengthy imprisonment terms, were imposed on those identified by the authorities as leaders of “illegal” religious groups. In 1996, it was reported that some Christians in Zhoukou, Henan Province, were so frightened that they dared not stay in their homes. Instead, they

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According to reports, Falun Gong practitioners have been subjected to medical testing and had their organs forcibly removed since 1999. Another report highlighted that the rapid expansion of the organ transplant industry in China coincided with Jiang's launch of the persecution against Falun Gong in

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Police began tearing down crosses in the coastal city of Wenzhou in late 2013, citing building regulations, and have since removed more than 1,200 crosses throughout Zhejiang. The campaign was protested by China's state-approved Catholic and Protestant associations, as well as by Cardinal John Tong

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It's hardly celebrated here at all," he said. "We had this break in our history—you know, the missionaries being expelled in 1949 and then the anti-religious campaigns—so a lot has been lost. A lot of people don't really know too much about Lent. We had a service trying to reintroduce the idea and

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The Chinese Communist Party has launched a three-year drive to promote atheism in the Buddhist region of Tibet, saying it is the key to economic progress and a weapon against separatism as typified by the exiled Tibetan leader, the Dalai Lama. The move comes amid fresh foreign reports of religious

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In May 2023, U.S. Senators Marco Rubio and Jeff Merkley introduced the Uyghur Genocide Accountability and Sanctions Act (UGSA) to hold the CCP accountable for human rights abuses against Uyghurs and other Turkic minorities in Xinjiang. In April 2024, the U.S. Congressional Uyghur Caucus introduced

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Christmas is not a recognised holiday in mainland China – where the ruling party is officially atheist – and for many years authorities have taken a tough stance on anyone who celebrates it in public. ... The statement by Langfang officials said that anyone who was caught selling Christmas trees,

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Chinese authorities are skittish about any organization or movement outside party control. In recent years, they have repeatedly tried, without success up to now, to scale back the Serthar settlement and limit study there to nearby residents. This time, according to the International Campaign for

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In August 2000, the authorities arrested 130 members of an underground Christian church in central China. According to reports, the family church group had 500,000 members and refused to register with the authorities. The founder of the church, Zhang Rongliang, was charged of leading a "cult" and

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Chinese officials did not acknowledge the existence of any sort of internment camps. The Chinese government states that Uyghurs are being sent to vocational training centers in order to prevent the spread of extremism and to increase their employability. Muslim prisoners in detention centers and

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Hon of Hong Kong, who appealed to Communist Party chiefs in August to "return to the right path." However, Catholic sources say up to 4,000 crosses may have been targeted for removal from spires and towers, while churches have also been bulldozed and numerous Christians arrested for protesting.

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that the Government of China "is harvesting and selling organs from persecuted religious and ethnic minorities on an industrial scale". The tribunal concluded that religious and ethnic minorities are being "killed to order... cut open while still alive for their kidneys, livers, hearts, lungs,

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In December 1999, four high-profile Falun Gong practitioners were sentenced to between 16 and 18 years in prison. On October 1, 2000, foreign media correspondents witnessed police beating and arresting thousands of Falun Gong practitioners on the Tiananmen Square in Beijing who were protesting

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In Stark contrast to these positive aspects of the development in China proper, the situation in Tibet has sadly worsened in recent years. Of late, it has become apparent that Beijing is carrying out what amounts to a deliberate policy of cultural genocide in Tibet. The infamous “strike hard”

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After the mass evictions, nuns and monks were bused away, and reportedly detained in re-education centers. Among others, an identified re-education center is named Ningtri. Reports include beatings and the torture of monastics and laypeople at re-education centers, and in jails after arrests.

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The profusion of churches seems to have unnerved some Chinese authorities, who have undertaken a campaign to tear down hundreds of crosses, and in some instances entire churches, in Zhejiang, a coastal province where a prosperous Christian community and large numbers of churches have taken

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Reports state that administrators of monasteries have been replaced by police or by people considered government infiltrators, while military surveillance units have been installed at Kirti Monastery, Yarchen Gar, Shak Rongpo Gaden Dargyeling Monastery, and at other monasteries, along with

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This virulent anti-religion campaign seems to be officially linked to the development plan for western Tibet, for which social stability is necessary (see Part VIII, "Economic Development," below). But the hardening of this policy in Tibet is probably another consequence of the spread of

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issued a release stating the "already deplorable" China's record on religious freedom had "further deteriorated," citing "reliable press reports" of religious repression against Falun Gong, Zhong Gong, Uighur Muslims, Protestant and Roman Catholic Christians and Tibet Buddhists.

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In March 2023, the U.S. House of Representatives passed the Stop Forced Organ Harvesting Act of 2023, which would impose sanctions and penalties on individuals involved in state-sanctioned forced organ harvesting, particularly targeting the Falun Gong and Uyghur communities.

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A farming boycott began in 2009 in protest for those people detained or "disappeared" into the CCP's custody. Civil disobedience became widespread, as all the monks in a Jomda, Chamdo province monastery deserted in June 2009 instead of participating in "patriotic education".

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Massive redevelopment projects, including railways, mines, roadways, dams, and shopping centers forcibly displace Tibetans and erode the environment. From 2015 to the present, farmlands and ancestral nomadic grazing lands are also being confiscated from Tibetans.

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In 2011, China's foreign ministry announced only Beijing could appoint the 15th Dalai Lama. A monk at Nyitso monastery, Tsewang Norbu, self-immolated after chanting "Long live the Dalai Lama" and "Tibetan people want freedom". The non-profit organization

474:. The uprising is described as the biggest challenge to China's invasion since 1959. As unrest over Chinese persecution grew, waves of protests began, including street demonstrations, which were met with excessive force. A mass arrest of 280 monks at the 1275:. Local government authorities claim that the building was built vastly larger than the permit allowed, and church leaders refused to follow orders not to build an additional annex, and they refused to lower the church cross—instead building it higher. 450:

In January 2008, police detained musician Yu Zhou and his wife after finding CDs and printed materials about Falun Gong in their car. Zhou was taken into custody and died 10 days later. His wife was sentenced to three years in a forced labor camp.

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In November–December 2000, the authorities destroyed, closed, or confiscated about 400 unregistered Protestant and Catholic church buildings in Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, alone, as a part of the most destructive campaign since the late 1970s.

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In June 2024, the U.S. House of Representatives passed the Falun Gong Protection Act, which seeks to impose sanctions on anyone involved in involuntary organ harvesting, with an emphasis on those targeting Falun Gong members.

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Yet in the first years after Liberation there were places in China where monasteries were destroyed, monks were beaten or killed, copies of the Buddhist canon were burned, and sacred images were melted down for their

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has reported increasing suppression by the authorities since 2015, reversing the modest revival it experienced in the 1990s. The observance of public religious services and the celebration of religious festivals like

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reported that, in early 2024, the CCP intensified efforts to enforce a ban by going door-to-door to prevent Tibetan children from taking private classes and participating in religious activities during school breaks.

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have been prohibited, and Jewish community groups have been shut down. Signs have been removed from the Kaifeng Synagogue, a historical site located on Teaching the Torah Lane that is now under strict surveillance.

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On 13 July 2007, the State Religious Affairs Bureau Order No. 5 was passed, requiring reincarnated lamas and religious institutions in Tibet to apply for permission with state bureaus so as to be considered legal.

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were arrested on 12 May for protesting peacefully. Samdup was jailed for seven years, and in 2020, became the fourth former political prisoner to die from medical complications within the previous six months.

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against the persecution. An April 2000 Wall Street article described how the Chinese government tortured a 58-year-old woman who refused to renounce her faith in Falun Gong and died in police custody.

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reported the Dalai Lama statement that Chinese campaigns of repression had spread beyond monasteries and nunneries, and that Jiang was undertaking "a deliberate policy of cultural genocide in Tibet".

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In 1991, while crafting policy towards Tibetan Buddhists, Jiang's preliminary decree stated reincarnated lamas must be approved by China's central government. The decree was later revised and termed

3694: 571:. Drongna Monastery was forcibly closed in 2013, and its chant master Thardhod Gyaltsen received an 18-year prison sentence in 2014 for possession of a picture and recording of the 14th Dalai Lama. 5192: 4865: 4206: 3758: 4895: 240:. It called for the "education of Marxist materialism and atheism" to counter Falun Gong. People practicing in public or disseminating Falun Gong books would be jailed, according to state media. 3403: 4832: 4722: 4621: 840: 4504: 613:

Under Xi Jinping's authority, the CCP's cultural and political "Sinicization" policies have been implemented in schools to indoctrinate Tibetan children with the CCP's ideology. According to

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Reports also indicate tourism is used to disrupt monastic life within Buddhist monasteries. Monastic residences of nuns and monks were demolished before mass evictions began in 2016 at

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observed that the persecution against Falun Gong reflects the Communist Party's belief that “religion is inherently subversive, a vehicle for foreign and domestic anti-China forces.”

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Some also express concerns that construction and tourism are eroding Tibetan culture. By 2020, after Chinese state-sponsored tourist agencies funneled people from inner China to

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CCP's antireligious campaigns dated back to 1949, when the CCP denounced religions as being associated with "foreign cultural imperialism," "feudalism," and "superstition."

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continues unabated with widespread surveillance, arbitrary detention, imprisonment, and torture. In Xinjiang, the CCP has arbitrarily detained more than a million Muslims in

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and two others involved in the recognition process were also disappeared, then imprisoned. Months later, in November, Jiang's government installed its proxy Panchen Lama,

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in 2012. For Christians, government decrees have mandated the widespread removal of crosses from churches, and in some cases, they have also mandated the destruction of

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On May 17, 1995, Jiang's government officially reversed its acceptance policy of recognized re-incarnated lamas and of Tibetan Buddhist spiritual leaders, and abducted

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In 2006, Tibetans were arrested after responding to calls from the Dalai Lama to burn animal skin clothing. Bonfires spread throughout Tibet as a form of defiance.

5377: 3227:"China Tears Down the Tibetan City in the Sky: China is demolishing homes and evicting thousands from Larung Gar, the world's largest Tibetan Buddhist institution" 1226: 6434: 5907: 5901: 5701: 5257: 4500: 2233: 2087: 431:

from 2002 to 2012, land redevelopment was used as a form of religious persecution, while the demolition of spiritually sacred buildings and sites was undertaken.

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In 1994, a Chinese policy called "grasping with both hands" was implemented in Tibet, targeting Tibetan Buddhism and culture. It was credited with leading to the

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communities not only survived these campaigns, but they were some of the most vocal centers of political opposition to the government as a consequence of them.

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under Jiang's administration, published a commentary on the government policy, stating “Freedom of religious belief is not freedom for religion.” According to

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noted that officials have targeted Christianity, and Islam, with particular intensity because of their perceived foreign ties. In the Chinese province of

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said telephone and internet services were subsequently cut to keep the news from spreading, and the monastery's utilities had been repeatedly cut. Author

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in Xinjiang. The law presumes that all goods originating from Xinjiang, where Beijing has established internment camps, are produced using forced labor.

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a “ringleader of an illegal religious organization” due to his involvement in “illegal religious” activities, which included organizing a gospel team.

6240: 6057: 4800: 3372: 969: 4822: 4611: 4184:. One Christian in Chengdu told the BBC: "I'm lucky they haven't found me yet." China is officially atheist, though says it allows religious freedom. 4496: 2998: 991: 117:, sacred sites, and monastic residences; the denial of the Tibetans' right to freely access their cultural heritage; and the ongoing persecution of 4129: 3200: 6264: 4363: 4180:. Both have been charged with state subversion. And on Saturday morning, dozens of police raided a children's Bible class at Rongguili Church in 3629: 259:

1999. It referenced accounts from Falun Gong practitioners who underwent medical testing consistent with the requirements for organ transplants.

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just prior to Christmas and coerced their owners to close them down. Christmas trees and Santa Clauses were also forcibly removed. In 2018, the

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https://tibet.net/statement-of-his-holiness-the-dalai-lama-on-the-thirty-ninth-anniversary-of-the-tibetan-national-uprising-day-10-march-1998/

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The Karmapa: A short biography of the early years of the 17th Karmapa, Ogyen Trinley Dorje, and the lineage of Karmapas that came before him.

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Yeh, Emily T. (September 2012). "Transnational environmentalism and entanglements of sovereignty: The tiger campaign across the Himalayas".

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which was launched in China, in response to the religious problems which are mentioned above, including problems inside the Party.

4242: 2875: 2275: 4589: 4159: 2301: 6555: 6476: 6446: 5586: 4754: 4717: 4644: 3685:"Beijing plans to continue tightening grip on Christianity and Islam as China pushes ahead with the 'Sinicisation of religion'" 1824: 1564: 738: 489:. In 2010, two Tibetan laypeople were killed while trying to stop a mass arrest of approximately 300 monks at Kirti Monastery. 323:

to India, afterwards pointing to interference by the Chinese government in his spiritual leadership and studies as his motive.

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In June 2005, Gao Rongrong, a 37-year-old accountant from Liaoning Province, died in custody after two years at the Longshan

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of the Chinese Communist Party, but this new form of militant atheism made every effort to eradicate religion completely.

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In 2020, the Chinese government put additional regulations in place to restrict religious education and proselytizing.

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In April 2019, the Chinese police-enforced ban against photographs of the Dalai Lama spread to remote areas of Tibet.

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In 1996, Jiang's administration officially banned all photographs of Tibet's spiritual leader, the 14th Dalai Lama.

353:. The recognized 11th Panchen Lama, Gedhun Choekyi Nyima, continues to be forcibly detained in an unknown location. 6535: 5372: 4298: 4268: 4173: 4023: 2530: 1442: 1389:

Subsequently, a new China was found on the basis of Communist ideology, i.e. atheism. Within the framework of this

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was signed into law in the United States in response to the internment camps in Xinjiang. In December 2021, the

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The persecution of members of other spiritual organizations is also continuing under Xi Jinping. Journalist

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became law in the United States in support of Tibetan Buddhists' right to determine Dalai Lama succession.

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By November 2018, the Chinese government had detained over one million Uyghurs in what it refers to as "

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said that Chinese security forces surrounded the monastery on the same night of Tsewang Norbu's death.

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https://theconversation.com/how-the-dalai-lama-is-chosen-and-why-china-wants-to-appoint-its-own-114351

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In 2001, the Chinese government began persecuting and forcibly evicting nuns and monks studying at

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the condition of the property met the criteria for demolition, as required by the city's planned

639: 248: 3123: 4497:"Connecting the Dots in Xinjiang: Forced Labor, Forced Assimilation, and Western Supply Chains" 6452: 6180: 6082: 5955: 5799: 5749: 5744: 5498: 4995: 4925: 4792: 4654: 3988: 3950: 3333: 3097: 2912: 2813: 2704: 2602: 2370: 2119: 2082: 2015: 1621: 1603: 1526: 1491: 1464: 1454: 1380: 1370: 1337: 1078: 1037: 1033: 715: 475: 447:, she had been tortured with electric shocks to her face and neck, resulting in severe burns. 327: 95: 80: 5491:"Chinese organ harvesting victim woke up chained to bed with parts of liver and lung missing" 2947:"Tibet's "Intolerable" Monasteries: The role of monasteries in Tibetan resistance since 1950" 2696: 2005: 175:

As a result of antireligious campaigns which were waged between 1950 and 1979, all churches,

6470: 6386: 6366: 6186: 5849: 5774: 5606: 4468: 4237: 3749:"Chen Quanguo: The Strongman Behind Beijing's Securitization Strategy in Tibet and Xinjiang" 3296: 3087: 2805: 2776: 2639:"China: People's Republic of China - Abolishing "Re-education through Labour". Appeal cases" 2109: 1595: 1446: 1410:"Freedom in the World – The Annual Survey of Political Rights and Civil Liberties 1998-1999" 1329: 1094: 1070: 346: 111: 107: 5535: 2593:"'Absolutely No Mercy': Leaked Files Expose How China Organized Mass Detentions of Muslims" 1439:

The Price of Freedom Denied: Religious Persecution and Conflict in the Twenty-First Century

6506: 6428: 6334: 6258: 6252: 5985: 5919: 5784: 5779: 5290: 4533: 4125: 4088:"Chinese Catholics try to stop the demolition of their church in Changzhi, Shanxi (VIDEO)" 3914: 3816: 3624: 3530: 3495: 3427:"China's Ambition to Control Tibet is Leaving Hundreds Incarcerated, Abused and Forgotten" 3195: 3163: 3049: 3031: 2638: 2342: 2176: 2158: 1992: 1955: 1729: 1269: 1194: 906: 796: 661: 626: 304: 292: 154: 5670: 2434: 1121: 3259: 2403: 1639: 6174: 6063: 6051: 5864: 5648: 5621: 5152: 4117: 2839: 2203: 1106: 730: 711: 688: 525: 498: 411: 350: 88: 4232: 4056:"'Jesus Save Me!' Chinese Christians Shout as They Try to Save Church From Bulldozers" 2794:

Topgyal, Tsering (March 2011). "Insecurity Dilemma and the Tibetan Uprising in 2008".

2265: 345:, the 11th Panchen Lama, three days after his official recognition by the Dalai Lama. 205:(1966–1976), the CCP "imprisoned thousands of monks and nuns, destroyed all but 11 of 6519: 6354: 6340: 6150: 5879: 5859: 5754: 4990: 4579: 4151: 3045:"China's Leader Xi Jinping Reminds Party Members to Be 'Unyielding Marxist Atheists'" 2825: 1022: 785: 416: 319:, are highly respected by Tibetans and considered to be living Buddhas. By 1999, the 210: 198: 138: 71:, coupled with its persecution of people with spiritual or religious beliefs, in the 68: 2172:"Tibetan Former Political Prisoner Dies After Years of Ill Health Following Release" 1816: 1556: 6296: 5680: 5655: 5094: 5030: 3561: 3231: 3092: 3077: 2737:"China: "We Could Disappear At Any Time": V. Abuses Against Petitioners in Beijing" 2736: 2114: 1985: 1163: 920: 867: 818: 752: 604: 593: 575: 568: 316: 4122:"Xinjiang Authorities Launch Anti-Religion Campaign Through Local Police Stations" 1730:"China: The crackdown on Falun Gong and other so-called "heretical organizations"" 5026:"'Show no mercy': leaked documents reveal details of China's Xinjiang detentions" 3620:"Tibetan Woman Jailed in Protest Over Panchen Lama is Released in Failing Health" 3323: 3078:"New Wine in Old Bottles: Sinicisation and State Regulation of Religion in China" 2809: 2780: 1351: 5943: 5759: 5183:"China protests as US House passes Uygur bill demanding sanctions over Xinjiang" 4856:"China Targets Muslim Scholars And Writers With Increasingly Harsh Restrictions" 4552: 486: 371: 300: 233: 126: 114: 6501: 4823:"'Afraid We Will Become The Next Xinjiang': China's Hui Muslims Face Crackdown" 4612:"'Afraid We Will Become The Next Xinjiang': China's Hui Muslims Face Crackdown" 3716: 1785: 900: 470:

The persecution of Tibetan Buddhists escalated under Hu Jintao, leading to the

5814: 5809: 4197:"Santa Claus won't be coming to this town, as Chinese officials ban Christmas" 2954: 1468: 1126: 896: 773: 582: 494: 312: 169: 130: 99: 49: 38: 5502: 5336:"Trump signs Tibet policy to preempt Chinese move on Dalai Lama's succession" 4999: 4929: 4916:

Soliev, Nodirbek (2019). "Uyghur Violence and Jihadism in China and Beyond".

4888:"Tiny Muslim community becomes latest target for China's religious crackdown" 4796: 4658: 4299:"In coronavirus fight, China hasn't stopped persecuting Christians: watchdog" 3992: 3954: 3337: 3101: 2916: 2817: 2708: 2606: 2374: 2123: 2019: 1951:"Uyghur, Falun Gong Detainees Likely Source For China's Organ Market: Report" 1625: 1450: 1384: 6290: 6003: 4181: 3462: 1074: 559:, nuns, and monks, escalated. Han Chinese settling in Tibet also continues. 278: 247:

reported that Jiang Zemin alone decided that Falun Gong must be eliminated.

192: 5531:

United States Commission on International Religious Freedom - China reports

1670:"Cracks in China's Crackdown - Falun Gong Campaign Exposes Leadership Woes" 1617: 1505: 4495:

Lehr, Amy K.; Bechrakis, Efthimia Maria (“Mariefaye”) (October 16, 2019).

2670: 6027: 5764: 5530: 4584: 4302: 4091: 3849: 3721: 3264: 2844: 2526:"Ethan Gutmann: China exploits Uyghur Muslims for their labor and organs" 2270: 1848:"Report: China still harvesting organs from prisoners at a massive scale" 1390: 1199: 823: 657: 5218:"Biden signs bill banning goods from China's Xinjiang over forced labor" 4937: 4333:"China demolishes church, removes crosses as Christians worship at home" 3109: 1599: 5461: 5309: 5222: 4177: 2903:"'Eat the Buddha' Reports From the 'World Capital of Self-Immolations'" 1065:

Dark, K. R. (2000), "Large-Scale Religious Change and World Politics",

1050: 789: 681: 665: 308: 4397:"China Detains Hundreds Of Thousands Of Muslims In 'Training Centers'" 3653:"Propaganda Themes at the CPPCC Stress the "Sinicization" of Religion" 1817:"Practicing Falun Gong Was a Right, Ms. Chen Said, up to Her Last Day" 1333: 795:

In November 2019, the internment centers were described in the leaked

529:

cornea, and skin to be removed and turned into commodities for sale".

5824: 3588:"China: Major Tibetan Buddhist Institution Faces Further Demolitions" 3526:"Yachen Gar Demolition Has Displaced As Many as 6,000 Monks and Nuns" 3491:"Chinese Tourists Crowd Lhasa Holy Sites, Tibetans Barred From Entry" 2234:"20 Years After China Seized Boy Monk, Tibetans Call For His Release" 1640:"CNN - Chinese sect goes underground to stay alive - August 17, 1999" 1588:

The Cultural Economy of Falun Gong in China: A Rhetorical Perspective

827: 707: 672: 556: 440: 176: 4364:"China doubles down against foreign teachers spreading Christianity" 3981:"Pastor in China Who Resisted Cross Removal Gets 14 Years in Prison" 3458:"Lhasa's Tibetans will soon be nothing but decorations for tourists" 2044: 1322:

Fighting on the Cultural Front: U.S.-China Relations in the Cold War

1159:"In China, Unregistered Churches Are Driving a Religious Revolution" 3021:

How the Dalai Lama is chosen and why China wants to appoint its own

2151: 299:

as the reincarnated 17th Gyalwang Karmapa, spiritual leader of the

6076: 777: 746: 478:

was reported during this time, as was torture during confinement.

206: 72: 44: 4433:"For China, Islam is a 'mental illness' that needs to be 'cured'" 4172:

Among those arrested are a prominent pastor and his wife, of the

1527:"CNN - Falun Gong members defy China's crackdown - July 23, 1999" 603:

The ethnic cleansing policies in Tibet were managed by hardliner

4953:"Uighurs forced to eat pork as China expands Xinjiang pig farms" 2302:"CHINA-TIBET: Dalai Lama Photos Banned From Monasteries, Hotels" 1394: 1263:"China demolition of church in Wenzhou leaves Christians uneasy" 5539: 3882:

United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights

2288:

he is known as one of the world's youngest political prisoners.

710:

and removing a Christian Cross from the steeple of a church in

5430:"US Congressional Uyghur Caucus introduces new sanctions bill" 4860: 4827: 4616: 4464:"Rights group: Lacoste gloves made in Chinese internment camp" 4401: 4155: 3812:"China Launches New Drive Against Dalai Lama Photos in Kardze" 2993: 2238: 1145:

persecution in the region, which was invaded by China in 1950.

621:

curriculum in Mandarin Chinese as part of the CCP's policy of

397:

sentenced to two years in forced labor camp in December 2000.

5457:"First known survivor of Chinese organ harvesting speaks out" 5153:"House Measure Calls on China to Stop Persecuting Falun Gong" 2078:"In China, the state decides who can come back from the dead" 1089:

Interestingly, atheist campaigns were most effective against

455:

say the group's name aloud," according to the report.

110:. In Tibet, similar decrees have mandated the destruction of 5305:"U.S. bolsters support for Taiwan and Tibet, angering China" 63:

are a series of policies and practices taken as part of the

4723:

United States Commission on International Religious Freedom

4718:"Religious Freedom in China's High-Tech Surveillance State" 4645:"China Is Erasing Mosques and Precious Shrines in Xinjiang" 4233:"China orders crackdown on large outdoor religious statues" 2435:"People's Republic of China: Religious repression in China" 1700:"Dangerous Meditation - China's Campaign Against Falungong" 75:. Antireligious campaigns were launched in 1949, after the 695:

initiated a crackdown on large outdoor religious statues.

307:, who died in a mysterious car crash earlier in 1992. The 5254:"The Uyghur Forced Labor Prevention Act Goes into Effect" 3717:"Dalai Lama: 'Cultural genocide' behind self-immolations" 1020:

Blondeau, Anne-Marie; Buffetrille, Katia (8 April 2008).

792:

are couched in terms of protecting residents' free will.

5368:"US House Passes Bill to Combat Forced Organ Harvesting" 5121:"Commission Statement on Religious Persecution in China" 3260:"Tibetans displaced within region 'amid rampant mining'" 2332:

1998 Statement, 39th Anniversary of Tibetan Uprising Day

1367:

Muslim Education in the 21st Century: Asian Perspectives

866:

became law to ensure that American entities do not fund

855:

188) condemning the persecution of Falun Gong in China.

91:, and members of other religious communities in China. 2361:"Monitors Say China Pushes Tibet Monks From Study Site" 600:

was condemned by the Dalai Lama as cultural cleansing.

6229:

Antireligious campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party

5090:"China's Crackdown on the Jewish Community of Kaifeng" 1286:"10 things to know about China's policies on religion" 18:

Antireligious campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party

6157:

Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia

6010:

Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction

4264:"China orders crackdown on outdoor religious statues" 2468:"Mass arrests taint China's 'golden age' of religion" 1910:"Transplant Abuse Continues Despite Claims of Reform" 1365:

Buang, Sa'eda; Chew, Phyllis Ghim-Lian (9 May 2014).

1122:"China announces "civilizing" atheism drive in Tibet" 687:

In December 2018, Chinese officials raided Christian

5216:

Brunnstrom, David; Grant, Paul (December 23, 2021).

4019:"China's Catholics fear new anti-Christian campaign" 3292:"Tibetans Arrested After Land Grab Protest in China" 2840:"China accused of excessive force over Tibet unrest" 784:

internment camps have faced practices such as being

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Under the local authority of 5126:U.S. Commission on International Religious Freedom 4983: 4683: 2006:"Violence in Tibet as Monks Clash With the Police" 1879:"The Nightmare of Human Organ Harvesting in China" 1021: 841:U.S. Commission on International Religious Freedom 291:In 1992, Jiang's government formally accepted the 273:In 1989, violent repression spread in Tibet after 52:books are destroyed following announcement of the 5252:Flacks, Marti; Songy, Madeleine (June 27, 2022). 2989:"Tibetan monk dies after setting himself on fire" 1488:Toward a Modern Chinese Buddhism: Taixu's Reforms 1069:, London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, pp. 50–82, 288:in 2007, during the administration of Hu Jintao. 232:On July 20, 1999, the Chinese government, led by 4783:"A Crackdown on Islam Is Spreading Across China" 4580:"China separating Muslim children from families" 3780:"2019 Report on International Religious Freedom" 2697:"China Still Presses Crusade Against Falun Gong" 1986:https://www.voatibetanenglish.com/a/3755465.html 295:'s official recognition and the enthronement of 137:. In addition, the CCP's policies have included 4548:"Xinjiang to crack down on 'three evil forces'" 4426: 4424: 3152: 3150: 1557:"Falun Dafa Feels Effects Of Chinese Crackdown" 5908:Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent 5902:Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire 5258:Center for Strategic and International Studies 4685:"Life Inside China's Total Surveillance State" 4501:Center for Strategic and International Studies 3557:"China Tears Down the Tibetan City in the Sky" 3191:"China Expands Its Clampdown in Tibet: Report" 6089:Persecution of Christians in the Eastern Bloc 5896:Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire 5551: 4326: 4324: 553:Tibetan Centre for Human Rights and Democracy 8: 6211:Violence against Hindus in independent India 4643:Buckley, Chris; Ramzy, Austin (2020-09-25). 4292: 4290: 2591:Ramzy, Austin; Buckley, Chris (2019-11-16). 596:religion, which intensified after 2018. The 6423:Attacks by Islamic extremists in Bangladesh 5938:Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent 1982:Exile Tibetans Commemorate 1989 Martial Law 5558: 5544: 5536: 5400:"US bill seeks 'enhanced' Uyghur genocide" 3363:"China: New Controls on Tibetan Monastery" 3324:"China's Undercover War on Religious Life" 286:State Religious Affairs Bureau Order No. 5 6058:Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars 3091: 592:In 2016, the CCP commenced a campaign to 485:Acts of self-immolation began in 2009 at 104:Chinese Communist Party general secretary 6526:Campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party 5058:"Stopping the crackdown on China's Jews" 1786:"Ian Johnson of The Wall Street Journal" 1397:were subjected to forced 're-education'. 706:, demolishing the Xiangbaishu Church in 393:had to sleep and worship in the fields. 121:as well as Buddhist nuns and monks. 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(December 18, 2000). 1858:from the original on August 25, 2019 1761:"Falun Gong Protesters Stun Beijing" 1067:Religion and International Relations 6546:Religious persecution by communists 6361:Ethnic cleansing in the Bosnian War 6311:Persecution of Hindus in Bangladesh 6223:Jewish exodus from the Muslim world 6016:Christianization of the Sámi people 5470:from the original on August 9, 2024 5410:from the original on August 4, 2024 5380:from the original on March 28, 2024 5163:from the original on March 28, 2024 4698:from the original on March 24, 2024 4507:from the original on March 14, 2024 4476:from the original on March 24, 2024 4162:from the original on 5 January 2019 3618:Finney, Richard (August 18, 2020). 3456:Malterre, Ségolène (May 21, 2013). 3057:from the original on 21 August 2017 3043:Campbell, Charlie (25 April 2016). 2538:from the original on March 28, 2024 2447:from the original on April 29, 2020 2246:from the original on April 24, 2020 1963:from the original on March 16, 2020 1917:China Organ Harvest Research Center 1827:from the original on March 27, 2024 1740:from the original on April 25, 2019 1710:from the original on March 28, 2024 1668:Pomfret, John (November 12, 1999). 1567:from the original on March 27, 2024 1296:from the original on March 24, 2024 423:2002–2012: Hu Jintao administration 4985:"What Ramadan is like in Xinjiang" 4821:Emily, Feng (September 26, 2019). 4610:Feng, Emily (September 26, 2019). 4409:from the original on July 10, 2019 4343:from the original on 22 March 2020 4309:from the original on 27 March 2020 3845:"China's Plan to Assimilate Tibet" 3470:from the original on June 10, 2020 3258:Khadka, Navin Singh (2013-12-13). 3239:from the original on July 28, 2020 2466:Cernetig, Miro (August 25, 2000). 1846:Griffiths, James (June 24, 2016). 1592:University of South Carolina Press 885:the House's version of the UGASA. 864:Uyghur Forced Labor Prevention Act 615:United Nations Special Rapporteurs 25: 6596:Anti-Christian sentiment in China 6205:Violence against Muslims in India 6199:Persecution of Hindus in Pakistan 6145:Nazi boycott of Jewish businesses 4951:Regencia, Ted (4 December 2020). 4854:Feng, Emily (November 21, 2020). 4730:from the original on July 9, 2023 4462:Mendoza, Martha (March 3, 2020). 4132:from the original on 8 March 2018 4054:Zaimov, Stoyan (31 August 2017). 3785:United States Department of State 3489:Finney, Richard (July 24, 2020). 3437:from the original on June 5, 2020 3406:from the original on July 2, 2020 3290:Kyi, Tsering (January 29, 2015). 3129:China Internet Information Center 2987:Jiang, Steven (August 17, 2011). 2300:Sharma, Yojana (April 30, 1996). 2266:"Tibet's missing spiritual guide" 2170:Finney, Richard (July 17, 2020). 1889:from the original on July 2, 2019 944:Transnational repression by China 236:from 1989 to 2002, commenced the 6500: 5455:Leonard, Owen (August 9, 2024). 4781:Myers, Steven Lee (2019-09-22). 3810:Finney, Richard (May 29, 2019). 3425:Shaw, Steve (January 13, 2020). 3019:Brooke Schedneck, (03 July 2019 2876:International Campaign for Tibet 2152:https://kagyuoffice.org/karmapa/ 1227:"China's anti-Christian crusade" 913: 899: 751:Mosque with dome removed due to 61:Antireligious campaigns in China 6477:2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel 6447:Persecution of Uyghurs in China 5509:from the original on 2024-08-18 5317:from the original on 2020-12-28 5195:from the original on 2019-12-08 5102:from the original on 2021-04-21 5070:from the original on 2020-08-06 5006:from the original on 2024-09-06 4965:from the original on 2020-12-04 4898:from the original on 2020-10-16 4803:from the original on 2019-09-24 4665:from the original on 2021-01-06 4592:from the original on 2019-07-05 4560:from the original on 2019-07-22 4362:Lau, Mimi (September 6, 2020). 4245:from the original on 2019-09-24 3999:from the original on 2019-05-18 3961:from the original on 2019-12-22 3792:from the original on 2020-09-04 3761:from the original on 2019-12-01 3729:from the original on 2019-11-03 3665:from the original on 2020-07-16 3600:from the original on 2020-05-24 3569:from the original on 2020-07-28 3538:from the original on 2023-12-17 3375:from the original on 2020-06-01 3344:from the original on 2015-09-22 3272:from the original on 2019-02-27 3136:from the original on 2021-04-14 2923:from the original on 2020-09-10 2852:from the original on 2019-12-21 2747:from the original on 2015-09-24 2715:from the original on 2017-06-13 2649:from the original on 2018-11-22 2613:from the original on 2019-12-22 2568:from the original on 2024-07-06 2381:from the original on 2020-05-07 2278:from the original on 2011-09-23 2214:from the original on 2020-12-13 2204:"The Tibet issue: Tibetan view" 2130:from the original on 2018-06-24 2090:from the original on 2024-05-08 2076:Jonathan, Kaiman (2016-03-08). 2055:from the original on 2020-09-12 2026:from the original on 2021-04-13 1908:Caplan, Arthur L. (July 2018). 1815:Johnson, Ian (April 20, 2000). 1759:Pan, Philip (October 1, 2000). 1650:from the original on 2024-03-23 1537:from the original on 2024-03-23 1157:Johnson, Ian (April 23, 2017). 972:from the original on 2016-04-27 851:passed a unanimous resolution ( 739:Persecution of Uyghurs in China 213:in exile communities in India. 6465:2019 Sri Lanka Easter bombings 6435:Genocide of Christians by ISIL 6169:Communist Romanian persecution 5024:Kuo, Lily (17 November 2019). 4297:Parke, Caleb (23 March 2020). 3651:Dotson, John (April 9, 2019). 3225:Shaw, Steve (August 3, 2017). 3093:10.4000/chinaperspectives.7636 2232:Neuman, Scott (May 17, 2015). 2110:"Daring escape of the Karmapa" 1490:. University of Hawaii Press. 1030:University of California Press 860:Uyghur Human Rights Policy Act 835:Responses in the United States 678:transportation network project 513:Party must act as "unyielding 361:Central Tibetan Administration 179:, and temples were closed and 1: 6601:Anti-Islam sentiment in China 6566:Persecution by atheist states 6483:2024 Istanbul church shooting 6459:Christchurch mosque shootings 6247:Religious violence in Nigeria 6241:Exodus of Turks from Bulgaria 4578:Sudworth, John (2019-07-04). 3843:Feng, John (March 14, 2023). 3683:Gan, Nectar (March 6, 2019). 2797:Journal of Contemporary China 2695:Jacobs, Andrew (2009-04-28). 2562:New York City Bar Association 2330:His Holiness the Dalai Lama, 1091:traditional Chinese religions 849:U.S. House of Representatives 664:have been removed from their 551:According to a report by the 409:On May 18, 1996, state media 6571:Human rights abuses in China 6373:War crimes in the Kosovo War 6163:Communist Polish persecution 6034:1860 Mount Lebanon civil war 5962:Crusades against schismatics 4395:Rob, Schmitz (May 3, 2019). 3943:"China's New Civil Religion" 2958:. April 2016. Archived from 2901:Sehgal, Parul (2020-07-15). 2810:10.1080/10670564.2011.541627 2781:10.1016/j.polgeo.2012.06.003 2359:Eckholm, Erik (2001-06-22). 2108:Harding, Luke (2001-04-28). 934:Freedom of religion in China 875:Tibet Policy and Support Act 809:History of the Jews in China 693:United Front Work Department 326:Also in 1992, 13 monks from 153:, forced contraception, and 77:Chinese Communist Revolution 5489:Cleave, Iona (2024-08-09). 3979:Wong, Edward (2016-02-26). 3941:Johnson, Ian (2019-12-21). 2004:Yardley, Jim (2008-03-15). 1486:Pittman, Don Alvin (2001). 990:Jeni Hung (April 5, 2003). 853:House Concurrent Resolution 368:Larung Gar Buddhist Academy 269:History of Tibetan Buddhism 6617: 5373:National Catholic Register 4174:Early Rain Covenant Church 4024:National Catholic Reporter 3908:Pelbar (January 9, 2024). 2531:Center for Security Policy 1443:Cambridge University Press 839:On September 4, 2000, the 806: 728: 637: 536: 381: 266: 225: 190: 73:People's Republic of China 6551:Persecution of Christians 6497: 6405:South Thailand insurgency 6381:Walisongo school massacre 6349:Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus 5998:Expulsion of the Moriscos 5974:European wars of religion 3329:Christian Science Monitor 1369:. Routledge. p. 75. 1326:Columbia University Press 1195:"China's war on religion" 939:Persecution of Falun Gong 743:Xinjiang internment camps 238:persecution of Falun Gong 183:was imposed upon clergy. 67:'s official promotion of 6561:Persecution of Buddhists 5795:Extrajudicial punishment 5188:South China Morning Post 4892:South China Morning Post 4369:South China Morning Post 4202:South China Morning Post 3690:South China Morning Post 3076:Chang, Kuei-Min (2018). 2871:"2008-2009 Protest Logs" 1451:10.1017/CBO9780511762345 819:Kaifeng Jewish community 151:compulsory sterilization 147:political indoctrination 94:State campaigns against 6488:Crocus City Hall attack 6235:Persecution of Tibetans 5992:French Wars of Religion 5914:Yellow Turban Rebellion 4691:The Wall Street Journal 1883:The Wall Street Journal 1821:The Wall Street Journal 1561:The Wall Street Journal 1261:Makinen, Julie (2014). 1075:10.1057/9781403916594_3 992:"Children of confucius" 522:UN Human Rights Council 520:In September 2019, the 65:Chinese Communist Party 6556:Persecution of Muslims 6441:Iraqi Turkmen genocide 6417:Maspero demonstrations 6265:Huế Phật Đản shootings 5285:Cite journal requires 4528:Cite journal requires 873:In December 2020, the 756: 57: 42: 6586:Criticism of religion 6411:Boko Haram insurgency 6070:Pontic Greek genocide 5980:Ottoman–Habsburg wars 5790:Extrajudicial killing 5567:Religious persecution 5344:. December 28, 2020. 5129:. September 4, 2000. 4694:. December 19, 2017. 2965:on September 12, 2020 2643:Amnesty International 2440:Amnesty International 1734:Amnesty International 1320:Li, Hongshan (2024). 929:Human rights in China 813:Antisemitism in China 780:community in Hainan. 750: 735:Islamophobia in China 729:Further information: 648:Christianity in China 638:Further information: 598:sinicization of Tibet 547:Labour camps in Tibet 543:Sinicization of Tibet 539:Human rights in Tibet 537:Further information: 445:Amnesty International 429:Hu–Wen Administration 384:Christianity in China 228:History of Falun Gong 191:Further information: 145:religious practices, 125:initiated in 1999 by 98:have escalated since 48: 35:Cemetery of Confucius 32: 6591:Communist repression 6393:September 11 attacks 6329:1984 anti-Sikh riots 6193:Rawalpindi massacres 6139:White Terror (Spain) 5950:Massacre at Ayyadieh 5835:Population cleansing 4205:. 18 December 2018. 4158:. 18 December 2018. 4120:(12 February 2018). 3885:. February 6, 2023. 3754:Jamestown Foundation 3658:Jamestown Foundation 3399:Hong Kong Free Press 3086:(1-2 (113)): 37–44. 3023:, The Conversation, 2534:. January 12, 2021. 1706:. February 7, 2002. 1292:. October 23, 2023. 1235:. 5 September 2015. 1024:Authenticating Tibet 700:persecute Christians 644:House church (China) 619:compulsory education 343:Gedhun Choekyi Nyima 297:Orgyen Trinley Dorje 275:prolonged rebellions 6305:Bangladesh genocide 6285:Cultural Revolution 6277:Xá Lợi Pagoda raids 6040:Circassian genocide 5926:Rhineland massacres 5840:Population transfer 5805:Forced displacement 5617:Jehovah's Witnesses 4750:"China Under Cover" 4431:Beydoun, Khaled A. 3402:. August 30, 2018. 2768:Political Geography 2501:The Washington Post 2306:Inter Press Service 1790:The Pulitzer Prizes 1674:The Washington Post 1600:10.2307/j.ctv6wgmf9 1586:Xiao, Ming (2012). 1290:Pew Research Center 1232:The Washington Post 1203:. August 23, 2020. 1130:. 12 January 1999. 965:Asiaweek, Volume 10 671:In August 2017, in 623:forced assimilation 472:2008 Tibetan unrest 359:By March 1998, the 336:2008 Tibetan unrest 203:Cultural Revolution 187:Cultural Revolution 119:high Buddhist lamas 6399:2002 Gujarat riots 6323:Cambodian genocide 6317:Lebanese Civil War 6095:Soviet persecution 5932:Jerusalem massacre 5845:Sectarian violence 5830:Political violence 5063:The Jerusalem Post 4788:The New York Times 4726:. September 2019. 4650:The New York Times 4337:The Christian Post 4094:. 29 August 2017. 4061:The Christian Post 3985:The New York Times 3947:The New York Times 3593:Human Rights Watch 3368:Human Rights Watch 3083:China Perspectives 3030:2020-06-22 at the 2908:The New York Times 2701:The New York Times 2598:The New York Times 2473:The Globe and Mail 2409:Human Rights Watch 2366:The New York Times 2341:2021-07-04 at the 2157:2020-08-15 at the 2011:The New York Times 1991:2020-10-31 at the 1959:. March 12, 2020. 1736:. March 23, 2000. 1704:Human Rights Watch 1268:2021-11-27 at the 858:In June 2020, the 847:On July 24, 2002, 757: 640:Underground church 249:Human Rights Watch 211:compiled teachings 58: 43: 6536:Religion in China 6513: 6512: 6453:Rohingya genocide 6181:Direct Action Day 6133:Šahovići massacre 6083:Armenian genocide 6077:Assyrian genocide 5964:(13th–15th cent.) 5958:(12th–16th cent.) 5956:Northern Crusades 5800:Forced conversion 5750:Cultural genocide 5745:Communal violence 5627:post–Cold War era 5612:Eastern Orthodoxy 5376:. 28 March 2023. 5159:. July 25, 2002. 4994:. 11 April 2024. 4556:. March 6, 2012. 3199:. June 16, 2020. 2443:. June 30, 1996. 2083:Los Angeles Times 1352:10.7312/li--20704 1334:10.7312/li--20704 1084:978-1-349-27846-6 1002:on March 21, 2006 716:Shandong Province 704:COVID-19 pandemic 662:Christian crosses 660:alone, over 1200 533:Tibetan Buddhists 476:Labrang Monastery 459:Tibetan Buddhists 441:Forced Labor Camp 328:Drepung Monastery 311:, along with the 263:Tibetan Buddhists 141:, suppression of 108:houses of worship 41:in November 1966. 16:(Redirected from 6608: 6541:Torture in China 6505: 6504: 6471:2020 Delhi riots 6387:Kosheh massacres 6367:Bosnian genocide 6187:1946 Bihar riots 5850:Social cleansing 5775:Ethnic cleansing 5560: 5553: 5546: 5537: 5518: 5517: 5515: 5514: 5486: 5480: 5479: 5477: 5475: 5452: 5446: 5445: 5443: 5441: 5426: 5420: 5419: 5417: 5415: 5406:. 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May 26, 2018. 4260: 4254: 4253: 4251: 4250: 4238:Associated Press 4229: 4223: 4222: 4216: 4214: 4193: 4187: 4186: 4169: 4167: 4148: 4142: 4141: 4139: 4137: 4114: 4108: 4107: 4105: 4103: 4084: 4078: 4077: 4075: 4073: 4051: 4045: 4044: 4038: 4036: 4014: 4008: 4007: 4005: 4004: 3976: 3970: 3969: 3967: 3966: 3938: 3932: 3931: 3929: 3927: 3905: 3899: 3898: 3896: 3894: 3873: 3867: 3866: 3864: 3862: 3840: 3834: 3833: 3831: 3829: 3807: 3801: 3800: 3798: 3797: 3776: 3770: 3769: 3767: 3766: 3744: 3738: 3737: 3735: 3734: 3713: 3707: 3706: 3704: 3702: 3680: 3674: 3673: 3671: 3670: 3648: 3642: 3641: 3639: 3637: 3615: 3609: 3608: 3606: 3605: 3584: 3578: 3577: 3575: 3574: 3553: 3547: 3546: 3544: 3543: 3522: 3513: 3512: 3510: 3508: 3486: 3480: 3479: 3477: 3475: 3453: 3447: 3446: 3444: 3442: 3422: 3416: 3415: 3413: 3411: 3390: 3384: 3383: 3381: 3380: 3359: 3353: 3352: 3350: 3349: 3320: 3314: 3313: 3311: 3309: 3297:Voice of America 3287: 3281: 3280: 3278: 3277: 3255: 3249: 3248: 3246: 3244: 3222: 3213: 3212: 3210: 3208: 3187: 3181: 3180: 3178: 3176: 3154: 3145: 3144: 3142: 3141: 3120: 3114: 3113: 3095: 3073: 3067: 3066: 3064: 3062: 3040: 3034: 3017: 3011: 3010: 3008: 3006: 2984: 2975: 2974: 2972: 2970: 2964: 2951: 2943: 2932: 2931: 2929: 2928: 2898: 2892: 2891: 2889: 2888: 2867: 2861: 2860: 2858: 2857: 2836: 2830: 2829: 2791: 2785: 2784: 2762: 2756: 2755: 2753: 2752: 2733: 2724: 2723: 2721: 2720: 2692: 2686: 2685: 2683: 2682: 2667: 2658: 2657: 2655: 2654: 2635: 2626: 2625: 2619: 2618: 2588: 2577: 2576: 2574: 2573: 2554: 2548: 2547: 2545: 2543: 2522: 2513: 2512: 2510: 2508: 2491: 2485: 2484: 2482: 2480: 2463: 2457: 2456: 2454: 2452: 2431: 2422: 2421: 2419: 2417: 2400: 2394: 2393: 2387: 2386: 2356: 2350: 2328: 2322: 2321: 2319: 2317: 2297: 2291: 2290: 2284: 2283: 2262: 2256: 2255: 2253: 2251: 2229: 2223: 2222: 2220: 2219: 2200: 2194: 2193: 2191: 2189: 2167: 2161: 2150:, Kagyu Office, 2145: 2139: 2138: 2136: 2135: 2105: 2099: 2098: 2096: 2095: 2073: 2064: 2063: 2061: 2060: 2041: 2035: 2034: 2032: 2031: 2001: 1995: 1984:, (09.03.2017), 1979: 1973: 1972: 1970: 1968: 1947: 1936: 1935: 1933: 1931: 1925: 1914: 1905: 1899: 1898: 1896: 1894: 1874: 1868: 1867: 1865: 1863: 1843: 1837: 1836: 1834: 1832: 1812: 1806: 1805: 1803: 1801: 1782: 1776: 1775: 1773: 1771: 1756: 1750: 1749: 1747: 1745: 1726: 1720: 1719: 1717: 1715: 1696: 1690: 1689: 1687: 1685: 1665: 1659: 1658: 1656: 1655: 1636: 1630: 1629: 1583: 1577: 1576: 1574: 1572: 1552: 1546: 1545: 1543: 1542: 1523: 1514: 1513: 1483: 1477: 1476: 1434: 1428: 1427: 1425: 1423: 1414: 1406: 1400: 1399: 1362: 1356: 1355: 1324:. 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Archived from 987: 981: 980: 978: 977: 960: 923: 918: 917: 916: 909: 904: 903: 761:training centers 702:during the 2019 524:was told by the 515:Marxist atheists 347:Chadrel Rinpoche 135:internment camps 115:monastic centers 112:Tibetan Buddhist 37:was attacked by 21: 6616: 6615: 6611: 6610: 6609: 6607: 6606: 6605: 6581:Racism in China 6516: 6515: 6514: 6509: 6499: 6493: 6429:Yazidi genocide 6335:Revival Process 6271:Thích Quảng Đức 6259:Buddhist crisis 6253:Istanbul pogrom 6121:1970–1987 6116:1958–1964 6111:1928–1941 6106:1921–1928 6101:1917–1921 5986:Goa Inquisition 5920:Battle of Tours 5910:(c.550–c. 1200) 5904:(c. 324–c. 491) 5884: 5785:Ethnic violence 5780:Ethnic conflict 5728: 5727: 5726: 5573: 5564: 5527: 5522: 5521: 5512: 5510: 5488: 5487: 5483: 5473: 5471: 5464:via news.com.au 5454: 5453: 5449: 5439: 5437: 5434:Radio Free Asia 5428: 5427: 5423: 5413: 5411: 5404:Radio Free Asia 5398: 5397: 5393: 5383: 5381: 5366: 5365: 5361: 5351: 5349: 5334: 5333: 5329: 5320: 5318: 5303: 5302: 5298: 5284: 5274: 5267: 5265: 5251: 5250: 5243: 5233: 5231: 5215: 5214: 5207: 5198: 5196: 5181: 5180: 5176: 5166: 5164: 5151: 5150: 5146: 5136: 5134: 5119: 5118: 5114: 5105: 5103: 5087: 5086: 5082: 5073: 5071: 5056: 5055: 5051: 5041: 5039: 5023: 5022: 5018: 5009: 5007: 4982: 4981: 4977: 4968: 4966: 4950: 4949: 4945: 4915: 4914: 4910: 4901: 4899: 4886: 4885: 4881: 4871: 4869: 4853: 4852: 4848: 4838: 4836: 4820: 4819: 4815: 4806: 4804: 4780: 4779: 4775: 4765: 4763: 4748: 4747: 4743: 4733: 4731: 4716: 4715: 4711: 4701: 4699: 4682: 4681: 4677: 4668: 4666: 4642: 4641: 4637: 4627: 4625: 4609: 4608: 4604: 4595: 4593: 4577: 4576: 4572: 4563: 4561: 4546: 4545: 4541: 4527: 4517: 4510: 4508: 4494: 4493: 4489: 4479: 4477: 4461: 4460: 4456: 4446: 4444: 4430: 4429: 4422: 4412: 4410: 4394: 4393: 4389: 4379: 4377: 4361: 4360: 4356: 4346: 4344: 4330: 4329: 4322: 4312: 4310: 4296: 4295: 4288: 4279: 4277: 4262: 4261: 4257: 4248: 4246: 4231: 4230: 4226: 4212: 4210: 4195: 4194: 4190: 4165: 4163: 4150: 4149: 4145: 4135: 4133: 4126:Radio Free Asia 4116: 4115: 4111: 4101: 4099: 4086: 4085: 4081: 4071: 4069: 4053: 4052: 4048: 4034: 4032: 4016: 4015: 4011: 4002: 4000: 3978: 3977: 3973: 3964: 3962: 3940: 3939: 3935: 3925: 3923: 3915:Radio Free Asia 3907: 3906: 3902: 3892: 3890: 3875: 3874: 3870: 3860: 3858: 3842: 3841: 3837: 3827: 3825: 3817:Radio Free Asia 3809: 3808: 3804: 3795: 3793: 3778: 3777: 3773: 3764: 3762: 3746: 3745: 3741: 3732: 3730: 3715: 3714: 3710: 3700: 3698: 3682: 3681: 3677: 3668: 3666: 3650: 3649: 3645: 3635: 3633: 3625:Radio Free Asia 3617: 3616: 3612: 3603: 3601: 3586: 3585: 3581: 3572: 3570: 3555: 3554: 3550: 3541: 3539: 3531:Radio Free Asia 3524: 3523: 3516: 3506: 3504: 3496:Radio Free Asia 3488: 3487: 3483: 3473: 3471: 3455: 3454: 3450: 3440: 3438: 3424: 3423: 3419: 3409: 3407: 3392: 3391: 3387: 3378: 3376: 3361: 3360: 3356: 3347: 3345: 3322: 3321: 3317: 3307: 3305: 3289: 3288: 3284: 3275: 3273: 3257: 3256: 3252: 3242: 3240: 3224: 3223: 3216: 3206: 3204: 3196:Radio Free Asia 3189: 3188: 3184: 3174: 3172: 3164:The Independent 3156: 3155: 3148: 3139: 3137: 3122: 3121: 3117: 3075: 3074: 3070: 3060: 3058: 3042: 3041: 3037: 3032:Wayback Machine 3018: 3014: 3004: 3002: 2986: 2985: 2978: 2968: 2966: 2962: 2949: 2945: 2944: 2935: 2926: 2924: 2900: 2899: 2895: 2886: 2884: 2869: 2868: 2864: 2855: 2853: 2838: 2837: 2833: 2804:(69): 183–203. 2793: 2792: 2788: 2764: 2763: 2759: 2750: 2748: 2735: 2734: 2727: 2718: 2716: 2694: 2693: 2689: 2680: 2678: 2669: 2668: 2661: 2652: 2650: 2637: 2636: 2629: 2616: 2614: 2590: 2589: 2580: 2571: 2569: 2556: 2555: 2551: 2541: 2539: 2524: 2523: 2516: 2506: 2504: 2493: 2492: 2488: 2478: 2476: 2465: 2464: 2460: 2450: 2448: 2433: 2432: 2425: 2415: 2413: 2412:. December 1995 2402: 2401: 2397: 2384: 2382: 2358: 2357: 2353: 2343:Wayback Machine 2329: 2325: 2315: 2313: 2299: 2298: 2294: 2281: 2279: 2264: 2263: 2259: 2249: 2247: 2231: 2230: 2226: 2217: 2215: 2202: 2201: 2197: 2187: 2185: 2177:Radio Free Asia 2169: 2168: 2164: 2159:Wayback Machine 2146: 2142: 2133: 2131: 2107: 2106: 2102: 2093: 2091: 2075: 2074: 2067: 2058: 2056: 2043: 2042: 2038: 2029: 2027: 2003: 2002: 1998: 1993:Wayback Machine 1980: 1976: 1966: 1964: 1956:Radio Free Asia 1949: 1948: 1939: 1929: 1927: 1923: 1912: 1907: 1906: 1902: 1892: 1890: 1876: 1875: 1871: 1861: 1859: 1845: 1844: 1840: 1830: 1828: 1814: 1813: 1809: 1799: 1797: 1784: 1783: 1779: 1769: 1767: 1765:Washington Post 1758: 1757: 1753: 1743: 1741: 1728: 1727: 1723: 1713: 1711: 1698: 1697: 1693: 1683: 1681: 1667: 1666: 1662: 1653: 1651: 1638: 1637: 1633: 1610: 1585: 1584: 1580: 1570: 1568: 1554: 1553: 1549: 1540: 1538: 1525: 1524: 1517: 1498: 1485: 1484: 1480: 1461: 1436: 1435: 1431: 1421: 1419: 1412: 1408: 1407: 1403: 1377: 1364: 1363: 1359: 1344: 1319: 1318: 1309: 1299: 1297: 1284: 1283: 1279: 1270:Wayback Machine 1260: 1256: 1242: 1240: 1225: 1224: 1220: 1210: 1208: 1193: 1192: 1188: 1174: 1172: 1156: 1155: 1151: 1137: 1135: 1120: 1119: 1115: 1085: 1064: 1063: 1059: 1044: 1019: 1018: 1014: 1005: 1003: 989: 988: 984: 975: 973: 962: 961: 957: 952: 919: 914: 912: 907:Religion portal 905: 898: 895: 837: 815: 805: 797:Xinjiang papers 763:" as part of a 745: 727: 650: 636: 627:Radio Free Asia 549: 535: 510: 504: 487:Kirti Monastery 461: 443:. According to 437: 425: 407: 386: 380: 321:Karmapa escaped 305:Jamgon Kongtrul 293:14th Dalai Lama 271: 265: 245:Washington Post 230: 224: 219: 195: 189: 163: 155:forced abortion 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6614: 6612: 6604: 6603: 6598: 6593: 6588: 6583: 6578: 6576:Crime in China 6573: 6568: 6563: 6558: 6553: 6548: 6543: 6538: 6533: 6528: 6518: 6517: 6511: 6510: 6498: 6495: 6494: 6492: 6491: 6485: 6480: 6474: 6468: 6462: 6456: 6455:(2016–ongoing) 6450: 6449:(2014–ongoing) 6444: 6438: 6437:(2014–ongoing) 6432: 6426: 6420: 6414: 6413:(2009–ongoing) 6408: 6407:(2004–ongoing) 6402: 6396: 6390: 6384: 6378: 6377: 6376: 6370: 6364: 6352: 6346: 6345: 6344: 6332: 6326: 6320: 6314: 6313:(1971–ongoing) 6308: 6302: 6301: 6300: 6294: 6282: 6281: 6280: 6274: 6268: 6256: 6250: 6249:(1953–ongoing) 6244: 6238: 6237:(1950–ongoing) 6232: 6231:(1949–ongoing) 6226: 6220: 6214: 6213:(1947–ongoing) 6208: 6207:(1947–ongoing) 6202: 6201:(1947–ongoing) 6196: 6190: 6184: 6178: 6175:Noakhali riots 6172: 6166: 6160: 6154: 6148: 6142: 6136: 6130: 6129: 6128: 6123: 6118: 6113: 6108: 6103: 6092: 6086: 6080: 6074: 6073: 6072: 6064:Greek genocide 6061: 6055: 6052:Adana massacre 6049: 6043: 6037: 6031: 6025: 6019: 6013: 6007: 6001: 5995: 5989: 5983: 5977: 5971: 5965: 5959: 5953: 5947: 5941: 5935: 5929: 5923: 5917: 5916:(c.184–c. 205) 5911: 5905: 5899: 5892: 5890: 5886: 5885: 5883: 5882: 5877: 5872: 5867: 5865:State religion 5862: 5857: 5852: 5847: 5842: 5837: 5832: 5827: 5822: 5817: 5812: 5807: 5802: 5797: 5792: 5787: 5782: 5777: 5772: 5770:Discrimination 5767: 5762: 5757: 5752: 5747: 5742: 5736: 5734: 5730: 5729: 5725: 5724: 5722:Zoroastrianism 5719: 5714: 5709: 5704: 5699: 5698: 5697: 5687: 5686: 5685: 5684: 5683: 5678: 5673: 5668: 5653: 5652: 5651: 5649:Untouchability 5646: 5636: 5631: 5630: 5629: 5624: 5619: 5614: 5609: 5599: 5594: 5589: 5583: 5582: 5581: 5579: 5575: 5574: 5571:discrimination 5565: 5563: 5562: 5555: 5548: 5540: 5534: 5533: 5526: 5525:External links 5523: 5520: 5519: 5481: 5447: 5421: 5391: 5359: 5327: 5313:. 2020-12-28. 5296: 5287:|journal= 5241: 5205: 5191:. 2019-12-04. 5174: 5144: 5112: 5080: 5066:. 2016-09-08. 5049: 5016: 4975: 4943: 4908: 4894:. 2020-09-28. 4879: 4846: 4813: 4773: 4741: 4709: 4675: 4635: 4602: 4570: 4539: 4530:|journal= 4487: 4454: 4420: 4387: 4354: 4320: 4286: 4255: 4241:. 2018-05-26. 4224: 4188: 4143: 4118:Shohret Hoshur 4109: 4079: 4046: 4009: 3971: 3933: 3900: 3868: 3835: 3802: 3771: 3739: 3725:. 2011-11-07. 3708: 3675: 3643: 3610: 3596:. 2017-03-29. 3579: 3548: 3514: 3481: 3448: 3417: 3385: 3371:. 2018-01-24. 3354: 3332:. 1993-11-04. 3315: 3282: 3250: 3214: 3182: 3146: 3115: 3068: 3035: 3012: 2976: 2933: 2893: 2862: 2848:. 2010-07-22. 2831: 2786: 2775:(7): 408–418. 2757: 2725: 2687: 2659: 2627: 2578: 2549: 2514: 2486: 2458: 2423: 2395: 2351: 2323: 2292: 2274:. 2005-05-16. 2257: 2224: 2210:. 2012-01-27. 2195: 2162: 2140: 2100: 2065: 2051:(in Chinese). 2036: 1996: 1974: 1937: 1900: 1869: 1838: 1807: 1777: 1751: 1721: 1691: 1660: 1631: 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6382: 6379: 6374: 6371: 6368: 6365: 6362: 6359: 6358: 6356: 6355:Yugoslav Wars 6353: 6350: 6347: 6342: 6341:Big Excursion 6339: 6338: 6336: 6333: 6330: 6327: 6324: 6321: 6318: 6315: 6312: 6309: 6306: 6303: 6298: 6295: 6292: 6289: 6288: 6286: 6283: 6278: 6275: 6272: 6269: 6266: 6263: 6262: 6260: 6257: 6254: 6251: 6248: 6245: 6242: 6239: 6236: 6233: 6230: 6227: 6224: 6221: 6218: 6215: 6212: 6209: 6206: 6203: 6200: 6197: 6194: 6191: 6188: 6185: 6182: 6179: 6176: 6173: 6170: 6167: 6164: 6161: 6158: 6155: 6152: 6151:The Holocaust 6149: 6146: 6143: 6140: 6137: 6134: 6131: 6127: 6124: 6122: 6119: 6117: 6114: 6112: 6109: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6099: 6098: 6096: 6093: 6090: 6087: 6084: 6081: 6078: 6075: 6071: 6068: 6067: 6065: 6062: 6059: 6056: 6053: 6050: 6047: 6046:Dungan Revolt 6044: 6041: 6038: 6035: 6032: 6029: 6026: 6023: 6020: 6017: 6014: 6011: 6008: 6005: 6002: 5999: 5996: 5993: 5990: 5987: 5984: 5981: 5978: 5975: 5972: 5969: 5966: 5963: 5960: 5957: 5954: 5951: 5948: 5945: 5942: 5939: 5936: 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