584:
3375:
147:
points towards different phonetic interpretations, and these discrepancies have historically been attributed to either differences in the description of the same pronunciation or to dialectal or diachronic variation. In a 2013 reappraisal of the evidence, Cardona concludes that these reflect real
846:. When "n" or "m" follows a vowel, the "n" or "m" becomes silent and causes the preceding vowel to become nasal (it is pronounced with the soft palate extended downward to allow part or all of the air to leave through the nostrils). Anunasika is sometimes called a
539:, etc . Unlike in other Indic languages, the same dot designating yje anusvāra in Marathi is also used to mark a retension of the inherent vowel (it is inconsistently placed over a consonant after which the short central vowel is to be pronounced and not elided).
208:, which was written in some evolved scripts (e.g. in Bengali-Assamese) as an additional sandhi letter (no longer as a diacritic) for Vedic transcriptions of Sanskrit, to distinguish it with the anusvara diacritic that was used to transcribe other phonemes.
251:
In writing
Sanskrit, the anusvara is often used as an alternative representation of the nasal stop with the same place of articulation as the following plosive. For example, 'limb (of the body)' may be written with either a conjunct, अङ्ग
551:, the candrabindu indicates vowel nasalization. Therefore, there is a great deal of variation regarding which occurs in any given position. Many words containing anusvara thus have alternative spellings with a
196:, and later treatises also prescribed it at morpheme junctions and within morphemes. In the later written language, the diacritic used to represent anusvara was optionally used to indicate a
812:). Its pronunciation depends on the following sound: if it is a consonant, the nikkhahit is pronounced as a homorganic nasal, and if it is at the end of a word, it is pronounced as a
639:, it is treated in the written system as a diacritic in that it is always directly adjacent to the preceding consonant, even when consonants are spaced apart in titles or banners:
2290:
851:
233:
450:
results only in the nasalization of the preceding short vowel. Words from the first set are morphologically derived from words with a long nasalized vowel (
740:, the anusvara is not a nonspacing combining mark but a spacing combining mark. It has a circular shape and follows its base letter ( ං). It is called
842:, often represented by an anusvara. It is a form of open-mouthed nasalization, akin to the nasalization of vowels followed by "n" or "m" in Parisian
2106:
2283:
3356:
116:. Depending on its location in the word and the language for which it is used, its exact pronunciation can vary. In the context of ancient
482:, "to irrigate"). In such cases, the vowel is sometimes denasalized (, instead of , ). The second set is composed of a few words like
2276:
2251:
2134:
3075:
784:
to convey various shades of nasal sounds. Anusvara is represented as a circle shape after a letter: క - ka and కం - kam.
3400:
1678:
1470:
662:. It is never pronounced with the inherent vowel 'ô', and it cannot take a vowel sign (instead, the consonant
905:
nasalized ending when it is attached as a dot above a letter. The anunasika represents the -m final in Pali.
169:). In later Sanskrit its use expanded to other contexts, first before /r/ under certain conditions, then, in
2683:
604:
3113:
2210:
2002:
902:
816:
707:
1499:
2426:
2095:
520:
516:
281:
201:
3065:
2434:
1386:
751:
144:
3379:
3342:
3188:
2514:
2476:
2328:
1515:
536:
2151:
1531:
2698:
2559:
2430:
2230:
1418:
1169:
975:
813:
753:
170:
1185:
555:
instead of the anusvāra and vice versa. Anusvara is used when there is too little space for the
151:
The environments in which the anusvara could arise, however, were well defined. In the earliest
3405:
3274:
3070:
3055:
2247:
2198:
2130:
1849:
636:
217:
61:
2124:
3060:
2669:
2616:
2601:
2597:
2529:
2222:
1829:
1737:
1645:
1563:
1327:
1295:
1097:
943:
887:
873:
759:
747:
724:
700:
695:
678:
619:
595:
591:
528:
508:
334:, "a well". It results in vowel nasalization also medially between a short vowel and a non-
3173:
3130:
2742:
2665:
2453:
2343:
1757:
1717:
1153:
1007:
843:
548:
512:
354:"a long-handled axe") and, in native words, between a long vowel and a voiceless plosive (
221:
583:
159:
boundary, or of /n/ within morphemes, when it was preceded by a vowel and followed by a
124:
is the name of the particular nasal sound itself, regardless of written representation.
3248:
3125:
2544:
2366:
1595:
1579:
1547:
1370:
1233:
1081:
960:
737:
532:
277:
152:
133:
85:
189:
143:
The exact nature of the sound has been subject to debate. The material in the various
3394:
3333:
3289:
3135:
1611:
1402:
991:
797:
793:
777:
568:
93:
381:
It is pronounced as a homorganic nasal, with the preceding vowel becoming nasalized
3361:
2899:
2510:
2472:
2324:
1893:
1793:
1201:
1065:
862:
556:
552:
524:
318:
291:
97:
261:
3368:
1866:
1777:
1454:
1438:
839:
303:
244:). Some transcriptions render notation of phonetic variants used in some Vedic
3158:
2491:
2411:
1813:
1023:
858:
658:
197:
137:
2202:
2186:
3218:
2631:
2299:
1311:
1263:
572:
382:
335:
264:
or 'chandrabindu', was used more explicitly for nasalized vowels, as in अँश
160:
109:
2578:
2187:"Developments of nasals in early Indo-Aryan : anunāsika and anusvāra"
832:
559:. The anusvāra can represent a nasal vowel, a homoorganic nasal, or both.
280:, the anusvāra is traditionally defined as representing a nasal consonant
180:
174:
164:
74:
2860:
2713:
764:
241:
156:
117:
17:
2152:"L2/16-285: Proposal to encode the Telugu Sign Combining Anusvara Above"
916:
encodes anusvara and anusvara-like characters for a variety of scripts:
806:
texts, it is written as an open circle above the consonant (for example
309:
The precise phonetic value of the phoneme, whether it is represented by
3318:
3036:
2396:
1662:
1628:
913:
285:
205:
2234:
401:"silver"), between a long vowel and a voiceless plosive in loanwords (
3233:
2987:
2574:
1903:
1279:
1217:
710:
nasalized ending (called "Myanmar Sign
Anusvara" in Unicode), called
385:, in the following cases: between a long vowel and a voiced plosive (
326:
Word-finally, it is realized as nasalization of the preceding vowel:
245:
193:
2262:
Critical studies in the phonetic observations of Indian grammarians
2226:
3304:
3203:
2918:
2728:
2646:
2381:
2362:
2066:
William Bright, "The
Devanagari Script", in Daniels & Bright,
1898:
768:. It has merged in pronunciation with the letter ඞ ṅa in Sinhala.
136:, the anusvāra (lit. "after-sound" or "subordinate sound") was an
51:
3081:
803:
699:) is represented as a dot under a nasalised final to indicate a
306:. In practice, however, the two are often used interchangeably.
113:
69:
2272:
2268:
571:
as well, usually to represent suprasegmental phones (such as
192:
gave anusvara as an alternative pronunciation as word-final
2096:"Proposal to encode a nasal character in Vedic Extensions"
861:
and related scripts, the anunasika is represented by the
758:
at the end of a syllable. It is used in the name of the
706:
Burmese uses aalso a dot above a letter to indicate the
425:"cashier"), and between a short vowel and an obstruent (
2264:. James G. Forlong Fund. Delhi: Munshi Ram Manohar Lal.
618:), and represents /ঙ্/. It is used in the name of the
444:
The last rule has two sets of exceptions in which the
1986:
1984:
1982:
741:
609:
780:
has full-zero (sunna) ం , half-zero (arasunna) and
3316:
3260:
3144:
3048:
2740:
2681:
2306:
41:
32:
234:International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration
625:and has merged in pronunciation with the letter
323:, is dependent on the phonological environment.
2938:
2841:
2782:
614:) is written as a circle above a slanted line (
3103:
3091:
2890:
2851:
3007:
2978:
2968:
2958:
2811:
2762:
2284:
894:
877:
750:, which means "dot". The anusvara represents
711:
682:
575:type or nasalization) or other nasal sounds.
8:
2948:
2880:
2831:
3027:
1959:
1951:
1943:
1935:
1927:
493:
485:
476:
468:
460:
452:
445:
435:
427:
419:
411:
403:
395:
387:
372:
364:
356:
348:
340:
328:
316:
310:
297:
289:
33:
3017:
2821:
2772:
2291:
2277:
2269:
2213:(1946). "The Nasal Phonemes of Sanskrit".
2129:. Asian Educational Services. p. 18.
2123:Chenchiah, P.; Rao, Raja Bhujanga (1988).
1925:, p. 90) lists five more such words:
807:
567:Anusvara is used in other languages using
519:to the following consonant (with the same
3343:combining character § Unicode ranges
1696:
922:
635:Although the anusvara is a consonant in
582:
523:). For example, it is pronounced as the
2150:A, Srinidhi; A, Sridatta (2016-10-20).
2042:
2030:
2006:
1978:
1915:
236:(IAST), the corresponding symbol is ṃ (
792:The equivalent of the anusvara in the
29:
2080:
2054:
2018:
1990:
1922:
886:
802:(◌ํ). Used in rendering Sanskrit and
763:
723:
694:
7:
3357:English terms with diacritical marks
2094:Pandey, Anshuman (April 25, 2017).
2191:Tokyo University Linguistic Papers
511:, the anusvāra is pronounced as a
155:, it was an allophone of /m/ at a
25:
2112:from the original on Oct 8, 2022.
260:. A variant of the anusvara, the
220:, anusvāra is represented with a
3374:
3373:
248:with variant transcription (ṁ).
1249:Kannada (combining above right)
2126:A History of Telugu Literature
1:
3336:(placeholder glyph character)
2079:The following rules are from
2307:In Latin, Cyrillic and Greek
2260:Varma, Siddheshwar (1961) .
563:Other Indic script languages
92:), is a symbol used in many
2068:The World's Writing Systems
1960:
1952:
1944:
1936:
1928:
1343:Malayalam (combining above)
833:
742:
610:
494:
486:
477:
469:
461:
453:
446:
436:
428:
420:
412:
404:
396:
388:
373:
365:
357:
349:
341:
329:
317:
311:
298:
290:
256:, or with an anusvara, अंग
181:
175:
165:
100:, typically transliterated
75:
3422:
2244:Aspects of Hindi Phonology
2178:Phonetics in ancient India
1727:
1722:
1695:
703:(with a shortened vowel).
594:, the anusvara diacritic (
145:ancient phonetic treatises
49:
27:Diacritic in Indic scripts
3351:
3104:
3092:
3028:
3018:
3008:
2979:
2969:
2959:
2949:
2939:
2891:
2881:
2852:
2842:
2832:
2822:
2812:
2783:
2773:
2763:
1839:
1834:
1139:Grantha (combining above)
895:
878:
808:
712:
683:
599:
228:) above the letter (e.g.
89:
65:
34:
3305:tilde § Mathematics
3145:Marks used as diacritics
2185:Cardona, George (2013).
1698:Southeast Asian scripts
1052:Devanagari Vedic Double
876:, the anunasika, called
669:is used before vowels).
458:, "to be divided" from
50:Not to be confused with
2246:, Motilal Banarsidass,
2242:Ohala, Manjari (1983),
1486:Prachalit Nepal (Vedic)
148:dialectal differences.
140:(derived) nasal sound.
2694: ◌҄
2612: ◌͂
2487: ◌̉
2358: ◌̑
1126:Grantha Vedic (double)
587:
2540: ◌ͅ
891:) and represented as
586:
521:place of articulation
288:, in contrast to the
202:place of articulation
3380:Category: Diacritics
3184: ◌:
2176:Allen, W.S. (1953),
1631:) (combining above)
924:South Asian scripts
474:, "irrigation" from
3114:dakuten, handakuten
3066:Gurmukhī diacritics
1699:
925:
888:[θéðétɪ̀ɰ̃]
725:[θéðétɪ̀ɰ̃]
537:bilabial consonants
302:), which indicates
3401:Brahmic diacritics
3261:Non-diacritic uses
2092:See an example in
2021:, pp. 148–55.
1697:
923:
840:vowel nasalization
814:voiced velar nasal
765:[ˈsiŋɦələ]
588:
491:, "to arrive" and
304:vowel nasalization
171:Classical Sanskrit
166:/ś/, /ṣ/, /s/, /h/
108:in standards like
96:to mark a type of
3388:
3387:
3369:Punctuation marks
3275:caret (computing)
3131:Syriac diacritics
3076:diacritics in IPA
3071:Hebrew diacritics
3056:Arabic diacritics
2083:, pp. 87–90)
1885:
1884:
1881:
1880:
1693:
1692:
1039:Devanagari Vedic
696:[aʊʔmjɪʔ]
637:Bengali phonology
608:
529:dental consonants
218:Devanagari script
212:Devanagari script
106:⟨ṁ⟩
102:⟨ṃ⟩
80:), also known as
48:
47:
16:(Redirected from
3413:
3377:
3376:
3338:
3337:
3330:
3308:
3307:
3301:
3293:
3292:
3286:
3278:
3277:
3271:
3252:
3251:
3245:
3244: ◌′
3237:
3236:
3230:
3229: ◌˗
3222:
3221:
3219:full stop/period
3215:
3214: ◌.
3207:
3206:
3200:
3199: ◌,
3192:
3191:
3185:
3177:
3176:
3170:
3169: ◌̸
3162:
3161:
3155:
3154: ◌’
3126:Khmer diacritics
3117:
3116:
3110:
3108:
3107:
3106:
3098:
3096:
3095:
3094:
3061:Greek diacritics
3049:In other scripts
3040:
3039:
3033:
3031:
3030:
3023:
3021:
3020:
3013:
3011:
3010:
3003:
3001:
2991:
2990:
2984:
2982:
2981:
2974:
2972:
2971:
2964:
2962:
2961:
2954:
2952:
2951:
2944:
2942:
2941:
2934:
2932:
2922:
2921:
2915:
2913:
2903:
2902:
2896:
2894:
2893:
2886:
2884:
2883:
2876:
2874:
2864:
2863:
2857:
2855:
2854:
2847:
2845:
2844:
2837:
2835:
2834:
2827:
2825:
2824:
2817:
2815:
2814:
2807:
2805:
2795:
2794:
2788:
2786:
2785:
2778:
2776:
2775:
2768:
2766:
2765:
2758:
2756:
2732:
2731:
2725:
2724: ◌҃
2717:
2716:
2710:
2709: ◌҇
2702:
2701:
2695:
2673:
2672:
2670:smooth breathing
2662:
2661: ◌᾿
2658:
2657: ◌῾
2650:
2649:
2643:
2642: ◌̃
2635:
2634:
2628:
2627: ◌͗
2620:
2619:
2613:
2605:
2604:
2594:
2593: ◌̥
2590:
2589: ◌̊
2582:
2581:
2571:
2570: ◌̨
2563:
2562:
2556:
2555: ◌̄
2548:
2547:
2541:
2533:
2532:
2526:
2525: ◌̛
2518:
2517:
2507:
2506: ◌̢
2503:
2502: ◌̡
2495:
2494:
2488:
2480:
2479:
2469:
2468: ◌̏
2465:
2464: ◌̀
2457:
2456:
2450:
2449: ◌̣
2446:
2445: ◌̇
2438:
2437:
2423:
2422: ◌̈
2415:
2414:
2408:
2407: ◌̂
2400:
2399:
2393:
2392: ◌̧
2385:
2384:
2378:
2377: ◌̌
2370:
2369:
2359:
2355:
2354: ◌̆
2347:
2346:
2340:
2339: ◌᷄
2332:
2331:
2321:
2320: ◌̋
2317:
2316: ◌́
2293:
2286:
2279:
2270:
2265:
2256:
2238:
2206:
2181:
2163:
2162:
2156:
2147:
2141:
2140:
2120:
2114:
2113:
2111:
2100:
2090:
2084:
2077:
2071:
2064:
2058:
2052:
2046:
2040:
2034:
2028:
2022:
2016:
2010:
2000:
1994:
1988:
1966:
1963:
1955:
1947:
1939:
1931:
1920:
1841:
1836:
1805:
1800:
1769:
1764:
1749:
1744:
1729:
1724:
1700:
1679:Zanabazar Square
1648:(rjes su nga ro)
1430:
1425:
926:
919:
918:
904:
900:
898:
897:
890:
885:
881:
880:
854:representation.
836:
818:
811:
810:
767:
760:Sinhala language
757:
745:
727:
722:
715:
714:
709:
698:
693:
686:
685:
681:, the anusvara (
620:Bengali language
613:
603:
601:
497:
489:
480:
472:
466:, "to divide";
464:
456:
449:
439:
431:
423:
415:
407:
399:
391:
376:
368:
360:
352:
344:
332:
322:
314:
301:
295:
268:for 'portion'.
200:having the same
184:
178:
168:
107:
103:
91:
78:
67:
37:
36:
30:
21:
3421:
3420:
3416:
3415:
3414:
3412:
3411:
3410:
3391:
3390:
3389:
3384:
3347:
3332:
3329: ◌
3328:
3326:
3312:
3303:
3300: ~
3299:
3297:
3288:
3285: °
3284:
3282:
3273:
3270: ^
3269:
3267:
3256:
3247:
3243:
3241:
3232:
3228:
3226:
3217:
3213:
3211:
3202:
3198:
3196:
3187:
3183:
3181:
3172:
3168:
3166:
3157:
3153:
3151:
3140:
3136:Thai diacritics
3112:
3102:
3100:
3090:
3088:
3086:
3082:kana diacritics
3044:
3035:
3025:
3015:
3005:
2999:
2997:
2995:
2986:
2976:
2966:
2956:
2946:
2936:
2930:
2928:
2926:
2917:
2911:
2909:
2907:
2898:
2888:
2878:
2872:
2870:
2868:
2859:
2849:
2839:
2829:
2819:
2809:
2803:
2801:
2799:
2790:
2780:
2770:
2760:
2754:
2752:
2750:
2736:
2727:
2723:
2721:
2712:
2708:
2706:
2697:
2693:
2691:
2677:
2666:rough breathing
2664:
2660:
2656:
2654:
2645:
2641:
2639:
2630:
2626:
2624:
2615:
2611:
2609:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2586:
2573:
2569:
2567:
2558:
2554:
2552:
2543:
2539:
2537:
2528:
2524:
2522:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2499:
2490:
2486:
2484:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2461:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2442:
2425:
2421:
2419:
2410:
2406:
2404:
2395:
2391:
2389:
2380:
2376:
2374:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2351:
2342:
2338:
2336:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2313:
2302:
2297:
2259:
2254:
2241:
2209:
2184:
2175:
2172:
2167:
2166:
2154:
2149:
2148:
2144:
2137:
2122:
2121:
2117:
2109:
2098:
2093:
2091:
2087:
2078:
2074:
2065:
2061:
2053:
2049:
2041:
2037:
2029:
2025:
2017:
2013:
2001:
1997:
1989:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1969:
1957:"a sickle" and
1941:"to be stuck",
1921:
1917:
1912:
1890:
1803:
1798:
1767:
1762:
1747:
1742:
1471:Prachalit Nepal
1428:
1423:
1357:Malayalam Vedic
1012: 𑄁
911:
892:
883:
850:because of its
838:) is a form of
825:
790:
774:
734:
720:
691:
675:
665:
656:
649:
642:
628:
624:
617:
581:
565:
545:
505:
499:, "to laugh").
284:to a following
274:
231:
214:
204:as a following
130:
105:
101:
55:
44:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3419:
3417:
3409:
3408:
3403:
3393:
3392:
3386:
3385:
3383:
3382:
3371:
3366:
3365:
3364:
3352:
3349:
3348:
3346:
3345:
3340:
3323:
3321:
3314:
3313:
3311:
3310:
3295:
3280:
3264:
3262:
3258:
3257:
3255:
3254:
3239:
3224:
3209:
3194:
3179:
3164:
3148:
3146:
3142:
3141:
3139:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3122:
3121:
3120:
3119:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3052:
3050:
3046:
3045:
3043:
3042:
2993:
2924:
2905:
2866:
2797:
2747:
2745:
2738:
2737:
2735:
2734:
2719:
2704:
2688:
2686:
2684:Early Cyrillic
2679:
2678:
2676:
2675:
2652:
2637:
2622:
2607:
2584:
2565:
2550:
2545:iota subscript
2535:
2520:
2515:retroflex hook
2497:
2482:
2459:
2440:
2417:
2402:
2387:
2372:
2367:inverted breve
2349:
2334:
2310:
2308:
2304:
2303:
2298:
2296:
2295:
2288:
2281:
2273:
2267:
2266:
2257:
2252:
2239:
2227:10.2307/410341
2211:Emeneau, M. B.
2207:
2182:
2171:
2168:
2165:
2164:
2142:
2135:
2115:
2105:. L2/17-117R.
2085:
2072:
2059:
2047:
2035:
2023:
2011:
1995:
1977:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1968:
1967:
1949:"a necklace",
1914:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1907:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1889:
1886:
1883:
1882:
1879:
1878:
1875:
1872:
1869:
1863:
1862:
1859:
1856:
1853:
1846:
1845:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1826:
1825:
1822:
1819:
1816:
1810:
1809:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1790:
1789:
1786:
1783:
1780:
1774:
1773:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1754:
1753:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1734:
1733:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1714:
1713:
1710:
1707:
1704:
1694:
1691:
1690:
1687:
1684:
1681:
1675:
1674:
1671:
1668:
1665:
1659:
1658:
1655:
1652:
1649:
1642:
1641:
1638:
1635:
1632:
1624:
1623:
1620:
1617:
1614:
1608:
1607:
1604:
1601:
1598:
1592:
1591:
1588:
1585:
1582:
1580:Sylheti Nagari
1576:
1575:
1572:
1569:
1566:
1560:
1559:
1556:
1553:
1550:
1544:
1543:
1540:
1537:
1534:
1528:
1527:
1524:
1521:
1518:
1512:
1511:
1508:
1505:
1502:
1496:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1483:
1482:
1479:
1476:
1473:
1467:
1466:
1463:
1460:
1457:
1451:
1450:
1447:
1444:
1441:
1435:
1434:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1415:
1414:
1411:
1408:
1405:
1399:
1398:
1395:
1392:
1389:
1383:
1382:
1379:
1376:
1373:
1367:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1354:
1353:
1350:
1347:
1344:
1340:
1339:
1336:
1333:
1330:
1324:
1323:
1320:
1317:
1314:
1308:
1307:
1304:
1301:
1298:
1292:
1291:
1288:
1285:
1282:
1276:
1275:
1272:
1269:
1266:
1260:
1259:
1256:
1253:
1250:
1246:
1245:
1242:
1239:
1236:
1230:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1220:
1214:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1204:
1198:
1197:
1194:
1191:
1188:
1182:
1181:
1178:
1175:
1172:
1166:
1165:
1162:
1159:
1156:
1150:
1149:
1146:
1143:
1140:
1136:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1123:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1110:
1109:
1106:
1103:
1100:
1094:
1093:
1090:
1087:
1084:
1078:
1077:
1074:
1071:
1068:
1062:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1049:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1036:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1020:
1019:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1004:
1003:
1000:
997:
994:
988:
987:
984:
981:
978:
972:
971:
968:
966:
963:
956:
955:
952:
949:
946:
940:
939:
936:
933:
930:
910:
907:
901:, creates the
824:
821:
789:
786:
773:
770:
738:Sinhala script
733:
730:
679:Burmese script
674:
671:
663:
654:
647:
640:
626:
622:
615:
592:Bengali script
580:
577:
564:
561:
544:
541:
533:bilabial nasal
504:
501:
433:"to support",
383:allophonically
278:Standard Hindi
273:
270:
229:
213:
210:
153:Vedic Sanskrit
134:Vedic Sanskrit
129:
126:
46:
45:
42:
39:
38:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3418:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3398:
3396:
3381:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3363:
3360:
3359:
3358:
3355:
3354:
3350:
3344:
3341:
3335:
3334:dotted circle
3325:
3324:
3322:
3320:
3315:
3306:
3296:
3291:
3290:degree symbol
3281:
3276:
3266:
3265:
3263:
3259:
3250:
3240:
3235:
3225:
3220:
3210:
3205:
3195:
3190:
3180:
3175:
3165:
3160:
3150:
3149:
3147:
3143:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3123:
3115:
3085:
3084:
3083:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3053:
3051:
3047:
3038:
2994:
2989:
2925:
2920:
2906:
2901:
2867:
2862:
2798:
2793:
2749:
2748:
2746:
2744:
2739:
2730:
2720:
2715:
2705:
2700:
2690:
2689:
2687:
2685:
2680:
2671:
2667:
2653:
2648:
2638:
2633:
2623:
2618:
2608:
2603:
2599:
2585:
2580:
2576:
2566:
2561:
2551:
2546:
2536:
2531:
2521:
2516:
2512:
2498:
2493:
2483:
2478:
2474:
2460:
2455:
2441:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2418:
2413:
2403:
2398:
2388:
2383:
2373:
2368:
2364:
2350:
2345:
2335:
2330:
2326:
2312:
2311:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2294:
2289:
2287:
2282:
2280:
2275:
2274:
2271:
2263:
2258:
2255:
2253:0-89581-670-9
2249:
2245:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2183:
2179:
2174:
2173:
2169:
2160:
2153:
2146:
2143:
2138:
2136:81-206-0313-3
2132:
2128:
2127:
2119:
2116:
2108:
2104:
2097:
2089:
2086:
2082:
2076:
2073:
2069:
2063:
2060:
2057:, p. 41.
2056:
2051:
2048:
2044:
2039:
2036:
2033:, p. 91.
2032:
2027:
2024:
2020:
2015:
2012:
2008:
2004:
1999:
1996:
1993:, p. 40.
1992:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1979:
1972:
1964:
1962:
1956:
1954:
1948:
1946:
1940:
1938:
1932:
1930:
1924:
1919:
1916:
1909:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1891:
1887:
1876:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1864:
1860:
1857:
1854:
1851:
1848:
1847:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1827:
1823:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1811:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1791:
1787:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1775:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1755:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1735:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1715:
1711:
1708:
1705:
1702:
1701:
1688:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1676:
1672:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1660:
1656:
1653:
1650:
1647:
1644:
1643:
1639:
1636:
1633:
1630:
1626:
1625:
1621:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1609:
1605:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1593:
1589:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1577:
1573:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1561:
1557:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1545:
1541:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1529:
1525:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1513:
1509:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1497:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1485:
1484:
1480:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1468:
1464:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1452:
1448:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1436:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1416:
1412:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1396:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1387:Masaram Gondi
1385:
1384:
1380:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1368:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1356:
1355:
1351:
1348:
1345:
1342:
1341:
1337:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1325:
1321:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1309:
1305:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1293:
1289:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1277:
1273:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1261:
1257:
1254:
1251:
1248:
1247:
1243:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1231:
1227:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1215:
1211:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1199:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1183:
1179:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1170:Gunjala Gondi
1168:
1167:
1163:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1151:
1147:
1144:
1141:
1138:
1137:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1125:
1124:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:Grantha Vedic
1112:
1111:
1107:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1091:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1079:
1075:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1063:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1051:
1050:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1037:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1021:
1017:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1005:
1001:
998:
995:
993:
990:
989:
985:
982:
979:
977:
974:
973:
969:
967:
964:
962:
958:
957:
953:
950:
947:
945:
942:
941:
937:
934:
931:
928:
927:
921:
920:
917:
915:
908:
906:
889:
875:
870:
868:
864:
860:
855:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
835:
829:
822:
820:
815:
805:
801:
800:
795:
794:Thai alphabet
787:
785:
783:
779:
778:Telugu script
771:
769:
766:
761:
755:
749:
744:
739:
731:
729:
726:
718:
717:thay thay tin
704:
702:
697:
689:
680:
672:
670:
668:
661:
660:
652:
645:
638:
633:
631:
621:
612:
606:
597:
593:
585:
578:
576:
574:
570:
569:Indic scripts
562:
560:
558:
554:
550:
542:
540:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
502:
500:
498:
496:
490:
488:
481:
479:
473:
471:
465:
463:
457:
455:
448:
442:
440:
438:
432:
430:
424:
422:
416:
414:
409:"repressed",
408:
406:
400:
398:
392:
390:
384:
379:
377:
375:
369:
367:
361:
359:
353:
351:
345:
343:
337:
333:
331:
324:
321:
320:
313:
307:
305:
300:
294:
293:
287:
283:
279:
271:
269:
267:
263:
259:
255:
249:
247:
243:
239:
235:
227:
223:
219:
211:
209:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
188:Later still,
186:
183:
177:
172:
167:
162:
158:
154:
149:
146:
141:
139:
135:
127:
125:
123:
119:
115:
111:
99:
95:
94:Indic scripts
87:
83:
79:
77:
71:
63:
59:
53:
40:
31:
19:
3362:Metal umlaut
2900:chandrabindu
2791:
2511:palatal hook
2477:double grave
2382:caron, háček
2329:double acute
2261:
2243:
2221:(2): 86–93.
2218:
2214:
2194:
2190:
2177:
2170:Bibliography
2158:
2145:
2125:
2118:
2102:
2088:
2075:
2070:, OUP, 1996.
2067:
2062:
2050:
2043:Cardona 2013
2038:
2031:Emeneau 1946
2026:
2014:
2009:, p. 91
2007:Emeneau 1946
1998:
1958:
1950:
1942:
1934:
1926:
1918:
1894:Chandrabindu
1202:Gurung Khema
1066:Dhives Akuru
912:
871:
866:
863:chandrabindu
856:
847:
831:
827:
826:
798:
791:
781:
775:
735:
716:
705:
687:
676:
666:
657:
651:ba-ṅ-la-de-ś
650:
648:বা-ং-লা-দে-শ
643:
634:
632:in Bengali.
629:
589:
566:
557:chandrabindu
553:chandrabindu
546:
525:dental nasal
506:
492:
483:
475:
467:
459:
451:
443:
441:"a chest").
434:
426:
418:
410:
402:
394:
386:
380:
371:
363:
355:
347:
339:
327:
325:
308:
275:
265:
257:
253:
250:
237:
225:
215:
187:
150:
142:
131:
121:
81:
73:
57:
56:
2617:perispomene
2081:Ohala (1983
2005:, cited in
1965:"laughter".
1933:"to sink",
1923:Ohala (1983
1439:Nandinagari
1015:𑄇𑄁
865:diacritic (
701:creaky tone
644:baṅ-la-de-ś
641:বাং-লা-দে-শ
370:"a snake",
346:"a youth",
319:candrabindu
292:candrabindu
98:nasal sound
3395:Categories
3353:See also:
3159:apostrophe
2492:hook above
2412:circumflex
2300:Diacritics
2055:Allen 1953
2019:Varma 1961
1991:Allen 1953
1973:References
1852:(mai kang)
1516:Saurashtra
1024:Devanagari
859:Devanagari
659:Bangladesh
535:म् before
527:न् before
517:homorganic
417:"a bank",
393:"copper",
282:homorganic
232:). In the
198:nasal stop
138:allophonic
3080:Japanese
2632:sicilicus
2602:underring
2427:diaeresis
2203:1345-8663
1830:Sundanese
1419:Mongolian
1328:Malayalam
1312:Kirat Rai
1296:Khudabadi
1264:Kharosthi
976:Bhaiksuki
879:သေးသေးတင်
834:anunāsika
828:Anunasika
823:Anunasika
799:nikkhahit
713:သေးသေးတင်
684:အောက်မြစ်
605:romanized
573:phonation
531:, as the
378:"tail").
362:"tooth",
336:obstruent
299:anunāsika
262:anunāsika
173:, before
161:fricative
110:ISO 15919
18:Anunasika
3406:Sanskrit
2861:avagraha
2792:anusvara
2714:pokrytie
2598:overring
2215:Language
2197:: 3–81.
2107:Archived
1888:See also
1850:Tai Tham
1788:U+11F01
1782: 𑼁
1758:Javanese
1718:Balinese
1712:Unicode
1689:U+11A38
1683: 𑨸
1673:U+114C0
1667: 𑓀
1627:Telugu (
1606:U+116AB
1600: 𑚫
1574:U+11A96
1568: 𑪖
1542:U+115BD
1536: 𑖽
1510:U+11181
1504: 𑆁
1494:U+1145F
1481:U+11444
1475: 𑑄
1449:U+119DE
1443: 𑧞
1413:U+1163D
1407: 𑘽
1397:U+11D40
1391: 𑵀
1381:U+11CB5
1375: 𑲵
1322:U+16D40
1316:
1306:U+112DF
1300: 𑋟
1290:U+11234
1284: 𑈴
1274:U+10A0E
1268: 𐨎
1228:U+11081
1222: 𑂁
1212:U+1612D
1206:
1186:Gurmukhi
1180:U+11D95
1174: 𑶕
1154:Gujarati
1148:U+11300
1142: 𑌀
1134:U+1135F
1121:U+1135E
1108:U+11302
1102: 𑌂
1092:U+11837
1086: 𑠷
1076:U+1193B
1070: 𑤻
1018:U+11101
1002:U+11001
996: 𑀁
986:U+11C3D
980: 𑰽
959:Bengali
938:Unicode
899:⟩
893:⟨
869:: माँ).
688:auk myit
655:বাংলাদেশ
600:অনুস্বার
515:that is
447:anusvāra
429:saṃbhāl-
421:khazāṃcī
312:anusvāra
242:underdot
240:with an
157:morpheme
128:Sanskrit
122:anusvara
118:Sanskrit
76:anusvāra
66:अनुस्वार
62:Sanskrit
58:Anusvara
43:Anusvara
3319:Unicode
3109:
3101:
3097:
3089:
3037:visarga
3032:
3026:
3022:
3016:
3012:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2983:
2977:
2973:
2967:
2963:
2957:
2953:
2947:
2943:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2914:
2910:
2895:
2889:
2885:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2856:
2850:
2846:
2840:
2836:
2830:
2826:
2820:
2816:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2787:
2781:
2777:
2771:
2767:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2397:cedilla
2159:Unicode
2103:Unicode
2003:Whitney
1953:haṃsiyā
1877:U+0E4D
1871: ํ
1861:U+1A74
1855: ᩴ
1844:U+1B80
1835: ᮀ
1824:U+0ECD
1818: ໍ
1808:U+17C6
1799: ំ
1772:U+A981
1763: ꦁ
1752:U+1036
1743: ံ
1738:Burmese
1732:U+1B02
1723: ᬂ
1709:Example
1663:Tirhuta
1657:U+0F7E
1651: ཾ
1646:Tibetan
1640:U+0C04
1634: ఄ
1629:Prakrit
1622:U+0C02
1616: ం
1590:U+A80B
1584: ꠋ
1564:Soyombo
1558:U+0D82
1552: ං
1548:Sinhala
1532:Siddham
1526:U+A880
1520: ꢀ
1500:Sharada
1465:U+0B02
1459: ଂ
1433:U+1880
1371:Marchen
1365:U+0D04
1360: ഄ
1352:U+0D00
1346: ഀ
1338:U+0D02
1332: ം
1258:U+0CF3
1252: ೳ
1244:U+0C82
1238: ಂ
1234:Kannada
1196:U+0A02
1190: ਂ
1164:U+0A82
1158: ં
1098:Grantha
1060:U+A8F4
1047:U+A8F3
1034:U+0902
1028: ं
970:U+09FC
954:U+0982
948: ং
944:Bengali
935:Example
914:Unicode
909:Unicode
874:Burmese
867:example
796:is the
782:visarga
748:Sinhala
743:binduva
736:In the
732:Sinhala
677:In the
673:Burmese
611:anuswār
607::
596:Bengali
590:In the
579:Bengali
509:Marathi
503:Marathi
487:pahuṃc-
350:gaṃṛāsā
286:plosive
246:shakhas
216:In the
206:plosive
3378:
3339:
3331:
3327:
3309:
3302:
3298:
3294:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3272:
3268:
3253:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3234:hyphen
3231:
3227:
3223:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3156:
3152:
3118:
3111:
3099:
3087:
3041:
3034:
3024:
3014:
3004:
2996:
2992:
2988:virama
2985:
2975:
2965:
2955:
2945:
2935:
2927:
2923:
2916:
2908:
2904:
2897:
2887:
2877:
2869:
2865:
2858:
2848:
2838:
2828:
2818:
2808:
2800:
2796:
2789:
2779:
2769:
2759:
2751:
2733:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:kamora
2696:
2692:
2674:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2579:nosinė
2575:ogonek
2572:
2568:
2564:
2560:macron
2557:
2553:
2549:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2431:umlaut
2424:
2420:
2416:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2250:
2235:410341
2233:
2201:
2133:
1945:haṃslī
1937:phaṃs-
1929:dhaṃs-
1904:Ogonek
1703:Script
1612:Telugu
1319:
1280:Khojki
1218:Kaithi
1008:Chakma
992:Brahmi
929:Script
848:subdot
844:French
772:Telugu
762:සිංහල
728:) (ံ)
646:, not
549:Nepali
543:Nepali
470:siṃcāī
437:saṃdūk
342:kuṃvar
194:sandhi
190:Pāṇini
3249:prime
3204:comma
3189:colon
2919:nuqta
2743:Indic
2729:titlo
2647:tilde
2473:grave
2435:other
2363:breve
2325:acute
2231:JSTOR
2180:, OUP
2155:(PDF)
2110:(PDF)
2099:(PDF)
1961:haṃsī
1910:Notes
1899:Tilde
1794:Khmer
1596:Takri
1082:Dogra
961:Vedic
903:/-ɰ̃/
623:বাংলা
513:nasal
495:haṃs-
478:sīṃc-
462:bāṃṭ-
454:baṃṭ-
413:baiṃk
397:cāṃdī
389:tāṃbā
374:pūṃch
272:Hindi
226:bindu
90:बिंदु
86:Hindi
82:Bindu
52:Nuqta
2530:horn
2344:apex
2248:ISBN
2199:ISSN
2131:ISBN
1867:Thai
1785:𑼒𑼁
1778:Kawi
1706:Sign
1686:𑨋𑨸
1670:𑒏𑓀
1603:𑚊𑚫
1571:𑩜𑪖
1539:𑖎𑖽
1507:𑆑𑆁
1478:𑐎𑑄
1455:Odia
1446:𑦮𑧞
1429:ᢀ᠋ᠠ᠋
1410:𑘎𑘽
1403:Modi
1394:𑴌𑵀
1378:𑱲𑲵
1303:𑊺𑋟
1287:𑈈𑈴
1271:𐨐𐨎
1225:𑂍𑂁
1209:
1177:𑵱𑶕
1145:𑌕𑌀
1105:𑌕𑌂
1089:𑠊𑠷
1073:𑤌𑤻
999:𑀓𑀁
983:𑰎𑰽
932:Sign
884:IPA:
852:IAST
804:Pali
788:Thai
776:The
721:IPA:
708:/-ɴ/
692:IPA:
690:(့)
653:for
630:unga
405:dāṃt
366:sāṃp
358:dāṃt
330:kuāṃ
276:In
266:aṃśa
258:aṃga
254:aṅga
179:and
114:IAST
112:and
70:IAST
3317:In
3174:bar
2741:In
2682:In
2454:dot
2223:doi
1814:Lao
872:In
857:In
817:/ŋ/
746:in
667:uṅô
547:In
507:In
315:or
222:dot
182:/y/
176:/v/
132:In
104:or
3397::
3105:◌゚
3093:◌゙
2668:,
2600:,
2577:,
2513:,
2475:,
2433:,
2429:,
2365:,
2327:,
2229:.
2219:22
2217:.
2195:33
2193:.
2189:.
2157:.
2101:.
1981:^
1874:กํ
1858:ᨠᩴ
1840:ᮊᮀ
1821:ກໍ
1804:កំ
1768:ꦏꦁ
1748:ကံ
1728:ᬓᬂ
1654:ཀཾ
1637:కఄ
1619:కం
1587:ꠇꠋ
1555:කං
1523:ꢒꢀ
1489:𑑟
1462:କଂ
1424:ᢀ᠋
1349:കഀ
1335:കം
1255:ಕೳ
1241:ಕಂ
1193:ਕਂ
1161:કં
1129:𑍟
1116:𑍞
1055:ꣴ
1042:ꣳ
1031:कं
951:কং
819:.
809:อํ
602:,
598::
230:मं
185:.
120:,
88::
72::
68:,
64::
3029:ஃ
3019:ଃ
3009:ঃ
3000:ः
2980:်
2970:්
2960:್
2950:్
2940:്
2931:्
2912:़
2892:ྃ
2882:ఁ
2873:ँ
2853:྅
2843:ഽ
2833:ఽ
2823:ଽ
2813:ঽ
2804:ऽ
2784:ം
2774:ଂ
2764:ং
2755:ं
2292:e
2285:t
2278:v
2237:.
2225::
2205:.
2161:.
2139:.
2045:.
965:ৼ
896:ံ
882:(
830:(
756:/
754:ŋ
752:/
719:(
664:ঙ
627:ঙ
616:ং
484:(
338:(
296:(
238:m
224:(
163:(
84:(
60:(
54:.
35:ं
20:)
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