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Anzavur, the men of the army and town embracing each other. His men refused to return to the town and shoot their fellow citizens. He then ordered his second-in-command, Kani Bey, to return to town and execute Kara Hasan. Kani carried out the order and gunned down Hasan and 13 others in cold blood. Hasan's death angered the citizens of Biga. A mob of citizens attacked Kani Bey's home; he initially escaped with the help of a neighbor but was cut down by the mob's bullets shortly afterward. Hamidi was cornered, trying to link up with other military officers in the area, by
46:
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Anzavur's ranks began to swell as the victory in Biga was consolidated over the following month. A committee of three local notables and paramilitary leaders was organized to handle local issues. Shortly after, a former regional inspector named Samih Rıfat
Horozcu was sent to plead with the locals to
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Anzavur's contributions to the fighting were negligible, as he suffered a broken leg in a week of fighting with locals and
Nationalist forces. His forces continued to fight a while longer, but were forced to retreat by the end of June. Anzavur faded into obscurity for about a year, until he began
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Mustarrif Ali Riza, stating, "It is the duty of all true
Muslims to defeat the Nationalists". The threat was well understood by the Nationalists, and they immediately made preparations to counter the threat. Anzavur took a cohort of his followers to carry out attacks on the provisional Turkish
294:
After a harsh winter, Anzavur began recruiting for another campaign. This army would be known as the Army of
Muhammad. Hostilities began again on 16 February 1920. As the vanguard of Anzavur's motley army entered Biga, shots rang out. Hamidi fled to a nearby weapons depot as the town fell to
249:
government's offices and troops, all the while recruiting more men during
November 1919. After avoiding talks with Nationalists about the cessation of hostilities, Anzavur and his men were labeled common criminals and tools of the British and the palace.
338:. By 19 April, Bandırma had fallen to Ethem, marking the gradual defeat of Anzavur and his forces. By the end of April, the Army of Muhammad had melted away, as at the end of the first rebellion, and Anzavur returned to Istanbul on an English vessel.
211:
was not only blasphemous, but also would eventually fail and do nothing but anger the
British-Greek forces. Thus, he became a guerrilla leader in Anatolia and started a series of unsuccessful revolts against the provisional
1017:
314:, were mostly armed with sticks and axes. After this defeat, Nationalist officers and soldiers began to desert their posts. Anzavur used this victory to recruit more fighters from the
306:
By the middle of March, a column of 500 Nationalist troops was organized and sent to recapture Biga and the surrounding area. Anzavur led the defense. Those who followed him, largely
203:. After the Ottomans lost the war, he believed that the only route to salvation was to cooperate with the invading British forces, as he was loyal to the caliph, and he believed
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region. The danger was recognized by the
Nationalist government. Ethem was called upon again, fresh from putting down Anzavur's rebellion. His forces retook Adapazarı and
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The first actual battle of the rebellion occurred on 15 November north of Balıkesir. Anzavur's forces took heavy losses and were forced to retreat north through
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was called upon to bring the rebellion to heel. Ethem was given 2,000 soldiers to do so. On 16 April, Anzavur was dealt a resounding defeat near the village of
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recruiting again. In May 1921, a group of pro-Nationalist paramilitary leaders found out about
Anzavur's movements. The leader of the paramilitary groups was
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282:, also a Circassian, was sent to prevent Anzavur's influence in the region from growing. He attempted to recruit local Circassians for the nationalist
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had fallen in rapid succession to the Army of
Muhammad. As Anzavur pushed Nationalist leaders in southern Mamara, he knew the end was near.
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area. On 4 April, troops led by
Anzavur and Gavur Imam entered Gönen, executing and pillaging with little resistance. By 6 March,
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in October 1919. Anzavur's declaration to the people of Manyas was that he intended to capture or kill
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Turkey From Empire to Revolutionary Republic: The Emergence of the Turkish Nation 1789 to Present
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With Anzavur's defeat at Yahyaköy, another revolt had broken out in the
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rejoin the Nationalists, but his pleas fell on deaf ears.
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and tied, beaten, and killed by having his neck snapped.
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soldier, gendarme officer, pasha, and militia leader of
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The Circassian Diaspora in Turkey: A Political History
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without a fight. On 26 May, Ethem entered the town of
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People from the Ottoman Empire of Circassian descent
626:. New York: New York University Press. p. 155.
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418:. Archived from the original on 2 February 2004.
224:The first uprising of Ahmet Anzavur occurred in
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