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486:(1852–70) companies exploiting the deposits of the Pas-de-Calais to the west began to increase output. In 1878 Pas-de-Calais produced more coal than Nord. By 1890 the Société des mines de Lens had become the largest mining company in France, displacing Anzin. Technology had changed little since the 18th century, with coal still extracted manually, but towards the end of the century laws were implemented to reduce child labor. The mining company was paternalistic, providing housing, clinics, schools, canteens and shops, paying relief and pensions, and sponsoring sports and social activities. There were improvements to workers' rights, with strikes allowed from 1864 and trade unions from 1884.
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their job." Joseph PĂ©rier became director after
Casimir died in 1832, and Casimir's son Auguste became assistant director. 4,000 miners went on strike in May 1833, and almost all the pits were closed by shutting down the pumps. The miners held out for eight days against the management, authorities and 5,000 troops who were brought in to "restore order". The strike then collapsed. A few of the leaders were tried and let off with light punishments. The cause is obscure but may have been due to general dissatisfaction with Perier's efficiency measures.
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mine worker might start as a child of seven, dragging wagons of coal, then graduate to working on the coal face. Typically the miner worked lying on his side since the veins of coal were rarely more than 1 metre (3 ft 3 in) thick. After the age of 35 they would be given less demanding work in the mine or on the surface. The mines were worked around the clock, on three shifts. Sometimes explosives were used to open new galleries. The work was dangerous and unhealthy, but was well-paid.
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516:(1914–18) the front lines ran across the mining area, and many of the mines were systematically destroyed by the Germans. After the war the mines were reopened. An influx of Polish miners made up for the huge casualties among French miners during the war. During the depression of the 1930s many of these workers and their families were forcibly returned to Poland. The communists and socialists struggled for control of the mining region. During
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directors Pierre
Bernier and Pourrat, Thieffries (the partner of Périer) and smaller shares held by the two legal advisers of the company, Berryer and Cambacérès. With the financial support of Sabatier the Périers gradually took control of the Mines d'Anzin. When Claude Périer died in 1801 his shares were divided between his eight sons and two daughters. In 1805 Scipion Périer became director of the mining company, and
433:, built by the Compagnie des mines d'Anzin, was one of the first passenger railways in France. The concession was granted on 24 October 1835 and work started immediately. On 21 October 1838 the "Train d'Anzin" opened to passenger traffic. It was not until 1846 that the official railway line reached the region, making Saint-Waast the first railway station in the Nord. The line was soon extended to
309:, asserted his rights to the deposit and a prolonged legal battle began. On 14 January 1744 the king decreed that all minerals below the soil were the property of the crown, and could only be exploited by the landowner after a formal concession had been granted. Eventually in 1757 the Viscount DĂ©sandrouin, Prince de CroĂż, Marquis de Cernay and others founded the first mining company in the
496:. He arrived at the time of a strike by 12,000 miners. The strike began at Anzin in February 1884 after 140 workers, mostly union members, were dismissed. The company called in troops to defend the mines, and refused to make any concessions. The strike lasted 56 days, and was headline news in France, but failed completely. During this strike
313:, the Compagnie des Mines d'Anzin. The company was formally created by the merger on 19 November 1757 of the Société Desandrouin-Taffin, the Société Desandrouin-Cordier and the Société de Cernay. Desandrouin received twelve shares of the new company, Cernay eight and Croy four. It was one of the first large industrial companies in France.
450:. The dialect poet Mousseron ("Cafougnette") worked there for 46 years. The Joseph PĂ©rier mine was opened in 1841, and reached coal at 75 metres (246 ft). By 1867 it had reached a depth of 380 metres (1,250 ft). Pits proliferated in the Valenciennes region at Saint-Waast (RĂ©ussite, RĂ©gie), Anzin (St Louis) and
390:. There are still 79 settlements founded by the company including villages, towns and garden cities. The company generally only provided housing, and did not introduce community facilities in these settlements. From 1820 there were increasing numbers of exploratory mines throughout the concession area. The pits sunk at
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Over the years that followed there were various administrative changes. Efforts were made to restore the landscape as pits were closed, and a government program was launched in the late 1970s to clean up the main urban centers. There were accelerated pit closures during the 1980s. The last pit in the
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The total concession area of 28,000 hectares (69,000 acres) was the largest in the Nord-Pas de Calais Basin. The company introduced steam engines to operate pumps that removed water from the mines, which could reach a depth of 200 metres (660 ft). In 1789 the company had 25 mine shafts, 12 steam
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in the winter of 1891 and spread throughout the region, mainly for higher wages. The outcome was the first collective labor agreement in France, the
Convention of Arras, which established insurance funds and pensions. Women were banned from underground work in 1892, and boys under twelve in 1906. In
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Most of the workers were recruited locally and some were highly skilled. Typically they worked in family teams, a practice encouraged by the company, and were paid by performance. To retain workers the company supported families after death or disability, and provided health services and pensions. A
413:
Joseph PĂ©rier was concerned that productivity might suffer if the mines supervisory staff became too close to the workers. In 1826 he asked the general agent of the Anzin company "to arrange a kind of police that would inform him if the director, the under-director and the master foremen were doing
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in the west. It is 4 to 12 kilometres (2.5 to 7.5 mi) wide. For many years it was the most important coalfield in France. Over two billion tons of coal were extracted from the basin between the early 18th century and late 20th century. The concessions granted to the
Compagnie des mines d'Anzin
341:
as legal counsel. Between 1792 and 1794 the mines were badly damaged during fighting between the French revolutionary forces and the monarchist Allies. The assets of the emigrant nobles were sold to
Stanislaus DĂ©sandrouin in June 1795. A month later he resold a large share to a group of financiers
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A decree of 13 December 1944 created the state-owned Houillères
Nationales to acquire the privately held mining properties. Shareholders of the former companies received compensation of 8 francs per ton, higher than the profit per ton they had made in 1938. The state assigned managers to the new
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of the Anzin Mining
Company during this financial reorganization. In addition to Désandrouin the new owners included the leading members of the East India Company including Pierre Desprez, Jean-Barthélémy Le Couteulx de Canteleu, Augustin-Jacques Perier, Guillaume Sabatier, the widows of the
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454:(St Mark). The company was the largest coal producer in France, but soon faced competition from companies operating nearby, notable the Aniche company to the west of the concession. The main shareholders and executives included leading French businessmen and politicians such as such as
181:(1939–45). The mines were nationalized in 1946. Many were closed in the 1970s and 1980s. The last ceased operation in 1990. The landscape has been partly restored but traces of mining such as slag heaps, ponds and railway cuttings remain, and a few heritage sites have been preserved.
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Nord-Pas de Calais region closed in
October 1990. The old railways have been converted to walking and hiking routes, and ponds converted for recreational use or made into ecological reserves. A few sites have been preserved as mining heritage sites for tourists.
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became assistant director. In 1823 Casimir PĂ©rier replaced his brother
Scipion as head of the company, and initiated a thorough reorganization to improve profitability. Wages were reduced, older workers retired, and modern equipment installed. In 1831 King
162:
The company used innovative pumping technology to support deep mining operations in the rich bituminous coalfield. At its peak in the mid-19th century it was one of the largest industrial enterprises in France, with about 12,000 miners.
173:. The work was dangerous and unhealthy, but the company paid the miners well compared to other industries, provided housing, welfare and pensions, and sponsored social activities. The mines reached their peak of prosperity before
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Coal was mined in the pre-industrial era for use by blacksmiths, but was seen as an inferior fuel to wood for heating a home. Demand began to rise in the early 18th century due to population growth and limited wood supplies. The
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became assistant director. The PĂ©riers held a large block of shares in the company, and their bank managed the company's finances, including investments, changes in shareholdings and loans to shareholders. The machine shops of
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346:. The pits were repaired and production expanded again, with a new shaft sunk in early 1796. Production rose to 248,000 tons in 1799, and by 1800 the company had almost completely recovered.
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in the hope of finding a westward extension of the Mons-Charleroi deposit. In 1720 DĂ©sandrouin and his research director
Jacques Mathieu, with a team of twenty miners, found coal at
294:. The government gave Desandrouin a 20-year exclusive mining privilege and a subsidy of 35,000 livres. He struggled on with many setbacks and great loss of money, and finally found
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named Casimir PĂ©rier president of the council and Minister of the Interior. From the time of the Revolution until 1833 there was only one short and partial strike in 1824.
1346:
1505:
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Histoire de la recherche, de la découverte et de l'exploitation de la houille dans le Hainaut français, dans la Flandre française et dans l'Artois, 1716-1791
500:
emerged as a leader of the miners. He became secretary general of the Nord miners' union, president of the Pas-de-Calais miners' union, deputy and mayor of
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417:
437:. The census of 1842 shows that Joseph PĂ©rier may have been the most wealthy property-owner in France, paying 56,503 francs, mostly for the Anzin mines.
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520:(1939–45) the mines were occupied by the Germans in 1940 and ruthlessly exploited using laborers from the Ukraine, Russia, Serbia and elsewhere.
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466:(1823–1905) who also sat on the board. Audiffret-Pasquier was an Orleanist leader, president of the national assembly and then of the senate.
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1070:
Barker, Richard J. (June 1961), "French Entrepreneurship During the Restoration: The Record of a Single Firm, the Anzin Mining Company",
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area more intensively, and opened multiple mines in this area between 1826 and 1831 including Villars, Turenne, Bayard and la Pensée.
1480:
1253:
1404:
Reid, Donald (October 1985), "Industrial Paternalism: Discourse and Practice in Nineteenth-Century French Mining and Metallurgy",
1246:
Dictionnaire des parlementaires français; notices biographiques sur les ministres, députés et sénateurs français de 1889 à 1940
210:
184:
123:
1195:"Diana Cooper-Richet, Le peuple de la nuit. Mines et mineurs en France (XIXe-XXe siècle), Paris, Perrin, 2002, 441 p., 22 €"
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at the village of Anzin in 1734, when he was on the verge of ruin. By 1756 his company had 1,500 workers and sixteen pits.
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company and set wages and prices, but the company otherwise operated independently. The law of 17 May 1946 created the
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177:(1914–18), but were badly damaged during the war. They struggled to regain profitability in period leading up to
541:, completing the transfer to the state. An administrative council represented workers, consumers and the state.
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The company was quick to exploit steam-powered railways, and in 1834 built a line for coal trucks between
1440:
Tudesq, A.-J. (1961), "La Banque de France au milieu du XIX e siècle. Étude des structures sociales",
1241:
1225:
483:
1385:
1138:
1156:
Anzin Coal Company, 1800-1833: Big Business in the Early Stages of the French Industrial Revolution
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in 1823 and 1824 were disappointing. The company decided to exploit the promising deposits in the
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1322:
Les immortels du Sénat, 1875-1918: les cent seize inamovibles de la Troisième République
1078:(2), Cambridge University Press on behalf of the Economic History Association: 161–178,
401:
When Scipion PĂ©rier died in 1821, Casimir PĂ©rier became director of the Anzin mines and
497:
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287:
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489:
441:
349:
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164:
1435:(in French). Librairie Quarré et Leleu à Lille, A. Durand 7 rue Cujas à Paris. 1867.
167:
visited the region during a strike in 1884 which he used as the basis for his novel
517:
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from a coal mine, forges and glassworks. In 1716 he began to explore the region of
214:
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in northern France. It was established in 1756 and operated for almost 200 years.
509:
1910 the working day was set at eight hours, with a mandatory day off each week.
1294:
Bulletin de Liaison des Professeurs d'Histoire-Géographie de l'Académie de Reims
513:
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283:
174:
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The work was still unhealthy. An 1878 book was devoted to the study of miners'
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155:(Anzin Mining Company) was a large French mining company in the coal basin of
138:
125:
990:
574:
451:
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17:
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Mitterrand, Henri (2002), "Zola Ă Anzin : les mineurs de Germinal",
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caused the status of the company to be questioned. The company employed
1091:
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The Renard (Fox) pit was opened in 1836, later to be the subject of
1319:
Mayeur, Jean Marie; Corbin, Alain; Schweitz, Arlette (1995-01-01),
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The company was the first to build housing for miners in 1810 near
670:
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Statistique archéologique du Département du Nord - seconde partie
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engines and 4,000 miners, and produced one third of French coal.
1188:(in French), vol. II, Valenciennes: Impr. de A. Prignet
492:
visited the area in 1884 to obtain background for his novel
462:(1811–76), a member of the board, was sister of the wife of
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supplied steam engines and equipment for mining from 1818.
188:
Location of the mining basin and other coalfields in France
1123:
Topographie souterraine du bassin houiller de Valenciennes
746:
421:
The railway was the main artery of the Compagnie d'Anzin.
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894:
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Non-renewable resource companies disestablished in 1946
950:
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lay in the east of this basin, named after the town of
83:
Viscount DĂ©sandrouin, Prince de CroĂż, Marquis de Cernay
1248:(in French). Paris: Presses universitaires de France.
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213:extends for 100 kilometres (62 mi) from the
1448:(2), Presses Universitaires de France: 339–356,
1347:"La découverte du charbon dans le valenciennois"
991:Statistique archéologique du Département du Nord
831:Histoire du Bassin minier – Atlas du Patromoine
1242:"Jean, Paul, Pierre PERIER DIT CASIMIR-PERIER"
262:coal basin was lost to France in 1713 by the
8:
978:
30:
1412:(4), Cambridge University Press: 579–607,
1406:Comparative Studies in Society and History
1053:
939:
708:
337:in 1791 to defend its interests, and then
29:
1199:Revue d'histoire moderne et contemporaine
335:Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau
810:Compagnie des Mines d’Anzin ... Archives
1106:Archives Nationales du Monde du Travail
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1311:De l'anémie des mineurs, dite d'Anzin
1029:
301:When he learned of the discovery the
7:
1506:French companies established in 1756
966:
785:
527:Railway line from the Lambrecht pit.
374:First Empire and Bourbon restoration
1269:Leroy, Jean-François (2002-02-08).
1042:Mayeur, Corbin & Schweitz 1995
25:
1126:(in French), Imprimerie impériale
589:Vieux-Condé start of 20th century
1491:1946 disestablishments in France
1384:Prunaux, Emmanuel (2006-08-19).
1159:, University of Delaware Press,
1139:"La compagnie des mines d'Anzin"
1108:(in French). Ministry of Culture
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339:Jean Jacques Régis de Cambacérès
234:, to the north of Valenciennes.
39:
1325:, Publications de la Sorbonne,
1141:(in French). Diocèse de Cambrai
1072:The Journal of Economic History
211:Nord-Pas de Calais Mining Basin
1386:"La Société des Mines d'Anzin"
1137:Dussart, Michel (2006-12-08).
747:Les trois âges de la mine 2002
470:Second Empire and 3rd Republic
1:
1496:Companies established in 1756
1486:1756 establishments in France
1193:Hardy-HĂ©mery, Odette (2005).
1099:"Compagnie des Mines d'Anzin"
46:
1308:Manouvriez, Anatole (1878),
278:, had made a fortune at his
1290:"Les trois âges de la mine"
1224:(in French). Archived from
1218:"Histoire du Bassin minier"
532:Nationalization and closure
153:Compagnie des mines d'Anzin
1522:
1471:History of Hauts-de-France
352:(1742–1802) obtained 27.5
68:19 November 1757
31:Compagnie des mines d'Anzi
1418:10.1017/S0010417500011671
1240:Jolly, Jean (1960–1977).
1084:10.1017/S0022050700101949
707:, called "Anzin anemia".(
464:Gaston Audiffret-Pasquier
458:(1797–1877). The wife of
382:Chauffour pit around 1800
364:Jacques-Constantin PĂ©rier
344:French East India Company
38:
1481:Coal companies of France
1153:Geiger, Reed G. (1974),
268:Jean-Jacques Desandrouin
249:, founder of the company
247:Jean-Jacques Desandrouin
217:region in the east past
431:Somain-PĂ©ruwelz Railway
1296:(in French) (27). 2002
1179:Grar, Édouard (1848),
1120:Dormoy, Émile (1867),
539:Charbonnages de France
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460:Auguste Casimir-Perier
422:
383:
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206:
205:, Anzin is in the east
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1378:10.3917/trav.007.0037
1351:La Magazine du Mineur
1345:Michel, Joël (1969),
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477:
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359:Casimir Pierre PĂ©rier
245:
200:
187:
91:17 May 1946
27:French mining company
504:. A strike began in
484:Second French Empire
325:Revolutionary period
201:The mining basin in
1222:Atlas du Patromoine
969:, pp. 593–594.
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35:
685:Saint Mark in 1960
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423:
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292:Fresnes-sur-Escaut
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203:Nord-Pas-de-Calais
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157:Nord-Pas-de-Calais
45:Fosse Saint Louis
1353:(in French), ORTF
1332:978-2-85944-273-6
1166:978-0-87413-108-6
979:Hardy-HĂ©mery 2005
331:French Revolution
264:Treaty of Utrecht
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16:(Redirected from
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266:. The Viscount
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408:Louis Philippe
375:
372:
326:
323:
303:Prince de CroĂż
288:French Hainaut
239:
236:
194:
191:
139:50.40°N 3.50°E
117:
116:
113:
106:
104:
100:
99:
89:
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77:
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66:
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44:
26:
24:
14:
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10:
9:
6:
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1444:(in French),
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1368:(in French),
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1306:
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1272:
1271:"Émile Basly"
1267:
1257:
1255:2-1100-1998-0
1251:
1247:
1243:
1238:
1228:on 2015-12-07
1227:
1223:
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1201:(in French).
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957:, p. 46.
956:
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888:, p. 29.
887:
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800:, p. 20.
799:
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791:
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779:
776:, p. 17.
775:
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764:, p. 16.
763:
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711:, p. 3)
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531:
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478:HĂ©rin c. 1900
476:
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428:
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403:Joseph PĂ©rier
399:
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350:Claude PĂ©rier
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109:
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67:
63:
59:
55:
42:
37:
34:
19:
1445:
1441:
1432:
1409:
1405:
1394:. Retrieved
1389:
1369:
1365:
1355:, retrieved
1350:
1336:, retrieved
1321:
1310:
1298:. Retrieved
1293:
1279:. Retrieved
1274:
1259:. Retrieved
1245:
1230:. Retrieved
1226:the original
1221:
1207:. Retrieved
1202:
1198:
1181:
1170:, retrieved
1155:
1143:. Retrieved
1128:, retrieved
1122:
1110:. Retrieved
1105:
1075:
1071:
1049:
1037:
1010:
998:
986:
974:
962:
935:
928:Dussart 2006
881:
869:
862:Prunaux 2006
838:
812:, p. 2.
805:
793:
781:
769:
699:
601:Haveluy 1900
543:
535:
518:World War II
511:
493:
488:
481:
445:
439:
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412:
400:
388:Valenciennes
385:
353:
348:
328:
319:
315:
307:Valenciennes
300:
279:
271:
270:(1681–1761)
252:
215:Valenciennes
208:
179:World War II
168:
161:
152:
120:
103:Headquarters
32:
1392:(in French)
1277:(in French)
1015:Dormoy 1867
1003:Tudesq 1961
955:Geiger 1974
907:Barker 1961
886:Geiger 1974
874:Geiger 1974
843:Michel 1969
798:Geiger 1974
774:Geiger 1974
762:Geiger 1974
557:Villars in
514:World War I
498:Émile Basly
482:During the
427:Saint-Waast
284:Lodelinsart
238:Early years
175:World War I
144:50.40; 3.50
142: /
60:Coal mining
50: 1900
18:Anzin mines
1465:Categories
1396:2015-12-13
1390:Cambacérès
1366:Travailler
1357:2015-12-13
1338:2015-12-13
1300:2015-12-13
1281:2015-12-13
1261:2015-12-13
1232:2015-12-13
1209:2015-12-13
1172:2015-12-14
1145:2015-12-13
1130:2017-08-30
1112:2015-12-12
1030:Leroy 2002
669:Thiers in
615:Wavrechain
573:Roeulx in
490:Émile Zola
442:Émile Zola
305:, lord of
165:Émile Zola
95:1946-05-17
72:1757-11-19
1372:(7): 37,
967:Reid 1985
786:Grar 1848
575:Escaudain
452:Escaudain
444:'s novel
342:from the
280:seignurie
276:Charleroi
260:Charleroi
1454:40949498
494:Germinal
447:Germinal
368:Chaillot
193:Location
170:Germinal
80:Founders
57:Industry
1314:, Giard
1275:Nordmag
1092:2115186
1063:Sources
673:c. 1950
617:c. 1920
577:c. 1900
561:c. 1900
512:During
354:deniers
227:BĂ©thune
127:50°24′N
93: (
88:Defunct
70: (
65:Founded
1452:
1426:178593
1424:
1329:
1252:
1163:
1090:
705:anemia
559:Denain
435:Abscon
396:Denain
392:Abscon
272:bailli
130:3°30′E
114:France
110:, Nord
1450:JSTOR
1422:JSTOR
1186:(PDF)
1102:(PDF)
1088:JSTOR
691:Notes
671:Bruay
643:Anzin
232:Anzin
219:Douai
108:Anzin
1327:ISBN
1250:ISBN
1161:ISBN
645:1920
502:Lens
329:The
311:Nord
256:Mons
223:Lens
221:and
209:The
151:The
1446:226
1414:doi
1374:doi
1205:(4)
1080:doi
366:at
282:of
274:of
225:to
1467::
1420:,
1410:27
1408:,
1388:.
1349:,
1292:.
1273:.
1244:.
1220:.
1203:52
1197:.
1104:.
1086:,
1076:21
1074:,
1022:^
947:^
914:^
893:^
850:^
817:^
754:^
721:^
112:,
47:c.
1416::
1399:.
1376::
1370:1
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1284:.
1264:.
1235:.
1212:.
1148:.
1115:.
1082::
1032:.
981:.
942:.
930:.
864:.
845:.
833:.
749:.
258:-
97:)
74:)
33:n
20:)
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