109:. Dijksterhuis started investigating the link between perception and behavior, but instead of direct behavior he wanted to measure ability. Over multiple studies, Dijksterhuis and van Knippenberg primed subjects with the stereotype of professor (thought of as intelligent), and the stereotype of soccer hooligans (thought of as stupid). In the last study, they also primed them directly with intelligent or stupid, rather than just using a stereotype. In a supposedly unrelated task, they used a general knowledge measure to test for effects of the priming. In all of the studies, participants primed with intelligence, by stereotype or directly, did better than controls. The opposite is true for those primed with stupidity. The duration of priming (9 minutes vs 2 minutes) affected performance with those in the long condition performing better than those in the short condition.
186:
equal numbers of positive and negative attributes, one was presented with 75% positive attributes, and the other 25%. After the attributes were shown participants were told they would have to pick the best car. Half the participants were allowed to think about the cars for 4 minutes (conscious thought condition) the other half were distracted for those 4 minutes solving anagrams (unconscious thought condition). After the 4 minutes everyone chose the best car and participants in the simple condition made better decisions in the conscious thought condition, but unconscious thought led to better decisions in the complex condition. Other studies are presented in the article applying this same design to the real world decisions (e.g. department store vs a furniture store).
190:
level of expertise on soccer, then pick win, lose, or draw for four upcoming soccer matches in the Dutch league. Participants were placed in one of the following conditions: choose within 20 seconds of seeing the matches, given two minutes to deliberate (conscious), or distracted for two minutes (unconscious), then asked to choose. Results show that nonexperts do about as well in all conditions but experts perform better in the unconscious thought condition. They replicated the study using World Cup matches since there is a more objective way to measure expertise with national team world ranking rather than asking participants to self-report expertise. The pattern of results was similar to the first study.
185:
In a 2006 paper, Dijksterhuis and colleagues did multiple studies looking at making the best choices. In the first study, participants were shown 4 (simple) or 12 (complex) attributes, randomized one at a time, about four fake cars. The attributes were either positive or negative. Two of the cars had
163:
and Banajiās definition of implicit self-esteem is: āimplicit self-esteem is the introspectively unidentified (or inaccurately identified) effect of the self-attitude on evaluation of self-associated and self-dissociated objectsā. Dijksterhuis proposes an alternate definition that self-esteem is the
189:
Dijksterhuis wanted to get away from the artificial information that people are provided in a laboratory setting and see what happens when they have to rely on their own knowledge about a subject to make decisions. Dijksterhuis and colleagues designed an experiment where subjects had to rate their
182:. The argument is that conscious thought is not capable of handling all the complex information that we need to process in order to make good decisions. In experiment 2 participants in the conscious thought condition reported only using a subset of the information provided to make their decision.
138:
between several previously used implicit self-esteem measures. The same results were found when comparing implicit and explicit measures. Dijksterhuis acknowledges this limitation and tries to work around it by manipulating implicit self-esteem then measuring it with the
151:
to enhance implicit self-esteem subconsciously. The word āIā was subliminally presented (15 milliseconds) followed by either positive traits (e.g. smart) or neutral words (e.g. chair), depending on the condition. Evaluative conditioning is most often used to change
164:
attitude and that the evaluation of objects is a consequence of this attitude. He also proposes that the different measures have not correlated with each other because they are either measuring the attitude towards self or the consequence of this attitude.
156:
towards a neutral stimuli, but he proposed it would work for implicit self-esteem. The results support his hypothesis; participants in the experimental condition showed higher levels of implicit self-esteem on both measures compared to controls.
178:
Unconscious thought theory (UTT) was introduced by
Dijksterhuis in 2004. He presented 5 experiments showing that people make better decisions when they thought about it unconsciously rather than
37:
He received his Ph.D in Social
Sciences from Radboud University Nijmegen in 1996. His adviser was Ad van Knippenberg. From 1996-1999, he did post-doc work as a Research Fellow of the
682:
Dijksterhuis, Ap; Bos, Maarten W.; van der Leij, Andries; van Baaren, Rick B. (2009). "Predicting Soccer
Matches After Unconscious and Conscious Thought as a Function of Expertise".
765:
760:
86:, and unconscious thought. He works & co-leads the Unconscious lab at Radboud University Nijmegen, with Rick van Baaren. The labās primary focus is on unconscious thought and
448:
Bosson, Jennifer K.; Swann, William B.; Pennebaker, James W. (2000). "Stalking the perfect measure of implicit self-esteem: The blind men and the elephant revisited?".
38:
67:
45:, returning to Radboud University Nijmegen in 2006. In 2007, his first book was published, in Dutch, called āHet slimme onbewusteā (āThe Smart Unconsciousā).
322:
Bargh, John A.; Chen, Mark; Burrows, Lara (1996). "Automaticity of social behavior: Direct effects of trait construct and stereotype activation on action".
755:
222:
61:
435:"Power of suggestion The amazing influence of unconscious cues is among the most fascinating discoveries of our time ā that is, if it's true"
357:
Dijksterhuis, Ap; van
Knippenberg, Ad (April 1998). "The relation between perception and behavior, or how to win a game of Trivial Pursuit".
394:"Disputed results a fresh blow for social psychology: Failure to replicate intelligence-priming effects ignites row in research community"
279:
750:
55:
496:
Dijksterhuis, Ap (2004). "I Like Myself but I Don't Know Why: Enhancing
Implicit Self-Esteem by Subliminal Evaluative Conditioning".
576:
Dijksterhuis, Ap (2004). "Think
Different: The Merits of Unconscious Thought in Preference Development and Decision Making".
240:
531:
Greenwald, Anthony G.; Banaji, Mahzarin R. (1995). "Implicit social cognition: Attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes".
309:
770:
130:. More recently, there has been a focus on implicit self-esteem, and how to measure it. According to Bosson, Swann, and
31:
258:
Albert Jan (Ap) Dijksterhuis: Award for
Distinguished Scientific Early Career Contributions to Psychology. - PsycNet
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101:, Chen, and Burrows showed a relationship between activation of traits and behavior. In one of the experiments they
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135:
291:
144:
621:
Dijksterhuis, A. (17 February 2006). "On Making the Right Choice: The
Deliberation-Without-Attention Effect".
42:
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participants with words related to the elderly and found they walked slower leaving the experiment than
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740:
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102:
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90:. His theory that certain behaviour can be modified by unconscious cues is somewhat controversial.
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These results have been called into question due to failure of multiple researchers to replicate.
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2005- Award for
Distinguished Scientific Early Career Contributions to Psychology -
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41:, located in Amsterdam. In 2000, he became a professor at the
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Kurt Lewin Medal|European
Association of Social Psychology
78:
His areas of research have varied, but all deal with
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Disputed results a fresh blow for social psychology
168:Unconscious Thought Theory (UTT) (2002āpresent)
766:Academic staff of the University of Amsterdam
761:Academic staff of Radboud University Nijmegen
8:
578:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
498:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
450:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
359:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
324:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
66:2007- Wegner Theoretical Innovation Prize -
147:. In the experiments, he uses evaluative
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280:Wegner Theoretical Innovation Prize|SPSP
39:Royal Dutch Academy of Arts and Sciences
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82:: the perception-behavior link, goals,
241:"Radboud University - Ap Dijksterhuis"
126:Much work has been done on measuring
7:
437:. The Chronicle of Higher Education.
94:Perception-Behavior link (1995ā2001)
223:"Unconscious Lab - Ap Dijksterhuis"
206:Prof. dr. A.J. Dijksterhuis, 1968 -
116:Implicit self-esteem (2000āpresent)
756:Radboud University Nijmegen alumni
14:
696:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02451.x
433:Bartlett, T. (30 January 2013).
1:
17:Albert Jan "Ap" Dijksterhuis
84:Implicit Self Esteem Issues
32:Radboud University Nijmegen
787:
751:Dutch social psychologists
600:10.1037/0022-3514.87.5.586
510:10.1037/0022-3514.86.2.345
472:10.1037/0022-3514.79.4.631
371:10.1037/0022-3514.74.4.865
336:10.1037/0022-3514.71.2.230
174:Unconscious thought theory
171:
119:
555:10.1037/0033-295X.102.1.4
60:2005- Kurt Lewin Medal -
312:, Nature, 30 April 2013.
210:Album Academicum website
19:(born 12 November 1968,
653:10.1126/science.1121629
43:University of Amsterdam
134:there is little to no
684:Psychological Science
533:Psychological Review
298:on December 9, 2013.
229:on December 9, 2013.
122:implicit self-esteem
771:People from Zutphen
635:2006Sci...311.1005D
629:(5763): 1005ā1007.
392:Abbott, A. (2013).
28:Social Psychologist
141:name-letter effect
690:(11): 1381ā1387.
292:"Unconscious Lab"
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247:on 2014-05-29.
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741:1968 births
539:(1): 4ā27.
208:at the UvA
180:consciously
136:correlation
128:self-esteem
80:unconscious
735:Categories
705:2066/76800
194:References
132:Pennebaker
639:CiteSeerX
586:CiteSeerX
541:CiteSeerX
458:CiteSeerX
161:Greenwald
88:imitation
714:19818044
669:44856325
661:16484496
608:15535773
518:14769089
480:11045743
420:23636371
154:attitude
107:controls
74:Research
722:2938496
631:Bibcode
623:Science
563:7878162
379:9569649
344:8765481
23:) is a
21:Zutphen
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103:primed
49:Awards
718:S2CID
665:S2CID
99:Bargh
25:Dutch
710:PMID
657:PMID
604:PMID
559:PMID
514:PMID
476:PMID
416:PMID
375:PMID
340:PMID
68:SPSP
62:EASP
700:hdl
692:doi
649:doi
627:311
596:doi
551:doi
537:102
506:doi
468:doi
406:doi
402:497
367:doi
332:doi
143:or
56:APA
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