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662:) by creating a sequence of chunks containing markers for this. They then reorder or modify chunks in order to produce a grammatical translation in the target-language. The newer CFG-based module matches input sequences into possible parse trees, selecting the best-ranking one and applying transformation rules on the tree.
279:. It was originally designed to translate between closely related languages, although it has recently been expanded to treat more divergent language pairs. To create a new machine translation system, one just has to develop linguistic data (dictionaries, rules) in well-specified
229:/ word category disambiguation. A structural transfer component is responsible for word movement and agreement; most Apertium language pairs up until now have used "chunking" or shallow transfer rules, though newer pairs use (possibly recursive) rules defined in a
592:
uses a finite state transducer to match sequences of lexical units and may reorder or translate tags (often used for translating idiomatic expressions into something that more approaches the target language
255:
At present (December 2020), Apertium has released 51 stable language pairs, delivering fast translation with reasonably intelligible results (errors are easily corrected). Being an
1333:
Khanna, Tanmai; Washington, Jonathan N.; Tyers, Francis M.; Bayatlı, Sevilay; Swanson, Daniel G.; Pirinen, Tommi A.; Tang, Irene; Alòs i Font, Hèctor (1 December 2021).
1226:
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676:. The morphological generator is a morphological transducer, just like the morphological analyser. A morphological transducer both analyses and generates forms.
541:, marking set phrases, etc.), and looks up segments in the language dictionaries, returning dictionary forms and tags for all matches. In pairs that involve
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format that allows writing complex structural transfer rules) can consist of one-step chunking transfer, three-step chunking transfer or a
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Corbí-Bellot, M. et al. (2005) "An open-source shallow-transfer machine translation engine for the romance languages of Spain" in
252:, to allow for the ease of contributing to Apertium, more efficient development, and enhancing the project's overall growth.
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project, Apertium provides tools for potential developers to build their own language pair and contribute to the project.
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languages. A full list is available below. Several companies are also involved in the development of
Apertium, including
82:
1323:". 'Proceedings of the 14th Annual Conference of the European Association of Machine Translation, EAMT10', pp. 174--181
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chooses between alternative translations when the source text word has alternative meanings. Apertium uses a specific
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1335:"Recent advances in Apertium, a free/open-source rule-based machine translation platform for low-resource languages"
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As of
September 2024, the following 108 pairs and 50 languages and languages varieties are supported by Apertium.
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Forcada, M. L. et al. (2010) "Documentation of the Open-Source
Shallow-Transfer Machine Translation Platform
582:) resolves ambiguous segments (i.e., when there is more than one match) by choosing one match. Apertium uses
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looks up disambiguated source-language basewords to find their target-language equivalents (i.e., mapping
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Proceedings of the
European Association for Machine Translation, 10th Annual Conference, Budapest 2005
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Apertium-tolk, a simple desktop user interface for
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technologies, which makes them very hard to adapt to new usages. Apertium code and data is
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Armentano-Oller, C. et al. (2006) "Open-source
Portuguese-Spanish machine translation"
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650:-based transfer module. The chunking modules flag grammatical differences between the
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The project has taken part in the 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013 and 2014 editions of
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Apertium originated as one of the machine translation engines in the project
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in
Departament de Llenguatges i Sistemes Informatics, University of Alacant
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Apertium: a free/open-source platform for rule-based machine translation
702:(HTML, RTF, etc.) that was removed by the deformatter in the first step.
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and the 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016 and 2017 editions of
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government, and developed by the
Transducens research group at the
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530:(HTML, RTF, etc.) that should be kept in place but not translated.
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The diagram displays the steps that
Apertium takes to translate a
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rules (with the vislcg3 parser) for most of its language pairs.
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This is an overall, step-by-step view how
Apertium works.
286:
Language data developed for it (in collaboration with the
1815:
1279:
https://github.com/apertium/apertium/releases/tag/v3.9.4
1461:"Accepted organizations for Google Summer of Code 2014"
1447:"Accepted organizations for Google Summer of Code 2013"
1433:"Accepted organizations for Google Summer of Code 2012"
1419:"Accepted organizations for Google Summer of Code 2011"
1405:"Accepted organizations for Google Summer of Code 2010"
1391:"Accepted organizations for Google Summer of Code 2009"
1659:"Constraint-based lexical selection module - Apertium"
240:systems available at present are commercial or use
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Open-source rule-based machine translation platform
1784:(All services are based on the Apertium engine)
1573:"Accepted organizations for Google Code-in 2017"
1559:"Accepted organizations for Google Code-in 2016"
1545:"Accepted organizations for Google Code-in 2015"
1531:"Accepted organizations for Google Code-in 2014"
1517:"Accepted organizations for Google Code-in 2013"
1503:"Accepted organizations for Google Code In 2012"
1489:"Accepted organizations for Google Code-in 2011"
1475:"Accepted organizations for Google Code-in 2010"
553:(HFST) is used. Otherwise, an Apertium-specific
1314:Rule-based Breton to French machine translation
497:Pipeline of Apertium machine translation system
1227:Comparison of machine translation applications
1223:(discontinued; redirects to main Yahoo! site)
519:text is passed into Apertium for translation.
8:
1012:East Norwegian, vi→vi to Norwegian (Nynorsk)
1006:Norwegian (Nynorsk) to East Norwegian, vi→vi
508:text (the text we want to translate) into a
298:) currently support (in stable version) the
213:for all of its lexical transformations, and
19:
990:Norwegian (Bokmål) to East Norwegian, vi→vi
1821:Universitat Oberta de Catalunya Translator
1717:in Lecture Notes in Computer Science 3960
687:changes due to the contact of words (e.g.
57:
18:
1360:
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1003:Norwegian (Nynorsk) to Norwegian (Bokmål)
987:Norwegian (Bokmål) to Norwegian (Nynorsk)
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1269:
1295:
1284:
1683:"Morphological dictionary - Apertium"
669:uses the tags to deliver the correct
7:
1880:Natural language processing toolkits
1875:Natural language processing software
1212:Free and open-source software portal
292:Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya
193:and released under the terms of the
131:
250:language-independent specification
14:
1635:"Bilingual dictionary - Apertium"
1816:University d' Alacant Translator
1204:
615:-based dictionary format called
551:Helsinki Finite State Transducer
34:
25:
1865:Free software programmed in C++
1147:Spanish to Brazilian Portuguese
472:Eleka Ingeniaritza Linguistikoa
1895:Software using the GPL license
1780:End-user services and software
1733:Forcada, M. L. et al. (2011) "
1162:Swedish to Norwegian (Nynorsk)
1009:Norwegian (Nynorsk) to Swedish
187:rule-based machine translation
144:Rule-based machine translation
1:
1159:Swedish to Norwegian (Bokmål)
993:Norwegian (Bokmål) to Swedish
881:to Arpitan (Franco-Provençal)
839:Danish to Norwegian (Nynorsk)
537:segments the text (expanding
464:Prompsit Language Engineering
205:Apertium is a transfer-based
1870:Machine translation software
1087:Serbo-Croatian to Macedonian
512:text (the translated text).
1885:Products introduced in 2009
1788:Online translation websites
1090:Serbo-Croatian to Slovenian
574:morphological disambiguator
566:morphological disambiguator
1911:
1352:10.1007/s10590-021-09260-6
271:, which was funded by the
195:GNU General Public License
156:GNU General Public License
1794:Apertium Translation home
1743:10.1007/s10590-011-9090-0
1312:Francis M. Tyers (2010) "
866:English to Serbo-Croatian
77:
45:
33:
24:
1811:PoliTraductor Translator
545:, including a number of
543:agglutinative morphology
296:Universitat Pompeu Fabra
211:finite state transducers
667:morphological generator
555:finite state transducer
489:Translation methodology
1587:"Lttoolbox - Apertium"
1051:Portuguese to Galician
905:Galician to Portuguese
815:(traditional spelling)
705:Apertium delivers the
570:morphological analyser
535:morphological analyser
498:
227:part-of-speech tagging
64:; 8 months ago
1144:Spanish to Portuguese
1054:Portuguese to Spanish
974:to Norwegian (Bokmål)
956:Macedonian to English
836:to Norwegian (Bokmål)
802:Catalan to Portuguese
579:part of speech tagger
496:
479:Google Summer of Code
277:Universitat d'Alacant
1890:Translation websites
1834:Offline applications
1238:Microsoft Translator
1156:Swedish to Icelandic
1126:Spanish to Esperanto
1120:Spanish to Valencian
1072:Russian to Ukrainian
938:Italian to Sardinian
923:Icelandic to Swedish
860:English to Esperanto
857:English to Valencian
821:Catalan to Sardinian
807:Brazilian Portuguese
787:Catalan to Esperanto
741:Aragonese to Spanish
683:makes any necessary
288:Universidade de Vigo
231:Context-free grammar
219:hidden Markov models
1799:Prompsit Translator
1339:Machine Translation
1277:. 28 December 2023
1132:Spanish to Galician
1063:Romanian to Spanish
908:Galician to Spanish
887:French to Esperanto
863:English to Galician
818:Catalan to Romanian
813:European Portuguese
714:Supported languages
640:Structural transfer
630:apertium-lex-tools,
628:-based technology,
611:, Apertium uses an
238:machine translation
217:taggers as well as
209:system, which uses
207:machine translation
21:
1826:2016-01-17 at the
1319:2016-11-17 at the
1141:Spanish to Aranese
1138:Spanish to Occitan
1135:Spanish to Italian
1123:Spanish to English
1117:Spanish to Catalan
1030:Aranese to Spanish
1021:Occitan to Spanish
1015:Occitan to Catalan
941:Italian to Spanish
869:English to Spanish
824:Catalan to Spanish
799:Catalan to Aranese
796:Catalan to Occitan
793:Catalan to Italian
784:Catalan to English
584:Constraint Grammar
576:together form the
499:
215:Constraint Grammar
130:35 languages, see
62:/ 28 December 2023
1840:Apertium Caffeine
1687:wiki.apertium.org
1663:wiki.apertium.org
1639:wiki.apertium.org
1591:wiki.apertium.org
1294:Missing or empty
1129:Spanish to French
1102:to Serbo-Croatian
1018:Occitan to French
896:French to Spanish
890:French to Occitan
884:French to Catalan
842:Danish to Swedish
790:Catalan to French
757:Basque to Spanish
700:formatting markup
634:lexical selection
622:Lexical selection
528:formatting markup
177:
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122:(limited support)
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1845:Apertium Android
1712:, pp. 79–86
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1174:to Crimean Tatar
893:French to Gascon
746:Franco-Provençal
660:number agreement
658:(e.g. gender or
642:(i.e., it is an
609:lexical transfer
597:Lexical transfer
547:Turkic languages
189:platform. It is
184:free/open-source
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116:POSIX compatible
111:Operating system
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1690:. Retrieved
1686:
1677:
1666:. Retrieved
1662:
1653:
1642:. Retrieved
1638:
1629:
1618:. Retrieved
1614:
1605:
1594:. Retrieved
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1296:|title=
1272:
1108:to Aragonese
953:to Bulgarian
848:to Afrikaans
781:to Aragonese
717:
709:translation.
695:
685:orthographic
680:
674:surface form
666:
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179:
178:
127:Available in
1774:SourceForge
1362:10037/22990
1111:Spanish to
1042:to Silesian
1000:) to Danish
996:Norwegian (
984:) to Danish
811:Catalan to
805:Catalan to
748:) to French
696:reformatter
632:to perform
524:deformatter
257:open-source
248:and uses a
242:proprietary
223:Perceptrons
56:3.9.4
1859:Categories
1719:, p 50–59.
1703:References
1692:2016-01-19
1668:2016-01-19
1644:2016-01-19
1620:2016-01-19
1596:2016-01-19
1377:"Apertium"
1221:Babel Fish
1192:to English
1180:to Russian
1084:to English
1078:to Italian
1060:to Catalan
1048:to Catalan
1046:Portuguese
1027:to Catalan
951:Macedonian
935:to Catalan
927:Indonesian
920:to English
902:to English
875:to English
854:to Catalan
830:to Turkish
763:to Russian
761:Belarusian
754:to English
738:to Catalan
732:to Maltese
559:lttoolbox,
412:Portuguese
376:Macedonian
364:Indonesian
316:Belarusian
120:Windows NT
100:Written in
83:Repository
1248:OpenLogos
1178:Ukrainian
1168:to Kazakh
1153:to Danish
1100:Slovenian
1096:to Polish
1076:Sardinian
1036:to French
978:Norwegian
968:to Arabic
918:Icelandic
873:Esperanto
773:Bulgarian
769:to French
744:Arpitan (
736:Aragonese
724:Afrikaans
698:replaces
452:Ukrainian
424:Sardinian
392:Norwegian
380:Malaysian
360:Icelandic
344:Esperanto
324:Bulgarian
304:Aragonese
283:formats.
169:.apertium
93:/apertium
1824:Archived
1802:Archived
1770:Apertium
1765:OpenTrad
1724:Apertium
1317:Archived
1287:cite web
1198:See also
1186:to Hindi
1113:Asturian
1094:Silesian
1058:Romanian
947:to Tatar
929:to Malay
900:Galician
726:to Dutch
689:elisions
593:grammar)
572:and the
561:is used.
539:elisions
526:removes
432:Silesian
416:Romanian
352:Galician
308:Asturian
294:and the
269:OpenTrad
201:Overview
180:Apertium
20:Apertium
1737:". in "
1253:SYSTRAN
1172:Turkish
1151:Swedish
1106:Spanish
1067:Russian
1025:Aranese
998:Nynorsk
966:Maltese
933:Italian
914:to Urdu
852:English
779:Catalan
607:). For
444:Swedish
440:Spanish
436:Slovene
420:Russian
404:Occitan
400:Nynorsk
384:Maltese
368:Italian
340:English
328:Catalan
273:Spanish
263:History
162:Website
151:License
67: (
1611:"VISL"
1040:Polish
1034:Gascon
982:Bokmål
945:Kazakh
879:French
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767:Breton
752:Basque
730:Arabic
617:bidix.
458:, and
408:Polish
396:Bokmål
372:Kazakh
348:French
336:Danish
320:Breton
312:Basque
300:Arabic
290:, the
89:github
1265:Notes
1243:Moses
1232:Jollo
1190:Welsh
1166:Tatar
960:Malay
912:Hindi
846:Dutch
568:(the
460:Welsh
448:Tatar
356:Hindi
182:is a
132:below
1300:help
1184:Urdu
694:The
679:The
665:The
654:and
564:The
549:, a
533:The
522:The
470:and
456:Urdu
398:and
225:for
171:.org
139:Type
118:and
91:.com
1772:on
1739:doi
1357:hdl
1347:doi
648:CFG
644:XML
626:XML
613:XML
603:to
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281:XML
221:or
167:www
104:C++
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