33:
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products, since children are even more vulnerable to toxic effects, due to lower body weight, and the continuous intake might lead to accumulation of toxins. Dietrich also warned against quackery schemes selling these cyanobacteria as medicine against illnesses such as attention deficit hyperactivity
310:
At high concentrations, these blooms can be ecologically harmful to the aquatic species that cohabitate with the cyanobacteria. In addition to their odiferous presence, cyanobacterial blooms have been associated with lowered dissolved oxygen content, increased turbidity, and the accelerated release
259:
deep in the layers of sediment. These dormant cyanobacterial cells will last all season until the water temperature rises again in the spring. During the springtime, the akinetes go through a recruitment phase as they germinate and disperse into the water column. Different species of phytoplankton
235:
When attached to a trichome, heterocysts import carbohydrates which may act as a reducing agent and an energy source for nitrogen fixation. It has been shown that heterocysts contain a nitrogenase complex which allows them to take part in nitrogen-fixation. Other requirements for nitrogen fixation
846:
Karina Preußela, Fastnera Jutta; Federal
Environmental Agency, FG II 3.3, Corrensplatz 1, 14195 Berlin, Germany; Department of Limnology of Stratified Lakes, Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Alte Fischerhütte 2, 16775 Stechlin, Germany; 15 October
1305:
Effects of the Blue Green Algae
Aphanizomenon flos-aquae on Human Natural Killer Cells. – Chapter 3.1 of the IBC Library Series, Volume 1911, Phytoceuticals: Examining the health benefit and pharmaceutical properties of natural antioxidants and
231:
forms typically bent trichomes that are grouped into fascicles up to 2 centimeters long. These trichomes can also be found as single free floating units. Within these fascicles, heterocysts often appear at various intervals on the trichomes.
268:
begin to flourish and eventually form dense mats known as ‘blooms’ in late summer. The blooms begin to dissipate in autumn as the water temperature and ph drop again and the conditions are more favorable to akinete development.
306:
photosynthetically produces biomass. These accumulated mats of biomass are able to grow due to the concentration of nutrients available in eutrophic ecosystems accompanied with high reproductive rates and water temperatures.
420:
in
Germany and Switzerland, originating from Lake Klamath: 10 of 16 samples exceeded the safety value of 1 μg microcystin per gram. University professor Daniel Dietrich warned parents not to let children consume
179:
Cyanobacteria were the first organisms to achieve photosynthesis. Chlorophyll and phycocyanine—two pigments contained in cyanobacteria—allow the vegetative cells to absorb light and transform it into nutrients.
480:
triggers the movement of 40% of the circulating NKCs from the blood to tissues. Once in the tissues, the NKCs main function is immune surveillance to eliminate cancerous or other infected cells.
1087:
1050:
Preussel K, Stüken A, Wiedner C, Chorus I, Fastner J (February 2006). "First report on cylindrospermopsin producing
Aphanizomenon flos-aquae (Cyanobacteria) isolated from two German lakes".
1473:
1499:
489:
446:. This class of chemicals are often considered as general purpose neuromodulators, making them potentially effective at combating depression and anxiety.
572:"A review of the phylogeny, ecology and toxin production of bloom-forming Aphanizomenon spp. and related species within the Nostocales (cyanobacteria)"
1447:
1216:
Nuzzo, D.; Presti, G.; Picone, P.; Galizzi, G.; Gulotta, E.; Giuliano, S.; Mannino, C.; Gambino, V.; Scoglio, S.; Di Carlo, M. (17 September 2018).
1132:
712:
1142:
1162:
1084:
613:
1010:"Detection of microcystin synthetase genes in health food supplements containing the freshwater cyanobacterium Aphanizomenon flos-aquae"
457:
derivatives which can act as MAO-B inhibitors. This emerging nutritional supplement has been proved to aid neurodegenerative diseases.
382:), and ingested, these toxins can damage liver and nerve tissues in mammals. In areas where water quality is not closely monitored, the
1188:
1522:
1104:
Chen Y, Liu J, Yang W (May 2003). "Effect of
Aphanizomenon flos-aquae toxins on some blood physiological parameters in mice".
515:
1486:
295:
can form dense surface aggregations in freshwater (known as "cyanobacterial blooms"). These blooms occur in areas of high
1555:
45:
1277:"Beneficial Nutraceutical Modulation of Cerebral Erythropoietin Expression and Oxidative Stress: An Experimental Study"
1165:[AFA algae - toxic cocktail fountain or health?] (Translated from German). Universität Konstanz. Archived from
1009:
32:
951:"Transfer of a cyanobacterial neurotoxin within a temperate aquatic ecosystem suggests pathways for human exposure"
277:
402:
have been reported to have become ill or have fatal reactions after swimming in rivers and lakes containing toxic
1504:
383:
1344:
Spolaore P, Joannis-Cassan C, Duran E, Isambert A (February 2006). "Commercial applications of microalgae".
1415:
857:
Cox, PA; Sacks, OW (2002). "Cycad neurotoxins, consumption of flying foxes, and ALS-PDC disease in Guam".
248:
depends on various environmental conditions such as water temperature, dissolved oxygen content, and pH.
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571:
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949:
Jonasson S, Eriksson J, Berntzon L, Spácil Z, Ilag LL, Ronnevi LO, Rasmussen U, Bergman B (2010).
1369:
1218:"Effects of the Aphanizomenon flos-aquae Extract (Klamin®) on a Neurodegeneration Cellular Model"
1166:
1134:
Guidelines for drinking-water quality. First addendum to third edition. Volume 1. Recommendations
882:
503:
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97:
40:
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if they are outnumbered. Due to higher temperatures, and higher levels of pH in the summer,
1091:
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417:
902:"The Emerging Science of BMAA: Do Cyanobacteria Contribute to Neurodegenerative Disease?"
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773:
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has both toxic and nontoxic forms. Most sources worldwide are toxic, containing both
214:
185:
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159:
107:
77:
67:
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886:
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is the tendency to form fascicles of trichomes containing mainly vegetative cells.
358:
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are cylindrical and elongated. Each individual cell is composed of hyaline.
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1405:. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway.
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Saker ML, Jungblut AD, Neilan BA, Rawn DF, Vasconcelos VM (October 2005).
833:
1432:
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57:
763:
323:
Toxic Algal Bloom in an inlet of Blue Mesa
Reservoir in Western Colorado
319:
1452:
1357:
399:
256:
1465:
745:
Paerl, Hans; Fulton, Rolland; Moisander, Pia; Dyble, Julianne (2001).
442:
for centuries. These bacteria contain significant amounts of various
716:
675:"Regulation of nitrogen fixation in heterocyst-forming cyanobacteria"
236:
include ATP, low potential electrons, and an anaerobic environment.
1409:
796:
Carmichael, Wayne W. (January 1994). "The Toxins of
Cyanobacteria".
747:"Harmful Freshwater Algal Blooms, With an Emphasis on Cyanobacteria"
386:
has assessed toxic algae as a health risk, citing the production of
379:
318:
276:
200:
346:
1413:
1189:"Aphanizomenon Flos-Aquae - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics"
468:, as well as on general blood physiology, found that consuming
498:
cyanobacteria (named as "blue green algae") have been sold as
378:, the toxic chemicals released when cells die. Once released (
354:
1085:
Toxin content and cytotoxicity of algal dietary supplements
212:
One of the main morphological characteristics of the genus
1281:
Journal of
Biological Regulators & Homeostatic Agents
460:
Additionally, in a
Canadian study studying the effect of
189:
has defined as cluster of eight morphospecies, including
646:"Life Cycle of Cyanobacterium Aphanizomenon flos-aquae"
612:
Komárek, Jiří; Komárková, Jaroslava (1 January 2006).
426:
disorder, causing people to omit their regular drugs.
539:"Aphanizomenon Flos-Aquae Klamath Valley Botanicals"
1422:
1163:"AFA-Algen – Giftcocktail oder Gesundheitsbrunnen?"
644:Yamamoto, Yoshimasa; Nakahara, Hiroyuki (2009).
368:has been reported in Canada, Germany and China.
955:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
614:"Diversity of Aphanizomenon-like cyanobacteria"
146:(Linnaeus) Ralfs ex Bornet & Flahault, 1888
570:Cires, Samuel; Ballot, Andreas (April 2016).
490:Aphanizomenon flos-aquae (dietary supplement)
8:
1410:
543:Klamath Valley Botanicals Blue green Algae
412:toxin has been found in all 16 samples of
260:can provide interspecific competition for
221:The individual vegetative cells that form
31:
20:
1251:
1233:
1222:Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity
984:
974:
925:
772:
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1346:Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering
158:is a brackish and freshwater species of
527:
168:found around the world, including the
1314:
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1211:
1209:
1137:. Geneva: World Health Organization.
7:
1515:553567f1-c6ef-43a4-b2b1-22160b645e41
1275:Sedriep, S; Xia, X (22 March 2011).
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494:Some compressed tablets of powdered
673:Böhme, Herbert (1 September 1998).
1131:World Health Organization (2006).
14:
906:Environmental Health Perspectives
818:10.1038/scientificamerican0194-78
719:. 2 January 2014. Archived from
44:
1324:Markito Fitness & Nutrition
1094:, by Dr. Alexandra H. Heussner
516:Spirulina (dietary supplement)
502:, notably those filtered from
453:that concentrates the various
341:Most cyanobacteria (including
1:
1064:10.1016/j.toxicon.2005.10.013
1029:10.1016/j.toxicon.2005.06.021
691:10.1016/S1360-1385(98)01290-4
311:of nutrients from sediments.
751:The Scientific World Journal
713:"Cyanobacteria/Cyanotoxins"
1572:
487:
1391:Guiry, M.D.; Guiry, G.M.
588:10.1016/j.hal.2015.09.007
472:had a profound effect on
384:World Health Organization
353:amino acid implicated in
299:, historical or current.
136:
129:
41:Scientific classification
39:
30:
23:
1424:Aphanizomenon flos-aquae
1395:Aphanizomenon flos-aquae
1090:19 December 2013 at the
449:Klamin is an extract of
372:Aphanizomenon flos-aquae
328:Aphanizomenon flos-aquae
304:Aphanizomenon flos-aquae
302:During bloom formation,
293:Aphanizomenon flos-aquae
282:Aphanizomenon flos-aquae
266:Aphanizomenon flos-aquae
262:Aphanizomenon flos-aquae
253:Aphanizomenon flos-aquae
246:Aphanizomenon flos-aquae
229:Aphanizomenon flos-aquae
223:Aphanizomenon flos-aquae
207:Aphanizomenon flos-aquae
191:Aphanizomenon flos-aquae
155:Aphanizomenon flos-aquae
140:Aphanizomenon flos-aquae
25:Aphanizomenon flos-aquae
976:10.1073/pnas.0914417107
679:Trends in Plant Science
1320:"AFA Blue-Green Algae"
324:
289:
209:
1193:www.sciencedirect.com
322:
280:
204:
1235:10.1155/2018/9089016
918:10.1289/ehp.120-a110
871:10.1212/wnl.58.6.956
484:As a food supplement
474:natural killer cells
438:have been ingesting
374:is known to produce
16:Species of bacterium
1556:Bacteria and humans
967:2010PNAS..107.9252J
900:Holtcamp W (2012).
810:1994SciAm.270a..78C
798:Scientific American
764:10.1100/tsw.2001.16
251:During the winter,
1358:10.1263/jbb.101.87
1169:on 9 February 2012
1106:Wei Sheng Yan Jiu
723:on 17 October 2015
504:Upper Klamath Lake
464:on the immune and
396:cylindrospermopsin
325:
290:
286:Upper Klamath Lake
244:The life cycle of
210:
122:A. flos-aquae
98:Aphanizomenonaceae
1538:
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1416:Taxon identifiers
1144:978-92-4-154674-4
466:endocrine systems
416:products sold as
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1167:the original
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410:Microcystin
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757:: 76–113.
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624:(1): 1–32.
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522:References
392:saxitoxins
388:anatoxin-a
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