422:
48:
31:
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findings demonstrate that the species uses the Earth's magnetic field to help orient their migration. This is consistent with several species of migratory birds which also use the Earth's magnetic field to differentiate the direction of the equator and the poles. Additionally, in their migration, statira sulphur are also influenced by the direction of the Sun and by the presence of landmarks.
75:
281:. The caterpillars feed on the leaves of several local host plants, while adults prefer to feed on the nectar of red or orange colored flowers. The species is most noted for their dramatic migrations in the tropical areas of the Americas. They have been the subject of many studies about how butterflies navigate and orient during migration.
596:
There are many accounts on the impressiveness of statira sulphur migration, when the butterflies can be seen flying in very large groups. Evolutionarily, migration poses an increased risk of death during the move. Thus, the benefit of moving to a new location must outweigh the risks of migration. To
609:
to navigate. When experimentally exposed to strong magnetic fields, their orientation of migration was more dispersed. When experimentally exposed to a reversed magnetic field, the butterflies tended to orient themselves for migration in the opposite direction as they normally would. Together these
541:
Female statira sulphur lay their eggs singly on the small, young leaves of host plants. There are usually two or three broods per year. The first is laid at the start of the rainy season, when food is most abundant and predators are the least intense. After maturation, the adult butterflies migrate
588:
Statira sulphur are notable for their large annual migrations in the tropical areas of the
Americas between May and July. They fly upriver in the dry season and downriver toward the ocean in the dry season. In the Amazon, as they fly north, they cross the river to settle on the moist sands of the
484:
Caterpillars often form very large populations, which then damages their host plants. They may cluster into dense populations along with other species to take advantage of the safety that comes with large numbers. The diversity of caterpillar species in the area can help divert predators to other
371:
are found in tropical scrubs, gardens, fields and forest edges. Males are usually found on the edges of rivers and other open spaces. Females are often found in the thinner parts of the forest and along the edges. They are often found in very high density, but can be more rare along the edges of
597:
facilitate migration, statira sulphur have evolved several mechanisms to ensure they fly to the correct destination. Much research has been done on the statira sulphur for its ability to adjust its direction of migration under windy conditions. A study conducted in
513:
Male statira sulphur are often found in large groups which can be as dense as 100 butterflies within a square foot. They can be found in species-specific groups, or found intermixed with other similarly colored species, including those of genera
1102:
de Araújo, L. D. A.; Quirino, Z. G. M.; Machado, I. C. (2014-09-01). "High specialisation in the pollination system of
Mandevilla tenuifolia (J.C. Mikan) Woodson (Apocynaceae) drives the effectiveness of butterflies as pollinators".
300:
has also been characterized in Cuba, Jamaica, and the Cayman
Islands. The lustrous underside of the wings of both sexes is pale green or white with more yellow on the edge. They exhibit
296:
when flying. In general, the color of their wings vary between individual butterflies, with the most variation in color seen in
Colombia, Central America, and Mexico. The subspecies
324:
and outer margin. Additionally, they have a solid black cell spot. Females also have pink to purple-brown spots and uneven borders along the periphery of the underside of the wing.
580:
Adult males are most active before mid-morning, when they can be seen flying along hedges. At the hottest part of the day, they are typically found flying at the tops of trees.
421:
312:
The upper surface of the male wing is divided by ridges of androconial scales. The outer half of wing is pale yellow and inner half is a brighter, lemon yellow.
1365:
550:
Because there are two forms of caterpillars which are found on different host plants, it is possible that there are two subspecies. The larvae which feed on
292:
has a wingspan of about 2.37 inches (6.0 cm) to 3.12 inches (7.9 cm). Because of their yellow color, they can be difficult to differentiate from
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1300:
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1419:
1444:
742:
1489:
1469:
1057:
810:
1159:
Srygley, Robert B.; Oliveira, and
Evandro G. (September 2001). "Sun Compass and Wind Drift Compensation in Migrating Butterflies".
439:
Adult statira sulphur feed on the nectar of flowers. They preferentially feed from red-orange colored flowers, such as the scarlet
1459:
1073:
1464:
691:
455:
When feeding on the nectar of red flowers, statira sulphur serve as important pollinators. For example, they help to pollinate
82:
1454:
1429:
265:. The species is a medium-sized yellow butterfly, with females more pale than males. They are found from southern regions of
1331:
959:
1047:
1499:
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1474:
1449:
321:
800:
770:
1370:
666:
606:
97:
1504:
716:
1204:
360:. Many flights occur in Florida from June through February and they make large migrations in the tropics.
47:
960:"Experimental evidence for a magnetic sense in Neotropical migrating butterflies (Lepidoptera: Pieridae)"
192:
1242:
30:
1344:
1287:
1168:
1112:
345:
1424:
64:
1357:
572:. There is a thin longitudinal yellow stripe and a thin red line along the back of the chrysalis.
990:
217:
92:
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loses its navigational capacity when exposed to a strong magnetic field, suggesting it uses the
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915:
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982:
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are orange and green with a dark blue band and an orange head. The larval form which feeds on
357:
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880:
485:
species. Further, the excess of caterpillars can help prevent the majority from being eaten.
1396:
1176:
1120:
974:
872:
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916:"Statira Sulphur Aphrissa statira (Cramer, 1777) | Butterflies and Moths of North America"
500:
418:. There are two forms of larvae which are found preferentially on different plant hosts.
1172:
1116:
589:
Upper Amazon. Populations will also cross the ocean to inhabit nearby islands like the
459:, a pink flowering herb that is pollinated only by butterflies, mainly of the families
440:
402:
372:
their range. Because of their dense populations, conservation is typically not needed.
293:
622:
320:
Female statira sulphur are lighter yellow to greenish-white with black borders at the
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873:
230:
208:
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and are also found on nearby islands. They can also be found through southern
1188:
1132:
986:
1049:
100 Butterflies and Moths: Portraits from the
Tropical Forests of Costa Rica
569:
560:
is pale green with a thin yellow longitudinal stripe and a dark green head.
333:
278:
129:
109:
1140:
1383:
1261:
1221:
1016:"Species Aphrissa statira - Statira Sulphur - Hodges#4233 - BugGuide.Net"
590:
467:
400:). They can also be found on other plants, including those of the genera
397:
261:
169:
159:
1305:
520:
492:
Statira sulphur form into groups, here with the straight-line sulphur (
444:
341:
266:
252:
1318:
1266:
1124:
1015:
504:), along the Cristalino River in the Southern Amazon region of Brazil.
598:
406:
353:
274:
139:
119:
1198:
304:; males have a different color than females do in their upper wing.
958:
Srygley, Robert B.; Evandro G. Oliveira; Andre J . Riveros (2005).
487:
425:
Statira sulphur demonstrate a preference for red flowering plants.
420:
337:
270:
772:
Biologia
Centrali-americana. Insecta. Lepidoptera-Rhopalocera ...
1046:
Miller, Jeff C.; Janzen, Daniel H.; Hallwachs, Winifred (2007).
1292:
1202:
617:
568:
When the species pupates, they form a gray to pale blue-green
414:. In Costa Rica, the caterpillars also feed on the woody vine
336:
north through
Central America, extending as far as southern
667:"NatureServe Explorer 2.0 Aphrissa statira Statira Sulphur"
879:. New York, New York: Houghton Mifflin Company. pp.
633:
542:
to lay the second brood of the year in wetter regions.
385:
In
Florida, the caterpillar live and feed on coinvine (
731:
Brock, James P.; Brock, Jim P.; Kaufman, Kenn (2003).
1211:
734:
866:
864:
769:Godman, Frederick Du Cane; Salvin, Osbert (1901).
8:
844:"Butterflies of Amazonia - Aphrissa statira"
799:Askew, Richard; Stafford, Ann (2008-01-01).
1199:
73:
46:
29:
20:
717:Catalogue of Life: 2009 Annual Checklist
967:The British Journal of Animal Behaviour
953:
951:
949:
947:
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943:
941:
939:
937:
935:
658:
447:. Males also drink from mud puddles.
356:. They are especially abundant in the
1154:
1152:
1150:
1041:
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871:P. Brock, Jim; Kaufman, Kenn (2003).
7:
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724:
1074:"Statira Sulphur (Phoebis statira)"
396:, both members of the pea family (
14:
802:Butterflies of the Cayman Islands
471:(the family of statira sulphur).
1440:Lepidoptera of the United States
621:
96:
1435:Butterflies of Central America
1:
1485:Butterflies described in 1777
979:10.1016/j.anbehav.2005.04.013
737:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
294:cloudless sulphur butterflies
1052:. Harvard University Press.
875:Butterflies of North America
1480:Taxa named by Pieter Cramer
920:www.butterfliesandmoths.org
498:) and the apricot sulphur (
1521:
1420:NatureServe secure species
1445:Pieridae of South America
1181:10.1017/S0373463301001448
1161:The Journal of Navigation
223:
216:
198:
191:
93:Scientific classification
91:
71:
62:
54:
45:
37:
28:
23:
1490:Lepidoptera of Argentina
1470:Lepidoptera of Venezuela
671:explorer.natureserve.org
416:Xylophragma seemannianum
387:Dalbergia ecastophyllum)
332:The species ranges from
1460:Lepidoptera of Colombia
1465:Lepidoptera of Ecuador
630:This section is empty.
607:Earth's magnetic field
505:
426:
1455:Lepidoptera of Brazil
1430:Lepidoptera of Mexico
491:
457:Mandevilla tenuifolia
424:
848:learnbutterflies.com
16:Species of butterfly
1500:Fauna of Costa Rica
1495:Lepidoptera of Peru
1475:Fauna of the Amazon
1450:Butterflies of Cuba
1173:2001JNav...54..405S
1117:2014PlBio..16..947D
65:Conservation status
601:demonstrated that
506:
427:
1407:
1406:
1392:Open Tree of Life
1205:Taxon identifiers
1125:10.1111/plb.12152
890:978-0-618-25400-2
692:"Statira Sulphur"
650:
649:
495:Rhabdodryas trite
389:and Powder-puff (
302:sexual dimorphism
298:A. statira cubana
273:through southern
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1254:Aphrissa-statira
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1243:Aphrissa statira
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1213:Aphrissa statira
1200:
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1192:
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1092:
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1080:. Archived from
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1005:
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997:. Archived from
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694:. Archived from
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645:
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632:You can help by
625:
618:
603:Aphrissa statira
369:Aphrissa statira
328:Geographic range
290:Aphrissa statira
244:Aphrissa statira
229:
204:
202:Aphrissa statira
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24:Statira sulphur
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1505:Fauna of Panama
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501:Phoebis argante
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475:Social behavior
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249:statira sulphur
227:Phoebis statira
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184:A. statira
95:
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58:- ventral side
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1167:(3): 405–417.
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1111:(5): 947–955.
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1007:
1004:on 2009-11-04.
973:(1): 183–191.
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285:Identification
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259:in the family
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1105:Plant Biology
1098:
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1084:on 2008-07-20
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1059:9780674023345
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850:. 21 May 2024
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56:A. s. statira
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39:A. s. statira
36:
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27:
22:
19:
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1164:
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1108:
1104:
1097:
1086:. Retrieved
1082:the original
1077:
1068:
1048:
1023:. Retrieved
1020:bugguide.net
1019:
1010:
999:the original
970:
966:
923:. Retrieved
919:
874:
852:. Retrieved
847:
801:
771:
733:
712:
700:. Retrieved
696:the original
686:
674:. Retrieved
670:
661:
638:
634:adding to it
629:
614:Conservation
602:
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555:
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546:Caterpillars
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480:Caterpillars
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55:
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18:
1353:NatureServe
1314:iNaturalist
1237:Wikispecies
557:Bignoniacae
552:Leguminosae
537:Oviposition
526:Protesilaus
517:Rhabdodryas
462:Nymphalidae
451:Pollination
412:Callichamys
257:Lepidoptera
150:Lepidoptera
83:NatureServe
1425:Coliadinae
1414:Categories
1088:2009-12-22
1025:2017-10-29
925:2017-10-25
854:2024-05-22
653:References
532:Life cycle
435:Adult diet
392:Calliandra
350:New Mexico
130:Arthropoda
1189:1469-7785
1133:1438-8677
1078:Nearctica
987:0003-3472
805:. BRILL.
702:1 January
676:3 October
641:July 2018
584:Migration
570:chrysalis
334:Argentina
279:Argentina
178:Species:
116:Kingdom:
110:Eukaryota
1358:2.116580
1262:BugGuide
1251:BAMONA:
1228:Q1348055
1222:Wikidata
1141:24628969
995:25203050
775:editors.
591:Antilles
468:Pieridae
398:Fabaceae
262:Pieridae
218:Synonyms
171:Aphrissa
160:Pieridae
156:Family:
126:Phylum:
120:Animalia
106:Domain:
1306:1920571
1169:Bibcode
1113:Bibcode
521:Phoebis
445:lantana
364:Habitat
346:Georgia
342:Florida
267:Florida
253:species
251:, is a
166:Genus:
146:Order:
140:Insecta
136:Class:
81: (
79:Secure
1397:154506
1384:207189
1371:320271
1332:777755
1319:213959
1293:177505
1187:
1139:
1131:
1056:
993:
985:
887:
809:
741:
599:Panama
576:Adults
524:, and
509:Adults
430:Adults
410:, and
407:Entada
403:Cassia
358:Amazon
354:Kansas
352:, and
316:Female
275:Brazil
247:, the
233:, 1777
231:Cramer
211:, 1777
209:Cramer
1280:5VMPG
1002:(PDF)
991:S2CID
963:(PDF)
338:Texas
271:Texas
1366:NCBI
1345:4233
1340:MONA
1327:ITIS
1301:GBIF
1267:6028
1185:ISSN
1137:PMID
1129:ISSN
1054:ISBN
983:ISSN
885:ISBN
807:ISBN
739:ISBN
704:2010
678:2020
564:Pupa
465:and
443:and
441:bush
340:and
322:apex
308:Male
269:and
1288:EoL
1275:CoL
1177:doi
1121:doi
975:doi
636:.
255:of
1416::
1394::
1381::
1368::
1355::
1342::
1329::
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1290::
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1183:.
1175:.
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1163:.
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1127:.
1119:.
1109:16
1107:.
1076:.
1034:^
1018:.
989:.
981:.
971:71
969:.
965:.
934:^
918:.
899:^
883:.
881:76
863:^
846:.
821:^
781:^
753:^
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669:.
593:.
528:.
519:,
405:,
348:,
1191:.
1179::
1171::
1143:.
1123::
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1091:.
1062:.
1028:.
977::
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893:.
857:.
815:.
747:.
706:.
680:.
643:)
639:(
394:)
85:)
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