456:
differ between host species. Heavily infected bees are rare, but this may be due to high pathogenicity of the neogregarine. Infected workers have increased mortality, reduced fatbody and increased sensitivity to sucrose. Infected queen bumblebees are unlikely to survive hibernation which is thought
423:
In 2013 the parasite was identified, along with several others, to be infecting bumblebees imported into the UK and potentially in bumblebees imported around Europe. In 2014 the parasite was identified to be present in a large numbers of bumblebees in
England. This prevalence was greatest in
879:
Graystock, Peter; Yates, Kathryn; Evison, Sophie E. F.; Darvill, Ben; Goulson, Dave; Hughes, William O. H. (2013). "The Trojan hives: pollinator pathogens, imported and distributed in bumblebee colonies".
444:
cells, where they develop and multiply. The presence of the pathogen gives the fat tissue a white appearance but microscopic examination of the tissue is required to confirm the presence of oocysts.
690:
Plischuk, S.; Lange, C.E. (2009). "Invasive Bombus terrestris (Hymenoptera: Apidae) parasitized by a flagellate (Euglenozoa: Kinetoplastea) and a neogregarine (Apicomplexa: Neogregarinorida)".
817:"Apicystis gen nov and Apicystis bombi (Liu, Macfarlane & Pengelly) comb nov (Protozoa: Neogregarinida), a cosmopolitan parasite of Bombus and Apis (Hymenoptera: Apidae)"
1122:
406:
from completing proper foraging behaviors by inducing a plethora of behavioral and physiological impairments. Although transmission is not well understood,
978:
420:, and has become particularly prevalent in northern Ontario. This parasite causes increased worker death and prevention of new colony formation.
424:
bumblebees which foraged close to farms using commercial (imported) bumblebees. Whilst it's not clear if this pattern is a result of parasite
333:, the most productive honey-producing region of Argentina, failed to detect it there. Because there was only one detection in one specimen of
1160:
549:(Liu, Macfarlane & Pengelly) comb nov (Protozoa: Neogregarinida), a cosmopolitan parasite of Bombus and Apis (Hymenoptera: Apidae)"
858:
376:
into certain regions of
Patagonia and southern South America (starting around the 1980s) have led to the rapid decline of
305:
sporadic. With specimens being found in Canada, France, Italy, Finland and
Switzerland, it is likely that the parasite is
780:
Rutrecht, T; Brown, J (2008). "The life-history impact and implications of multiple parasites for bumble bee queens".
1155:
1127:
306:
222:
440:
develop from these in the intestine. They migrate through the wall of the gut before taking up residence in the
356:
at the shared pollen source. It is thought that the parasite was introduced in 1998 with commercially reared
641:
Evans, Jay D.; Schwarz, Ryan S. (2011). "Bees brought to their knees: microbes affecting honey bee health".
1090:
643:
325:
250:
162:
329:, only the second occasion on which it had been found in a honeybee. However extensive sampling in the
1150:
1045:
889:
699:
604:
498:
246:
458:
425:
1014:
905:
184:
31:
275:
species in France, and also in
Switzerland, where infection rates varied between 4 and 7%. The
1071:
1006:
956:
797:
715:
672:
664:
620:
514:
287:
261:
This protozoan was found in Canada in overwintering queens and in males of various species of
226:
1061:
1053:
998:
946:
936:
897:
828:
789:
707:
656:
612:
560:
506:
378:
114:
756:
297:). Further finds were made in Italy over the next few years with the level of infection in
281:
816:
540:
1049:
977:
Graystock, P.; Meeus, I.; Smagghe, G.; Goulson, D.; Hughes, W. O. H. (9 December 2015).
893:
703:
608:
502:
1066:
1033:
951:
924:
408:
293:
54:
457:
to be due to the reduced fatbody of infected queens. There is also some evidence that
428:, it is clear that the prevalence in England is far greater than previously detected.
1144:
925:"The relationship between managed bees and the prevalence of parasites in bumblebees"
616:
510:
267:
126:
102:
1018:
909:
1113:
793:
214:
90:
78:
1002:
711:
660:
652:
437:
361:
833:
668:
565:
291:) and in 1990, in Finland, were found in a single specimen of the honey bee (
1057:
901:
353:
313:
271:) at 8% being the most heavily infected species. It was later identified in
218:
139:
66:
42:
1075:
1010:
960:
801:
719:
676:
624:
382:
populations in the area. A large part of this decline can be attributed to
337:
before, this (Plischuk et al 2011) is considered the first real detection.
518:
1107:
441:
923:
Graystock, Peter; Goulson, Dave; Hughes, William O.H. (12 August 2014).
207:
941:
330:
276:
211:
1084:
416:. Incidence of infection has been observed in about 3% of all
1088:
241:. In 1996, Lipa and Triggiani transferred it to the new genus
485:
bombi n. sp. (Neogregarinida: Ophrocystidae), a parasite of
583:
Plischuk, S.; Meeus, I.; Smagghe, G.; Lange, C.E. (2011). "
309:
in distribution and will be identified in other countries.
229:, and causes disease symptoms in nonresistant bee species.
1034:"Parasites and genetic diversity in an invasive bumblebee"
1032:
Jones, C. M.; Brown, M. J. F.; Ings, T. (November 2014).
237:
This protozoan was first described by Liu in 1974 as
636:
634:
1097:
972:
970:
979:"The effects of single and mixed infections of
733:Goulson, Dave (2013). "Argentinian invasion!".
859:"Newsletter of the BumbleBee Specialist Group"
587:(Apicomplexa: Neogregarinorida) parasitizing
279:were found in Italy in the garden bumblebee (
8:
481:Liu HJ, Macfarlane RP, Pengelly DH (1974). "
461:may reduce some of the negative effects of
360:being imported into Chile for their use as
225:in bumblebees and a sporadic occurrence in
1085:
578:
576:
20:
1065:
950:
940:
832:
564:
301:species being considered low and that in
412:has also been adversely affected by the
473:
312:In 2009 the parasite was identified in
782:International Journal for Parasitology
750:
748:
534:
532:
530:
528:
394:does not have a natural resistance of
368:appears to have no adverse effects on
853:
851:
595:(Hymenoptera: Apidae) in Argentina".
7:
436:Oocysts are ingested by the bee and
352:may indicate that they are sharing
597:Environmental Microbiology Reports
539:Lipa, J.J.; Triggiani, O. (1996).
14:
692:Journal of Invertebrate Pathology
491:Journal of Invertebrate Pathology
285:) and the buff-tailed bumblebee (
265:, with the half-black bumblebee (
815:Lipa, J.J; Triggiani, O (1996).
617:10.1111/j.1758-2229.2011.00261.x
210:of parasitic alveolates in the
217:. It infects bees, especially
1:
794:10.1016/j.ijpara.2007.11.004
755:King, Anthony (2012-09-14).
511:10.1016/0022-2011(74)90188-8
983:and deformed wing virus in
386:pathogen spillover. Unlike
221:. It is believed to have a
1177:
1161:Protists described in 1974
882:Journal of Applied Ecology
1038:Journal of Animal Ecology
1003:10.1017/S0031182015001614
757:"Plight of the Bumblebee"
712:10.1016/j.jip.2009.08.005
661:10.1016/j.tim.2011.09.003
223:cosmopolitan distribution
190:
183:
168:
161:
32:Scientific classification
30:
23:
489:(Hymenoptera: Apidae)".
1058:10.1111/1365-2656.12235
902:10.1111/1365-2664.12134
372:. The introduction of
16:Species of apicomplexan
834:10.1051/apido:19960104
644:Trends in Microbiology
566:10.1051/apido:19960104
344:s host range spanning
866:Bumblebee Conservator
1050:2014JAnEc..83.1428J
894:2013JApEc..50.1207G
704:2009JInvP.102..263P
609:2011EnvMR...3..565P
503:1974JInvP..23..225L
459:Deformed wing virus
402:infection prevents
1156:Parasites of bees
1138:
1137:
1091:Taxon identifiers
985:Bombus terrestris
942:10.7717/peerj.522
593:Bombus terrestris
199:
198:
178:(Liu et al, 1974)
1168:
1131:
1130:
1118:
1117:
1116:
1086:
1080:
1079:
1069:
1044:(6): 1428–1440.
1029:
1023:
1022:
974:
965:
964:
954:
944:
920:
914:
913:
888:(5): 1207–1215.
876:
870:
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846:
845:
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841:
836:
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806:
805:
777:
771:
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687:
681:
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638:
629:
628:
580:
571:
570:
568:
536:
523:
522:
478:
379:Bombus dahlbomii
343:
245:on the basis of
174:
115:Neogregarinorida
21:
1176:
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1169:
1167:
1166:
1165:
1141:
1140:
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1112:
1111:
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1099:Apicystis bombi
1093:
1083:
1031:
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1026:
981:Apicystis bombi
976:
975:
968:
922:
921:
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839:
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732:
731:
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689:
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640:
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585:Apicystis bombi
582:
581:
574:
547:Apicystis bombi
538:
537:
526:
480:
479:
475:
471:
463:Apicystis bombi
454:Apicystis bombi
452:The effects of
450:
434:
384:Apicystis bombi
366:Apicystis bombi
341:
259:
235:
203:Apicystis bombi
179:
176:
172:Apicystis bombi
170:
157:
143:
129:
117:
105:
93:
81:
69:
57:
45:
25:Apicystis bombi
17:
12:
11:
5:
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1024:
997:(3): 358–365.
966:
915:
871:
847:
807:
788:(1): 799–808.
772:
744:
725:
698:(3): 263–265.
682:
630:
603:(5): 565–568.
589:Apis mellifera
572:
524:
497:(2): 225–231.
472:
470:
467:
449:
446:
433:
430:
409:Bombus affinis
388:B. terretstris
294:Apis mellifera
258:
255:
239:Mattesia bombi
234:
231:
197:
196:
193:Mattesia bombi
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370:B. terrestris
367:
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358:B. terrestris
355:
351:
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328:
327:
322:
321:B. terrestris
319:
318:A. mellifera,
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296:
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288:B. terrestris
284:
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268:Bombus vagans
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163:Binomial name
160:
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154:A. bombi
150:
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136:
133:
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127:Lipotrophidae
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103:Gregarinasina
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991:Parasitology
990:
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980:
932:
928:
918:
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874:
865:
838:. Retrieved
827:(1): 29–34.
824:
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764:. Retrieved
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738:
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728:
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685:
648:
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588:
584:
559:(1): 29–34.
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545:gen nov and
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494:
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453:
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374:B.terrestris
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326:B. ruderatus
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311:
307:cosmopolitan
303:A. mellifera
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257:Distribution
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171:
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153:
152:
138:
62:(unranked):
50:(unranked):
24:
18:
1151:Conoidasida
655:: 614–620.
438:sporozoites
404:B.dahlbomii
392:B.dahlbomii
362:pollinators
282:B. hortorum
215:Apicomplexa
91:Conoidasida
79:Apicomplexa
1145:Categories
840:15 October
821:Apidologie
766:2015-02-16
761:ScienceNow
653:Cell Press
553:Apidologie
469:References
432:Life cycle
418:B. affinis
354:gregarines
251:life cycle
247:morphology
227:honey bees
219:bumblebees
98:Subclass:
1114:Q20685929
669:0966-842X
543:Apicystis
426:spillover
314:Patagonia
243:Apicystis
148:Species:
140:Apicystis
67:Alveolata
43:Eukaryota
1108:Wikidata
1076:24749545
1019:44770028
1011:26646676
961:25165632
935:: e522.
802:18164709
741:: 17–18.
735:Buzzword
720:19682459
677:22032828
625:23761336
483:Mattesia
442:fat body
414:A. bombi
339:A. bombi
233:Taxonomy
185:Synonyms
122:Family:
74:Phylum:
38:Domain:
1067:4235342
1046:Bibcode
952:4137657
910:3937352
890:Bibcode
868:. 2014.
700:Bibcode
605:Bibcode
519:4207630
499:Bibcode
448:Effects
400:A.bombi
396:A.bombi
277:oocysts
208:species
134:Genus:
110:Order:
86:Class:
1128:670782
1074:
1064:
1017:
1009:
959:
949:
908:
800:
718:
675:
667:
651:(12).
623:
517:
487:Bombus
350:Bombus
331:Pampas
323:, and
299:Bombus
273:Bombus
263:Bombus
212:phylum
1015:S2CID
929:PeerJ
906:S2CID
862:(PDF)
342:'
206:is a
1123:NCBI
1072:PMID
1007:PMID
957:PMID
842:2015
798:PMID
716:PMID
673:PMID
665:ISSN
621:PMID
591:and
515:PMID
348:and
346:Apis
335:Apis
249:and
1062:PMC
1054:doi
999:doi
995:143
947:PMC
937:doi
898:doi
829:doi
790:doi
708:doi
696:102
657:doi
613:doi
561:doi
507:doi
316:in
55:SAR
1147::
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