33:
191:
637:, where the queen will mate with multiple drones, usually about 10-20 times in total. Due to the large amount of mating, queens must expel any excess semen. Excessive mating puts females at increased risk to predation since it must occur during flight and outside the nest in the open air. She is also at risk for sexually transmitted diseases and injury from unexpected inclement weather. Some Apis males put a "mating sign" in the sting chamber of the queen that she is unable to remove. This prevents her from avoiding unwanted
58:
397:
nests are made of a single comb found hanging from small twigs in quiet forests, generally in darker areas where there is 25 to 30% of normal sunlight. This type of nest is called an open-air nest. They are commonly found hanging in small trees, shrubs, or bushes are usually hidden behind leaves or
530:
occurs, which prevents workers from laying their own eggs and helps maintain the dominance hierarchy. After the loss of a queen, workers will first try to rear a new queen using royal jelly. If this fails, worker policing will decrease and workers will activate their ovaries in order to rear more
513:
must be fed to the female larva. In cases of an unexpected loss of a queen, royal jelly is fed to a female worker larva to create a new emergency queen. Although emergency queen rearing is possible, most often, the loss of a queen results in the dispersal of a colony. If a queen becomes separated
431:
While creating the nest, plant resin is placed along the supporting branch and around the edges of the nest. This acts as a barrier against small insects, like ants, that may try to enter the nest. The major location of honey storage can be found in the area above and surrounding the branch. The
491:
is considered a lowland species because they are most commonly found in elevations below 1,000 m, although they may migrate to higher elevations during rainy seasons. Similarly, they are found in tropical and subtropical regions, while cavity-dwelling honey bees can be found in colder climates.
608:
Different types of honey bees may use different types of dances to communicate with their hive. Most cavity-dwelling species use vertical waggle dances, while open-air nesters do not perform a gravity oriented waggle dance and instead perform a horizontal dance. The shape of the nest creates a
432:
entire area below the honey storage and branch is the brood area, where larva development occurs. Along the top of the brood area is the location of pollen storage. Drone development occurs in the cells toward the bottom of the nest, while queen cells can be found protruding vertically.
645:, suggesting that queens have control over the number of mates they copulate with. Although there is a lot of risk to the queen, benefits may arise from the increased genetic diversity within the colony. Genetic diversity can lead to increased resistance to disease and illnesses.
514:
from her hive, the workers will leave the nest to search for her. Finding and joining a queen is an innate response for workers. The workers' strong attraction to queens is seen when a queen is lost, after a hive disruption by a predator, and during colony migration.
1328:
Wongvilas, Sitthipong; Higgs, Jessica S.; Beekman, Madeleine; Wattanachaiyingcharoen, Wandee; Deowanish, Sureerat; Oldroyd, Benjamin P. (2010-03-03). "Lack of interspecific parasitism between the dwarf honeybees Apis andreniformis and Apis florea".
551:
may attempt to lay their own eggs in order to continue propagating their species, an action known as reproductive parasitism. In a study conducted by
Sitthipong Wongvilas et al., they found that most eggs laid by the non-natal
487:. Although they are sympatrically distributed, it is uncommon to have nests of different species in the same tree or bush. Each species tends to be found closer to nests of its own species rather than its sister species.
348:, the first two abdominal segments are reddish brown and their scutellum is black, though there is some variation that makes color unreliable. Another distinguishing factor is the presence of black hairs on the tibia of
1271:
Wongvilas, S.; Deowanish, S.; Lim, J.; Xie, V. R. D.; Griffith, O. W.; Oldroyd, B. P. (2010-02-27). "Interspecific and conspecific colony mergers in the dwarf honey bees Apis andreniformis and A. florea".
328:, but recent studies have noted morphological differences that have separated the two. Some distinctions include: structural differences in the endophalli, a larger wing venation in
236:. Until recently, however, the actual identity of the species was poorly understood. It was not recognized as its own species, but was instead considered to be a part of the species
1718:
424:—along with a relatively flat line of nectar cells along the top, creates a plateau above the nest that can be used as a stage for their communication method known as the
1495:
1636:
1030:
Wongsiri, S.; Lekprayoon, C.; Thapa, R.; Thirakupt, K.; Rinderer, T. E.; Sylvester, H. A.; Oldroyd, B. P.; Booncham, U. (1997-01-01). "Comparative biology of
1597:
1623:
617:
that the forager has visited. Since the dance of other Apis species is vertical, it is not actually directed towards the food source, as it is in
32:
592:
are not caste-determining like it is in other honey bees. As stated previously, the presence of royal jelly on young female larva produced the
1191:
889:
Rattanawannee, Atsalek; Chanchao, Chanpen; Wongsiri, Siriwat (2007-12-01). "Morphometric and genetic variation of small dwarf honeybees
398:
branches to avoid detection. They are usually built between 1 and 15 meters from the ground, though the average altitude is 2.5 m. The
1713:
609:
platform above the nest that can be used as a stage for communication. The dance is a straight run pointing directly to the source of
742:
have been found in hive debri of A. mellifera colonies it has not yet been confirmed to parasitize on them. The two species of
531:
drones before the colony dies. It is also possible for queenless colonies to adopt a queen from a related species, specifically
657:
has shown a lack of recognition for its own species and nestmates. This has been shown in studies where queenless colonies of
180:
44:
1628:
57:
386:
Within the species, queens can typically be distinguished from workers and drones by their near entire black coloration.
243:
Recent studies have highlighted notable differences between the bees and have thus separated them into distinct species.
1708:
320:
species by noting their dark black coloration, making them the darkest of their genus. Originally, it was thought that
1558:
1375:
Plettner, E.; et al. (23 September 1996). "Species- and caste-determined mandibular gland signals in honeybees".
1214:"Comparative nestmate recognition in Asian honey bees, Apis florea, Apis andreniformis, Apis dorsata, and Apis cerana"
341:
1641:
1419:
Oldroyd, Benjamin; et al. (9 August 1996). "Polyandry in the genus Apis, particularly Apis andreniformis".
588:
queens have similar chemical signals as their workers. Chemical signals secreted from the mandibular gland in
1549:
1120:
Raffiudin, Rika; Crozier, Ross H. (2007-05-01). "Phylogenetic analysis of honey bee behavioral evolution".
584:
Unlike cavity-dwelling honey bees whose queen has a distinct chemical signal from that of the worker bees,
1511:
1703:
1563:
1489:
1084:
Rinderer, Thomas; et al. (19 March 1996). "Comparative nest architecture of the dwarf honey bees".
190:
164:
693:
does not. However, when a queen is present, worker bees do not reproduce and parasitism is turned off.
1680:
1213:
985:"A scientific note on a genetically-determined color morph of the dwarf honey bee, Apis andreniformis"
937:
805:
1584:
774:, honey, and bee venoms. Additionally, they are important for the pollination of flowers and plants.
730:
638:
634:
568:
workers policed non-natal larvae, thereby preventing interspecies parasitism. Queenright colonies of
402:
typically ranges from 70 to 90 mm in size. This nest is distinct from other Apis species, like
404:
1477:
1436:
1392:
1354:
1297:
1244:
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918:
836:
724:
52:
1662:
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1346:
1289:
1236:
1187:
1137:
1055:
1004:
910:
828:
714:
284:
1667:
1467:
1428:
1384:
1338:
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1228:
1179:
1129:
1093:
1047:
996:
960:
902:
820:
255:
1649:
527:
141:
1388:
766:
Honey bees, as a whole, tend to provide many useful products for human consumption. For
665:
without facing aggression upon their initial arrival. Similarly, queenless colonies of
420:
221:
984:
983:
Higgs, Jessica S.; Wattanachaiyingcharoen, Wandee; Oldroyd, Benjamin P. (2009-07-01).
543:, even those belonging to other species in the same genera. Once inside the colony of
336:. Additionally, there are slight color variations between the two species. In typical
1697:
906:
360:
275:
263:
1481:
1440:
1396:
1358:
1248:
1016:
922:
840:
1301:
1097:
1051:
425:
414:
267:
232:
1576:
855:"Family Apidae - Cuckoo, Carpenter, Digger, Bumble, and Honey Bees - BugGuide.Net"
408:, who build their nests inside of cavities. This open-air structure—found also in
1610:
1543:
1133:
597:
510:
480:
238:
109:
1472:
1455:
1342:
1285:
1183:
824:
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678:
259:
230:
was the fifth honey bee species to be described of the seven known species of
1534:
1350:
1293:
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832:
1232:
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364:
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217:
129:
89:
69:
1141:
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in a queenless nest because they have recognition and kin selection, while
1654:
1432:
576:
as well, but their policing on non-natal larvae has not yet been studied.
1528:
806:"Biogeography of the dwarf honeybees, Apis andreniformis and Apis florea"
472:
468:
297:
509:
can become either a worker or a queen. In order to create a queen cell,
1602:
600:
or honey production, but are instead used only to mate with the queen.
464:
456:
1615:
854:
614:
610:
119:
99:
79:
1505:
1675:
1212:
Breed, Michael D.; Deng, Xiao-Bao; Buchwald, Robert (2007-09-01).
710:
506:
452:
448:
1589:
758:
has a more circular shape and a length of 39 to 40 micrometres.
460:
444:
220:
whose native habitat is the tropical and subtropical regions of
1509:
771:
770:
specifically, some commercial products include royal jelly,
677:
larvae are usually destroyed by the host colony, preventing
1174:
Hepburn, H. Randall; Radloff, Sarah E, eds. (2011-01-01).
641:
with other drones. In contrast, this sign is not found in
505:
Queens are not genetically determined so any young female
483:. They are commonly found in sympatric distribution with
296:, its sister species with which it is commonly seen in
1456:"Parasites, pathogens, and pests of honeybees in Asia"
572:
have also been observed to adopt queenless workers of
804:
Hepburn, H. Randall; Radloff, Sarah E. (2011-04-13).
750:
has a triangular body shape and a length of 47 to 54
746:
have morphological and biological differences: while
340:, its first two abdominal segments are black and its
1454:
Chantawannakul, P., de Guzman, L.I., Li, J. (2016).
1518:
942:(Smith, 1858) is a separate species from sympatric
938:"Evidence of reproductive isolation confirms that
936:Wongisiri, S; et al. (29 September 1989).
556:were policed by the queenright workers of the
359:Other differentiating characteristics include
8:
1719:Taxa named by Frederick Smith (entomologist)
1494:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
379:has a length of 2.80 mm, while that of
288:, otherwise known as the Western honey bee.
685:have complete reproductive dominance over
282:includes honey bees, the most common being
1506:
189:
31:
20:
1471:
964:
681:from the foreign species. Worker bees of
596:. Drones, or male bees, are not used for
300:distribution throughout southeast Asia.
783:
535:. This may suggest that worker bees of
332:, and a longer basitarsal extension in
1487:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1414:
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1207:
1205:
1203:
1122:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
799:
797:
795:
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791:
789:
787:
7:
1681:54A710B6-7596-E44D-C13B-C6727E0A88B0
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518:Queenless and interspecific colonies
1421:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
1331:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
1389:10.1023/b:joec.0000006365.20996.a2
673:colonies, but in these cases, any
375:has one of 2.86. The proboscis of
216:, is a relatively rare species of
14:
907:10.1111/j.1744-7917.2007.00173.x
316:can be distinguished from other
56:
1086:Journal of Apicultural Research
1098:10.1080/00218839.1996.11100909
1052:10.1080/0005772X.1997.11099328
560:colony. Although they adopted
304:Description and identification
258:Apidae, which includes honey,
45:British Natural History Museum
1:
1176:Honeybees of Asia - Springer
371:has an index of 6.37, while
1377:Journal of Chemical Ecology
1134:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.10.013
722:is attacked by the species
701:The main parasites of both
547:, the non-natal workers of
539:are attracted to queen bee
344:is reddish brown, while in
292:is most closely related to
1735:
893:Smith, 1858 in Thailand".
661:have joined the colony of
324:was a part of the species
1714:Insects described in 1858
1473:10.1007/s13592-015-0407-5
1343:10.1007/s00265-010-0932-1
1286:10.1007/s00040-010-0080-7
1184:10.1007/978-3-642-16422-4
825:10.1007/s13592-011-0024-x
197:
188:
170:
163:
53:Scientific classification
51:
39:
30:
23:
447:, specifically southern
436:Distribution and habitat
309:Physical characteristics
669:have been seen to join
966:10.1051/apido:19900106
443:is found in southeast
247:Taxonomy and phylogeny
1433:10.1007/s002650050311
1233:10.1051/apido:2007025
1001:10.1051/apido/2009010
564:workers in the hive,
352:, which are white in
214:black dwarf honey bee
156:A. andreniformis
1709:Hymenoptera of Asia
633:commonly engage in
580:Dominance hierarchy
526:queenright colony,
501:Queen determination
1550:Apis andreniformis
1520:Apis andreniformis
1032:Apis andreniformis
946:(Fabricius, 1787)"
940:Apis andreniformis
891:Apis andreniformis
725:Euvarroa wongsirii
252:Apis andreniformis
209:Apis andreniformis
200:Apis andreniformis
174:Apis andreniformis
41:Apis andreniformis
25:Apis andreniformis
1691:
1690:
1663:Open Tree of Life
1512:Taxon identifiers
1193:978-3-642-16421-7
537:A. andreniformis
524:Apis andrenformis
383:is 3.27 mm.
254:is a part of the
205:
204:
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1401:
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1372:
1363:
1362:
1337:(7): 1165–1170.
1325:
1306:
1305:
1274:Insectes Sociaux
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768:A. andreniformis
762:Human importance
720:A. andreniformis
703:A. andreniformis
691:A. Andreniformis
687:A. Andreniformis
675:A. andreniformis
667:A. andreniformis
663:A. andreniformis
655:A. andreniformis
643:A. andreniformis
631:A. andreniformis
619:A. andreniformis
590:A. andreniformis
586:A. andreniformis
570:A. andreniformis
562:A. andreniformis
554:A. andreniformis
549:A. andreniformis
489:A. andreniformis
441:A. andreniformis
395:A. andreniformis
377:A. andreniformis
369:A. andreniformis
350:A. andreniformis
338:A. andreniformis
330:A. andreniformis
322:A. andreniformis
314:A. andreniformis
290:A. andreniformis
278:bees. The genus
228:A. andreniformis
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1650:Observation.org
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848:
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785:
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740:Euvarroa sinhai
731:Euvarroa sinhai
699:
651:
627:
625:Mating behavior
606:
582:
528:worker policing
520:
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498:
438:
392:
361:cubital indexes
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1501:
1466:(3): 301–324.
1446:
1402:
1383:(2): 363–377.
1364:
1307:
1280:(3): 251–255.
1254:
1227:(5): 411–418.
1199:
1192:
1147:
1128:(2): 543–552.
1103:
1065:
1038:in Thailand".
1022:
995:(4): 513–514.
972:
928:
901:(6): 451–460.
895:Insect Science
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819:(3): 293–300.
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390:Nest structure
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285:Apis mellifera
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16:Species of bee
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859:bugguide.net
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421:A. laboriosa
419:
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1611:iNaturalist
1544:Wikispecies
1036:Apis florea
944:Apis florea
752:micrometres
738:, although
598:pollination
533:Apis florea
511:royal jelly
481:Philippines
294:Apis florea
239:Apis florea
110:Hymenoptera
1698:Categories
1460:Apidologie
1221:Apidologie
989:Apidologie
953:Apidologie
864:2015-09-27
813:Apidologie
778:References
709:belong to
679:parasitism
639:copulation
629:Queens of
541:pheromones
479:, and the
415:A. dorsata
138:Subgenus:
90:Arthropoda
1427:: 17–26.
1351:0340-5443
1294:0020-1812
1241:0044-8435
1092:: 19–26.
1060:0005-772X
1040:Bee World
1009:0044-8435
959:: 47–52.
915:1744-7917
833:0044-8435
756:E. sinhai
736:A. florea
734:preys on
707:A. florea
697:Parasites
683:A. florea
671:A. florea
659:A. florea
635:polyandry
594:queen bee
574:A. florea
566:A. florea
558:A. florea
545:A. florea
485:A. florea
477:Indonesia
410:A. florea
400:honeycomb
381:A. florea
373:A. florea
365:proboscis
354:A. florea
346:A. florea
342:scutellum
334:A. florea
326:A. florea
298:sympatric
276:stingless
264:carpenter
218:honey bee
212:, or the
198:Range of
150:Species:
76:Kingdom:
70:Eukaryota
47:specimen
1529:Wikidata
1482:86240840
1441:45088182
1397:26778190
1359:44481353
1249:37298606
1142:17123837
1017:29551322
923:84786361
841:10735976
744:Euvarroa
728:, while
715:Euvarroa
496:Behavior
473:Malaysia
469:Thailand
367:length.
181:F. Smith
143:Micrapis
116:Family:
86:Phylum:
80:Animalia
66:Domain:
1603:1341975
1590:2754885
1535:Q244070
1302:8657703
465:Vietnam
126:Genus:
106:Order:
100:Insecta
96:Class:
1668:461668
1655:164852
1629:763550
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615:nectar
611:pollen
522:In an
418:, and
274:, and
272:bumble
268:digger
260:cuckoo
256:family
183:, 1858
120:Apidae
1676:Plazi
1564:80871
1478:S2CID
1437:S2CID
1393:S2CID
1355:S2CID
1298:S2CID
1245:S2CID
1217:(PDF)
1013:S2CID
949:(PDF)
919:S2CID
837:S2CID
809:(PDF)
711:genus
507:larva
457:Burma
453:India
449:China
1642:7464
1637:NCBI
1624:ITIS
1598:GBIF
1577:FMX9
1559:BOLD
1496:link
1347:ISSN
1290:ISSN
1237:ISSN
1188:ISBN
1138:PMID
1056:ISSN
1034:and
1005:ISSN
911:ISSN
829:ISSN
705:and
461:Laos
445:Asia
363:and
318:Apis
280:Apis
233:Apis
131:Apis
1585:EoL
1572:CoL
1468:doi
1429:doi
1385:doi
1339:doi
1282:doi
1229:doi
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