177:
57:
34:
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50:
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Apollonia is particularly known for its ruins of three churches (out of five originally standing) dating from the
Byzantine period. They are located at the south, center and east of the governor's palace. The eastern one, dating from the 5th century, was the most important. The marble columns used in
341:
The Palace of the Dux was excavated by
Goodchild between 1959 and 1962. It was last used as the Byzantine Duke's Palace and contains over 100 rooms. A marble inscription testifies to its use as a Roman military commander's house, however the identification of the name and status of the man who built
295:
The early foundation levels of the city of
Apollonia are below sea level due to submergence in earthquakes, while the upper strata of the later Byzantine Christian periods are several meters above sea level, built on the accumulated deposits of previous periods. The existence of buildings in the sea
323:
The remains of the ancient port in
Apollonia are extremely well preserved because they are underwater. The difference in sea level, indeed, was estimated to be around 3.70-3.80 m. The port is relatively early in date, dating from the 6th/7th Century BC, and this makes it unique as no other complete
350:
The well-preserved Greek theatre stands facing the sea outside the old city walls. This monument dates to the 3rd century BC and is therefore one of the oldest sites in
Apollonia. The structure was modified under Domitian, suggesting its use as an arena for gladiatorial fights. The 5th century saw
444:
on columns. Artifacts have also been looted. Various treasures e.g. heads or entire torsos of statues listed in guidebooks issued in 2011 are stolen. According to the head of the antiquities department of a parallel administration in charge of eastern Libya, "many artifacts have been smuggled
300:
also published archaeological surveys of the site. In 1958 and 1959 Nicholas
Flemming, then an undergraduate at Cambridge University, led teams of undergraduates trained in scuba diving and underwater surveying to map the large sector of the city beneath the sea. The results of this work were
301:
published, complete with maps and diagrams of underwater buildings in the references cited below. Carlo
Beltrame and colleagues have recently made an underwater photographic survey of some of the buildings.
448:
There was better site protection before 2011.âThere has been a lot of destruction in recent years,â said Ismail Miftah, a farmer living next to Cyrene. Apollonia is featured as the chief port city for
3670:
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773:
3680:
521:
2373:
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101:
678:
559:
49:
1761:
738:
Flemming, N.C. and Webb, C.O, 1986. "Tectonic and eustatic coastal changes during the last 10,000 years derived from archaeological data".
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486:
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419:
351:
the abandonment of the theatre and the re-use of the columns from the stage as spolia in the eastern basilica. The
196:
Late apsidal building at
Apollonia superimposed on earlier structures (grid square C4) drawn by divers in 1958â1959
176:
20:
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276:, which grew up long after the cessation of urban life in the ancient city after the Arab invasion of AD 643.
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2823:
2711:
2213:
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867:
246:
Apollonia became autonomous from Cyrene at latest by the time the area came within the power of
3534:
3121:
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2314:
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2145:
2022:
1894:
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1720:
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1506:
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235:) was founded by Greek colonists and became a significant commercial centre in the southern
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and tsunami of 21 July 365 AD apparently caused extensive damage to the city and harbor.
184:
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2431:
1937:
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247:
618:
The
Eerdmans Encyclopedia of Early Christian Art and Archaeology, Volume 1, Finney
603:"Ancient Coastal Settlements, Ports and Harbours | Ancient Ports - Ports Antiques"
296:
was noted by
Beechey (1827), with some rough drawings, and Goodchild (1950s) and
3434:
3326:
3306:
3139:
3134:
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2620:
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2032:
1942:
1932:
1819:
1809:
1573:
950:
925:
392:
358:
284:
272:
200:
399:, but the seat has been vacant since 11 December 1989. Known bishops include:
3371:
3341:
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3321:
3207:
3174:
2843:
2813:
2480:
2208:
2042:
1884:
1879:
1869:
1854:
1839:
1829:
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254:, growing in power until, in the 6th century AD, it became the capital of the
705:
116:
103:
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3257:
3227:
3222:
3154:
3078:
3063:
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2891:
2543:
2475:
2047:
2027:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1952:
1947:
1917:
1864:
1824:
1603:
1469:
1423:
1403:
1210:
1034:
905:
525:. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 704â705.
423:
388:
376:
228:
3396:
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2665:
2660:
2057:
2052:
2012:
2007:
1982:
1962:
1889:
1844:
1834:
1690:
1588:
1523:
1451:
1059:
441:
372:
592:
Baika, K., 2013, "Apollonia" in "Shipsheds of the Ancient Mediterranean"
3539:
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2793:
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2763:
2416:
2198:
1859:
1849:
1608:
1578:
1568:
1563:
1543:
1538:
1418:
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1074:
1064:
1054:
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404:
602:
3509:
3439:
3419:
3381:
3247:
3053:
2946:
2883:
2873:
2818:
2436:
2421:
2017:
2002:
1977:
1972:
1957:
1618:
1613:
1380:
1360:
1104:
1094:
1089:
960:
920:
910:
895:
653:
3519:
3494:
3391:
3331:
3316:
3184:
3144:
2896:
2808:
2803:
2773:
2768:
2743:
2426:
1967:
1922:
1874:
1446:
1398:
1099:
1069:
1016:
991:
930:
900:
735:. Doubleday, New York, 222 pp; New English Library, London, 222pp.
357:
352:
232:
207:
191:
183:
89:
751:
3524:
3499:
3449:
2936:
2926:
333:
the nave were reused as Spolia and come originally from Euboea.
188:
Map of underwater ruins at Apollonia made by divers in 1958â1959
3564:
2706:
2135:
1639:
986:
806:
755:
719:
Proceedings of an Expedition to Explore the North African coast
212:
Palace in Apollonia with the Eastern Basilica in the background
679:"Libya's ancient ruins blighted by theft, shunned by tourists"
654:"Libya's ancient ruins blighted by theft, shunned by tourists"
467:, published originally in 1969 in Tintin magazine in Belgium.
510:
724:
Flemming, N.C. 1959. "Underwater adventure in Apollonia".
577:, Apollonia de Cyrénaïque : Archéologie et Histoire,
3405:
3282:
3271:
3198:
3120:
3077:
3024:
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2734:
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2504:
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1908:
1795:
1739:
1661:
1487:
1460:
1432:
1389:
1337:
1179:
1118:
1015:
881:
830:
279:Sozusa was an episcopal see and is included in the
250:, when it was one of the five cities of the Libyan
166:
161:
153:
145:
140:
132:
95:
80:
72:
315:houses many artifacts found on the ancient site.
262:or Libya Pentapolitana. The city became known as
459:Apollonia is the main site of the graphic novel
748:is an archaeological treasure to be preserved.
767:
540:The Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites
56:
8:
614:
612:
243:, 20 km (12 mi) to the southwest.
26:
3671:Ancient Greek archaeological sites in Libya
3561:
3279:
2731:
2722:
2703:
2463:
2366:
2156:
2132:
1649:
1636:
1343:
1012:
983:
827:
803:
774:
760:
752:
32:
25:
3691:Populated places of the Byzantine Empire
536:D. White, "Apollonia (Marsa Susa) Libya"
391:). Today, Sozusa of Libya survives as a
199:
175:
742:. December, Suppl â Bd62, p. 1 29.
498:
3681:Populated places in ancient Cyrenaica
648:
646:
644:
642:
7:
3175:Illicitanus Limin/Portus Illicitanus
266:, which explains the modern name of
554:(Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 2013,
627:The palace of the Dux, Ellis, 1985
542:(Princeton University Press, 1976)
14:
440:Since 2011, vandals have smeared
19:For other uses of Apollonia, see
3644:
3634:
3625:
3624:
55:
48:
3686:Catholic titular sees in Africa
3645:
740:Zeitschrift fĂŒr Geomorphologie
239:. It served as the harbour of
1:
1246:
1233:
1214:
1197:
746:The ancient port of Apollonia
2374:Funeral and burial practices
1559:Military of Mycenaean Greece
685:. 2019-02-20. Archived from
487:List of ancient Greek cities
342:the palace is problematic.
3717:
2298:Greek Revival architecture
728:, v. 31, pp. 497â508.
420:Duraisamy Simon Lourdusamy
410:Zosimon (mentioned in 449)
21:Apollonia (disambiguation)
18:
3620:
3571:
3560:
2721:
2702:
2466:
2369:
2155:
2131:
1706:Attalid kings of Pergamon
1652:
1648:
1635:
1514:Antigonid Macedonian army
1346:
1011:
982:
826:
802:
789:
224:
43:
38:Eastern port of Apollonia
31:
552:Annuario Pontificio 2013
454:Assassin's Creed Origins
3696:Greek colonies in Libya
522:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
452:in the 2017 video game
429:Guido Attilio Previtali
313:Apollonia (Susa) Museum
16:Ancient Cyrenaican town
1740:Artists & scholars
1655:List of ancient Greeks
1292:Second Athenian League
1141:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
966:Ancient Greek colonies
721:. John Murray, London.
581:, no 1, 1996, p. 3-49
461:Alix - Le Dieu Sauvage
363:
213:
205:
197:
189:
181:
2859:Sybaris on the Traeis
1584:Sacred Band of Thebes
1324:(c. 300 BCâc. 300 AD)
838:Cycladic civilization
731:Flemming, N.C. 1971.
726:Geographical Magazine
660:. Reuters. 2019-02-21
507:Hogarth, David George
397:Roman Catholic church
361:
211:
203:
195:
187:
179:
117:32.90194°N 21.96972°E
73:Alternative name
2384:mythological figures
2105:Ancient Greek tribes
1230:Peloponnesian League
717:Beechey, F.W. 1827.
689:on February 20, 2019
482:Ptolemais, Cyrenaica
355:has 28 seat levels.
204:Theatre in Apollonia
3701:Crete and Cyrenaica
2496:Tunnel of Eupalinos
2491:Theatre of Dionysus
2115:Ancient Macedonians
1731:Tyrants of Syracuse
1243:Amphictyonic League
843:Minoan civilization
579:Journal des savants
414:Hailé Mariam Cahsai
385:Libya Pentapolitana
367:Christian bishopric
362:The ancient theatre
113: /
28:
3170:Menestheus's Limin
2824:Pandosia (Lucania)
2712:Greek colonisation
2074:Athenian statesmen
1835:Diogenes of Sinope
1696:Kings of Macedonia
1686:Kings of Commagene
1554:Macedonian phalanx
1534:Hellenistic armies
1282:(c. 424âc. 395 BC)
1146:Indo-Greek Kingdom
868:Hellenistic Greece
711:2012-05-13 at the
371:Apollonia was the
364:
324:port is this old.
214:
206:
198:
190:
182:
167:Public access
122:32.90194; 21.96972
64:Shown within Libya
3658:
3657:
3616:
3615:
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3555:
3552:
3551:
3548:
3547:
3122:Iberian Peninsula
3054:Lipara/Meligounis
3020:
3019:
2698:
2697:
2694:
2693:
2671:Cypriot syllabary
2562:
2561:
2471:Athenian Treasury
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2454:
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2126:
2123:
2122:
1716:Ptolemaic dynasty
1676:Archons of Athens
1631:
1630:
1627:
1626:
1502:Athenian military
1483:
1482:
1316:League of Corinth
1298:Thessalian League
1274:Chalcidian League
1256:Acarnanian League
1166:Ptolemaic Kingdom
978:
977:
974:
973:
733:Cities in the Sea
560:978-88-209-9070-1
174:
173:
3708:
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3647:
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3627:
3562:
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2779:Heraclea Lucania
2732:
2723:
2704:
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2396:Twelve Olympians
2367:
2157:
2133:
1721:Seleucid dynasty
1701:Kings of Paionia
1650:
1637:
1507:Scythian archers
1414:Graphe paranomon
1344:
1251:
1248:
1238:
1235:
1219:
1216:
1206:
1202:
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863:Classical Greece
848:Mycenaean Greece
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753:
698:
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526:
514:
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319:The ancient port
306:Crete earthquake
226:
180:Map of Apollonia
128:
127:
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118:
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106:
59:
58:
52:
36:
29:
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3676:Jabal al Akhdar
3661:
3660:
3659:
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3407:
3401:
3284:
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3238:Melaina Korkyra
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3116:
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3026:Aeolian Islands
3016:
2878:
2736:
2717:
2716:
2690:
2647:
2558:
2500:
2451:
2405:
2356:
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2269:Wedding customs
2151:
2150:
2119:
2110:Thracian Greeks
2093:
2084:Olympic victors
2062:
1904:
1791:
1735:
1726:Kings of Sparta
1711:Kings of Pontus
1681:Kings of Athens
1657:
1644:
1623:
1519:Army of Macedon
1479:
1456:
1428:
1385:
1333:
1306:(370âc. 230 BC)
1304:Arcadian League
1288:(c. 400â188 BC)
1286:Aetolian League
1280:Boeotian League
1262:Hellenic League
1249:
1236:
1226:(c. 650â404 BC)
1217:
1211:Italiote League
1204:
1200:
1194:Doric Hexapolis
1184:
1175:
1171:Seleucid Empire
1114:
1007:
1006:
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877:
853:Greek Dark Ages
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713:Wayback Machine
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422:(1962â1964) of
375:of a Christian
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281:Catholic Church
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86:Jabal al Akhdar
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2972:Megara Hyblaea
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2959:
2954:
2952:Hybla Gereatis
2949:
2944:
2942:Heraclea Minoa
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2888:
2886:
2880:
2879:
2877:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2740:
2738:
2729:
2719:
2718:
2715:
2714:
2708:
2707:
2700:
2699:
2696:
2695:
2692:
2691:
2689:
2688:
2686:Attic numerals
2683:
2681:Greek numerals
2678:
2676:Greek alphabet
2673:
2668:
2663:
2657:
2655:
2649:
2648:
2646:
2645:
2640:
2639:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2572:
2570:
2564:
2563:
2560:
2559:
2557:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2510:
2508:
2502:
2501:
2499:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2467:
2461:
2457:
2456:
2453:
2452:
2450:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2413:
2411:
2407:
2406:
2404:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2387:
2386:
2376:
2370:
2364:
2358:
2357:
2355:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2333:
2332:
2330:Musical system
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2301:
2300:
2289:
2287:
2280:
2279:
2277:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2165:
2163:
2153:
2152:
2149:
2148:
2143:
2137:
2136:
2129:
2128:
2125:
2124:
2121:
2120:
2118:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2101:
2099:
2095:
2094:
2092:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2070:
2068:
2064:
2063:
2061:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1914:
1912:
1906:
1905:
1903:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1801:
1799:
1793:
1792:
1790:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1762:Mathematicians
1759:
1754:
1749:
1743:
1741:
1737:
1736:
1734:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1671:Kings of Argos
1667:
1665:
1659:
1658:
1653:
1646:
1645:
1640:
1633:
1632:
1629:
1628:
1625:
1624:
1622:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1529:Cretan archers
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1510:
1509:
1499:
1493:
1491:
1485:
1484:
1481:
1480:
1478:
1477:
1472:
1466:
1464:
1458:
1457:
1455:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1438:
1436:
1430:
1429:
1427:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1395:
1393:
1387:
1386:
1384:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1347:
1341:
1335:
1334:
1332:
1331:
1328:Achaean League
1325:
1322:Euboean League
1319:
1313:
1310:Epirote League
1307:
1301:
1295:
1289:
1283:
1277:
1271:
1265:
1259:
1258:(c. 500â31 BC)
1253:
1240:
1227:
1221:
1208:
1190:
1188:
1186:Confederations
1177:
1176:
1174:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1122:
1120:
1116:
1115:
1113:
1112:
1110:Lissus (Crete)
1107:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1021:
1019:
1009:
1008:
1005:
1004:
999:
994:
988:
987:
980:
979:
976:
975:
972:
971:
969:
968:
963:
958:
953:
948:
943:
938:
933:
928:
923:
918:
913:
908:
903:
898:
893:
887:
885:
879:
878:
876:
875:
870:
865:
860:
858:Archaic Greece
855:
850:
845:
840:
834:
832:
824:
823:
820:
819:
814:
808:
807:
800:
799:
797:
796:
790:
787:
786:
783:Ancient Greece
781:
779:
778:
771:
764:
756:
750:
749:
743:
736:
729:
722:
715:
700:
699:
670:
638:
629:
620:
608:
594:
585:
564:
544:
528:
517:Chisholm, Hugh
512:"Cyrene"
497:
496:
494:
491:
490:
489:
484:
479:
472:
469:
465:Jacques Martin
437:
434:
433:
432:
426:
417:
411:
408:
381:Roman province
368:
365:
347:
344:
338:
335:
329:
326:
320:
317:
292:
289:
260:Libya Superior
256:Roman province
172:
171:
168:
164:
163:
159:
158:
157:7th century AD
155:
151:
150:
149:7th century BC
147:
143:
142:
138:
137:
134:
130:
129:
97:
93:
92:
82:
78:
77:
74:
70:
69:
63:
54:
53:
47:
46:
45:
44:
41:
40:
37:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3713:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3668:
3666:
3651:
3643:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3631:
3623:
3622:
3619:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3582:
3579:
3578:
3577:
3574:
3573:
3570:
3563:
3559:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3412:
3410:
3404:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3289:
3287:
3281:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3205:
3203:
3201:
3197:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3150:Hemeroscopion
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3127:
3125:
3123:
3119:
3113:
3110:
3107:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3084:
3082:
3080:
3076:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3031:
3029:
3027:
3023:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2889:
2887:
2885:
2881:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2741:
2739:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2727:Magna Graecia
2724:
2720:
2713:
2710:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2658:
2656:
2654:
2650:
2644:
2641:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2601:Arcadocypriot
2599:
2597:
2594:
2593:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2573:
2571:
2569:
2565:
2555:
2554:Zeus, Olympia
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2539:Hera, Olympia
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2511:
2509:
2507:
2503:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2468:
2465:
2462:
2458:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2442:Mount Olympus
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2414:
2412:
2410:Sacred places
2408:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2385:
2382:
2381:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2371:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2359:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2331:
2328:
2327:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2299:
2296:
2295:
2294:
2291:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2281:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2234:Olympic Games
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2224:Homosexuality
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2166:
2164:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2102:
2100:
2096:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2071:
2069:
2065:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1907:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1802:
1800:
1798:
1794:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1744:
1742:
1738:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1668:
1666:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1638:
1634:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1594:Seleucid army
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1508:
1505:
1504:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1486:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1467:
1465:
1463:
1459:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1439:
1437:
1435:
1431:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1388:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1348:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1336:
1329:
1326:
1323:
1320:
1317:
1314:
1311:
1308:
1305:
1302:
1299:
1296:
1293:
1290:
1287:
1284:
1281:
1278:
1275:
1272:
1269:
1268:Delian League
1266:
1263:
1260:
1257:
1254:
1244:
1241:
1231:
1228:
1225:
1224:Ionian League
1222:
1212:
1209:
1205: 560 BC
1195:
1192:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1182:
1178:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1121:
1117:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1022:
1020:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
993:
990:
989:
985:
981:
967:
964:
962:
959:
957:
954:
952:
949:
947:
946:Magna Graecia
944:
942:
939:
937:
934:
932:
929:
927:
924:
922:
919:
917:
914:
912:
909:
907:
904:
902:
899:
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35:
30:
22:
3445:Dionysopolis
3415:Abonoteichos
3367:Pantikapaion
2957:Hybla Heraea
2293:Architecture
2249:Prostitution
1938:Aristophanes
1797:Philosophers
1767:Philosophers
1599:Spartan army
1330:(280â146 BC)
1318:(338â322 BC)
1312:(370â168 BC)
1300:(374â196 BC)
1294:(378â355 BC)
1276:(430â348 BC)
1270:(478â404 BC)
1264:(499â449 BC)
951:Peloponnesus
873:Roman Greece
739:
732:
725:
718:
691:. Retrieved
687:the original
682:
673:
662:. Retrieved
657:
632:
623:
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531:
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403:Heliodorus (
370:
349:
340:
331:
322:
310:
303:
294:
285:titular sees
278:
271:
267:
263:
245:
216:
215:
84:Marsa Susa,
3593:Place names
3505:Salmydessus
3327:Kalos Limen
3307:Chersonesus
3297:Borysthenes
3002:Tauromenion
2814:Metapontion
2576:Proto-Greek
2529:Erechtheion
2524:Athena Nike
2486:Philippeion
2315:Mathematics
2286:and science
2169:Agriculture
2033:Stesichorus
1943:Bacchylides
1933:Archilochus
1820:Antisthenes
1810:Anaximander
1782:Seven Sages
1772:Playwrights
1752:Geographers
1747:Astronomers
1574:Pezhetairos
1201: 1100
1181:Federations
1080:Megalopolis
1017:City states
992:City states
572:(in French)
431:(1969â1989)
416:(1951â1961)
393:titular see
283:'s list of
120: /
96:Coordinates
3665:Categories
3495:Polemonion
3372:Phanagoria
3342:Kimmerikon
3337:Kerkinitis
3322:Hermonassa
3312:Dioscurias
3208:Aspalathos
3155:Kalathousa
3130:Akra Leuke
3059:Phoenicusa
2844:Scylletium
2829:Poseidonia
2749:Brentesion
2636:Pamphylian
2631:Macedonian
2549:Samothrace
2534:Hephaestus
2481:Long Walls
2460:Structures
2401:Underworld
2347:Technology
2310:Literature
2244:Philosophy
2209:Euergetism
2098:By culture
2043:Thucydides
1885:Pythagoras
1880:Protagoras
1870:Parmenides
1855:Heraclitus
1840:Empedocles
1830:Democritus
1815:Anaximenes
1805:Anaxagoras
1757:Historians
1250: 595
1237: 550
1218: 800
1203: â c.
1131:Cappadocia
936:Ionian Sea
926:Hellespont
891:Aegean Sea
693:2019-02-23
664:2019-02-23
636:livius.org
493:References
268:Marsa Susa
252:Pentapolis
162:Site notes
136:Settlement
108:21°58âČ11âłE
105:32°54âČ07âłN
3581:in Epirus
3530:Trapezous
3475:Mesambria
3460:Eupatoria
3430:Apollonia
3425:Anchialos
3387:Theodosia
3357:Nymphaion
3347:Myrmekion
3317:Gorgippia
3273:Black Sea
3258:Tragurion
3243:Nymphaion
3228:Epidauros
3223:Epidamnos
3213:Apollonia
3190:Zacynthos
3112:Ptolemais
3106:Apollonia
3079:Cyrenaica
3069:TherassĂa
3064:Strongyle
3044:Ereikousa
2967:Leontinoi
2907:Apollonia
2784:Hipponion
2581:Mycenaean
2544:Parthenon
2476:Lion Gate
2379:Mythology
2342:Sculpture
2305:Astronomy
2239:Pederasty
2214:Festivals
2199:Education
2079:Lawgivers
2048:Timocreon
2028:Sophocles
2023:Simonides
1998:Philocles
1993:Panyassis
1988:Mimnermus
1953:Herodotus
1948:Euripides
1918:Aeschylus
1865:Leucippus
1825:Aristotle
1604:Strategos
1470:Synedrion
1424:Ostracism
1404:Areopagus
1356:Free city
1151:Macedonia
1035:Byzantion
941:Macedonia
906:Cyrenaica
883:Geography
817:Geography
562:), p. 975
445:abroad".
424:Bangalore
389:Cirenaica
377:bishopric
229:Cyrenaica
225:áŒÏολλÏÎœÎŻÎ±
217:Apollonia
154:Abandoned
27:Apollonia
3630:Category
3608:Theatres
3535:Tripolis
3470:Kerasous
3465:Heraclea
3397:Tyritake
3352:Nikonion
3263:Thronion
3185:Salauris
3140:Emporion
3097:Berenice
3087:Balagrae
3039:Euonymos
3012:Tyndaris
2997:Syracuse
2992:Selinous
2962:Kamarina
2917:Casmenae
2902:Akrillai
2819:NeĂĄpolis
2754:Caulonia
2735:Mainland
2666:Linear B
2661:Linear A
2591:Dialects
2568:Language
2362:Religion
2320:Medicine
2254:Religion
2219:Folklore
2204:Emporium
2179:Clothing
2174:Calendar
2058:Xenophon
2053:Tyrtaeus
2038:Theognis
2013:Polybius
2008:Plutarch
1983:Menander
1963:Hipponax
1890:Socrates
1845:Epicurus
1691:Diadochi
1589:Sciritae
1549:Hetairoi
1524:Ballista
1489:Military
1452:Gerousia
1442:Ekklesia
1409:Ecclesia
1391:Athenian
1339:Politics
1252:â279 BC)
1239:â366 BC)
1220:â389 BC)
1156:Pergamon
1126:Bithynia
1119:Kingdoms
1060:Pergamon
1002:Military
997:Politics
794:Timeline
709:Archived
658:DAWN.COM
509:(1911).
471:See also
442:graffiti
328:Churches
231:(modern
81:Location
3650:Outline
3603:Temples
3540:Zaliche
3520:ThĂšrmae
3510:Sesamus
3480:Odessos
3455:Cytorus
3450:Cotyora
3200:Illyria
3165:Mainake
3160:Kypsela
3049:Hycesia
3007:Thermae
2987:Segesta
2977:Messana
2932:Helorus
2912:Calacte
2892:Akragas
2854:Sybaris
2839:Rhegion
2794:Krimisa
2744:Alision
2653:Writing
2626:Locrian
2616:Epirote
2586:Homeric
2519:Artemis
2506:Temples
2447:Olympia
2417:Eleusis
2352:Theatre
2337:Pottery
2264:Warfare
2259:Slavery
2194:Economy
2189:Cuisine
2184:Coinage
2161:Society
2146:Culture
2141:Society
2089:Tyrants
1928:Alcaeus
1910:Authors
1860:Hypatia
1850:Gorgias
1787:Writers
1609:Toxotai
1579:Sarissa
1569:Peltast
1564:Phalanx
1544:Hoplite
1539:Hippeis
1462:Macedon
1434:Spartan
1419:Heliaia
1366:Proxeny
1075:Larissa
1070:Kerkyra
1065:Eretria
1055:Miletus
1050:Ephesus
1045:Corinth
1040:Chalcis
961:Taurica
831:Periods
812:History
706:LookLex
683:Reuters
519:(ed.).
436:Present
395:of the
379:of the
346:Theatre
146:Founded
141:History
3640:Portal
3588:People
3576:Cities
3515:Sinope
3500:Rhizos
3490:Phasis
3440:Bathus
3435:Athina
3420:Amisos
3382:Tanais
3377:Pityus
3302:Charax
3253:Pharos
3248:Orikon
3145:Helike
3135:Alonis
3102:Cyrene
3034:Didyme
2947:Himera
2922:Catana
2884:Sicily
2874:Thurii
2869:Terina
2834:Pixous
2789:Hydrus
2764:Croton
2596:Aeolic
2514:Aphaea
2437:Dodona
2422:Delphi
2391:Temple
2067:Others
2018:Sappho
2003:Pindar
1978:Lucian
1973:Ibycus
1958:Hesiod
1895:Thales
1663:Rulers
1642:People
1619:Xyston
1614:Xiphos
1475:Koinon
1381:Tyrant
1371:Stasis
1361:Koinon
1161:Pontus
1136:Epirus
1105:Sparta
1095:Rhodes
1090:Megara
1085:Thebes
1030:Athens
956:Pontus
921:Epirus
911:Cyprus
896:Aeolis
558:
450:Cyrene
337:Palace
264:Sozusa
241:Cyrene
76:Sozusa
3598:Stoae
3566:Lists
3485:OinĂČe
3408:coast
3406:South
3392:Tyras
3362:Olbia
3332:Kepoi
3285:coast
3283:North
3276:basin
3218:Aulon
3180:Rhode
3092:Barca
2982:Naxos
2937:Henna
2897:Akrai
2864:Taras
2849:Siris
2809:Medma
2804:Locri
2769:Cumae
2759:Chone
2737:Italy
2643:Koine
2621:Ionic
2611:Doric
2606:Attic
2427:Delos
2325:Music
1968:Homer
1923:Aesop
1875:Plato
1777:Poets
1447:Ephor
1399:Agora
1376:Tagus
1351:Boule
1100:Samos
1025:Argos
931:Ionia
916:Doris
901:Crete
515:. In
477:Barca
353:cavea
291:Ruins
233:Libya
227:) in
221:Greek
90:Libya
3525:Tium
3292:Akra
3233:Issa
2927:Gela
2799:LaĂŒs
2774:Elea
2432:Dion
2284:Arts
2274:Wine
1900:Zeno
1497:Wars
556:ISBN
407:359)
373:seat
311:The
304:The
273:Susa
248:Rome
133:Type
2229:Law
538:in
463:by
405:fl.
383:of
270:or
258:of
170:yes
3667::
1247:c.
1234:c.
1215:c.
1198:c.
681:.
656:.
641:^
611:^
456:.
287:.
223::
88:,
3108:)
3104:(
1245:(
1232:(
1213:(
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1196:(
1183:/
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761:v
696:.
667:.
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387:(
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23:.
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