1690:, in a study comparing Group Psychological Abuse Scale (GPA) and Neurological Impairment Scale (NIS) scores in 132 former members of cults and cultic relationships, found a positive correlation between intensity of reform environment as measured by the GPA and cognitive impairment as measured by the NIS. Additional findings were a reduced earning potential in view of the education level that corroborates earlier studies of cult critics (Martin 1993; Singer & Ofshe, 1990; West & Martin, 1994) and significant levels of depression and dissociation agreeing with Conway & Siegelman, (1982), Lewis & Bromley, (1987) and Martin, et al. (1992). Sociologists Bromley and Hadden note a lack of empirical support for claimed consequences of having been a member of a "cult" or "sect", and substantial empirical evidence against it. These include the fact that the overwhelming proportion of people who get involved in NRMs leave, most short of two years; the overwhelming proportion of people who leave do so of their own volition; and that two-thirds (67%) felt "wiser for the experience".
1285:
Afghanistan, Palestine, Jordan, and Egypt. The study included percentages only for
Muslims in favor of sharia law and did not include Azerbaijan because it had a small sample size. A similar survey of the Muslim population in the United Kingdom, in 2007, found nearly a third of 16 to 24-year-old faithful believed that Muslims who convert to another religion should be executed, while less than a fifth of those over 55 believed the same. There is disagreement among contemporary Islamic scholars about whether the death penalty is an appropriate punishment for apostasy in the 21st century. A belief among more liberal Islamic scholars is that the apostasy laws were created and are still implemented as a means to consolidate "religio-political" power.
1940:(a.k.a. Adraf Al-Hadi Mohammed Abdullah), a pregnant Sudanese woman, was convicted of apostasy for converting to Christianity from Islam. The government ruled that her father was Muslim, a female child takes the father's religion under Sudan's Islamic law. By converting to Christianity, she had committed apostasy, a crime punishable by death. Mrs Ibrahim Ishag was sentenced to death. She was also convicted of adultery on the grounds that her marriage to a Christian man from South Sudan was void under Sudan's version of Islamic law, which says Muslim women cannot marry non-Muslims. The death sentence was not carried out, and she left Sudan in secret.
950:
and participation in activities and worship of other religions. Members of the religion who are accused of apostasy are typically required to appear before a congregational judicial committee, by which they may be "disfellowshipped" – the most severe of the religion's disciplinary procedures that involves expulsion from the religion and shunning by all congregants, including immediate family members not living in the same home. Baptized individuals who leave the organization because they disagree with the religion's teachings are also regarded as apostates and are shunned.
3367:, July 15, 1985, p. 31, "Such ones willfully abandoning the Christian congregation thereby become part of the 'antichrist.' A person who had willfully and formally disassociated himself from the congregation would have matched that description. By deliberately repudiating God's congregation and by renouncing the Christian way, he would have made himself an apostate. A loyal Christian would not have wanted to fellowship with an apostate ... Scripturally, a person who repudiated God's congregation became more reprehensible than those in the world."
1094:
1352:
you, near to you or far off from you, from one end of the earth to the other end of the earth, you shall not consent to him or listen to him, nor shall your eye pity him, nor shall you spare him or conceal him; but you shall surely kill him; your hand shall be first against him to put him to death, and afterward the hand of all the people. And you shall stone him with stones until he dies, because he sought to entice you away from the Lord your God, who brought you out of the land of Egypt, from the house of bondage.
835:
sworn by gods that are not gods. I supplied all their needs, yet they committed adultery and thronged to the houses of prostitutes' (Jeremiah 5:7, NIV). Adultery is used most often to describe the horror of the betrayal and covenant breaking involved in idolatry. Like literal adultery it does include the idea of someone blinded by infatuation, in this case for an idol: 'How I have been grieved by their adulterous hearts ... which have lusted after their idols' (Ezekiel 6:9)."
1306:
1659:, using Bromley's definitions, in which the former predates the latter. A person becomes an apostate and then seeks the role of whistleblower, which is then rewarded for playing that role by groups that are in conflict with the original group of membership such as anti-cult organizations. These organizations further cultivate the apostate, seeking to turn him or her into a whistleblower. He also describes how in this context, apostates' accusations of "
365:: an organizational participant negotiates exit primarily with organizational authorities, who grant permission for role relinquishment, control the exit process and facilitate role transmission. The jointly constructed narrative assigns primary moral responsibility for role performance problems to the departing member and interprets organizational permission as commitment to extraordinary moral standards and preservation of public trust.
45:
1105:, the chief centre of Islamic and Arabic learning in the world. The fatwa was issued in response to a query about an Egyptian Muslim man marrying a German Christian woman and then converting to Christianity. The council ruled that the man committed the crime of apostasy, and should be given a chance to repent and return to Islam. If he refuses, he is to be killed. The same conclusion was given for his children once they reach the age of
359:: defined as one that occurs in a highly polarized situation in which an organization member undertakes a total change of loyalties by allying with one or more elements of an oppositional coalition without the consent or control of the organization. The narrative documents the quintessentially evil essence of the apostate's former organization chronicled through the apostate's personal experience of capture and ultimate escape/rescue.
371:: defined here as when an organization member forms an alliance with an external regulatory agency through personal testimony concerning specific, contested organizational practices that the external unit uses to sanction the organization. The narrative constructed jointly by the whistle blower and regulatory agency depicts the whistle-blower as motivated by personal conscience, and the organization by defense of the public interest.
5649:
445:(the Justinian Code). The Justinian Code went on to form the basis of law in most of Western Europe during the Middle Ages and so apostasy was similarly persecuted to varying degrees in Europe throughout this period and into the early modern period. Eastern Europe similarly inherited many of its legal traditions regarding apostasy from the Romans, but not from the Justinian Code. Medieval sects deemed heretical such as the
988:", but is rather an umbrella term comprising the plurality of religious phenomena of India. In general Hinduism is more tolerant to apostasy than other faiths based on a scripture or commandments with a lower emphasis on orthodoxy and has a more open view on how a person chooses their faith. Some Hindu sects believe that ethical conversion, without force or reward is completely acceptable, though deserting ones clan
1384:(e.g., Ezekiel 16 or 18). Israelite kings were often guilty of apostasy, examples including Ahab (I Kings 16:30–33), Ahaziah (I Kings 22:51–53), Jehoram (2 Chronicles 21:6, 10), Ahaz (2 Chronicles 28:1–4), or Amon (2 Chronicles 33:21–23) among others. Amon's father Manasseh was also apostate for many years of his long reign, although towards the end of his life he renounced his apostasy (cf. 2 Chronicles 33:1–19).
731:
5293:
1464:, first Chief Rabbi of the Jewish community in Palestine, held that atheists were not actually denying God: rather, they were denying one of man's many images of God. Since any man-made image of God can be considered an idol, Kook held that, in practice, one could consider atheists as helping true religion burn away false images of god, thus in the end serving the purpose of true monotheism.
1720:
5675:
2263:
508:, Reader Emeritus of Sociology of the University of Oxford, says apostates of new religious movements are generally in need of self-justification, seeking to reconstruct their past and to excuse their former affiliations, while blaming those who were formerly their closest associates. Wilson, thus, challenges the reliability of the apostate's testimony by saying that the apostate
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have to do "this" or "that" and you don't do it, you do the opposite, God punishes you. Well, in
Buddhism...he doesn't punish you, because the Buddha's teaching is based on wisdom. There's no need to punish anyone. If you don't do the things the Buddha said, you won't be free from suffering. If you do the things the Buddha told you not to do, you can be assured of suffering.
972:(LDS Church) are considered by church leadership to engage in apostasy when they publicly teach or espouse opinions and doctrines contrary to the teachings of the church, or act in clear and deliberate public opposition to the LDS Church, its doctrines and policies, or its leaders. In such circumstances the church will frequently subject the non-conforming member to a
1907:
1667:, defines true apostates as those exiters that have access to oppositional organizations that sponsor their careers as such, and validate the retrospective accounts of their past and their outrageous experiences in new religions – making a distinction between these and whistleblowers or defectors in this context. Donald Richter, a current member of the
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337:) defines an apostate as not just a person who experienced a dramatic change in conviction but "a man who, even in his new state of belief, is spiritually living not primarily in the content of that faith, in the pursuit of goals appropriate to it, but only in the struggle against the old faith and for the sake of its negation."
378:, an American sociologist and author, asserts that apostasy is a unique phenomenon and a distinct type of religious defection in which the apostate is a defector "who is aligned with an oppositional coalition in an effort to broaden the dispute, and embraces public claims-making activities to attack his or her former group."
827:) is used to picture those who have turned away and ceased to follow God ('I am grieved that I have made Saul king, because he has turned away from me,' 1 Samuel 15:11) ... The image of turning away from the Lord, who is the rightful leader, and following behind false gods is the dominant image for apostasy in the OT."
1207:
According to some scholars, if a Muslim consciously and without coercion declares their rejection of Islam and does not change their mind after the time allocated by a judge for research, then the penalty for apostasy is; for males, death, and for females, life imprisonment. However, a
Federal Sharia
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as the abandonment of the worship and service of God, constituting rebellion against God, or rejecting "Jehovah's organization". They apply the term to a range of conduct, including open dissent with the religion's doctrines, celebration of "false religious holidays" (including
Christmas and Easter),
830:
Falling away: "The image of falling, with the sense of going to eternal destruction, is particularly evident in the New
Testament ... In his parable of the wise and foolish builder, in which the house built on sand falls with a crash in the midst of a storm (Matthew 7:24–27) ... he painted
565:
argues that some will accept uncritically the positive reports of current members without calling such reports, for example, "benevolence tales" or "personal growth tales". He asserts that only the critical reports of ex-members are called "tales", which he considers to be a term that clearly implies
880:
Apostasy was one of the sins for which the early church imposed perpetual penance and excommunication. Christianity rejected the removal of heretics and apostates by force, leaving the final punishment to God. As a result, the first millennium saw only one single official extermination of a heretic,
847:
Apostasy is certainly a biblical concept, but the implications of the teaching have been hotly debated. The debate has centered on the issue of apostasy and salvation. Based on the concept of God's sovereign grace, some hold that, though true believers may stray, they never totally fall away. Others
1367:
If you or your sons at all turn from following Me, and do not keep My commandments and My statutes which I have set before you, but go and serve other gods and worship them, then I will cut off Israel from the land which I have given them; and this house which I have consecrated for My name I will
1351:
If your brother, the son of your mother, your son or your daughter, the wife of your bosom, or your friend who is as your own soul, secretly entices you, saying, 'Let us go and serve other gods,' which you have not known, neither you nor your fathers, of the gods of the people which are all around
1253:
In an effort to circumvent the United
Nations Commission on Human Rights's ruling on an individual's right to conversion from and denunciation of a religion, some offenders of the ruling have argued that their "obligations to Islam are irreconcilable with international law." United Nations Special
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affirm that any who fall away were never really saved. Though they may have "believed" for a while, they never experienced regeneration. Still others argue that the biblical warnings against apostasy are real and that believers maintain the freedom, at least potentially, to reject God's salvation.
834:
Adultery: One of the most common images for apostasy in the Old
Testament is adultery. "Apostasy is symbolized as Israel the faithless spouse turning away from Yahweh her marriage partner to pursue the advances of other gods (Jeremiah 2:1–3; Ezekiel 16) ... 'Your children have forsaken me and
822:
relationship with God through disobedience to the law (Jeremiah 2:19), especially following other gods (Judges 2:19) and practicing their immorality (Daniel 9:9–11) ... Following the Lord or journeying with him is one of the chief images of faithfulness in the
Scriptures ... The ...
408:
The
Committee observes that the freedom to 'have or to adopt' a religion or belief necessarily entails the freedom to choose a religion or belief, including the right to replace one's current religion or belief with another or to adopt atheistic views ... Article 18.2 bars coercion that would
3619:
In some religions, they kill you. They hunt you down and kill you...But in
Buddhism, if you leave, we don't have to do anything. There's no punishment for apostasy, because non-Buddhists can be very good people. But, if you go contrary to the Buddha's teaching--it's like God. If God tells you you
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crime, which means it is a crime against God, and the punishment has been fixed by God. The punishment for apostasy includes state enforced annulment of his or her marriage, seizure of the person's children and property with automatic assignment to guardians and heirs, and death for the apostate.
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The concept and punishment of Apostasy has been extensively covered in Islamic literature since the 7th century. A person is considered apostate if he or she converts from Islam to another religion. A person is an apostate even if he or she believes in most of Islam, but denies one or more of its
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as heroic hostage rescue efforts. He also makes a distinction between "leavetakers" and "apostates", asserting that despite the popular literature and lurid media accounts of stories of "rescued or recovering 'ex-cultists'", empirical studies of defectors from NRMs "generally indicate favorable,
1284:
According to a Pew Research study up to 15% of Muslims in Bosnia-Herzegovina, Russia, Kosovo, Albania, Kyrgyzstan, and Kazakhstan were in favor of a death penalty for converts, 15–30% in Turkey, Thailand, Tajikistan, and Tunisia, 30–50% in Bangladesh, Lebanon, and Iraq, and 50–86% in Pakistan,
1224:. The Ahmadiyya Muslim sect's position is not widely accepted by clerics in other sects of Islam, and the Ahmadiyya sect of Islam acknowledges that major sects have a different interpretation and definition of apostasy in Islam. Ulama of major sects of Islam consider the Ahmadi Muslim sect as
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in constructing and reflecting reality is particularly apparent in its coverage of cults. He asserts that this complicity exists partly because apostates with an atrocity story to tell make themselves readily available to reporters and partly because new religious movements have learned to be
2123:"Mallet, Edme-François, and François-Vincent Toussaint. "Apostasy". The Encyclopedia of Diderot & d'Alembert Collaborative Translation Project. Translated by Rachel LaFortune. Ann Arbor: Michigan Publishing, University of Michigan Library, 2012. Web. 1 April 2015. Trans. of "Apostasie",
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recognized three types of apostasy. The first was conversion to another faith, which was considered traitorous and could bring confiscation of property or even the death penalty. The second and third, which was punishable by expulsion from home and imprisonment, consisted of breaking major
476:
refers to the symbolic presentation of action or events (real or imaginary) in such a context that they are made flagrantly to violate the (presumably) shared premises upon which a given set of social relationships should be conducted. The recounting of such tales is intended as a means of
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Sunan an-Nasa'i »The Book of Fighting - كتاب تحريم الدم (14) Chapter: The Ruling on Apostates (14)باب الْحُكْمِ فِي الْمُرْتَدِّ Ibn 'Abbas said: "The Messenger of Allah said: 'Whoever changes his religion, kill him.'"Grade: Sahih (Darussalam) Reference : Sunan an-Nasa'i 4059 In-book
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They wish you would disbelieve as they disbelieved so you would be alike. So do not take from among them allies until they emigrate for the cause of Allāh. But if they turn away , then seize them and kill them wherever you find them and take not from among them any ally or
1169:
They wish you would disbelieve as they disbelieved so you would be alike. So do not take from among them allies until they emigrate for the cause of Allāh. But if they turn away , then seize them and kill them wherever you find them and take not from among them any ally or
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suspicious of the media and, therefore, have not been open to investigative reporters writing stories on their movement from an insider's perspective. Besides this lack of information about the experiences of people within new religious movements, the media is attracted to
2898:
defines apostasy as a "Turning against God, as evidenced by abandonment and repudiation of former beliefs. The term generally refers to a deliberate renouncing of the faith by a once sincere believer ..." ("Apostasy," Walter A. Elwell and Philip W. Comfort, editors,
1430:
simply assimilated into the Catholic dominant culture, a minority continued to practice Judaism in secret, gradually migrated throughout Europe, North Africa, and the Ottoman Empire, mainly to areas where Sephardic communities were already present as a result of the
409:
impair the right to have or adopt a religion or belief, including the use of threat of physical force or penal sanctions to compel believers or non-believers to adhere to their religious beliefs and congregations, to recant their religion or belief or to convert.
3017:, 87. In Acts 21:21, "Paul was falsely accused of teaching the Jews apostasy from Moses ... he predicted the great apostasy from Christianity, foretold by Jesus (Matt. 24:10–12), which would precede 'the Day of the Lord' (2 Thess. 2:2f.)" (D. M. Pratt,
1478:
There is no punishment today for leaving Judaism, other than being excluded from participating in the rituals of the Jewish community – including leading worship, Jewish marriage or divorce, being called to the Torah and being buried in a Jewish cemetery.
1435:. Tens of thousands of Jews were baptised in the three months before the deadline for expulsion, some 40,000 if one accepts the totals given by Kamen, most of these undoubtedly to avoid expulsion, rather than as a sincere change of faith. These
3097:
McKnight adds: "Because apostasy is disputed among Christian theologians, it must be recognized that ones overall hermeneutic and theology (including ones general philosophical orientation) shapes how one reads texts dealing with apostasy."
1701:. While psychological and social problems upon resignation are not uncommon, their character and intensity are greatly dependent on the personal history and on the traits of the ex-member, and on the reasons for and way of resignation.
1569:(NRMs) have often involved apostates, some of whom join organizations or web sites opposed to their former religions. A number of scholars have debated the reliability of apostates and their stories, often called "apostate narratives".
1204:, making offerings to and worshipping an idol, a stupa or any other image of God, confesses a belief in the rebirth or incarnation of God, disrespecting the Quran or Islam's Prophets are all considered sufficient evidence of apostasy.
5245:
797:
states that apostasy is a "phenomenon that occurs when a religious follower or group of followers turn away from or otherwise repudiate the central beliefs and practices they once embraced in a respective religious community." The
1572:
The role of former members, or "apostates", has been widely studied by social scientists. At times, these individuals become outspoken public critics of the groups they leave. Their motivations, the roles they play in the
810:
states that "There are at least four distinct images in Scripture of the concept of apostasy. All connote an intentional defection from the faith." These images are: Rebellion; Turning Away; Falling Away; Adultery.
1208:
court judge in Pakistan stated "...persecuting any citizen of an Islamic State – whether he is a Muslim, or a dhimmi** – is construed as waging a war against Allah and His Messenger."
525:
Wilson also asserts that some apostates or defectors from religious organisations rehearse atrocity stories to explain how, by manipulation, coercion or deceit, they were recruited to groups that they now condemn.
5491:
520:
the suspicion must arise that he acts from a personal motivation to vindicate himself and to regain his self-esteem, by showing himself to have been first a victim but subsequently to have become a redeemed
2962:
says, "Apostasy is a theological category describing those who have voluntarily and consciously abandoned their faith in the God of the covenant, who manifests himself most completely in Jesus Christ" (
1612:" that emphasizes manipulation, entrapment and being victims of "sinister cult practices". These narratives provide a rationale for a "hostage-rescue" motif, in which cults are likened to POW camps and
2618:
956:
literature describes apostates as "mentally diseased" individuals who can "infect others with their disloyal teachings". Former members who are defined as apostates are said to have become part of the
758:
The Christian understanding of apostasy is "a willful falling away from, or rebellion against, Christian 'truth.' Apostasy is the rejection of Christ by one who has been a Christian ...", but the
815:
Rebellion: "In classical literature apostasia was used to denote a coup or defection. By extension the Septuagint always uses it to portray a rebellion against God (Joshua 22:22; 2 Chronicles 29:19)."
806:("rebellion, abandonment, state of apostasy, defection") is found only twice in the New Testament (Acts 21:21; 2 Thessalonians 2:3). However, "the concept of apostasy is found throughout Scripture."
5134:
Religious freedom advocates rallied Wednesday (Sept. 28) around an Iranian pastor who was facing execution because he had refused to recant his Christian faith in the overwhelmingly Muslim country.
4089:
1193:
Muslim historians recognize 632 AD as the year when the first regional apostasy from Islam emerged, immediately after the death of Muhammed. The civil wars that followed are now called the
5112:
682:
1668:
1933:, a Saudi Arabian blogger, was found guilty of apostasy by the high court, which has a penalty of death. However he was not executed, but was imprisoned and punished by 600 lashes instead.
611:– while there are no provisions that criminalize apostasy in Iran, apostasy may be punishable by death under Iranian Sharia law, in accordance with Article 167 of the Iranian Constitution.
536:
writes, referring to Wilson, based on his analysis of three books by apostates of new religious movements, that stories of apostates cannot be dismissed only because they are subjective.
3342:
1501:
who violates the Sikh Code of Conduct. The term is sometimes translated as apostate. Persecution of apostates is prohibited in Sikhism. An apostate can re-initiate into Sikhism by being
3084:, 39. Paul Barnett says, "Jesus foresaw the fact of apostasy and warned both those who would fall into sin as well as those who would cause others to fall (see, e.g., Mark 9:42–49)." (
2386:
Bromley, David G., Shupe, Anson D., Ventimiglia, G.C.: "Atrocity Tales, the Unification Church, and the Social Construction of Evil", Journal of Communication, Summer 1979, pp. 42–53.
1258:
recommended to the United Nations Human Rights Council on the issues of freedom of religion or belief that "States should repeal any criminal law provisions that penalize apostasy,
477:
reaffirming normative boundaries. By sharing the reporter's disapproval or horror, an audience reasserts normative prescription and clearly locates the violator beyond the limits of
301:
Many religious groups and some states punish apostates; this may be the official policy of a particular religious group or it may simply be the voluntary action of its members. Such
2104:
1663:" are designed to attract perceptions of threats against the well-being of young adults on the part of their families to further establish their newfound role as whistleblowers.
913:
classified apostates together with heretics with respect to the penalties incurred. Although it mentioned only apostate Jews explicitly, it was applied to all apostates, and the
893:, defined as total repudiation of the Christian faith, was considered as different from a theological standpoint from heresy, but subject to the same penalty of death by fire by
2925:
Since Lutherans agree with Catholics that we can lose our salvation (by losing our saving faith), the assurance of salvation that Lutheranism provides is a highly qualified one.
6979:
401:
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falsehood or fiction. He states that it wasn't until 1996 that a researcher conducted a study to assess the extent to which so called "atrocity tales" might be based on fact.
6705:
4024:
Khan, A. M. (2003), Persecution of the Ahmadiyya Community in Pakistan: An Analysis Under International Law and International Relations, Harvard Human Rights Journal, 16, 217
653:– criminalized under Article 306 of the Mauritanian Penal Code, punishable by death. When discovered, secret apostasy requires capital punishment, irrespective of repentance.
1608:
explores the distinction between the apostate narrative and the role of the apostate, asserting that the former follows a predictable pattern, in which the apostate uses a "
2557:
2266:
818:
Turning away: "Apostasy is also pictured as the heart turning away from God (Jeremiah 17:5–6) and righteousness (Ezekiel 3:20). In the OT it centers on Israel's breaking
5713:
5521:
2656:
4964:
Some of those who leave, whatever the method, become "apostates" and even develop into "whistleblowers", as those terms are defined in the first chapter of this volume.
6669:
4616:
2248:
1915:
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schools has been referred to as "hypostasising an absolute", meaning specifically not apostasy (losing belief); hypostasy in that context means "falling into belief".
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stories featuring accusations of food and sleep deprivation, sexual and physical abuse, and excesses of spiritual and emotional authority by the charismatic leader.
5987:
3826:
3021:, "Apostasy," 1:192). Some pre-tribulation adherents in Protestantism believe that the apostasy mentioned in 2 Thess. 2:3 can be interpreted as the pre-tribulation
969:
718:
Muslims often regard adherents of the Baháʼí Faith as apostates from Islam, and there have been cases in some Muslim countries where Baháʼís have been harassed and
6958:
3377:
1007:
state that a son of an apostate is also considered an apostate. Smr̥ticandrikā lists apostates as one group of people upon touching whom, one should take a bath.
3668:
Heffening, W. (2012), "Murtadd." Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs; Brill
1145:), or if he or she commits an action such as treating a copy of the Qurʾan with disrespect. A person born to a Muslim parent who later rejects Islam is called a
5539:
2771:
488:
Bromley and others define an atrocity as an event that is perceived as a flagrant violation of a fundamental value. It contains the following three elements:
2849:
1250:. In numerous Islamic majority countries, many individuals have been arrested and punished for the crime of apostasy without any associated capital crimes.
5313:
1817:
1450:, were descendants of apostate Jews. Other apostates who made their mark in history by attempting the conversion of other Jews in the 14th century include
685:
listed a total of four cases of execution for apostasy in the Muslim world: one in Sudan (1985), two in Iran (1989, 1998), and one in Saudi Arabia (1992).
1926:, an Iranian pastor who converted from Islam to Christianity at the age of 19, was convicted for apostasy and was sentenced to death, but later acquitted.
976:
which may result in membership restrictions (a temporary loss of church participation privileges) or membership withdrawal (a loss of church membership).
502:
The term "atrocity story" is controversial as it relates to the differing views amongst scholars about the credibility of the accounts of former members.
4097:
3795:
3785:
3775:
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4906:
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393:
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605:– criminalized under Section 112(1) of the Bruneian Syariah Penal Code, punishable by death. However, Brunei has a moratorium on the death penalty.
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Richardson, James T. (1998). "Apostates Who Never Were: The Social Construction of Absque Facto Apostate Narratives". In Bromley, David G. (ed.).
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4259:
Lippman, M. (1989). Islamic Criminal Law and Procedure: Religious Fundamentalism v. Modern Law. BC Int'l & Comp. L. Rev., 12, pp. 29, 263–269
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provide many examples of defections of faith found among the Israelites (e.g., Isaiah 1:2–4 or Jeremiah 2:19), as do the writings of the prophet
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must always be seen as one whose personal history predisposes him to bias with respect to both his previous religious commitment and affiliations
3333:
6332:
4766:
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2151:
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763:
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1068:; lit. "outside path") and acknowledge that one who renounces the Buddha's teachings has the potential of inflicting suffering on themselves.
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were the principal concern of the Inquisition; being suspected of continuing to practice Judaism put them at risk of denunciation and trial.
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Tamadonfar, M. (2001). Islam, law, and political control in contemporary Iran, Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 40(2), 205–220.
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136:
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Burki, S. K. (2011). Haram or Halal? Islamists' Use of Suicide Attacks as Jihad. Terrorism and Political Violence, 23(4), pp. 582–601
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Wright, Stuart A. and Helen R. Ebaugh. 1993. "Leaving New Religions," pp. 117–138 in David G. Bromley and Jeffrey K. Hadden (eds.),
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Brainwashing Deprogramming Controversy: Sociological, Psychological, Legal, and Historical Perspectives (Studies in religion and society)
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4633:; et al. (1984). "The Role of Anecdotal Atrocities in the Social Construction of Evil". In Bromley, David G.; et al. (eds.).
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Methodists hold further, as distinct from Baptists, that, having once entered into a state of grace, it is possible to fall therefrom.
1958:, has been declared apostate – "an apostate appointed by imperialist forces to vilify Islam" – by several clerics and other Muslims in
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2122:
3025:
of all Christians. This is because apostasy means departure (translated so in the first seven English translations) (Dr. Thomas Ice,
6053:
5838:
5590:
5576:
5442:
5408:
Wright, Stuart A. 1988. "Leaving New Religious Movements: Issues, Theory and Research," pp. 143–165 in David G. Bromley (ed.),
5026:
4993:
4957:
4850:
4675:
4642:
4600:
4505:
4073:
4003:
3937:
3847:
3700:
3288:
2734:
2475:
2451:
2232:
2201:
1767:
298:
Apostasy is generally not a self-definition: few former believers call themselves apostates due to the term's negative connotation.
240:
by a person. It can also be defined within the broader context of embracing an opinion that is contrary to one's previous religious
1266:
as they may prevent persons belonging to religious or belief minorities from fully enjoying their freedom of religion or belief."
6863:
6002:
5952:
5699:
5388:
2554:
1471:, converts to other faiths were to be regarded as sinners, but still Jewish. Forced converts were subject to special prayers and
1269:
Many Muslims consider the Islamic law on apostasy and the punishment for it to be one of the immutable laws under Islam. It is a
5688:, Library of Congress (overview of the apostasy laws of 23 countries in Africa, the Middle East, South Asia, and Southeast Asia)
5508:
3434:
6984:
6478:
6170:
2085:
318:
6938:
4696:
719:
702:
6921:
6765:
6130:
6073:
5887:
5547:
4556:
3641:
1745:
4477:
4458:
937:
641:. In Kelantan and Terengganu, apostasy is punishable by death, but this is unenforceable due to restriction in federal law.
6007:
5415:
Wright, Stuart A. 1991. "Reconceptualizing Cult Coercion and Withdrawal: A Comparative Analysis of Divorce and Apostasy."
3579:
1421:
1049:. People are free to leave Buddhism and renounce the religion without any consequence enacted by the Buddhist community.
6513:
5917:
5755:
3538:
5348:
5203:
4826:
2419:
1788:, given a Christian education by those who assassinated his family, rejected his upbringing and declared his belief in
533:
6337:
5750:
5086:
1589:
have challenged the validity of the testimonies presented by critical former members. Wilson discusses the use of the
1019:
commented that religious rites are disturbed if an apostate witnesses them. He also comments that those who forgo the
698:
1577:, the validity of their testimony, and the kinds of narratives they construct, are controversial. Some scholars like
5607:
Apostates and their Role in the Construction of Grievance Claims against the Northeast Kingdom/Messianic Communities
4405:
3563:
2403:
6608:
6593:
6312:
4810:
From Holy Order of MANS to Christ the Savior Brotherhood: The Radical Transformation of an Esoteric Christian Order
1937:
1320:ἀποστασία from ἀποστάτης, meaning "political rebel," as applied to rebellion against God, its law and the faith of
787:
783:
5253:
5043:
6943:
6307:
6012:
5772:
5484:
2857:
2053:
1741:
973:
31:
5633:
Wright, Stuart. "Post-Involvement Attitudes of Voluntary Defectors from Controversial New Religious Movements".
5350:
Defectors, Ordinary Leavetakers and Apostates: A Quantitative Study of Former Members of New Acropolis in France
5337:
5164:
4886:
1806:. It is believed that accepting Christianity was a political move on his part and thus after the victory at the
6953:
6852:
6685:
6558:
6248:
6233:
5937:
5907:
5880:
5860:
5789:
4976:
Richardson, James T. (1998). "Apostates, Whistleblowers, Law, and Social Control". In Bromley, David G. (ed.).
4940:
Richardson, James T. (1998). "Apostates, Whistleblowers, Law, and Social Control". In Bromley, David G. (ed.).
4930:. Paper presented at the Association for the Sociology of Religion in New York City, Saturday, August 17, 1996.
4186:"Islam, Till Death Do You Part: Rethinking Apostasy Laws under Islamic Law and International Legal Obligations"
4118:
3161:
2493:. Paper presented at the Association for the Sociology of Religion in New York City, Saturday, August 17, 1996.
2048:
1730:
1011:
condemns a Brahmin who has apostatised to banishment while a Vaishya or a Shudra to serve the king as a slave.
743:
229:
129:
5679:
4548:
4432:
1820:
was declared 'The Great Apostate' by Parliament in 1628 for changing his political support from Parliament to
1093:
4784:
3634:
The Buddha Within, Tathagatagarbha Doctrine According to the Shentong Interpretation of the Ratnagotravibhaga
6468:
6438:
6258:
6224:
5823:
5009:
Richardson, James T. (1998). "Apostasy and the Management of Spoiled Identity". In Bromley, David G. (ed.).
4748:
3140:(Nachdruck der fünften, aktualisierten Auflage 2009, 22.-24.Tausend ed.). Münster: Aschendorff Verlag.
2834:
2536:
1749:
1734:
1161:
There are multiple verses in the Quran that condemn apostasy. In addition, there are multiple verses in the
6428:
4901:
3736:
3677:
Watt, W. M. (1964). Conditions of membership of the Islamic Community, Studia Islamica, (21), pp. 5–12
2516:
665:– while there is no penal code in Saudi Arabia, apostasy may be punishable by death under Saudi Sharia law.
7015:
6933:
6881:
6876:
6745:
6735:
6700:
5869:
5818:
5814:
5722:
5565:
Carriers of Tales: On Assessing Credibility of Apostate and Other Outsider Accounts of Religious Practices
5364:
5147:
5076:
4770:
4208:
3724:
3550:
2280:"University of Minnesota Human Rights Library | CCPR/C/21/Rev.1/Add.4, General Comment No. 22., 1993"
1637:
1566:
1443:
942:
6160:
5013:
in The politics of religious apostasy: the role of apostates in the transformation of religious movements
4980:
in The politics of religious apostasy: the role of apostates in the transformation of religious movements
4944:
in The politics of religious apostasy: the role of apostates in the transformation of religious movements
4585:
Wright, Stuart, A. (1998). "Exploring Factors that Shape the Apostate Role". In Bromley, David G. (ed.).
2217:
Wright, Stuart, A. (1998). "Exploring Factors that Shape the Apostate Role". In Bromley, David G. (ed.).
430:
against Jews, Christians, Buddhists, and others in an effort to solidify the hold of the state religion.
6891:
6603:
6523:
6352:
6083:
5922:
5912:
5473:
3842:
Saeed, A., & Saeed, H. (Eds.). (2004). Freedom of religion, apostasy and Islam. Ashgate Publishing;
2591:
2033:
1974:
1876:
1859:
1851:
1000:
996:
543:
482:
202:
110:
5809:
2574:
708:
5569:
The Politics of Religious Apostasy: The Role of Apostates in the Transformation of Religious Movements
4662:
The politics of religious apostasy: the role of apostates in the transformation of religious movements
4542:
2892:
Dictionary of Greek and Latin Theological Terms: Drawn Principally from Protestant Scholastic Theology
2193:
The Politics of Religious Apostasy: The Role of Apostates in the Transformation of Religious Movements
1467:
Medieval Judaism was more lenient toward apostasy than the other monotheistic religions. According to
1071:
Many Buddhists take the view that there is no absolute basis for anything. The ideas from some of the
6780:
6775:
6760:
6588:
6403:
6290:
6068:
5875:
5667:
4250:(From Islamic Criminal Justice System, p. 195–201, 1982, M Cherif Bassiouni, ed. See NCJ-87479).
2681:
2028:
2003:
1855:
1821:
1803:
1799:
668:
617:– while not criminalized on a federal level, apostasy is criminalized in six out of thirteen states:
442:
387:
272:
criticism of, or opposition to, a person's former religion, in a technical sense, with no pejorative
74:
60:
4143:
6897:
6857:
6800:
6770:
6740:
6398:
6263:
6150:
6125:
6046:
5604:
5117:
4985:
4667:
4443:
2853:
2224:
1835:
1781:
1652:
1609:
1409:
1305:
1294:
1246:, although executions for apostasy are rare. Apostasy is legal in secular Muslim countries such as
953:
914:
819:
587:
216:
122:
89:
5396:
Social factors in the Failure of New Religious Movements: A Case Study Using Stark's Success Model
1176:
1015:
and Parasara-samhita states that a wife can remarry if her husband becomes an apostate. The saint
1012:
529:
6916:
6690:
6628:
6623:
6388:
6342:
6317:
6302:
6243:
6214:
6021:
5992:
5972:
5344:
5098:
4610:
4416:
4346:
4185:
3607:
2810:
2766:
2761:
2642:
2439:
2242:
1886:
1679:, former members of the FLDS church who consistently sided with authorities when children of the
1574:
1513:
1461:
1451:
1363:
is warned in a dream which "darkly portray the ruin that would be caused by departure from God":
79:
6643:
4240:
4065:
4059:
3711:
Mousavian, S. A. A. (2005). "A Discussion on the Apostate's Repentance in Shi'a Jurisprudence".
3695:
Rahman, S. A. (2006). Punishment of apostasy in Islam, Institute of Islamic Culture, IBT Books;
2737:(2020). United States Commission on International Religious Freedom. Retrieved 18 February 2021.
5018:
4949:
4592:
1220:
Muslim sect, there is no punishment for apostasy, neither in the Quran nor as it was taught by
7005:
6886:
6720:
6710:
6695:
6653:
6347:
6219:
6145:
6093:
6026:
5977:
5902:
5762:
5624:
5586:
5572:
5530:
5502:
5459:
5438:
5277:
5022:
4989:
4953:
4846:
4671:
4638:
4596:
4552:
4501:
4386:
4273:
4168:
4069:
4055:
4038:
3999:
3990:
3953:
3933:
3903:
3863:
3843:
3820:
3696:
3656:
3637:
3522:
3492:
3476:
3453:
3447:
3414:
3410:
3404:
3284:
3201:
3195:
3171:
3141:
2914:
2829:
2708:
2471:
2447:
2443:
2361:
2334:
2307:
2228:
2197:
2043:
2038:
2008:
1923:
1645:
1625:
1550:
1447:
1392:
1255:
1084:
779:
749:
583:
84:
5385:
The Eleventh Commandment Fellowship: A New Religious Movement Confronts the Ecological Crisis
3280:
3165:
2355:
2330:
Paul and Apostasy: Eschatology, Perseverance, and Falling Away in the Corinthian Congregation
6613:
6533:
6458:
6448:
6197:
6105:
6078:
6036:
5957:
5897:
5892:
5833:
5526:
5079:
5010:
4977:
4941:
4838:
4713:
4659:
4630:
4378:
3790:
3780:
3770:
2802:
2700:
2435:
2187:
1949:
1698:
1694:
1621:
1605:
1578:
1413:
1328:מרד) in the Hebrew Bible. Other expressions for apostate as used by rabbinical scholars are
898:
694:
469:
375:
341:
155:
3879:
6638:
6543:
6473:
6463:
6423:
6202:
6058:
6031:
5614:
5374:
Shifting Millennial Visions in New Religious Movements: The case of the Holy Order of MANS
4910:
4890:
4731:
4700:
4481:
4462:
4420:
4247:
3583:
2561:
2407:
2108:
2089:
1807:
1664:
1641:
1633:
1586:
1545:
Using intoxicants (such as smoking, drinking alcohol, using recreational drugs or tobacco)
1432:
1417:
1325:
984:
Hinduism does not have a "unified system of belief encoded in a declaration of faith or a
853:
771:
759:
647:– criminalized under Section 1205 of the Maldivian Penal Code, may be punishable by death.
562:
539:
505:
478:
438:
423:
310:
288:
284:
4978:
4660:
2704:
2657:"G25: Apostasy a major sin, but Constitution provides freedom of worship for Muslims too"
1412:, a systematic conversion of Jews to Christianity took place to avoid expulsion from the
1008:
437:
adopted Christianity as its state religion, apostasy became formally criminalized in the
4456:
template.htm Introduction to the Thought of Rav Kookby, Lecture #16: "Kefira" in our Day
2979::Apostasy in the New Testament Communities, vol. 1 (Eugene: Cascade, 2011), p. 1; idem,
2564:, 2nd ed. Stanford, CA: Stanford Law School, Afghanistan Legal Education Project , 2012.
1190:
reference : Book 37, Hadith 94 English translation Vol. 5, Book 37, Hadith 4064.
44:
6928:
6648:
6633:
6598:
6583:
6538:
6493:
6483:
6393:
6270:
6120:
5997:
5942:
5865:
5828:
5435:
NRMs in the 21st Century: legal, political, and social challenges in global perspective
3919:
Peters, R., & De Vries, G. J. (1976). Apostasy in Islam. Die Welt des Islams, 1–25.
2168:
1880:
1672:
1590:
1529:
1357:
1300:
1129:. Someone born to a Muslim parent, or who has previously converted to Islam, becomes a
857:
735:
671:– criminalized under Article 158 of the Emirati Penal Code, may be punishable by death.
556:
419:
330:
191:
5648:
3167:
Contesting Orthodoxy in Medieval and Early Modern Europe: Heresy, Magic and Witchcraft
2793:
Momen, Moojan (1 September 2007). "Marginality and apostasy in the Baháʼí community".
928:
Temporal penalties for Christian apostates have fallen into disuse in the modern era.
6999:
6795:
6725:
6548:
6413:
6408:
6367:
6207:
6063:
5927:
5304:
5299:
5011:
4942:
3269:
2959:
2082:
1954:
1943:
1785:
1656:
1629:
1613:
1506:
1455:
1317:
1052:
Despite this marked tolerance, some Buddhist circles hold to a notion of heresy (外道,
910:
799:
794:
349:
5204:"Meriam Ibrahim, Woman Freed From Sudan, Announces Plans To Settle In New Hampshire"
2814:
2464:
The Social Construction and Interpretation of Deviance: Jonestown and the Mass Media
659:– criminalized under Article 1 of the Qatari Penal Code, may be punishable by death.
599:– criminalized under Article 1 of the Afghan Penal Code, may be punishable by death.
548:
The Social Construction and Interpretation of Deviance: Jonestown and the Mass Media
6870:
6805:
6750:
6618:
6518:
6503:
6433:
6182:
6098:
5799:
5779:
5177:
5047:
4928:
Reliability and validity of apostate accounts in the study of religious communities
4691:
4307:
Forte, D. F. (1994). Apostasy and Blasphemy in Pakistan. Conn. J. Int'l L., 10, 27.
4298:
El-Awa, M. S. (1981), Punishment in Islamic Law, American Trust Pub; pp. 49–68
2806:
2491:
Reliability and validity of apostate accounts in the study of religious communities
2279:
1890:
1789:
1676:
1660:
1243:
840:
662:
434:
397:
314:
233:
5685:
5653:
4862:
4226:
Arzt, Donna (1995). "Heroes or heretics: Religious dissidents under Islamic law",
3808:
3739:Расширенный исламский словарь английского языка (2012), see entry for Milli Murtad
3727:Расширенный исламский словарь английского языка (2012), see entry for Fitri Murtad
3304:
1072:
730:
5271:
4495:
4474:
4455:
2328:
2301:
1149:, and a person who converted to Islam and later rejects the religion is called a
6573:
6508:
6453:
6253:
6187:
6175:
6165:
6088:
5516:
5113:"Iranian Pastor Youcef Nadarkhani's potential execution rallies U.S. Christians"
1930:
1863:
1829:
1719:
1582:
1263:
1004:
882:
767:
753:
596:
473:
446:
334:
292:
273:
4090:"Laws Penalizing Blasphemy, Apostasy and Defamation of Religion are Widespread"
3969:
Schneider, I. (1995), Imprisonment in Pre-classical and Classical Islamic Law,
3576:
677:– criminalized under Article 259 of the Yemeni Penal Code, punishable by death.
6578:
6528:
6498:
6488:
6443:
6140:
5947:
5932:
5231:
5226:
4210:
Report of the Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Religion or Belief, A/HRC/22/51
3597:
3378:"General Handbook: Serving in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints"
2941:. Publishing House M.E. Church, South, Smith & Lamar, agents. p. 13.
2262:
1872:
1554:
1536:
1468:
1368:
cast out of My sight. Israel will be a proverb and a byword among all peoples.
1321:
1309:
1194:
957:
650:
638:
551:
302:
4475:
template.htm Introduction to the Thought of Rav Kookby, Lecture #17: Heresy V
3225:
2747:
1617:
sympathetic or at the very least mixed responses toward their former group".
6357:
6285:
6155:
6016:
5962:
5853:
5794:
5767:
5745:
5740:
5736:
5674:
3276:
2131:
Encyclopedia of Diderot & d'Alembert – Collaborative Translation Project
1998:
1993:
1825:
1795:
1680:
1636:. An opposing camp less critical of apostate narratives as a group includes
1598:
1402:
1259:
1217:
1028:
1016:
894:
886:
775:
466:
345:
265:
221:
5804:
2645:(2014). Iran Human Rights Documentation Centre. Retrieved 18 February 2021.
2125:
Encyclopédie ou Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers
1906:
283:
to refer to the renunciation of a non-religious belief or cause, such as a
5691:
5662:
5398:
SYZYGY: Journal of Alternative Religion and Culture 1:1, Winter 1992:39–53
4751:
4382:
2543:
2513:"^ Langone, Michael Ph.D.: "Camps of Cultic Studies: Time for a Dialogue""
1655:
proposes a theory related to a logical relationship between apostates and
17:
6568:
6327:
6275:
6192:
6115:
5843:
5330:
Falling From the Faith: The Causes and Consequences of Religious Apostasy
5095:
Religieuze bewegingen in Nederland/Religious movements in the Netherlands
4717:
2400:
2357:
Witch Beliefs and Witch Trials in the Middle Ages: Documents and Readings
1946:(born 1980), a Saudi Arabian poet, was imprisoned and lashed for apostasy
1843:
1811:
1594:
1426:
1397:
1377:
1221:
1102:
1046:
1040:
1024:
1020:
922:
918:
906:
644:
618:
614:
306:
280:
237:
3902:
Campo, Juan Eduardo (2009), Encyclopedia of Islam, Infobase Publishing,
3860:
Silenced: How Apostasy and Blasphemy Codes are Choking Freedom Worldwide
3757:
3257:, Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania, 2010, pp. 65–66.
3197:
The Middle Ages Unlocked: A Guide to Life in Medieval England, 1050–1300
2983:: Apostasy in the New Testament Communities, vol. 2 (2012), p. 1; idem,
925:
who had professed to convert to Christianity from Islam under pressure.
6755:
6563:
6280:
6238:
3753:
3749:
3602:
3551:
Stories of the Hindus: an introduction through texts and interpretation
3022:
2063:
2018:
1988:
1894:
1847:
1494:
1381:
1360:
1133:
if he or she verbally denies any principle of belief prescribed by the
1106:
622:
427:
38:
27:
Formal disaffiliation from or abandonment or renunciation of a religion
1620:
One camp that broadly speaking questions apostate narratives includes
1549:
These four transgressions which lead to apostasy were first listed by
902:
commandments and breaking the vows of religious orders, respectively.
6826:
6821:
6785:
6730:
6110:
5848:
4883:
2058:
2013:
1802:, accepted Christianity in 1251 but rejected it in 1261 to return to
1388:
1373:
1247:
1162:
1138:
1088:
1061:
1053:
865:
630:
626:
602:
241:
225:
207:
6418:
1238:
Apostasy is subject to the death penalty in some countries, such as
5571:
edited by David G. Bromley Westport, CT, Praeger Publishers, 1998.
4693:
The Reliability of Apostate Testimony About New Religious Movements
1593:
that is rehearsed by the apostate to explain how, by manipulation,
344:
defined the apostate role as follows and distinguished it from the
6362:
5492:
Inside Scientology: How I Joined Scientology and Became Superhuman
5298:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
5246:"Christianity grows in Syrian town once besieged by Islamic State"
3271:
Jehovah's Witnesses: Portrait of a Contemporary Religious Movement
2023:
1970:
1959:
1905:
1839:
1488:
1472:
1344:
1304:
1271:
1226:
1201:
1134:
1126:
1098:
985:
921:
Jews, who had been converted to Christianity by force, and to the
729:
674:
656:
634:
498:
mobilization of control efforts against the apparent perpetrators.
43:
5470:
L'Église de Scientology. Facile d'y entrer, difficile d'en sortir
4788:
2911:
A Lutheran's Case for Roman Catholicism: Finding a Lost Path Home
6790:
6715:
5356:
4119:"Saudi Arabia: Writer Faces Apostasy Trial – Human Rights Watch"
2987:: Apostasy in the New Testament Communities, vol.3 (2012), p. 1.
2470:
1st ed. (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1998) pp. 39,
1498:
1239:
989:
872:) without necessarily amounting to a rejection of Christianity.
831:
a highly memorable image of the dangers of falling spiritually."
608:
5695:
3321:
Journal for the Study of the Old Testament 28:5 , p. 42–43
3138:
Toleranz und Gewalt: das Christentum zwischen Bibel und Schwert
2748:
The Islamisation of Laws in the UAE: The Case of the Penal Code
2430:, article that appeared in the otherwise English language book
5380:
edited by Charles B. Strozier, New York University Press 1997;
5085:, paper presented at conference of Psychologists of Religion,
1866:
1713:
1336:(פושע ישראל, literally, "transgressor of Israel"), or simply
889:
viewed apostasy as distinct from heresy and schism. Apostasy
793:"Apostasy is the antonym of conversion; it is deconversion."
195:
3992:
The Truth about the Alleged Punishment for Apostasy in Islam
2269:
of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.
1651:
Some scholars have attempted to classify apostates of NRMs.
2956:
Dictionary of the Later New Testament and its Developments,
2879:
Dictionary of the Later New Testament and its Developments,
2697:
Crime and Punishment in Islamic Law: A Fresh Interpretation
2152:
Muslim apostates cast out and at risk from faith and family
1101:(nonbinding legal opinion) issued by the Fatawa Council at
960:
and are regarded as more reprehensible than non-Witnesses.
683:
United States Commission on International Religious Freedom
592:
Apostasy is a criminal offence in the following countries:
182:
176:
158:
2998:
The New International Dictionary of New Testament Theology
1669:
Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints
542:, Professor at the Department of Religious Studies of the
167:
6827:
INFORM (Information Network Focus on Religious Movements)
5598:
Thoughts on Conducting Research with Former Cult Members
4719:
Brainwashing and the Cults: The Rise and Fall of a Theory
3245:, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 1989, pp. 34–35.
1893:
of 1780, finally renounced Christianity and converted to
5585:, Baker Book House, 1988, pp. 130–131, "Apostasy".
5357:
The Jewish Encyclopedia (1906). The Kopelman Foundation.
4753:
Dear Colleagues: Integrity and Suspicion in NRM Research
4326:
Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project
4094:
Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project
3715:, 8, TOME 37, pp. 187–210, Mofid University (Iran).
2750:, Arab Law Quarterly, Vol. 11, No. 4 (1996), pp. 350–371
2619:"Brunei backs away from death penalty under Islamic law"
2540:
Dear Colleagues: Integrity and Suspicion in NRM Research
1640:, Dr. Phillip Charles Lucas, Jean Duhaime, Mark Dunlop,
1505:(chastised) followed by re-going through the process of
5456:
Leaving the Fold: Testimonies of Former Fundamentalists
2121:
Mallet (Biography), Edme-François (15 September 2012).
1889:, initially a zealous Protestant and instigator of the
707:
Both marginal and apostate Baháʼís have existed in the
5621:
Leaving the Fold: Apostates and Defectors in Antiquity
5499:
L'alliance de la brebis. Rescapée de la secte de Moïse
4903:
The Two "Camps" of Cultic Studies: Time for a Dialogue
2735:
Violating Rights: Enforcing the World's Blasphemy Laws
2504:
The Two "Camps" of Cultic Studies: Time for a Dialogue
1977:, while others chose to become atheists and agnostics.
1879:, though there is little evidence that she ever was a
1516:(Code of Conduct), it states the four transgressions (
1186:
principles or precepts, both verbally or in writing.
1165:
that condemn apostasy. Example quote from the Quran:
5148:"Wife: Saudi blogger sentenced to death for apostasy"
5044:"Cognitive Impairment in Thought Reform Environments"
4421:
MacLaren's Expositions of Holy Scripture on 1 Kings 9
4035:
Apostasy: Oxford Bibliographies Online Research Guide
3100:
Dictionary of Theological Interpretation of the Bible
2964:
Dictionary of Theological Interpretation of the Bible
1875:(1816–1849), sometimes considered an apostate of the
481:. The term was coined in 1979 by Bromley, Shupe, and
426:
was criminalized. The high priest, Kidir, instigated
418:
As early as the 3rd century AD, apostasy against the
179:
170:
5548:
Lawrence Woodcraft, Astra Woodcraft, Zoe Woodcraft,
2985:
Churches under Siege of Persecution and Assimilation
2102:
Which countries still outlaw apostasy and blasphemy?
1671:(FLDS) writes that this can explain the writings of
1601:, he was recruited to a group that he now condemns.
402:
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
173:
164:
6967:
6907:
6840:
6814:
6678:
6662:
6381:
5729:
4167:by Abdullah Saeed and Hassan Saeed (Mar 30, 2004),
3334:"War of words breaks out among Jehovah's Witnesses"
1693:According to F. Derks and psychologist of religion
1045:Apostasy is generally not acknowledged in orthodox
396:, considers the recanting of a person's religion a
161:
3332:
3268:
2555:An Introduction to the Criminal Law of Afghanistan
1125:, which literally means 'one who turns back' from
786:theology, salvation cannot be lost once accepted (
738:, one of the Twelve Disciples, became an apostate.
333:(following the German philosopher and sociologist
5522:Troublemaker: Surviving Hollywood and Scientology
3384:. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
1542:Cohabiting with a person other than one's spouse;
1475:admonished those who rebuked or humiliated them.
897:jurists. The influential 13th-century theologian
856:the word was also applied to the renunciation of
5405:, 3 Volumes. Eugene, OR: Cascade Books, 2011-12.
5065:. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press, Inc. pp. 75–97.
4835:The testimonies of converts and former followers
4140:"The Fate of Infidels and Apostates under Islam"
2428:The testimonies of converts and former followers
1535:Eating the meat of an animal slaughtered by the
1332:(מומר, literally "the one that is changed") and
3564:Elements of Hindu Iconography, Volume 1, Part 1
3219:
3217:
1528:Dishonouring, shaving, cutting or trimming the
1365:
1349:
1167:
970:the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
518:
510:
406:
30:"Apostate" redirects here. For other uses, see
6959:Religious discrimination against modern pagans
3748:See chapters 3, 9 and 16 of Quran; e.g. Quran
48:Punishment for apostasy by country as of 2020.
5707:
5583:Baker Encyclopedia of the Bible, Volume 1 A–I
4484:from vbm-torah.org (the Virtual Beit Midrash)
4465:from vbm-torah.org (the Virtual Beit Midrash)
3382:32. Repentance and Church Membership Councils
3065:
3063:
3061:
3059:
3057:
2977:In the Footsteps of Judas and Other Defectors
2182:
2180:
2111:Pew Research Center, United States (May 2014)
1420:as had been the case previously elsewhere in
839:Speaking with specific regard to apostasy in
244:. One who undertakes apostasy is known as an
130:
8:
5635:Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion
5600:, Cultic Studies Review, Vol. 1, No. 1, 2001
5317:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
4831:Les Témoignages de convertis et d'ex-adeptes
4615:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3985:
3983:
3981:
3979:
3838:
3836:
3452:. Himalayan Academy. pp. 133 forwards.
3200:. Amberley Publishing Limited. p. 112.
2424:Les Témoigagnes de Convertis et d'ex-Adeptes
2247:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1686:Ronald Burks, a psychology assistant at the
5089:, 1981, also appeared in Dutch language as
4544:Apostasy among Sikh youth: causes and cures
4347:"More young Muslims back sharia, says poll"
3825:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1842:Valentine (Valentin, Walentyn) Potocki), a
1824:, thus shifting his religious support from
1818:Sir Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford
1748:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
938:Jehovah's Witnesses beliefs § Apostasy
5714:
5700:
5692:
5433:, in Lucas, Phillip Charles et al. (ed.),
5063:The Handbook of Cults and Sects in America
3998:. Islam International Publications. 2005.
2746:Butti Sultan Butti Ali Al-Muhairi (1996),
2485:
2483:
1683:were removed over charges of child abuse.
1113:In Islamic literature, apostasy is called
137:
123:
51:
6848:Academic study of new religious movements
5449:Testimonies, memoirs, and autobiographies
5403:Apostasy in the New Testament Communities
4190:Southwestern Journal of International Law
3435:Intellectuals, Creativity and Intolerance
3040:International Standard Bible Encyclopedia
3019:International Standard Bible Encyclopedia
2981:Jews, Gentiles, and the Opponents of Paul
1768:Learn how and when to remove this message
1141:, deviates from approved Islamic belief (
449:were considered apostates by the Church.
394:United Nations Commission on Human Rights
6832:World Religions and Spirituality Project
5083:The post-cult syndrome: Fact or Fiction?
4816:State University of New York Press, 1995
4767:"Lucas, Phillip Charles Ph.D. – Profile"
3123:
2643:Apostasy in the Islamic Republic of Iran
1340:(כופר, literally "denier" and heretic).
1092:
5431:Research on NRMs in the Post-9/11 World
4375:Freedom of Religion, Apostasy and Islam
4165:Freedom of Religion, Apostasy and Islam
3534:
3518:
3506:Narada Smriti 5.35, Vishnu Smriti 5.152
3488:
3472:
3409:. Cambridge University Press. pp.
3189:
3187:
2575:"Brunei Syariah Penal Code Order, 2013"
2075:
1798:, the first and only Christian king of
1784:(331/332 – 363 CE), the
1442:Several notorious Inquisitors, such as
97:
66:
59:
6706:Classifications of religious movements
6333:Universal Church of the Kingdom of God
5623:. Augsburg Fortress Publishers, 2004.
5424:Handbook of Cults and Sects in America
5178:"Sudan woman faces death for apostasy"
4690:Kliever 1995 Kliever. Lonnie D, Ph.D.
4608:
4547:. Institute of Sikh Studies. pp.
4368:
4366:
4315:
4313:
3818:
2909:Koons, Robert C. (23 September 2020).
2240:
1688:Wellspring Retreat and Resource Center
1446:, and Don Francisco the archbishop of
570:Apostasy and contemporary criminal law
5202:Service, Religion News (2014-07-26).
4736:The Social Dimensions of Sectarianism
4573:Apostates and New Religious Movements
3194:Gillian Polack; Katrin Kania (2015).
2730:
2728:
2726:
2724:
2397:Apostates and New Religious Movements
2360:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 95.
1814:convinced him to reject Christianity.
7:
6554:A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada
5983:International Peace Mission movement
5501:, Montréal: Club Québec Loisirs (ex-
5061:Hadden, J; Bromley, D, eds. (1993).
3858:Paul Marshall and Nina Shea (2011),
3566:: 217, Motilal Banarsidas Publishers
3331:Taylor, Jerome (26 September 2011).
3232:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
2774:from the original on 22 January 2021
2592:"Brunei's Pernicious New Penal Code"
1969:have driven many Muslim families in
1912:The Campaign for Collective Apostasy
1746:adding citations to reliable sources
1031:are "nagna" (naked) or an apostate.
992:is considered sinful (Guru droham).
576:Application of sharia law by country
279:Occasionally, the term is also used
6373:World Mission Society Church of God
5785:Ancient Mystical Order Rosae Crucis
5091:Post-cult-syndroom; feit of fictie?
4843:New Religions in a Postmodern World
4808:Lucas 1995 Lucas, Phillip Charles,
4500:. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 99.
3737:Advanced Islamic English dictionary
3725:Advanced Islamic English dictionary
3112:Holman Illustrated Bible Dictionary
3015:Holman Illustrated Bible Dictionary
2466:as cited in McCormick Maaga, Mary,
2432:New Religions in a Postmodern World
580:Use of capital punishment by nation
495:authorization of punitive measures;
465:, as it is defined by the American
6949:Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses
6323:Unitarian Universalist Association
5472:. Sherbrooke: private edition (ex-
4926:Zablocki 1996 Zablocki, Benjamin,
4588:The Politics of Religious Apostasy
4345:Bates, Stephen (29 January 2007).
4196:: 229–264 – via Hein Online.
4096:. 21 November 2012. Archived from
3950:Leaving Islam: Apostates Speak Out
3930:Leaving Islam: Apostates Speak Out
3305:"Do Not Allow Place for the Devil"
2996:Walter Bauder, "Fall, Fall Away,"
2705:10.1093/oso/9780190910648.001.0001
2220:The Politics of Religious Apostasy
1916:defection from the Catholic Church
1520:) which lead to a Sikh becoming a
1395:is singled out as an apostate and
1316:The term apostasy is derived from
808:The Dictionary of Biblical Imagery
25:
6054:Moorish Science Temple of America
5839:Brotherhood of the Cross and Star
5097:nr. 6 pp. 58–75 published by the
4322:"Chapter 1: Beliefs About Sharia"
4061:Encyclopedia of religious freedom
3446:Subramuniyaswami, Sivaya (2000).
3013:Michael Fink, "Apostasy," in the
2760:Elliott, Andrea (26 March 2003).
2655:Choong, Jerry (16 January 2020).
1858:in 1749 because he had renounced
864:), and to the abandonment of the
734:Judas betrays Jesus with a kiss.
248:. Undertaking apostasy is called
6864:Journal of Contemporary Religion
5673:
5661:
5647:
5389:Journal of Contemporary Religion
5378:The year 2000: Essays on the End
5291:
4637:. E. Mellen Press. p. 156.
4320:Wormald, Benjamin (2013-04-30).
4064:. New York: Routledge. pp.
2937:Lipscomb, Thomas Herber (1915).
2828:Afshar, Iraj (August 18, 2011).
2695:Kamali, Mohammed Hashim (2019).
2617:Mahtani, Shibani (May 6, 2019).
2442:RENNER Studies in New religions
2306:. JBE Online Books. p. 78.
2261:
1718:
1424:. Although the vast majority of
154:
6328:United Submitters International
5487:, who would be the 54th victim)
5363:The Odyssey of a New Religion:
5273:A Brief History of Dharmaśāstra
5270:Banerji, Sures Chandra (1999).
5146:Abdelaziz, Salma (2013-12-25).
5111:Banks, Adelle M. (2011-09-28).
4814:America's Alternative Religions
4591:. Praeger Publishers. pp.
4058:. In Cookson, Catharine (ed.).
3610:from the original on 2021-11-03
3345:from the original on 2022-05-08
2468:Hearing the Voices of Jonestown
1952:from Bangladesh, the author of
762:teach that, in contrast to the
6922:Christian countercult movement
6766:Polytheistic reconstructionism
6131:Prathyaksha Raksha Daiva Sabha
5888:Chinese salvationist religions
5075:F. Derks and the professor of
5017:. New York: Praeger. pp.
4984:. New York: Praeger. pp.
4666:. New York: Praeger. pp.
4373:Saeed, Abdullah (2017-03-02).
4142:. 21 June 2005. Archived from
3082:Dictionary of Biblical Imagery
3070:Dictionary of Biblical Imagery
2807:10.1016/j.religion.2007.06.008
2762:"In Kabul, a Test for Shariah"
2223:. Praeger Publishers. p.
1897:, for which he was ostracized.
1850:family who is claimed to have
917:used it to persecute both the
1:
5652:The dictionary definition of
5244:Davidson, John (2019-04-16).
4948:. New York: Praeger. p.
4738:, Rose of Sharon Press, 1981.
3243:Reasoning From the Scriptures
2939:The Things Methodists Believe
2913:. Wipf and Stock Publishers.
2354:Maxwell-Stuart, P.G. (2011).
2300:Urubshurow, Victoria (2008).
1624:, Daniel Carson Johnson, Dr.
964:Latter-day Saints (Mormonism)
492:moral outrage or indignation;
317:, physical violence, or even
5918:Church of the Guanche People
5511:My nine lives in Scientology
5417:Social Forces 70 (1):125–145
5093:, published in the magazine
5087:Catholic University Nijmegen
4268:Campo, Juan Eduardo (2009),
3164:; Raisa Maria Toivo (2017).
3029:, March 2004, Vol.8, No.11).
2896:The Tyndale Bible Dictionary
2333:. Mohr Siebeck. p. 10.
1197:(Wars of Islamic Apostasy).
550:argues that the role of the
208:
7011:Disengagement from religion
6338:Universal White Brotherhood
5686:Laws Criminalizing Apostasy
5540:Wakefield, Margery (1996),
5494:, 1972 and revised in 1995.
5454:Babinski, Edward (editor),
5429:Zablocki, Benjamin et al.,
5426:. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
5353:, Nova Religio 3 (1), 83–99
4909:September 27, 2007, at the
4541:Singh, Kharak, ed. (1997).
4207:Bielefeldt, Heiner (2012).
4037:, Oxford University Press,
3862:, Oxford University Press,
3575:Bhante Shravasti Dhammika,
3406:An Introduction to Hinduism
2699:. Oxford University Press.
2303:Introducing World Religions
2083:Laws Criminalizing Apostasy
868:for the life of the world (
852:In the recent past, in the
711:community who are known as
699:Freedom of religion in Iran
7032:
6609:Menachem Mendel Schneerson
6594:Joseph Franklin Rutherford
6313:Unarius Academy of Science
5458:. Prometheus Books, 2003.
4054:Badawi M.A., Zaki (2003).
3928:Warraq, I. (Ed.). (2003).
3910:; see pp. 48, 108–109, 118
3880:"riddah – Islamic history"
3606:. Event occurs at 21:45.
3363:"Questions From Readers",
3311:: 21–25. January 15, 2006.
3136:Angenendt, Arnold (2018).
3086:Dictionary of the Later NT
2406:December 12, 2006, at the
2196:. CT: Praeger Publishers.
2092:Library of Congress (2014)
1938:Meriam Yehya Ibrahim Ishag
1792:once it was safe to do so.
1486:
1372:The prophetic writings of
1298:
1292:
1230:(infidels) and apostates.
1200:Doubting the existence of
1082:
1038:
935:
788:perseverance of the saints
747:
741:
692:
573:
385:
196:
36:
29:
6944:Persecution of Falun Gong
6514:Jorge Ángel Livraga Rizzi
6308:Twelve Tribes communities
6298:Transcendental Meditation
5563:Carter, Lewis, F. Lewis,
5509:Pignotti, Monica (1989),
5485:Order of the Solar Temple
5369:Indiana University press;
5367:from New Age to Orthodoxy
5099:Free university Amsterdam
4812:in Timothy Miller (ed.),
4494:Jhutti-Johal, J. (2011).
4423:, accessed 7 October 2017
4184:Garces, Nicholas (2010).
3659:, Encyclopædia Britannica
3255:Shepherd the Flock of God
3230:The Catholic Encyclopedia
2054:Religious trauma syndrome
1561:Other religious movements
1312:killing a Jewish apostate
974:church membership council
931:
461:, also referred to as an
400:legally protected by the
340:The American sociologist
329:The American sociologist
268:to mean the renunciation
232:from, abandonment of, or
32:Apostate (disambiguation)
6954:Persecution of Rastafari
6853:Anthropology of religion
6686:African-initiated church
6559:Phineas Parkhurst Quimby
6249:Shri Ram Chandra Mission
5938:The Family International
5908:Church of Divine Science
5861:Charismatic Christianity
5581:Elwell, Walter A. (Ed.)
5394:Lucas, Phillip Charles,
5383:Lucas, Phillip Charles,
5372:Lucas, Phillip Charles,
5361:Lucas, Phillip Charles,
5328:Bromley, David G. 1988.
5276:. Abhinav Publications.
5252:. Kobanî. Archived from
5165:Sudanese woman convicted
4749:Beith-Hallahmi, Benjamin
3170:. Springer. p. 46.
3162:Louise Nyholm Kallestrup
2682:"Maldives LAW NO 6/2014"
2537:Beith-Hallahmi, Benjamin
2174:Dissent: 1249–1254, 1954
2049:Religious discrimination
1121:; an apostate is called
744:Apostasy in Christianity
325:Sociological definitions
37:Not to be confused with
6985:New religious movements
6439:Chinmayananda Saraswati
6225:Joy of Satan Ministries
6003:Kingdom of Jesus Christ
5824:Black Hebrew Israelites
5723:New religious movements
5314:Encyclopædia Britannica
4575:, Oxford, England, 1994
4272:, Infobase Publishing,
4239:Mansour, A. A. (1982).
3971:Islamic Law and Society
3884:Encyclopædia Britannica
3713:Modarres Human Sciences
3598:"Dangers on the Voyage"
3586:, accessed 23 June 2018
3403:Flood, Gavin D (1996).
3267:Holden, Andrew (2002).
2830:"ĀYATĪ, ʿABD-AL-ḤOSAYN"
2327:Oropeza, B. J. (2000).
2172:The Age of the Informer
2088:11 October 2017 at the
1965:By 2019, atrocities by
1567:new religious movements
843:, Michael Fink writes:
681:From 1985 to 2006, the
6939:Persecution of Baháʼís
6934:Persecution of Ahmadis
6882:Psychology of religion
6877:Philosophy of religion
6746:Japanese new religions
6736:Hindu reform movements
6701:Christian denomination
5678:Quotations related to
5567:published in the book
5412:. Beverly Hills: Sage.
5410:Falling From the Faith
5365:The Holy Order of MANS
5332:. Beverly Hills: Sage.
5077:psychology of religion
4863:"The Culture of Cults"
4827:Université de Montréal
4228:Wis. Int'l Law Journal
3768:See Sahih al-Bukhari,
3632:S. K. Hookham (1991).
2850:"Apostates from Islam"
2553:Eli Sugarman, et al.,
2510:, Vol. 1, No. 1, 2001
2420:Université de Montréal
2127:, vol. 1. Paris, 1751"
1918:
1914:in Spain, calling for
1697:, there is no uniform
1638:Benjamin Beit-Hallahmi
1512:In Section Six of the
1370:
1354:
1313:
1183:
1110:
997:Vashistha Dharmasastra
850:
739:
703:List of former Baháʼís
534:Université de Montréal
523:
514:
411:
49:
6892:Sociology of religion
6604:Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar
6524:Maharishi Mahesh Yogi
6353:The Way International
6084:New Kadampa Tradition
5913:Church of Scientology
5474:Church of Scientology
5468:Dubreuil, J. P. 1994
4917:, Vol. 1, No. 1, 2001
4383:10.4324/9781315255002
4270:Encyclopedia of Islam
4033:Andrew March (2011),
3596:Yuttadhammo Bhikkhu.
3577:Guide to Buddhism A-Z
3449:How to become a Hindu
3224:Van Hove, A. (1907).
2034:Religious intolerance
1909:
1308:
1096:
1001:Apastamba Dharmasutra
870:apostasis a clericatu
862:apostasis a monachatu
854:Roman Catholic Church
845:
764:conditional salvation
733:
574:Further information:
544:University of Florida
47:
6781:Religious syncretism
6776:Religious conversion
6761:Open-source religion
6589:Charles Taze Russell
6404:Herbert W. Armstrong
6291:Theosophical Society
6069:New Apostolic Church
5670:at Wikimedia Commons
5550:The Woodcraft Family
5338:The culture of Cults
5227:Taslima's Pilgrimage
4884:The Culture of Cults
4785:"Holy Order of MANS"
3932:. Prometheus Books;
3027:Pre-Trib Perspective
2835:Encyclopædia Iranica
2489:Zablocki, Benjamin,
2133:. quod.lib.umich.edu
2107:25 July 2016 at the
2029:Religious conversion
2004:Faith deconstruction
1852:converted to Judaism
1810:, the king's nephew
1742:improve this section
945:publications define
669:United Arab Emirates
443:Corpus Juris Civilis
388:Religious conversion
75:Secondary conversion
61:Religious conversion
6898:When Prophecy Fails
6858:History of religion
6801:Spiritual evolution
6771:Prosperity theology
6741:In-group favoritism
6711:Conspiracy theories
6399:Marshall Applewhite
6151:Ramakrishna Mission
5819:Jehovah's Witnesses
5391:10:3, 1995:229–241;
5345:Introvigne, Massimo
5229:Meredith Tax, from
5118:The Washington Post
4747:Beit-Hallahmi 1997
4406:Deuteronomy 13:6–10
3948:Ibn Warraq (2003),
3562:T.A. Gopinath Rao,
2890:Richard A. Muller,
2854:The Weekly Standard
2159:, February 05, 2005
1856:burned at the stake
1836:Abraham ben Abraham
1782:Julian the Apostate
1653:James T. Richardson
1610:captivity narrative
1565:Controversies over
1493:Patit is a term in
1444:Tomás de Torquemada
1410:Spanish Inquisition
1401:(Epicurean) by the
1295:Apostasy in Judaism
954:Watch Tower Society
932:Jehovah's Witnesses
915:Spanish Inquisition
866:clerical profession
588:Freedom of religion
369:Whistle-blower role
90:Deathbed conversion
55:Part of a series on
6980:In popular culture
6917:Anti-cult movement
6691:Buddhist modernism
6629:Emanuel Swedenborg
6624:Nirmala Srivastava
6389:Mirza Ghulam Ahmad
6343:Vipassana movement
6318:Unification Church
6303:True Buddha School
6244:Shambhala Buddhism
6215:The Satanic Temple
6136:The Process Church
6022:Maha Bodhi Society
5993:Invitation to Life
5973:Humanistic Judaism
5637:23 (1984):172–182.
5613:2005-10-23 at the
5596:Malinoski, Peter,
5558:Writings by others
5552:, Video Interviews
5497:Lavallée, G. 1994
5479:Huguenin, T. 1995
4913:Langone, Michael,
4889:2007-12-12 at the
4699:2007-12-05 at the
4480:2006-02-19 at the
4461:2006-02-09 at the
4417:Alexander MacLaren
4246:2018-11-21 at the
4146:on 3 November 2013
4121:. 13 February 2012
3582:2018-03-28 at the
2966:, "Apostasy," 58).
2767:The New York Times
2596:Human Rights Watch
2560:2021-07-07 at the
2502:Langone, Michael,
2462:Jorgensen, Danny.
2440:Reender Kranenborg
2401:(Available online)
1919:
1887:Lord George Gordon
1862:and had become an
1710:Historical persons
1575:anti-cult movement
1553:, the final human
1514:Sikh Rehat Maryada
1462:Abraham Isaac Kook
1452:Juan de Valladolid
1414:crowns of Castille
1314:
1111:
740:
483:Joseph Ventimiglia
441:, followed by the
80:Marital conversion
50:
6993:
6992:
6887:Religious studies
6721:Cybersectarianism
6696:Chabad messianism
6670:Pacific Northwest
6654:Poykayil Yohannan
6469:Josemaría Escrivá
6348:Eastern Lightning
6146:Rajneesh movement
6094:Religious Science
6027:Messianic Judaism
6013:Latter Day Saints
5978:Iglesia ni Cristo
5903:Christian Science
5763:Aetherius Society
5666:Media related to
5629:978-0-8006-3675-3
5605:Palmer, Susan J.
5535:978-1-250-09693-7
5490:Kaufman, Robert,
5464:978-1-59102-217-6
5283:978-81-7017-370-0
4915:Cults and Society
4714:Melton, Gordon J.
4631:Bromley, David G.
4571:Wilson, Bryan R.
4392:978-1-315-25500-2
4278:978-1-4381-2696-8
4173:978-0-7546-3083-8
4043:978-0-19-980596-9
3958:978-1-59102-068-4
3908:978-1-4381-2696-8
3868:978-0-19-981228-8
3459:978-0-945497-82-0
3420:978-0-521-43878-0
3207:978-1-4456-4589-6
3177:978-3-319-32385-5
3147:978-3-402-00215-5
3114:, "Apostasy," 87.
2954:Paul W. Barnett,
2920:978-1-7252-5751-1
2877:Paul W. Barnett,
2714:978-0-19-091064-8
2508:Cults and Society
2444:Aarhus University
2395:Wilson, Bryan R.
2367:978-1-4411-2805-8
2340:978-3-16-147307-4
2313:978-0-9801633-0-8
2188:Bromley, David G.
2044:Religious freedom
2039:Religious offense
2009:Forced conversion
1924:Youcef Nadarkhani
1778:
1777:
1770:
1646:Benjamin Zablocki
1626:Lonnie D. Kliever
1551:Guru Gobind Singh
1393:Elisha ben Abuyah
1256:Heiner Bielefeldt
1216:According to the
1085:Apostasy in Islam
943:Jehovah's Witness
784:Oriental Orthodox
760:Reformed Churches
750:Apostata capiendo
584:Apostasy in Islam
420:Zoroastrian faith
228:") is the formal
219:
205:
147:
146:
85:Forced conversion
16:(Redirected from
7023:
6815:Public education
6614:Shiv Dayal Singh
6479:Charles Fillmore
6459:Aleister Crowley
6449:Helena Blavatsky
6161:Risshō Kōsei Kai
6126:Pilgrims of Arès
6106:Nuwaubian Nation
6079:New Confucianism
5898:Christadelphians
5893:Chinmaya Mission
5834:Branch Davidians
5773:Lahore Ahmadiyya
5716:
5709:
5702:
5693:
5677:
5665:
5651:
5527:Ballantine Books
5483:Paris Fixot (ex-
5401:Oropeza, B. J.,
5318:
5297:
5295:
5294:
5287:
5258:
5257:
5241:
5235:
5224:
5218:
5217:
5215:
5214:
5199:
5193:
5192:
5190:
5189:
5174:
5168:
5162:
5156:
5155:
5143:
5137:
5136:
5131:
5130:
5121:. Archived from
5108:
5102:
5080:Jan van der Lans
5073:
5067:
5066:
5058:
5052:
5051:
5050:on May 14, 2011.
5046:. Archived from
5039:
5033:
5032:
5016:
5006:
5000:
4999:
4983:
4973:
4967:
4966:
4947:
4937:
4931:
4924:
4918:
4899:
4893:
4880:
4874:
4873:
4871:
4870:
4859:
4853:
4839:Mikael Rothstein
4823:
4817:
4806:
4800:
4799:
4797:
4796:
4787:. Archived from
4781:
4775:
4774:
4769:. Archived from
4763:
4757:
4745:
4739:
4732:Wilson, Bryan R.
4729:
4723:
4710:
4704:
4688:
4682:
4681:
4665:
4655:
4649:
4648:
4627:
4621:
4620:
4614:
4606:
4582:
4576:
4569:
4563:
4562:
4538:
4532:
4531:
4524:
4518:
4517:
4515:
4514:
4491:
4485:
4472:
4466:
4453:
4447:
4441:
4435:
4430:
4424:
4414:
4408:
4403:
4397:
4396:
4370:
4361:
4360:
4358:
4357:
4342:
4336:
4335:
4333:
4332:
4317:
4308:
4305:
4299:
4296:
4290:
4287:
4281:
4266:
4260:
4257:
4251:
4237:
4231:
4224:
4218:
4217:
4215:
4204:
4198:
4197:
4181:
4175:
4162:
4156:
4155:
4153:
4151:
4136:
4130:
4129:
4127:
4126:
4115:
4109:
4108:
4106:
4105:
4086:
4080:
4079:
4051:
4045:
4031:
4025:
4022:
4016:
4015:
4013:
4012:
3997:
3987:
3974:
3967:
3961:
3946:
3940:
3926:
3920:
3917:
3911:
3900:
3894:
3893:
3891:
3890:
3876:
3870:
3856:
3850:
3840:
3831:
3830:
3824:
3816:
3804:
3798:
3791:Sahih al-Bukhari
3781:Sahih al-Bukhari
3771:Sahih al-Bukhari
3766:
3760:
3746:
3740:
3734:
3728:
3722:
3716:
3709:
3703:
3693:
3687:
3684:
3678:
3675:
3669:
3666:
3660:
3654:
3648:
3647:
3629:
3623:
3622:
3616:
3615:
3593:
3587:
3573:
3567:
3560:
3554:
3553:: 182, Macmillan
3548:
3542:
3532:
3526:
3516:
3510:
3509:
3502:
3496:
3486:
3480:
3470:
3464:
3463:
3443:
3437:
3431:
3425:
3424:
3400:
3394:
3393:
3391:
3389:
3374:
3368:
3361:
3355:
3354:
3352:
3350:
3336:
3328:
3322:
3319:
3313:
3312:
3301:
3295:
3294:
3274:
3264:
3258:
3252:
3246:
3240:
3234:
3233:
3221:
3212:
3211:
3191:
3182:
3181:
3158:
3152:
3151:
3133:
3127:
3121:
3115:
3109:
3103:
3095:
3089:
3079:
3073:
3067:
3052:
3049:
3043:
3036:
3030:
3011:
3005:
2994:
2988:
2973:
2967:
2958:"Apostasy," 73.
2952:
2946:
2945:
2934:
2928:
2927:
2906:
2900:
2888:
2882:
2875:
2869:
2868:
2866:
2865:
2856:. Archived from
2846:
2840:
2839:
2825:
2819:
2818:
2790:
2784:
2783:
2781:
2779:
2757:
2751:
2744:
2738:
2732:
2719:
2718:
2692:
2686:
2685:
2678:
2672:
2671:
2669:
2667:
2652:
2646:
2640:
2634:
2633:
2631:
2629:
2614:
2608:
2607:
2605:
2603:
2588:
2582:
2581:
2579:
2571:
2565:
2551:
2545:
2534:
2528:
2527:
2525:
2524:
2515:. Archived from
2500:
2494:
2487:
2478:
2460:
2454:
2436:Mikael Rothstein
2416:
2410:
2393:
2387:
2384:
2378:
2377:
2375:
2374:
2351:
2345:
2344:
2324:
2318:
2317:
2297:
2291:
2290:
2288:
2287:
2276:
2270:
2265:
2259:
2253:
2252:
2246:
2238:
2214:
2208:
2207:
2184:
2175:
2166:
2160:
2148:
2142:
2141:
2139:
2138:
2118:
2112:
2099:
2093:
2080:
1950:Tasleema Nasreen
1773:
1766:
1762:
1759:
1753:
1722:
1714:
1699:post-cult trauma
1695:Jan van der Lans
1622:David G. Bromley
1606:Stuart A. Wright
1579:David G. Bromley
1181:
885:case. Classical
780:Eastern Orthodox
695:Covenant-breaker
470:David G. Bromley
376:Stuart A. Wright
342:David G. Bromley
215:
213:
201:
199:
198:
189:
188:
185:
184:
181:
178:
175:
172:
169:
166:
163:
160:
139:
132:
125:
98:Related concepts
52:
21:
7031:
7030:
7026:
7025:
7024:
7022:
7021:
7020:
6996:
6995:
6994:
6989:
6963:
6903:
6836:
6810:
6674:
6658:
6644:Chögyam Trungpa
6639:Joseph W. Tkach
6544:Elijah Muhammad
6474:Louis Farrakhan
6464:Mary Baker Eddy
6424:Sathya Sai Baba
6382:Notable figures
6377:
6234:Sathya Sai Baba
6203:Church of Satan
6059:Nation of Islam
6032:Modern paganism
5881:Neo-charismatic
5725:
5720:
5644:
5619:Wilson, S. G.,
5615:Wayback Machine
5325:
5323:Further reading
5307:, ed. (1911). "
5303:
5292:
5290:
5284:
5269:
5266:
5261:
5243:
5242:
5238:
5225:
5221:
5212:
5210:
5208:Huffington Post
5201:
5200:
5196:
5187:
5185:
5176:
5175:
5171:
5163:
5159:
5145:
5144:
5140:
5128:
5126:
5110:
5109:
5105:
5074:
5070:
5060:
5059:
5055:
5042:Burks, Ronald.
5041:
5040:
5036:
5029:
5008:
5007:
5003:
4996:
4975:
4974:
4970:
4960:
4939:
4938:
4934:
4925:
4921:
4911:Wayback Machine
4900:
4896:
4891:Wayback Machine
4881:
4877:
4868:
4866:
4861:
4860:
4856:
4825:Duhaime, Jean (
4824:
4820:
4807:
4803:
4794:
4792:
4783:
4782:
4778:
4765:
4764:
4760:
4746:
4742:
4730:
4726:
4711:
4707:
4701:Wayback Machine
4689:
4685:
4678:
4657:
4656:
4652:
4645:
4629:
4628:
4624:
4607:
4603:
4584:
4583:
4579:
4570:
4566:
4559:
4540:
4539:
4535:
4526:
4525:
4521:
4512:
4510:
4508:
4493:
4492:
4488:
4482:Wayback Machine
4473:
4469:
4463:Wayback Machine
4454:
4450:
4442:
4438:
4431:
4427:
4415:
4411:
4404:
4400:
4393:
4372:
4371:
4364:
4355:
4353:
4344:
4343:
4339:
4330:
4328:
4319:
4318:
4311:
4306:
4302:
4297:
4293:
4288:
4284:
4267:
4263:
4258:
4254:
4248:Wayback Machine
4238:
4234:
4225:
4221:
4213:
4206:
4205:
4201:
4183:
4182:
4178:
4163:
4159:
4149:
4147:
4138:
4137:
4133:
4124:
4122:
4117:
4116:
4112:
4103:
4101:
4088:
4087:
4083:
4076:
4053:
4052:
4048:
4032:
4028:
4023:
4019:
4010:
4008:
4006:
3995:
3989:
3988:
3977:
3973:, 2(2): 157–173
3968:
3964:
3947:
3943:
3927:
3923:
3918:
3914:
3901:
3897:
3888:
3886:
3878:
3877:
3873:
3857:
3853:
3841:
3834:
3817:
3806:
3805:
3801:
3767:
3763:
3747:
3743:
3735:
3731:
3723:
3719:
3710:
3706:
3694:
3690:
3685:
3681:
3676:
3672:
3667:
3663:
3655:
3651:
3644:
3631:
3630:
3626:
3613:
3611:
3595:
3594:
3590:
3584:Wayback Machine
3574:
3570:
3561:
3557:
3549:
3545:
3533:
3529:
3517:
3513:
3504:
3503:
3499:
3487:
3483:
3471:
3467:
3460:
3445:
3444:
3440:
3432:
3428:
3421:
3402:
3401:
3397:
3387:
3385:
3376:
3375:
3371:
3362:
3358:
3348:
3346:
3339:The Independent
3330:
3329:
3325:
3320:
3316:
3303:
3302:
3298:
3291:
3266:
3265:
3261:
3253:
3249:
3241:
3237:
3223:
3222:
3215:
3208:
3193:
3192:
3185:
3178:
3160:
3159:
3155:
3148:
3135:
3134:
3130:
3122:
3118:
3110:
3106:
3096:
3092:
3080:
3076:
3068:
3055:
3051:"Apostasy," 39.
3050:
3046:
3037:
3033:
3012:
3008:
2995:
2991:
2975:B. J. Oropeza,
2974:
2970:
2953:
2949:
2936:
2935:
2931:
2921:
2908:
2907:
2903:
2889:
2885:
2881:"Apostasy," 73.
2876:
2872:
2863:
2861:
2848:
2847:
2843:
2827:
2826:
2822:
2792:
2791:
2787:
2777:
2775:
2759:
2758:
2754:
2745:
2741:
2733:
2722:
2715:
2694:
2693:
2689:
2680:
2679:
2675:
2665:
2663:
2654:
2653:
2649:
2641:
2637:
2627:
2625:
2623:Washington Post
2616:
2615:
2611:
2601:
2599:
2590:
2589:
2585:
2577:
2573:
2572:
2568:
2562:Wayback Machine
2552:
2548:
2535:
2531:
2522:
2520:
2511:
2501:
2497:
2488:
2481:
2461:
2457:
2418:Duhaime, Jean (
2417:
2413:
2408:Wayback Machine
2394:
2390:
2385:
2381:
2372:
2370:
2368:
2353:
2352:
2348:
2341:
2326:
2325:
2321:
2314:
2299:
2298:
2294:
2285:
2283:
2278:
2277:
2273:
2260:
2256:
2239:
2235:
2216:
2215:
2211:
2204:
2186:
2185:
2178:
2167:
2163:
2149:
2145:
2136:
2134:
2120:
2119:
2115:
2109:Wayback Machine
2100:
2096:
2090:Wayback Machine
2081:
2077:
2073:
2068:
1984:
1904:
1877:Catholic Church
1844:Polish nobleman
1808:battle of Durbe
1774:
1763:
1757:
1754:
1739:
1723:
1712:
1707:
1665:Armand L. Mauss
1642:Michael Langone
1634:Bryan R. Wilson
1587:Brian R. Wilson
1563:
1491:
1485:
1433:Alhambra Decree
1422:medieval Europe
1303:
1297:
1291:
1282:
1236:
1214:
1182:
1174:
1159:
1091:
1083:Main articles:
1081:
1043:
1037:
982:
966:
940:
934:
878:
802:noun ἀποστασία
756:
746:
728:
705:
691:
590:
572:
563:Michael Langone
540:Danny Jorgensen
506:Bryan R. Wilson
479:public morality
455:
439:Theodosian Code
424:Sasanian Empire
416:
390:
384:
327:
311:excommunication
289:social movement
285:political party
256:– also spelled
157:
153:
143:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7029:
7027:
7019:
7018:
7013:
7008:
6998:
6997:
6991:
6990:
6988:
6987:
6982:
6977:
6975:Academic study
6971:
6969:
6965:
6964:
6962:
6961:
6956:
6951:
6946:
6941:
6936:
6931:
6929:Anti-Mormonism
6926:
6925:
6924:
6913:
6911:
6905:
6904:
6902:
6901:
6894:
6889:
6884:
6879:
6874:
6867:
6860:
6855:
6850:
6844:
6842:
6838:
6837:
6835:
6834:
6829:
6824:
6818:
6816:
6812:
6811:
6809:
6808:
6803:
6798:
6793:
6788:
6783:
6778:
6773:
6768:
6763:
6758:
6753:
6748:
6743:
6738:
6733:
6728:
6723:
6718:
6713:
6708:
6703:
6698:
6693:
6688:
6682:
6680:
6676:
6675:
6673:
6672:
6666:
6664:
6660:
6659:
6657:
6656:
6651:
6649:Ellen G. White
6646:
6641:
6636:
6634:Rudolf Steiner
6631:
6626:
6621:
6616:
6611:
6606:
6601:
6599:Ahn Sahng-hong
6596:
6591:
6586:
6584:Helena Roerich
6581:
6576:
6571:
6566:
6561:
6556:
6551:
6546:
6541:
6539:Sun Myung Moon
6536:
6531:
6526:
6521:
6516:
6511:
6506:
6501:
6496:
6494:L. Ron Hubbard
6491:
6486:
6484:Kelsang Gyatso
6481:
6476:
6471:
6466:
6461:
6456:
6451:
6446:
6441:
6436:
6431:
6426:
6421:
6416:
6411:
6406:
6401:
6396:
6394:Noble Drew Ali
6391:
6385:
6383:
6379:
6378:
6376:
6375:
6370:
6365:
6360:
6355:
6350:
6345:
6340:
6335:
6330:
6325:
6320:
6315:
6310:
6305:
6300:
6295:
6294:
6293:
6283:
6278:
6273:
6271:Sukyo Mahikari
6268:
6267:
6266:
6256:
6251:
6246:
6241:
6236:
6231:
6230:
6229:
6228:
6227:
6217:
6212:
6211:
6210:
6205:
6190:
6185:
6180:
6179:
6178:
6168:
6163:
6158:
6153:
6148:
6143:
6138:
6133:
6128:
6123:
6121:Peoples Temple
6118:
6113:
6108:
6103:
6102:
6101:
6096:
6086:
6081:
6076:
6074:The New Church
6071:
6066:
6061:
6056:
6051:
6050:
6049:
6044:
6039:
6029:
6024:
6019:
6010:
6005:
6000:
5998:Jewish Renewal
5995:
5990:
5985:
5980:
5975:
5970:
5965:
5960:
5955:
5950:
5945:
5943:Friends of Man
5940:
5935:
5930:
5925:
5920:
5915:
5910:
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5884:
5883:
5878:
5873:
5858:
5857:
5856:
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5841:
5836:
5831:
5829:Brahma Kumaris
5826:
5821:
5815:Bible Students
5812:
5807:
5802:
5797:
5792:
5787:
5782:
5777:
5776:
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5642:External links
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5503:Roch Thériault
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5342:
5335:Dunlop, Mark,
5333:
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5321:
5320:
5319:
5305:Chisholm, Hugh
5288:
5282:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5259:
5256:on 2019-04-21.
5236:
5219:
5194:
5169:
5167:CNN (May 2014)
5157:
5138:
5103:
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5053:
5034:
5027:
5001:
4994:
4968:
4958:
4932:
4919:
4894:
4875:
4854:
4841:et al. (ed.),
4818:
4801:
4776:
4773:on 2004-01-31.
4758:
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4724:
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4683:
4676:
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3871:
3851:
3832:
3809:"An-Nisa 4:89"
3807:An-Nisa 4:89.
3799:
3761:
3741:
3729:
3717:
3704:
3688:
3679:
3670:
3661:
3649:
3642:
3636:. SUNY Press.
3624:
3588:
3568:
3555:
3543:
3527:
3511:
3497:
3481:
3465:
3458:
3438:
3433:K. J. Ratnam,
3426:
3419:
3395:
3369:
3365:The Watchtower
3356:
3323:
3314:
3309:The Watchtower
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2801:(3): 187–209.
2785:
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2190:, ed. (1998).
2176:
2169:Lewis A. Coser
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2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
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1996:
1991:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1979:
1978:
1973:to convert to
1963:
1947:
1941:
1934:
1927:
1903:
1900:
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1898:
1884:
1870:
1833:
1815:
1804:his pagan ways
1793:
1776:
1775:
1726:
1724:
1717:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1673:Carolyn Jessop
1657:whistleblowers
1591:atrocity story
1562:
1559:
1547:
1546:
1543:
1540:
1533:
1487:Main article:
1484:
1481:
1334:poshea yisrael
1301:Off the derech
1293:Main article:
1290:
1287:
1281:
1280:Public opinion
1278:
1235:
1232:
1213:
1212:Public opinion
1210:
1172:
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1080:
1077:
1036:
1033:
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978:
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936:Main article:
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874:
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832:
828:
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772:Roman Catholic
742:Main article:
736:Judas Iscariot
727:
724:
690:
687:
679:
678:
672:
666:
660:
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648:
642:
612:
606:
600:
571:
568:
546:, in his book
500:
499:
496:
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474:Anson D. Shupe
459:atrocity story
454:
453:Atrocity story
451:
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412:
383:
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331:Lewis A. Coser
326:
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281:metaphorically
230:disaffiliation
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7016:Religious law
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6726:Doomsday cult
6724:
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6549:Nakayama Miki
6547:
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6534:Nikkyō Niwano
6532:
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6414:Sri Aurobindo
6412:
6410:
6409:Shoko Asahara
6407:
6405:
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6400:
6397:
6395:
6392:
6390:
6387:
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6380:
6374:
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6369:
6368:Word of Faith
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6208:Temple of Set
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6064:New Acropolis
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5979:
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5968:Heaven's Gate
5966:
5964:
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5959:
5956:
5954:
5951:
5949:
5946:
5944:
5941:
5939:
5936:
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5931:
5929:
5928:Discordianism
5926:
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5919:
5916:
5914:
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5909:
5906:
5904:
5901:
5899:
5896:
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5816:
5813:
5811:
5808:
5806:
5803:
5801:
5798:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5790:Anthroposophy
5788:
5786:
5783:
5781:
5778:
5774:
5771:
5770:
5769:
5766:
5764:
5761:
5757:
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5703:
5698:
5697:
5694:
5687:
5684:
5681:
5676:
5672:
5669:
5664:
5660:
5658:at Wiktionary
5657:
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5641:
5636:
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5630:
5626:
5622:
5618:
5616:
5612:
5609:
5608:
5603:
5601:
5599:
5594:
5592:
5591:0-8010-3447-7
5588:
5584:
5580:
5578:
5577:0-275-95508-7
5574:
5570:
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5562:
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5482:
5478:
5475:
5471:
5467:
5465:
5461:
5457:
5453:
5452:
5448:
5447:
5444:
5443:0-415-96577-2
5440:
5436:
5432:
5428:
5425:
5421:
5418:
5414:
5411:
5407:
5404:
5400:
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5393:
5390:
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5379:
5375:
5371:
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5366:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5352:
5351:
5346:
5343:
5340:
5339:
5334:
5331:
5327:
5326:
5322:
5316:
5315:
5310:
5306:
5301:
5300:public domain
5289:
5285:
5279:
5275:
5274:
5268:
5267:
5263:
5255:
5251:
5247:
5240:
5237:
5234:
5233:
5228:
5223:
5220:
5209:
5205:
5198:
5195:
5184:. 15 May 2014
5183:
5179:
5173:
5170:
5166:
5161:
5158:
5153:
5149:
5142:
5139:
5135:
5125:on 2019-05-02
5124:
5120:
5119:
5114:
5107:
5104:
5100:
5096:
5092:
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5084:
5081:
5078:
5072:
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5064:
5057:
5054:
5049:
5045:
5038:
5035:
5030:
5028:0-275-95508-7
5024:
5020:
5015:
5014:
5005:
5002:
4997:
4995:0-275-95508-7
4991:
4987:
4982:
4981:
4972:
4969:
4965:
4961:
4959:0-275-95508-7
4955:
4951:
4946:
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4936:
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4929:
4923:
4920:
4916:
4912:
4908:
4905:
4904:
4898:
4895:
4892:
4888:
4885:
4879:
4876:
4865:. ex-cult.org
4864:
4858:
4855:
4852:
4851:87-7288-748-6
4848:
4844:
4840:
4836:
4832:
4828:
4822:
4819:
4815:
4811:
4805:
4802:
4791:on 2008-01-11
4790:
4786:
4780:
4777:
4772:
4768:
4762:
4759:
4755:
4754:
4750:
4744:
4741:
4737:
4733:
4728:
4725:
4721:
4720:
4715:
4712:"Melton 1999"
4709:
4706:
4702:
4698:
4695:
4694:
4687:
4684:
4679:
4677:0-275-95508-7
4673:
4669:
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4651:
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4644:0-88946-868-0
4640:
4636:
4632:
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4602:0-275-95508-7
4598:
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4537:
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4520:
4509:
4507:9781847062727
4503:
4499:
4498:
4497:Sikhism Today
4490:
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4483:
4479:
4476:
4471:
4468:
4464:
4460:
4457:
4452:
4449:
4445:
4440:
4437:
4434:
4433:1 Kings 9:6–7
4429:
4426:
4422:
4418:
4413:
4410:
4407:
4402:
4399:
4394:
4388:
4384:
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4275:
4271:
4265:
4262:
4256:
4253:
4249:
4245:
4242:
4236:
4233:
4230:, 14, 349–445
4229:
4223:
4220:
4212:
4211:
4203:
4200:
4195:
4191:
4187:
4180:
4177:
4174:
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4158:
4145:
4141:
4135:
4132:
4120:
4114:
4111:
4100:on 2013-05-08
4099:
4095:
4091:
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4082:
4077:
4075:0-415-94181-4
4071:
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4001:
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3938:1-59102-068-9
3935:
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3848:0-7546-3083-8
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3315:
3310:
3306:
3300:
3297:
3292:
3290:0-415-26610-6
3286:
3282:
3278:
3273:
3272:
3263:
3260:
3256:
3251:
3248:
3244:
3239:
3236:
3231:
3227:
3220:
3218:
3214:
3209:
3203:
3199:
3198:
3190:
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3184:
3179:
3173:
3169:
3168:
3163:
3157:
3154:
3149:
3143:
3139:
3132:
3129:
3125:
3124:Chisholm 1911
3120:
3117:
3113:
3108:
3105:
3101:
3094:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3078:
3075:
3071:
3066:
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3041:
3035:
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3028:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3010:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2993:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2972:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2960:Scot McKnight
2957:
2951:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2933:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2916:
2912:
2905:
2902:
2897:
2893:
2887:
2884:
2880:
2874:
2871:
2860:on 2010-11-21
2859:
2855:
2851:
2845:
2842:
2837:
2836:
2831:
2824:
2821:
2816:
2812:
2808:
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2800:
2796:
2789:
2786:
2773:
2769:
2768:
2763:
2756:
2753:
2749:
2743:
2740:
2736:
2731:
2729:
2727:
2725:
2721:
2716:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2691:
2688:
2683:
2677:
2674:
2662:
2658:
2651:
2648:
2644:
2639:
2636:
2624:
2620:
2613:
2610:
2598:. 22 May 2019
2597:
2593:
2587:
2584:
2576:
2570:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2556:
2550:
2547:
2544:
2541:
2538:
2533:
2530:
2519:on 2007-09-27
2518:
2514:
2509:
2505:
2499:
2496:
2492:
2486:
2484:
2480:
2477:
2476:0-8156-0515-3
2473:
2469:
2465:
2459:
2456:
2453:
2452:87-7288-748-6
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2415:
2412:
2409:
2405:
2402:
2398:
2392:
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2383:
2380:
2369:
2363:
2359:
2358:
2350:
2347:
2342:
2336:
2332:
2331:
2323:
2320:
2315:
2309:
2305:
2304:
2296:
2293:
2281:
2275:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2258:
2255:
2250:
2244:
2236:
2234:0-275-95508-7
2230:
2226:
2222:
2221:
2213:
2210:
2205:
2203:0-275-95508-7
2199:
2195:
2194:
2189:
2183:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2170:
2165:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2153:
2147:
2144:
2132:
2128:
2126:
2117:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2103:
2098:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2084:
2079:
2076:
2070:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1961:
1957:
1956:
1951:
1948:
1945:
1944:Ashraf Fayadh
1942:
1939:
1935:
1932:
1928:
1925:
1921:
1920:
1917:
1913:
1908:
1901:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1885:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1871:
1868:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1834:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1816:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1794:
1791:
1787:
1786:Roman emperor
1783:
1780:
1779:
1772:
1769:
1761:
1758:November 2015
1751:
1747:
1743:
1737:
1736:
1732:
1727:This section
1725:
1721:
1716:
1715:
1709:
1704:
1702:
1700:
1696:
1691:
1689:
1684:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1649:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1630:Gordon Melton
1628:(1932–2004),
1627:
1623:
1618:
1615:
1614:deprogramming
1611:
1607:
1602:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1570:
1568:
1560:
1558:
1556:
1552:
1544:
1541:
1538:
1534:
1531:
1527:
1526:
1525:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1510:
1508:
1507:Amrit Sanskar
1504:
1500:
1496:
1490:
1482:
1480:
1476:
1474:
1470:
1465:
1463:
1459:
1457:
1456:Astruc Remoch
1453:
1449:
1445:
1440:
1438:
1434:
1429:
1428:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1406:
1404:
1400:
1399:
1394:
1390:
1385:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1369:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1353:
1348:
1346:
1341:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1318:Ancient Greek
1311:
1307:
1302:
1296:
1288:
1286:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1273:
1267:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1251:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1234:Apostasy laws
1233:
1231:
1229:
1228:
1223:
1219:
1211:
1209:
1205:
1203:
1198:
1196:
1191:
1187:
1179:
1178:
1171:
1166:
1164:
1156:
1154:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1086:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1069:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1050:
1048:
1042:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
993:
991:
987:
979:
977:
975:
971:
963:
961:
959:
955:
951:
948:
944:
939:
929:
926:
924:
920:
916:
912:
911:Boniface VIII
908:
903:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
875:
873:
871:
867:
863:
859:
858:monastic vows
855:
849:
844:
842:
833:
829:
826:
823:Hebrew root (
821:
817:
814:
813:
812:
809:
805:
801:
800:Ancient Greek
796:
795:B. J. Oropeza
791:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
755:
751:
745:
737:
732:
725:
723:
721:
716:
714:
710:
704:
700:
696:
688:
686:
684:
676:
673:
670:
667:
664:
661:
658:
655:
652:
649:
646:
643:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
613:
610:
607:
604:
601:
598:
595:
594:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
569:
567:
564:
560:
558:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
535:
531:
527:
522:
517:
513:
509:
507:
503:
497:
494:
491:
490:
489:
486:
484:
480:
475:
471:
468:
464:
463:atrocity tale
460:
452:
450:
448:
444:
440:
436:
431:
429:
425:
421:
413:
410:
405:
403:
399:
395:
389:
381:
379:
377:
370:
367:
364:
363:Defector role
361:
358:
357:Apostate role
355:
354:
353:
351:
350:whistleblower
347:
343:
338:
336:
332:
324:
322:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
299:
296:
294:
290:
286:
282:
277:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
218:
212:
211:
204:
193:
187:
151:
140:
135:
133:
128:
126:
121:
120:
118:
117:
112:
109:
107:
104:
103:
102:
101:
96:
91:
88:
86:
83:
81:
78:
76:
73:
72:
71:
70:
65:
62:
58:
54:
53:
46:
40:
33:
19:
6896:
6871:Nova Religio
6869:
6862:
6806:UFO religion
6751:Neoshamanism
6619:Joseph Smith
6519:Lu Sheng-yen
6504:David Koresh
6434:Alice Bailey
6259:Spiritualism
6183:Santa Muerte
6099:Unity Church
5953:Fung Loy Kok
5810:Baháʼí Faith
5800:Armstrongism
5780:Ananda Marga
5730:Major groups
5682:at Wikiquote
5654:
5634:
5620:
5606:
5597:
5582:
5568:
5564:
5549:
5541:
5520:
5517:Remini, Leah
5510:
5498:
5480:
5469:
5455:
5434:
5430:
5423:
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5409:
5402:
5395:
5384:
5377:
5373:
5362:
5349:
5336:
5329:
5312:
5272:
5254:the original
5249:
5239:
5230:
5222:
5211:. Retrieved
5207:
5197:
5186:. Retrieved
5181:
5172:
5160:
5151:
5141:
5133:
5127:. Retrieved
5123:the original
5116:
5106:
5094:
5090:
5082:
5071:
5062:
5056:
5048:the original
5037:
5012:
5004:
4979:
4971:
4963:
4943:
4935:
4927:
4922:
4914:
4902:
4897:
4882:Dunlop 2001
4878:
4867:. Retrieved
4857:
4842:
4834:
4830:
4821:
4813:
4809:
4804:
4793:. Retrieved
4789:the original
4779:
4771:the original
4761:
4752:
4743:
4735:
4727:
4718:
4708:
4692:
4686:
4661:
4653:
4634:
4625:
4587:
4580:
4572:
4567:
4543:
4536:
4522:
4511:. Retrieved
4496:
4489:
4470:
4451:
4444:Kamen (1998)
4439:
4428:
4412:
4401:
4374:
4354:. Retrieved
4351:The Guardian
4350:
4340:
4329:. Retrieved
4325:
4303:
4294:
4285:
4280:; see p. 174
4269:
4264:
4255:
4241:Hudud Crimes
4235:
4227:
4222:
4209:
4202:
4193:
4189:
4179:
4164:
4160:
4148:. Retrieved
4144:the original
4134:
4123:. Retrieved
4113:
4102:. Retrieved
4098:the original
4093:
4084:
4060:
4049:
4034:
4029:
4020:
4009:. Retrieved
3991:
3970:
3965:
3949:
3944:
3929:
3924:
3915:
3898:
3887:. Retrieved
3883:
3874:
3859:
3854:
3812:
3802:
3789:
3779:
3769:
3764:
3744:
3732:
3720:
3712:
3707:
3691:
3682:
3673:
3664:
3652:
3633:
3627:
3618:
3612:. Retrieved
3601:
3591:
3571:
3558:
3546:
3535:Banerji 1999
3530:
3519:Banerji 1999
3514:
3505:
3500:
3489:Banerji 1999
3484:
3473:Banerji 1999
3468:
3448:
3441:
3429:
3405:
3398:
3386:. Retrieved
3381:
3372:
3364:
3359:
3347:. Retrieved
3338:
3326:
3317:
3308:
3299:
3270:
3262:
3254:
3250:
3242:
3238:
3229:
3196:
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3156:
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3131:
3119:
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3099:
3093:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3069:
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3039:
3034:
3026:
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3009:
3001:
2997:
2992:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2971:
2963:
2955:
2950:
2942:
2938:
2932:
2924:
2910:
2904:
2895:
2891:
2886:
2878:
2873:
2862:. Retrieved
2858:the original
2844:
2833:
2823:
2798:
2794:
2788:
2776:. Retrieved
2765:
2755:
2742:
2696:
2690:
2676:
2664:. Retrieved
2660:
2650:
2638:
2626:. Retrieved
2622:
2612:
2600:. Retrieved
2595:
2586:
2569:
2549:
2539:
2532:
2521:. Retrieved
2517:the original
2507:
2503:
2498:
2490:
2467:
2463:
2458:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2414:
2396:
2391:
2382:
2371:. Retrieved
2356:
2349:
2329:
2322:
2302:
2295:
2284:. Retrieved
2274:
2267:Article 18.2
2257:
2219:
2212:
2192:
2171:
2164:
2156:
2150:
2146:
2135:. Retrieved
2130:
2124:
2116:
2097:
2078:
1975:Christianity
1953:
1911:
1902:Recent times
1891:Gordon riots
1790:Neoplatonism
1764:
1755:
1740:Please help
1728:
1692:
1685:
1677:Flora Jessop
1661:brainwashing
1650:
1619:
1604:Sociologist
1603:
1571:
1564:
1548:
1521:
1517:
1511:
1502:
1492:
1477:
1466:
1460:
1441:
1436:
1425:
1407:
1396:
1386:
1371:
1366:
1361:King Solomon
1355:
1350:
1342:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1315:
1283:
1270:
1268:
1252:
1244:Saudi Arabia
1237:
1225:
1215:
1206:
1199:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1177:An-Nisa 4:89
1175:
1168:
1160:
1151:murtad milli
1150:
1147:murtad fitri
1146:
1142:
1130:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1112:
1070:
1065:
1057:
1051:
1044:
994:
983:
967:
952:
946:
941:
927:
904:
890:
879:
869:
861:
851:
846:
841:Christianity
838:
824:
807:
803:
792:
757:
726:Christianity
717:
712:
709:Baháʼí Faith
706:
689:Baháʼí Faith
680:
663:Saudi Arabia
591:
561:
547:
538:
530:Jean Duhaime
528:
524:
519:
515:
511:
504:
501:
487:
467:sociologists
462:
458:
456:
435:Roman Empire
432:
417:
407:
391:
382:Human rights
374:
368:
362:
356:
339:
328:
315:verbal abuse
305:may include
300:
297:
278:
269:
266:sociologists
261:
260:). The term
258:apostacizing
257:
254:apostasizing
253:
250:apostatizing
249:
245:
234:renunciation
209:
149:
148:
111:Assimilation
105:
6841:Scholarship
6574:Ramakrishna
6509:Anton LaVey
6454:Sri Chinmoy
6429:Baháʼu'lláh
6254:Soka Gakkai
6188:Santo Daime
6176:Radha Soami
6166:Sahaja Yoga
6089:New Thought
5876:Charismatic
5866:Pentecostal
4528:"Sikh diet"
4446:, pp. 29–31
4150:13 February
3349:13 February
3279:. pp.
2778:18 February
2666:18 February
2602:18 February
1931:Raif Badawi
1860:Catholicism
1830:Arminianism
1583:Anson Shupe
1408:During the
1264:proselytism
1254:Rapporteur
1195:Riddah wars
1013:Nāradasmṛti
1005:Yajnavalkya
968:Members of
883:Priscillian
754:Backsliding
597:Afghanistan
557:sensational
447:Waldensians
398:human right
335:Max Scheler
303:punishments
293:sports team
274:connotation
264:is used by
7000:Categories
6909:Opposition
6579:Prem Rawat
6529:Meher Baba
6499:Li Hongzhi
6489:Hak Ja Han
6444:David Berg
6358:Weixinjiao
5948:Fourth Way
5933:Falun Gong
5923:Creativity
5264:References
5232:The Nation
5213:2017-05-17
5188:2014-05-16
5129:2011-10-05
4869:2014-10-10
4833:(English:
4795:2008-01-04
4558:8185815054
4513:2015-01-12
4356:2015-03-17
4331:2022-04-12
4125:2015-03-17
4104:2015-03-17
4011:2014-03-31
3960:, pp. 1–27
3889:2015-03-17
3643:0791403572
3614:2019-08-31
3537:, p.
3521:, p.
3491:, p.
3475:, p.
3226:"Apostasy"
2864:2014-10-10
2661:Malay Mail
2628:August 20,
2523:2007-11-20
2434:edited by
2426:(English:
2373:2023-03-23
2286:2015-08-16
2137:2015-08-16
1873:Maria Monk
1557:of Sikhs.
1469:Maimonides
1310:Mattathias
1299:See also:
1039:See also:
958:antichrist
899:Hostiensis
748:See also:
720:persecuted
693:See also:
651:Mauritania
639:Terengganu
386:See also:
18:Apostatize
6663:By region
6286:Theosophy
6264:Spiritism
6156:Rastafari
6047:Rodnovery
6042:Heathenry
6017:Mormonism
5963:Godianism
5854:Noahidism
5795:Antoinism
5768:Ahmadiyya
5746:Adventism
5741:Brahmoism
5737:Adi Dharm
5542:Testimony
4611:cite book
3283:, 78–79.
3277:Routledge
3004:), 3:606.
2282:. umn.edu
2243:cite book
2157:The Times
1999:Defection
1994:Blasphemy
1936:In 2014,
1929:In 2013,
1922:In 2011,
1864:observant
1826:Calvinism
1822:Charles I
1800:Lithuania
1796:Mindaugas
1729:does not
1681:YFZ ranch
1437:conversos
1427:conversos
1403:Pharisees
1260:blasphemy
1218:Ahmadiyya
1073:Tathāgata
1029:Yajurveda
1017:Parashara
1009:Kātyāyana
895:decretist
887:canon law
876:Penalties
804:apostasia
776:Methodist
521:crusader.
457:The term
319:execution
222:defection
210:apostasía
203:translit.
197:ἀποστασία
7006:Apostasy
6679:Concepts
6569:Rajneesh
6276:Tenrikyo
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