Council of Jerusalem - Knowledge (XXG)

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gentiles should have some observances in common with Jews, and occasion would be offered of coming together in one worship and faith of God and a cause of dissension might be removed, since by ancient custom blood and strangled things seemed abominable to Jews, and gentiles could be thought to be returning to idolatry if they ate sacrificial food. In places, however, where the Christian religion has been promulgated to such an extent that no Jew is to be met with and all have joined the church, uniformly practicing the same rites and ceremonies of the gospel and believing that to the clean all things are clean, since the cause of that apostolic prohibition has ceased, so its effect has ceased.

2766:"There is an increasing trend among scholars toward considering the Jerusalem Council as historical event. An overwhelming majority identifies the reference to the Jerusalem Council in Acts 15 with Paul's account in Gal. 2.1–10, and this accord is not just limited to the historicity of the gathering alone but extends also to the authenticity of the arguments deriving from the Jerusalem church itself.", Philip, "The Origins of Pauline Pneumatology: the Eschatological Bestowal of the Spirit", Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament 2, Reihe, p. 205 (2005). Mohr Siebeck. 3852:

made by the Mosaic Law between clean and unclean foods belongs to the ceremonial laws which have passed away with the coming of the Gospel…. So it declares that no kind of food is to be condemned which human society regards as food, and no distinction is to be made between animals on the basis of gender or the manner of their death. However many things which are not forbidden may and should be given up for the health of the body, the practice of virtue, and regular Church discipline. As the Apostle says: 'All things are permitted, but not all are expedient.'

3535:"Sahlin rejects the historicity of Acts completely (Der Messias und das Gottesvolk ). Haenchen's view is that the Apostolic Council "is an imaginary construction answering to no historical reality" (The Acts of the Apostles , p. 463). Dibelius' view (Studies in the Acts of the Apostles , pp. 93–101) is that Luke's treatment is literary-theological and can make no claim to historical worth.", Mounce, "Apostolic Council", in Bromiley (ed.) "The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia", volume 1, p. 200 (rev. ed. 2001). Wm. B. Eerdmans. 3544:"The present writer accepts its basic historicity, i.e. that there was an event at Jerusalem concerning the matter of the entry of the Gentiles into the Christian community, but would be circumspect about going much further than that. For a robust defence of its historicity, see Bauckham, "James", and the relevant literature cited there.", Paget, "Jewish Christianity", in Horbury, et al., "The Cambridge History of Judaism: The Early Roman Period", volume 3, p. 744 (2008). Cambridge University Press. 1466: 221: 3725:(Yeb. 46b, 47b; Ker. 9a; 'Ab. Zarah 57a; Shab. 135a; Yer. Kid. iii. 14, 64d). Circumcision, however, was much more important, and, like baptism, was called a "seal" (Schlatter, "Die Kirche Jerusalems," 1898, p. 70). But as circumcision was discarded by Christianity, and the sacrifices had ceased, Baptism remained the sole condition for initiation into religious life. The next ceremony, adopted shortly after the others, was the 864: 3526:"However, numerous scholars have challenged the historicity of the Jerusalem Council as related by Acts, Paul's presence there in the manner that Luke describes, the issue of idol-food being thrust on Paul's Gentile mission, and the historical reliability of Acts in general.", Fotopolous, "Food Offered to Idols in Roman Corinth: a socio-rhetorical reconsideration", pp. 181–182 (2003). Mohr Siebeck. 2016: 1809: 1797: 3454:. p. 292. "He chided Paul later for his failure to require the Gentiles to observe the decree (Acts 21:25). Paul delivered the letter from the Jerusalem meeting expressing James's decree, but only to churches in Syria, Cilicia and Galatia ... Paul did not impose the food requirements for the kosher-killed meat and against the idol-sacrificed meat upon the Corinthians" 3789:, where he states that the Apostles had given this command in order to unite the heathens and Jews in the one ark of Noah; but that then, when the barrier between Jewish and heathen converts had fallen, this command concerning things strangled and blood had lost its meaning, and was only observed by few. But still, as late as the eighth century, 2193:, where he states that the Apostles had given this command in order to unite the heathens and Jews in the one ark of Noah; but that then, when the barrier between Jewish and heathen converts had fallen, this command concerning things strangled and blood had lost its meaning, and was only observed by few. But still, as late as the eighth century, 3499:"Paul's account of the Jerusalem Council in Galatians 2 and the account of it recorded in Acts have been considered by some scholars as being in open contradiction.", Paget, "Jewish Christianity", in Horbury, et al., "The Cambridge History of Judaism: The Early Roman Period", volume 3, p. 744 (2008). Cambridge University Press. 3835:: 18. And also that that prohibition of the Apostles of foods sacrificed to idols, and of blood, and of what has been strangled was suited to that time, so that matter for dissension between Jews and Gentiles might be taken away. With the cause of that Apostolic prohibition coming to an end, the effect came to an end also. 1380:

idols, and from blood, and from what has been strangled, and from sexual immorality". In the view of some scholars, the reminder of James and the elders here is an expression of concern that Paul was not fully teaching the decision of the Jerusalem Council's letter to Gentiles, particularly in regard to non-strangled

3797:, can be of greater and more unchanging force than the decree of that first council, held by the Holy Apostles at Jerusalem, and the fact that its decree has been obsolete for centuries in the West is proof that even Ecumenical canons may be of only temporary utility and may be repealed by disuse, like other laws." 2201:, can be of greater and more unchanging force than the decree of that first council, held by the Holy Apostles at Jerusalem, and the fact that its decree has been obsolete for centuries in the West is proof that even Ecumenical canons may be of only temporary utility and may be repealed by disuse, like other laws." 1882:

For great as was the success of Barnabas and Paul in the heathen world, the authorities in Jerusalem insisted upon circumcision as the condition of admission of members into the church, until, on the initiative of Peter, and of James, the head of the Jerusalem church, it was agreed that acceptance of

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The description of the Apostolic Council in Acts 15, generally considered the same event described in Galatians 2, is considered by some scholars to be contradictory to the Galatians account. The historicity of Luke's in Acts account has been challenged and was rejected by some scholars in the mid to

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The primary issue which was addressed related to the requirement of circumcision, as the author of Acts relates, but other important matters arose as well, as the Apostolic Decree indicates. The dispute was between those such as the followers of the "Pillars of the Church", led by James, who believed

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of the Council of Florence reads: "The holy Roman Church firmly believes, professes, and preaches that every creature of God is good and not to be rejected if it is taken with thanks. According to the Lord's word, a man is not defiled by what enters his mouth. The Church affirms that the distinction

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Canon 67: "Divine Scripture has commanded us to ‘abstain from blood, and strangled flesh and fornication’ (Gen 9:3-4, Lev 17 & 18:3, Acts 15: 28-29). We therefore suitably penance those who on account of their dainty stomach eat the blood of any animal after they have rendered it eatable by some

3490:"In spite of the presence of discrepancies between these two accounts, most scholars agree that they do in fact refer to the same event.", Paget, "Jewish Christianity", in Horbury, et al., "The Cambridge History of Judaism: The Early Roman Period", volume 3, p. 744 (2008). Cambridge University Press. 1379:

Jewish converts to Christianity "to forsake Moses, telling them not to circumcise their children or walk according to our customs." They remind the assembly that, "as for the Gentiles who have believed, we have sent a letter with our judgment that they should abstain from what has been sacrificed to

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also declares that the apostolic prohibition, to abstain from what has been sacrificed to idols and from blood and from what is strangled, was suited to that time when a single church was rising from Jews and gentiles, who previously lived with different ceremonies and customs. This was so that the

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In conclusion, therefore, it appears that the least unsatisfactory solution of the complicated textual and exegetical problems of the Apostolic Decree is to regard the fourfold decree as original (foods offered to idols, strangled meat, eating blood, and unchastity—whether ritual or moral), and to

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The author of Acts gives an account of a restatement by James and the elders in Jerusalem of the contents of the letter on the occasion of Paul's final Jerusalem visit, immediately prior to Paul's arrest at the temple, recounting: "When we had come to Jerusalem, the brothers received us gladly. On

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It is my judgment, therefore, that we should not make it difficult for the Gentiles who are turning to God. Instead we should write to them, telling them to abstain from food polluted by idols, from sexual immorality, from the meat of strangled animals and from blood. For the law of Moses has been

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Canon 63: "If any bishop, or presbyter or deacon or anyone else on the sacerdotal list at all, eat meat in the blood of its soul, or that has been killed by a wild beast, or that has died a natural death, let him be deposed. For the Law has forbidden this. But if any layman do the same let him be

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1 Corinthians: a new translation Volume 32 Anchor Bible William Fridell Orr, James Arthur Walther – 1976 "Paul's openness regarding dietary restrictions raises again the question of the connection with the decrees of the council at Jerusalem (Acts 15:29; Introduction, pp. 63–65). There is no hint

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and we ourselves have favored adding no further burden to you, except these necessary things, to abstain from things sacrificed to idols, and from blood, and from things strangled, and from fornication. If you carefully keep yourselves from these things, you will prosper." (Acts 15:27–28) This

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explain the two forms of the threefold decree in some such way as those suggested above. An extensive literature exists on the text and exegesis of the Apostolic Decree. ... According to Jacques Dupont, "Present day scholarship is practically unanimous in considering the

163: 2139:), or participation in pagan worship which had long been described by Old Testament prophets as spiritual adultery and which, in fact, offered opportunity in many temples for religious prostitution"; "An extensive literature exists on the text and exegesis"; 3517:"The historicity of Luke's account in Acts 15 has been questioned on a number of grounds.", Paget, "Jewish Christianity", in Horbury, et al., "The Cambridge History of Judaism: The Early Roman Period", volume 3, p. 744 (2008). Cambridge University Press. 3130:("making themselves foreskins"; I Macc. i. 15; Josephus, "Ant." xii. 5, § 1; Assumptio Mosis, viii.; I Cor. vii. 18; Tosef., Shab. xv. 9; Yeb. 72a, b; Yer. Peah i. 16b; Yeb. viii. 9a). All the more did the law-observing Jews defy the edict of 3508:"There is a very strong case against the historicity of Luke's account of the Apostolic Council", Esler, "Community and Gospel in Luke-Acts: The Social and Political Motivations of Lucan Theology", p. 97 (1989). Cambridge University Press. 1853:

The Council of Jerusalem retained the prohibitions on eating blood, meat containing blood, and meat of animals that were strangled, and on fornication and idolatry. The resulting Apostolic Decree in Acts 15 may simply parallel the

2852:: "Then we lose sight of James till St. Paul, three years after his conversion (A.D. 37), went up to Jerusalem. ... On the same occasion, the "pillars" of the Church, James, Peter, and John "gave to me (Paul) and Barnabas the 3753:

art. If therefore anyone from now on should attempt to eat the blood of any animal in any way whatsoever, if he be a clergyman, let him be deposed from office; but if he be a layman let him be excommunicated. "

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or a different event is not agreed. Paul writes of laying his gospel before the others "privately", not in a Council. It has been argued that Galatians was written as Paul was on his way to the Council (see

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Contact with Grecian life, especially at the games of the arena , made this distinction obnoxious to the Hellenists, or antinationalists; and the consequence was their attempt to appear like the Greeks by

3793:(731) forbade the eating of blood or things strangled under threat of a penance of forty days. No one will pretend that the disciplinary enactments of any council, even though it be one of the undisputed 2197:(731) forbade the eating of blood or things strangled under threat of a penance of forty days. No one will pretend that the disciplinary enactments of any council, even though it be one of the undisputed 5848: 1301:). James added his own words to the quotation: "Known to God from eternity are all His works" and then submitted a proposal, which was accepted by the Church and became known as the Apostolic Decree: 2537: 547: 1250:)), and Paul the Apostle, who called himself "Apostle to the Gentiles", who believed there was no such necessity. The main concern for Paul, which he subsequently expressed in greater detail with 6493: 5642: 1403:

late 20th century. However, more recent scholarship inclines towards treating the Jerusalem Council and its rulings as a historical event, though this is sometimes expressed with caution.

3196:. Page 174: "In effect, they seemed to regard Christianity as an affirmation of every aspect of contemporary Judaism, with the addition of one extra belief — that Jesus was the Messiah." 1883:

the Noachian Laws—namely, regarding avoidance of idolatry, fornication, and the eating of flesh cut from a living animal—should be demanded of the heathen desirous of entering the Church.

1862:, and thus be a commonality rather than a differential. However, modern scholars dispute the connection between Acts 15 and the seven Noahide laws. The Apostolic Decree may have been a 5047: 3773:, the rule of the Apostolic Synod with regard to blood and things strangled was still in force. With the Greeks, indeed, it continued always in force as their Euchologies still show. 3171:

portrays the foreskin, often drawn in meticulous detail, as an emblem of male beauty; and children with congenitally short foreskins were sometimes subjected to a treatment, known as

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prohibiting circumcision (I Macc. i. 48, 60; ii. 46); and the Jewish women showed their loyalty to the Law, even at the risk of their lives, by themselves circumcising their sons.

2778:: "During the first Christian centuries the church at this place was the centre of Christianity in Jerusalem, "Holy and glorious Sion, mother of all churches" (Intercession in " 4876: 1397: 1179: 5112: 3781:, expressly blames the Latins because they had ceased to observe this command. What the Latin Church, however, thought on this subject about the year 400, is shown by 2185:, expressly blames the Latins because they had ceased to observe this command. What the Latin Church, however, thought on this subject about the year 400, is shown by 5858: 5605: 4252: 2055: 1654: 1106: 1007: 950: 112: 5417: 1840: 6125: 2875:"The Ideal Prepuce in Ancient Greece and Rome: Male Genital Aesthetics and Their Relation to Lipodermos, Circumcision, Foreskin Restoration, and the Kynodesme" 6140: 4886: 1465: 525: 3733:

with oil, which at first also accompanied the act of Baptism, and was analogous to the anointment of priests among the Jews, was not a necessary condition."

6589: 3441:. Louisville: Westminster John Knox, p. iv. "According to Acts 21:25, the elders at Jerusalem were still concerned with observance of them when Paul last " 1350:

This determined questions wider than that of circumcision, particularly dietary questions, fornication, idolatry, and blood, as well as the application of

572: 6162: 5266: 3932: 997: 6835: 5468: 4452: 6634: 6805: 6584: 5891: 5504: 2030: 1236: 77: 2119:: "the Apostolic Decree contain many problems concerning text and exegesis"; "it is possible (fornication means) marriage within the prohibited 5896: 4881: 892: 688: 594: 2626:

Thiessen, Matthew (September 2014). Breytenbach, Cilliers; Thom, Johan (eds.). "Paul's Argument against Gentile Circumcision in Romans 2:17-29".

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Bockmuehl, Markus (January 1995). "The Noachide Commandments and New Testament Ethics: with Special Reference to Acts 15 and Pauline Halakhah".

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of the decree as the only authentic text (in four items) and in interpreting its prescriptions in a sense not ethical but ritual" .

3417: 1375:) The elders then proceed to notify Paul of what seems to have been a common concern among Jewish believers, that he was teaching 6840: 6795: 6357: 6256: 5715: 5248: 5243: 5238: 5233: 5228: 5223: 5218: 5213: 5208: 5203: 5198: 5193: 5098: 4272: 3050: 817: 298: 6442: 6172: 5911: 5868: 5751: 5741: 5551: 5514: 5188: 5183: 5178: 5173: 5168: 5163: 5153: 3564: 3425: 857: 727: 489: 1897:

gives it as his opinion that the original intention of Jesus, and especially of Paul, was to convert only the Gentiles to the

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both suggest that the meeting was called to debate the legitimacy of the evangelizing mission of Barnabas and Paul to the

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and to let the Jews follow the Mosaic law—which explains the apparent contradictions in the New Testament regarding the

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argues that they (Acts 15 and Galatians 2) are the same event but each from a different viewpoint with its own bias.

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likely held leadership positions in the surrounding area after the destruction of the city until its rebuilding as

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James the Brother of Jesus: The Key to Unlocking the Secrets of Early Christianity and the Dead Sea Scrolls.

3971: 3955: 3939: 3923: 3477:. p. 480. "Paul's 'rule' for everyday life in Corinth is a simple one: 'Eat anything sold in the meat market 3216: 2815: 2567: 2485: 2304: 2090: 1874: 1770: 1708: 1698: 1035: 782: 767: 717: 552: 352: 340: 321: 166: 92: 81: 65: 61: 3403: 6682: 6569: 6187: 5808: 5729: 5137: 5077: 4178:

Savelle, Charles. “A Reexamination of the Prohibitions in Acts 15.” Bibliotheca Ssacra 161 (2004): 449–68.

3778: 3387: 2706: 2182: 1519: 1193: 1122: 878: 841: 833: 777: 747: 584: 557: 285: 2408: 2404: 2388: 2173:, the rule of the Apostolic Synod with regard to blood and things strangled was still in force. With the 1367:

Apostolic Decree was considered binding on all the other local Christian congregations in other regions.

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also, the well-known commentator on the canons of the Middle Ages, in his commentary on the sixty-third

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also, the well-known commentator on the canons of the Middle Ages, in his commentary on the sixty-third

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the following day Paul went in with us to James, and all the elders were present." (Acts 21:17–18,

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Accounts of the council are found in Acts of the Apostles (chapter 15 in two different forms, the

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Keener, Craig S. Acts: An Exegetical Commentary: Volume 3, 15:1–23:35. Grand Rapids: Baker, 2014.

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to have been obsolete when the distinction between Jewish and gentile converts had disappeared:

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who had become believers stated that it was "needful to circumcise and to command to keep the

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preached in every city from the earliest times and is read in the synagogues on every Sabbath.

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Professio Orthodoxae Fidei ab orientalibus facienda, Congregatio De Propaganda Fide, 1642

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This article is about the 1st-century council of early Christianity. For other uses, see

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has pollution of idolatrous sacrifices, unchastity, meat of strangled animals, blood;

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Imperial Rome and Christian Triumph: Oxford History of Early Non-Pauline Christianity

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while standing on one foot cited the negative form of the Golden Rule, also cited in

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Men and movements in the primitive church: Studies in early non-Pauline Christianity

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sets out the content of the letter written in accordance with James' proposal. The

1263: 1130: 1017: 868: 484: 479: 468: 290: 245: 3607:[The Noahid Laws: A Pre-Sinaitic Mini-Torah for Humanity and for Israel]. 4213:

What Saint Paul Really Said: Was Paul of Tarsus the Real Founder of Christianity?

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McGrath, Alister E., Christianity: An Introduction. Blackwell Publishing (2006).

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has food polluted by idols, sexual immorality, meat of strangled animals, blood;

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disputes the claim that the Apostolic Decree is based on the seven Noahide laws (

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Augustus to Constantine: The Rise and triumph of Christianity in the Roman World

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The purpose of the meeting, according to Acts, was to resolve a disagreement in

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has pollution from idols, unlawful marriage, meat of strangled animals, blood.

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has things polluted by idols, fornication, whatever has been strangled, blood;

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Schultheiss, Dirk; Truss, Michael C.; Stief, Christian G.; Jonas, Udo (1998).

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Justification by Faith: The Origin and Development of a Central Pauline Theme

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Paul and the New Perspective: Second Thoughts on the Origin of Paul's Gospel

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Approaches to Ancient Judaism, New Series: Religious and Theological Studies

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The Acts of the Apostles: A New Translation with Introduction and Commentary

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went to Jerusalem to meet with the "Pillars of the Church": James the Just,

1031: 3625: 3604: 3249: 2907: 2574:(ed.). "Echoes of Intra-Jewish Polemic in Paul's Letter to the Galatians". 1285:), Barnabas and Paul gave an account of their ministry among the gentiles ( 941:

were not obligated to keep most of the rules prescribed to the Jews by the

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Lost Christianities: The Battle for Scripture and the Faiths We Never Knew

3066: 2970: 2899: 6488: 6367: 6007: 5700: 5446: 5436: 5390: 5385: 5380: 4812: 4697: 4608: 4588: 4543: 3904:

Peter, Stephen, James and John: Studies in Early Non-Pauline Christianity

3774: 3173: 3127: 2954: 1376: 1134: 1098: 1059: 462: 128: 3701: 2856:; that we should go unto the Gentiles, and they unto the circumcision" ( 2673: 2177:, indeed, it continued always in force as their Euchologies still show. 6525: 6455: 6115: 6079: 4792: 4772: 4663: 4553: 4523: 4421: 4416: 4411: 4406: 4401: 4396: 4391: 4386: 4381: 4376: 4371: 4366: 4361: 4356: 4351: 4346: 4341: 4336: 4331: 4230: 3718: 2941:"Celsus' Decircumcision Operation: Medical and Historical Implications" 2609: 2509: 1725: 1388:, to "eat whatever is sold in the meat markets" (1 Corinthians 10:25). 1153: 1090: 1008:

Circumcision controversy in early Christianity § Jewish background

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Jesus & the Rise of Early Christianity: A History of New Testament

1946:

While the prohibitions of the Apostolic Decree were reiterated in the

1411:

includes a summary of current research on the topic as of about 1994:

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Perspectives Old and New on Paul: The "Lutheran" Paul and His Critics

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Bulletin of the John Rylands Library, LII (1969–70), pp. 437–460

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Black, C. Clifton; Smith, D. Moody; Spivey, Robert A., eds. (2019) .

3004: 2811: 2637: 2300: 2151:

has pollutions of the idols, whoredom, strangled thing, blood; Gaus'

1755: 1381: 1201: 669: 452: 3556:

For a clarification of "fourfold decree" vs "threefold decree", see

2593: 180:: "we should write to them to abstain only from things polluted by 4192:

The Journal of Theological Studies, 1939, pp. 133–146, 258–271

4007:

A cultural historian's dissenting view based on contemporary texts.

3394:. Gill's Exposition of the Whole Bible. Accessed 13 September 2015. 1140:

At the time, most followers of Jesus (which historians refer to as

6089: 4757: 4747: 4623: 4269: 4141:

Paul and Palestinian Judaism: A Comparison of Patterns of Religion

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The Legend and the Apostle: The Battle for Paul in Story and Canon

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was leader of the early Christian community in Jerusalem, and his

250: 212: 161: 3341:"'Justification by Faith' and The Disposition of Paul's Argument" 1212:, you cannot be saved"; Acts states that furthermore some of the 5786: 4132:

The Beginnings of Christianity: Part I: The Acts of the Apostles

2517: 2140: 1109:, a practice that was considered execrable and repulsive in the 973:. The purpose and origin of these four prohibitions is debated. 193: 5094: 4234: 2790: 2788: 2461:"The Apostle Paul and the Introspective Conscience of the West" 1913:

The 20th-century American Catholic priest and biblical scholar

3037:"Uncircumcision: A Historical Review of Preputial Restoration" 2144: 1221: 953:. The council did, however, retain the prohibitions on eating 3867:

Christ the End of the Law, Romans 10.4 in Pauline Perspective

2279: 2277: 2275: 2273: 2271: 2269: 2267: 2265: 2263: 2261: 2357:(Revised and expanded ed.). Doubleday. pp. 19–21. 4183:

The Apostolic Decree and its Setting in the Ancient Church.

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and other specific rituals, including the rules concerning

1962:, though it is still nominally recognized and observed by 1004:

Biblical law in Christianity § History and background

3769:

notes: "We further see that, at the time of the Synod of

1958:", according to the 19th-century German Catholic bishop 1384:

meat, which contrasts with Paul's advice to Gentiles in

169:, whose judgment was adopted in the Apostolic Decree of 3580:, 2nd edn, (NY: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, 1994), 382. 3563:, 1995, by Geoffrey W. Bromiley ("Apostolic Council"), 3104:"Circumcision: In Apocryphal and Rabbinical Literature" 1200:). The Acts say that "certain men which came down from 6707:

Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America

4121:

Pauline Christianity: Luke-Acts and the Legacy of Paul

4065:"XCV. The Council of Jerusalem (about A. D. 50)" 4080:

The Mythmaker: Paul and the Invention of Christianity

1026:) the location of "the first Christian church". The 6550: 6469: 6398: 6333: 6255: 6186: 6100: 5867: 5750: 5586: 5477: 5359: 5257: 5146: 5061: 4900: 4842: 4821: 4481: 4430: 4268: 3820:"Council of Florence, Bull of Union with the Copts" 3030: 3028: 1277:

At the council, following advice offered by Peter (

1160:with the addition of the belief that Jesus was the 1101:and the Gentile converts' freedom from most of the 135: 107: 87: 71: 57: 44: 39: 2989: 2987: 1398:Historical reliability of the Acts of the Apostles 1346:Proselyte § Rules for proselytes in the Torah 1289:), and James quoted from the words of the prophet 1180:Historical reliability of the Acts of the Apostles 961:, and meat of animals that were strangled, and on 3603:Vana, Liliane (May 2013). Trigano, Shmuel (ed.). 1074:. The Council of Jerusalem is generally dated to 2169:notes: "We further see that, at the time of the 2127:), which the rabbis described as "forbidden for 2061:Circumcision in the Bible#In rabbinic literature 4107:A Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament 3578:A Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament 3331: 3329: 3000:When Christians Were Jews: The First Generation 2689: 2687: 2685: 2683: 2621: 2619: 2451: 2449: 1975: 1892: 1880: 1413: 1303: 1208:you are circumcised according to the custom of 4190:The Didache and the Apostolic Synod of Antioch 3959:The Theology of Paul's Letter to the Galatians 2056:Circumcision controversy in early Christianity 1055:, when all Jews were banished from Jerusalem. 188:and from whatever has been strangled and from 5106: 4246: 3287: 3285: 2934: 2932: 2868: 2866: 2808:The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church 2346: 2344: 2342: 2340: 2338: 2336: 2334: 2332: 2297:The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church 2236:, cited the positive form as summary of the " 2117:Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament 1954:, it "has been obsolete for centuries in the 1834: 1409:Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament 886: 8: 3552: 3550: 3464:here of an apostolic decree involving food." 1994:'s Creed for Oriental converts of 1642 and 2562: 2560: 2558: 2213:when asked by a Gentile to teach the whole 1262:, was the inclusion of Gentiles into God's 1030:lived and taught there for some time after 6183: 5113: 5099: 5091: 4253: 4239: 4231: 3806:Convent of St. Elisabeth, Minsk, Belarus. 1841: 1827: 1444: 998:Historical background of the New Testament 893: 879: 513: 199: 4134:, London: MacMillan & Co., Ltd., 1926 3624: 3559:International Standard Bible Encyclopedia 3159:, along with any others who revealed the 155:Chronological list of ecumenical councils 4070:A Practical Commentary on Holy Scripture 2354:A Concise History of the Catholic Church 2031:Ancient church councils (pre-ecumenical) 1969:The apostolic decree was defined by the 1246:(i.e. the rules of traditional Judaism ( 1237:Paul the Apostle and Jewish Christianity 78:Ancient church councils (pre-ecumenical) 6531:Fostering of early experimental science 4882:Holy Spirit in the Acts of the Apostles 2257: 2108: 1456: 602: 211: 6635:Fundamentalist – Modernist controversy 2376: 2374: 1012:Jerusalem was the first center of the 36: 2543:from the original on 24 December 2021 7: 4082:. New York: Harper & Row, 1986. 3883:An Introduction to the New Testament 3475:The First Epistle to the Corinthians 2824:10.1093/acref/9780192802903.001.0001 2762: 2760: 2313:10.1093/acref/9780192802903.001.0001 3300:. Routledge Worlds (1st ed.). 2883:Bulletin of the History of Medicine 2131:", or mixed marriages with pagans ( 1342:Christian views on the Old Covenant 1081:, roughly 15 to 25 years after the 117:Christian views on the Old Covenant 27:First Christian synod (c. 48–50 AD) 4157:Paul the Law and the Jewish People 3042:Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 2703:The Anchor Yale Bible Commentaries 1984:Bull of Union with the Copts, 1442 1354:to non-Jews. It was stated by the 1121:, and was especially disdained in 25: 4062:Knecht, Friedrich Justus (1910). 3051:Lippincott Williams & Wilkins 2752:Introduction to the New Testament 1630:Split of Christianity and Judaism 1327:Acts of the Apostles: Manuscripts 1242:that the church must observe the 6836:Mosaic law in Christian theology 4100:Philadelphia: Westminster Press. 3975:The Theology of Paul the Apostle 3808:Eating food that has blood in it 3767:commentary on canon II of Gangra 3609:Pardés: Études et culture juives 3059:10.1097/00006534-199806000-00037 2167:commentary on canon II of Gangra 2014: 1807: 1795: 1464: 1425:Origin of the Council's decision 1329:) adds the negative form of the 1144:) were Jewish by birth and even 1036:James the Just, brother of Jesus 978:Alexandrian and Western versions 862: 219: 6806:Ancient Christian controversies 3230:"Paul: Apostle to the Gentiles" 3177:, that was aimed at elongation. 3153:. Scholars Press. p. 149. 1990:This reasoning was repeated in 969:, sometimes referred to as the 858:Outline of Bible-related topics 6494:Separation of church and state 6163:Formal and material principles 6148:Separation of church and state 3619:: Éditions in Press: 211–236. 3349:Novum Testamentum, Supplements 2892:Johns Hopkins University Press 2586:Society of Biblical Literature 2577:Journal of Biblical Literature 567:Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia 1: 6158:Hymnody of continental Europe 5309:Apostles in the New Testament 3359:. pp. 210–211, 246–247. 3296:. In Esler, Philip F. (ed.). 2873:Hodges, Frederick M. (2001). 2115:According to Bruce Metzger's 1174:History of early Christianity 1075: 1049: 925: 694:Historical-grammatical method 174: 141:Excerpts from New Testament ( 137:Documents and statements 48: 6826:Judaism in the New Testament 4855:Acts of the Apostles (genre) 3847:: 62. So the Decree for the 3715:Jewish Encyclopedia: Baptism 3234:Anatomy of the New Testament 2963:10.1016/0090-4295(80)90354-4 2939:Rubin, Jody P. (July 1980). 2351:Bokenkotter, Thomas (2004). 2041:Biblical law in Christianity 1864:major act of differentiation 1441:Paul the Apostle and Judaism 6781:1st-century church councils 5606:Eastern Orthodox opposition 4834:Synagogue of the Libertines 3415:"Apostolic Presbyterianism" 1964:Eastern Orthodox Christians 1266:, sending the message that 1256:early Christian communities 1133:, which instead valued the 91:Unspecified but presumably 6862: 5623:Art patronage of Julius II 3926:"The Incident at Antioch ( 3845:Ex Quo, Benedict XIV, 1756 3163:, were the butt of ribald 2482:Cambridge University Press 2469:Harvard Theological Review 1434: 1428: 1395: 1335: 1226: 1177: 1171: 1148:would have considered the 1001: 995: 913:is a council described in 689:Allegorical interpretation 119:, and whether keeping the 29: 6811:Christianity in Jerusalem 6715: 6126:Calvinist–Arminian debate 5128: 4031:Unvarnished New Testament 3298:The Early Christian World 2854:right hands of fellowship 2650:10.1163/15685365-12341488 2494:10.1017/S0017816000024779 2154:Unvarnished New Testament 2066:Circumcision in the Bible 1575:Hebrew Christian movement 934:The council decided that 153: 6786:1st century in Jerusalem 6615:Christian existentialism 4678:Mary mother of John Mark 4168:, Fortress Press, 1987, 4094:MacDonald, Dennis Ronald 3996:Eisenman, Robert, 1997. 3918:The Acts of the Apostles 2810:(3rd Revised ed.). 2776:Jerusalem (A.D. 71–1099) 2299:(3rd Revised ed.). 1926:), and instead proposes 1899:seven moral laws of Noah 1692:Jewish–Christian gospels 1655:Circumcision controversy 1424: 939:converts to Christianity 579:Novum Testamentum Graece 381:Composition of the Torah 147:Epistle to the Galatians 6841:James, brother of Jesus 6796:50s in the Roman Empire 5122:History of Christianity 4473:Book burning at Ephesus 3943:Jesus, Paul and the Law 3909:Bruce, Frederick Fyvie. 3901:Bruce, Frederick Fyvie. 2816:Oxford University Press 2486:Harvard Divinity School 2305:Oxford University Press 2091:New Perspective on Paul 1888:The Jewish Encyclopedia 1875:The Jewish Encyclopedia 1814:Christianity portal 1709:Gospel of the Nazarenes 1699:Gospel of the Ebionites 1645:Christian anti-semitism 986:letter to the Galatians 980:) and also possibly in 82:First Council of Nicaea 66:Christian denominations 62:Mainstream Christianity 6683:Fourth Great Awakening 6570:Second Great Awakening 5809:Fall of Constantinople 5601:Development of primacy 5078:The Visual Bible: Acts 4877:Historical reliability 4119:Mount, Christopher N. 3791:Pope Gregory the Third 3626:10.3917/parde.052.0211 3473:Gordon D. Fee (1987). 3250:10.2307/j.ctvcb5b9q.17 3098:; Friedenwald, Aaron; 2707:New Haven, Connecticut 2195:Pope Gregory the Third 1988: 1930:as the basis for it. ( 1911: 1885: 1422: 1316: 1204:" were preaching that 1123:Classical civilization 1105:, especially from the 1020:and (according to the 842:Criticism of the Bible 585:Documentary hypothesis 197: 6816:Christian terminology 6678:Reformed epistemology 6620:Third Great Awakening 6590:Seventh-day Adventist 6511:First Great Awakening 6384:Book of Common Prayer 6178:Protestant work ethic 5721:Independent Catholics 5672:Monastery dissolution 4514:Ananias (High Priest) 4195:Westerholm, Stephen. 3763:Karl Josef von Hefele 3450:Paul Barnett (2004). 3437:Robert McQueen Grant 3292:Klutz, Todd (2002) . 3009:Yale University Press 2900:10.1353/bhm.2001.0119 2850:Catholic Encyclopedia 2713:. p. Chapter V. 2711:Yale University Press 2413:1 Corinthians 7:17–21 2163:Karl Josef von Hefele 1960:Karl Josef von Hefele 1868:from its Jewish roots 1766:Expounding of the Law 1704:Gospel of the Hebrews 1435:Further information: 1362:in the council: "the 1178:Further information: 1158:Second Temple Judaism 1119:Eastern Mediterranean 1113:during the period of 1107:circumcision of males 1023:Catholic Encyclopedia 1002:Further information: 992:Historical background 959:meat containing blood 951:circumcision of males 595:NT textual categories 165: 123:is necessary for the 6801:Acts of the Apostles 6501:Edicts of toleration 6310:Three Forms of Unity 6075:Bohemian Reformation 5648:Catholic Reformation 5505:Roman state religion 5324:Council of Jerusalem 5053:Mihanović's fragment 4892:Gamaliel's principle 4463:Council of Jerusalem 4262:Acts of the Apostles 3723:proselyte to Judaism 3312:. pp. 178–190. 3244:. pp. 187–226. 2739:Council of Jerusalem 2307:. pp. 1243–45. 2096:Pauline Christianity 1866:of the early Church 1761:Council of Jerusalem 1437:Pauline Christianity 1083:crucifixion of Jesus 919:Acts of the Apostles 907:Council of Jerusalem 542:Internal consistency 448:Samaritan Pentateuch 40:Council of Jerusalem 6673:Liberation theology 6580:Jehovah's Witnesses 6413:Radical Reformation 6141:Resistance theories 6028:Christian mysticism 6023:Early Scholasticism 5735:Ecclesial community 5633:Counter-Reformation 5498:Constantinian shift 5048:Gršković's fragment 4870:Luke the Evangelist 3936:18, 1983, pg 95–122 3887:Anchor Bible Series 3822:. 14 December 1431. 3727:imposition of hands 3132:Antiochus Epiphanes 3114:Kopelman Foundation 3109:Jewish Encyclopedia 2737:is a record of the 2695:Fitzmyer, Joseph A. 2234:Sermon on the Mount 2086:Legalism (theology) 2071:Incident at Antioch 2046:Binding and loosing 2022:Christianity portal 1971:Council of Florence 1515:Simeon of Jerusalem 1458:Jewish Christianity 1233:Hellenistic Judaism 947:Jewish dietary laws 376:New Testament canon 371:Old Testament canon 299:Chapters and verses 6747:Oriental Orthodoxy 6390:King James Version 6202:Ninety-five Theses 5998:Apostolic Brethren 5772:Church of the East 5767:Oriental Orthodoxy 5613:Crusading movement 5133:Early Christianity 5062:In popular culture 4768:Simon the Sorcerer 4673:cousin of Barnabas 4509:Ananias (Damascus) 4458:Peter's liberation 4448:Conversion of Paul 3686:Peeters Publishers 3591:Textual Commentary 3576:Bruce M. Metzger, 3426:William Cunningham 3420:2018-09-16 at the 3011:. pp. 10–11. 2847:St. James the Less 2800:Livingstone, E. A. 2780:St. James' Liturgy 2293:"Paul the Apostle" 2289:Livingstone, E. A. 1915:Joseph A. Fitzmyer 1856:seven Noahide laws 1802:Judaism portal 1338:Seven Laws of Noah 1270:is sufficient for 1194:Abrahamic covenant 1168:Issues and outcome 847:Biblical authority 728:Capital punishment 604:Biblical criticism 573:Rahlfs' Septuagint 277:New Testament (NT) 272:Old Testament (OT) 198: 111:Controversy about 6765: 6764: 6742:Eastern Orthodoxy 6610:Finnish Awakening 6565:Holiness movement 6506:Congregationalism 6465: 6464: 6325:Metrical psalters 5762:Eastern Orthodoxy 5706:Neo-Scholasticism 5413:Canon development 5314:Jewish Christians 5088: 5087: 5073:(1985 miniseries) 4166:Jesus and Judaism 4104:Metzger, Bruce M. 3928:Galatians 2:11–18 3880:Brown, Raymond E. 3865:Badenas, Robert. 3795:Ecumenical Synods 3644:978-2-84835-260-2 3259:978-1-5064-5711-6 3018:978-0-300-19051-9 2995:Fredriksen, Paula 2833:978-0-19-280290-3 2629:Novum Testamentum 2568:Dunn, James D. G. 2484:on behalf of the 2457:Stendahl, Krister 2409:Philippians 3:2–3 2389:Galatians 1:15–16 2322:978-0-19-280290-3 2199:Ecumenical Synods 2137:2Corinthians 6.14 2125:Leviticus 18:6–18 2121:Levitical Degrees 2076:Jewish Christians 1996:Pope Benedict XIV 1952:Council in Trullo 1851: 1850: 1680:Gospel of Matthew 1580:Messianic Judaism 1142:Jewish Christians 1111:Greco-Roman world 1016:according to the 911:Apostolic Council 903: 902: 718:Conspiracy theory 647: 646: 386:Mosaic authorship 160: 159: 113:male circumcision 32:Jerusalem Council 18:Apostolic Council 16:(Redirected from 6853: 6184: 5571:Non-Chalcedonian 5552:Constantinople I 5344:General epistles 5339:Pauline epistles 5319:Paul the Apostle 5297:Great Commission 5115: 5108: 5101: 5092: 4983:Codex Mutinensis 4887:Textual variants 4639:Judas of Galilee 4629:Joseph Barsabbas 4584:Ethiopian eunuch 4468:Areopagus sermon 4255: 4248: 4241: 4232: 4128:The Text of Acts 4073: 4067: 3972:Dunn, James D.G. 3956:Dunn, James D.G. 3940:Dunn, James D.G. 3924:Dunn, James D.G. 3853: 3842: 3836: 3830: 3824: 3823: 3816: 3810: 3804: 3798: 3760: 3754: 3750: 3744: 3743:excommunicated." 3740: 3734: 3712: 3706: 3705: 3667: 3661: 3660: 3628: 3600: 3594: 3587: 3581: 3574: 3568: 3554: 3545: 3542: 3536: 3533: 3527: 3524: 3518: 3515: 3509: 3506: 3500: 3497: 3491: 3488: 3482: 3480: 3471: 3465: 3461: 3455: 3448: 3442: 3435: 3429: 3412: 3406: 3401: 3395: 3385: 3379: 3378: 3357:Brill Publishers 3337:Seifrid, Mark A. 3333: 3324: 3323: 3289: 3280: 3279: 3236:(8th ed.). 3225: 3219: 3214: 3208: 3203: 3197: 3186: 3180: 3179: 3143: 3137: 3136: 3122: 3120: 3088:Kohler, Kaufmann 3084: 3078: 3077: 3075: 3073: 3032: 3023: 3022: 2991: 2982: 2981: 2979: 2977: 2936: 2927: 2926: 2924: 2922: 2879: 2870: 2861: 2844: 2838: 2837: 2792: 2783: 2773: 2767: 2764: 2755: 2748:Raymond E. Brown 2744:Paul the Apostle 2735:Galatians 2:1–10 2731: 2725: 2724: 2705:. 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(2005). 2794: 2793: 2786: 2774: 2770: 2765: 2758: 2733:Whether or not 2732: 2728: 2721: 2693: 2692: 2681: 2625: 2624: 2617: 2594:10.2307/3267745 2570:(Autumn 1993). 2566: 2565: 2556: 2546: 2544: 2540: 2463: 2455: 2454: 2447: 2397:Galatians 5:2–3 2379: 2372: 2365: 2350: 2349: 2330: 2323: 2291:, eds. (2005). 2283: 2282: 2259: 2254: 2249: 2248: 2209: 2205: 2183:Apostolic Canon 2171:Synod of Gangra 2135:; also compare 2114: 2110: 2105: 2100: 2020: 2013: 2010: 1992:Pope Urban VIII 1987: 1982: 1944: 1917: 1847: 1818: 1806: 1796: 1794: 1786: 1785: 1746: 1745: 1736: 1735: 1670: 1669: 1660: 1659: 1625: 1624: 1615: 1614: 1600: 1599: 1590: 1589: 1570: 1569: 1560: 1559: 1540: 1539: 1530: 1529: 1505:Twelve Apostles 1488:in Christianity 1478: 1477: 1443: 1433: 1427: 1400: 1394: 1348: 1323:Western version 1315: 1310: 1268:faith in Christ 1239: 1229:Supersessionism 1205: 1198:Genesis 17:9–14 1186: 1176: 1170: 1079: 48–50 AD 1078: 1052: 1010: 1000: 994: 929: 48–50 AD 928: 899: 863: 861: 860: 852: 851: 838: 824: 802: 794: 793: 792: 708: 684: 657: 649: 648: 643: 562: 546: 535: 511: 501: 500: 499: 432: 431: 412: 411: 407:Johannine works 403: 367: 347: 346: 343:and development 330: 329: 328: 295: 281: 267: 240: 239: 177: 138: 74: 52: 48–50 AD 51: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6859: 6857: 6849: 6848: 6843: 6838: 6833: 6828: 6823: 6818: 6813: 6808: 6803: 6798: 6793: 6788: 6783: 6773: 6772: 6763: 6762: 6760: 6759: 6754: 6749: 6744: 6739: 6734: 6733: 6732: 6727: 6716: 6713: 6712: 6710: 6709: 6704: 6695: 6685: 6680: 6675: 6670: 6665: 6663:Pentecostalism 6660: 6658:Jesus movement 6655: 6647: 6642: 6637: 6632: 6627: 6622: 6617: 6612: 6607: 6602: 6597: 6592: 6587: 6582: 6577: 6572: 6567: 6562: 6556: 6554: 6548: 6547: 6545: 6544: 6535: 6534: 6533: 6523: 6518: 6513: 6508: 6503: 6498: 6497: 6496: 6486: 6481: 6475: 6473: 6467: 6466: 6463: 6462: 6460: 6459: 6452: 6449:Martyrs Mirror 6445: 6440: 6435: 6433:Martyrs' Synod 6430: 6425: 6423:Swiss Brethren 6420: 6415: 6410: 6404: 6402: 6396: 6395: 6393: 6392: 6387: 6380: 6375: 6370: 6365: 6360: 6355: 6350: 6345: 6339: 6337: 6331: 6330: 6328: 6327: 6322: 6317: 6312: 6307: 6302: 6297: 6292: 6287: 6282: 6277: 6272: 6267: 6261: 6259: 6253: 6252: 6250: 6249: 6244: 6239: 6234: 6227: 6222: 6221: 6220: 6215: 6210: 6205: 6192: 6190: 6181: 6180: 6175: 6170: 6168:Law and Gospel 6165: 6160: 6155: 6150: 6145: 6144: 6143: 6133: 6128: 6123: 6118: 6112: 6110: 6098: 6097: 6095: 6094: 6093: 6092: 6082: 6077: 6072: 6067: 6062: 6057: 6056: 6055: 6045: 6040: 6035: 6030: 6025: 6020: 6015: 6010: 6005: 6000: 5995: 5990: 5985: 5980: 5975: 5970: 5965: 5960: 5959: 5958: 5953: 5948: 5943: 5938: 5933: 5923: 5922: 5921: 5920: 5919: 5909: 5904: 5899: 5889: 5884: 5879: 5873: 5871: 5865: 5864: 5862: 5861: 5856: 5851: 5849:Ottoman Empire 5846: 5841: 5836: 5831: 5826: 5821: 5816: 5811: 5806: 5801: 5800: 5799: 5794: 5784: 5779: 5774: 5769: 5764: 5758: 5756: 5748: 5747: 5745: 5744: 5739: 5738: 5737: 5723: 5718: 5713: 5708: 5703: 5698: 5693: 5688: 5679: 5674: 5669: 5664: 5663: 5662: 5661: 5660: 5650: 5645: 5640: 5630: 5625: 5620: 5615: 5610: 5609: 5608: 5603: 5592: 5590: 5584: 5583: 5581: 5580: 5578:Biblical canon 5575: 5574: 5573: 5559: 5554: 5549: 5544: 5539: 5534: 5533: 5532: 5527: 5517: 5512: 5507: 5502: 5501: 5500: 5489: 5487: 5479:Late antiquity 5475: 5474: 5472: 5471: 5466: 5465: 5464: 5459: 5454: 5449: 5444: 5439: 5434: 5427:Church Fathers 5420: 5415: 5410: 5409: 5408: 5403: 5398: 5393: 5388: 5383: 5378: 5367: 5365: 5357: 5356: 5354: 5353: 5352: 5351: 5346: 5341: 5336: 5331: 5321: 5316: 5311: 5306: 5301: 5300: 5299: 5294: 5289: 5284: 5279: 5269: 5263: 5261: 5255: 5254: 5252: 5251: 5246: 5241: 5236: 5231: 5226: 5221: 5216: 5211: 5206: 5201: 5196: 5191: 5186: 5181: 5176: 5171: 5166: 5161: 5156: 5150: 5148: 5144: 5143: 5141: 5140: 5135: 5129: 5126: 5125: 5120: 5118: 5117: 5110: 5103: 5095: 5086: 5085: 5083: 5082: 5074: 5065: 5063: 5059: 5058: 5056: 5055: 5050: 5045: 5040: 5035: 5030: 5025: 5020: 5015: 5010: 5005: 5000: 4995: 4990: 4985: 4980: 4975: 4970: 4965: 4960: 4955: 4950: 4945: 4940: 4935: 4930: 4925: 4920: 4915: 4910: 4904: 4902: 4898: 4897: 4895: 4894: 4889: 4884: 4879: 4874: 4873: 4872: 4867: 4857: 4852: 4846: 4844: 4840: 4839: 4837: 4836: 4831: 4825: 4823: 4819: 4818: 4816: 4815: 4810: 4805: 4800: 4795: 4790: 4785: 4780: 4775: 4770: 4765: 4760: 4755: 4750: 4745: 4740: 4735: 4730: 4725: 4720: 4715: 4710: 4705: 4700: 4695: 4690: 4685: 4680: 4675: 4666: 4661: 4656: 4651: 4646: 4641: 4636: 4631: 4626: 4621: 4616: 4614:James the Just 4611: 4606: 4601: 4596: 4591: 4586: 4581: 4576: 4571: 4566: 4561: 4556: 4551: 4546: 4541: 4536: 4531: 4526: 4521: 4516: 4511: 4506: 4501: 4496: 4491: 4485: 4483: 4479: 4478: 4476: 4475: 4470: 4465: 4460: 4455: 4453:Peter's vision 4450: 4445: 4440: 4434: 4432: 4428: 4427: 4425: 4424: 4419: 4414: 4409: 4404: 4399: 4394: 4389: 4384: 4379: 4374: 4369: 4364: 4359: 4354: 4349: 4344: 4339: 4334: 4329: 4324: 4319: 4314: 4309: 4304: 4299: 4294: 4289: 4283: 4281: 4266: 4265: 4260: 4258: 4257: 4250: 4243: 4235: 4228: 4227:External links 4225: 4224: 4223: 4207: 4193: 4186: 4179: 4176: 4160: 4151: 4135: 4124: 4117: 4101: 4091: 4077:Maccoby, Hyam. 4074: 4059: 4045: 4042: 4025: 4008: 3994: 3985: 3977:Eerdmans 1997 3969: 3953: 3937: 3921: 3914: 3906: 3898: 3877: 3861: 3858: 3855: 3854: 3837: 3825: 3811: 3799: 3787:Contra Faustum 3755: 3745: 3735: 3707: 3673:Revue Biblique 3662: 3643: 3595: 3582: 3569: 3546: 3537: 3528: 3519: 3510: 3501: 3492: 3483: 3466: 3456: 3443: 3430: 3407: 3396: 3380: 3365: 3325: 3318: 3281: 3258: 3242:Fortress Press 3220: 3209: 3198: 3181: 3147:Neusner, Jacob 3138: 3096:Jacobs, Joseph 3079: 3024: 3017: 2983: 2928: 2862: 2839: 2832: 2784: 2768: 2756: 2726: 2719: 2679: 2615: 2554: 2445: 2437:2 Timothy 1:11 2417:Romans 2:17–29 2370: 2363: 2328: 2321: 2256: 2255: 2253: 2250: 2247: 2246: 2232:, part of the 2203: 2191:Contra Faustum 2107: 2106: 2104: 2101: 2099: 2098: 2093: 2088: 2083: 2078: 2073: 2068: 2063: 2058: 2053: 2048: 2043: 2038: 2033: 2027: 2026: 2025: 2009: 2006: 1998:'s encyclical 1980: 1943: 1940: 1849: 1848: 1846: 1845: 1838: 1831: 1823: 1820: 1819: 1817: 1816: 1804: 1791: 1788: 1787: 1784: 1783: 1778: 1773: 1768: 1763: 1758: 1753: 1747: 1743: 1742: 1741: 1738: 1737: 1734: 1733: 1728: 1723: 1717: 1716: 1712: 1711: 1706: 1701: 1695: 1694: 1688: 1687: 1682: 1676: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1666: 1665: 1662: 1661: 1658: 1657: 1652: 1647: 1642: 1637: 1632: 1626: 1622: 1621: 1620: 1617: 1616: 1613: 1612: 1607: 1601: 1597: 1596: 1595: 1592: 1591: 1588: 1587: 1582: 1577: 1571: 1567: 1566: 1565: 1562: 1561: 1558: 1557: 1552: 1547: 1541: 1538:Ancient groups 1537: 1536: 1535: 1532: 1531: 1528: 1527: 1522: 1517: 1512: 1510:James the Just 1507: 1502: 1497: 1492: 1491: 1490: 1479: 1475: 1474: 1473: 1470: 1469: 1461: 1460: 1454: 1453: 1429:Main article: 1426: 1423: 1418:'Eastern' text 1396:Main article: 1393: 1390: 1308: 1248:Galatians 2:12 1172:Main article: 1169: 1166: 1162:Jewish Messiah 1127:ancient Greeks 996:Main article: 993: 990: 901: 900: 898: 897: 890: 883: 875: 872: 871: 854: 853: 850: 849: 844: 837: 836: 831: 825: 823: 822: 821: 820: 810: 804: 803: 800: 799: 796: 795: 791: 790: 785: 780: 775: 770: 765: 760: 755: 750: 745: 740: 735: 730: 725: 720: 715: 709: 707: 706: 701: 696: 691: 685: 683: 682: 677: 672: 666: 665: 664: 658: 656:Interpretation 655: 654: 651: 650: 645: 644: 642: 641: 636: 631: 626: 621: 616: 610: 607: 606: 600: 599: 598: 597: 592: 587: 582: 575: 570: 561: 560: 555: 550: 544: 539: 533: 528: 523: 517: 512: 507: 506: 503: 502: 498: 497: 492: 490:English Bibles 487: 482: 477: 472: 465: 460: 455: 450: 445: 443:Masoretic Text 440: 434: 433: 430: 429: 419: 418: 417: 414: 413: 410: 409: 402: 401: 396: 390: 389: 388: 383: 378: 373: 366: 365: 360: 355: 349: 348: 345: 344: 337: 336: 335: 332: 331: 327: 326: 325: 324: 319: 314: 303: 302: 301: 294: 293: 288: 282: 280: 279: 274: 268: 266: 265: 264: 263: 258: 253: 242: 241: 238: 237: 230: 229: 228: 225: 224: 216: 215: 209: 208: 167:James the Just 158: 157: 151: 150: 139: 136: 133: 132: 109: 105: 104: 93:James the Just 89: 85: 84: 75: 72: 69: 68: 59: 55: 54: 46: 42: 41: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6858: 6847: 6844: 6842: 6839: 6837: 6834: 6832: 6829: 6827: 6824: 6822: 6819: 6817: 6814: 6812: 6809: 6807: 6804: 6802: 6799: 6797: 6794: 6792: 6789: 6787: 6784: 6782: 6779: 6778: 6776: 6769: 6758: 6755: 6753: 6752:Protestantism 6750: 6748: 6745: 6743: 6740: 6738: 6735: 6731: 6728: 6726: 6723: 6722: 6721: 6718: 6717: 6714: 6708: 6705: 6703: 6699: 6696: 6693: 6689: 6686: 6684: 6681: 6679: 6676: 6674: 6671: 6669: 6666: 6664: 6661: 6659: 6656: 6654: 6653: 6648: 6646: 6643: 6641: 6638: 6636: 6633: 6631: 6628: 6626: 6625:Azusa Revival 6623: 6621: 6618: 6616: 6613: 6611: 6608: 6606: 6605:Laestadianism 6603: 6601: 6598: 6596: 6593: 6591: 6588: 6586: 6583: 6581: 6578: 6576: 6573: 6571: 6568: 6566: 6563: 6561: 6558: 6557: 6555: 6553: 6549: 6543: 6542:Old Lutherans 6539: 6536: 6532: 6529: 6528: 6527: 6524: 6522: 6519: 6517: 6514: 6512: 6509: 6507: 6504: 6502: 6499: 6495: 6492: 6491: 6490: 6487: 6485: 6482: 6480: 6477: 6476: 6474: 6472: 6468: 6458: 6457: 6453: 6451: 6450: 6446: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6436: 6434: 6431: 6429: 6426: 6424: 6421: 6419: 6416: 6414: 6411: 6409: 6406: 6405: 6403: 6401: 6397: 6391: 6388: 6386: 6385: 6381: 6379: 6376: 6374: 6371: 6369: 6366: 6364: 6361: 6359: 6356: 6354: 6351: 6349: 6346: 6344: 6341: 6340: 6338: 6336: 6332: 6326: 6323: 6321: 6318: 6316: 6313: 6311: 6308: 6306: 6303: 6301: 6298: 6296: 6293: 6291: 6288: 6286: 6283: 6281: 6278: 6276: 6273: 6271: 6268: 6266: 6263: 6262: 6260: 6258: 6254: 6248: 6245: 6243: 6240: 6238: 6235: 6233: 6232: 6228: 6226: 6223: 6219: 6216: 6214: 6211: 6209: 6208:Diet of Worms 6206: 6204: 6203: 6199: 6198: 6197: 6194: 6193: 6191: 6189: 6185: 6179: 6176: 6174: 6171: 6169: 6166: 6164: 6161: 6159: 6156: 6154: 6151: 6149: 6146: 6142: 6139: 6138: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6127: 6124: 6122: 6119: 6117: 6114: 6113: 6111: 6109: 6108:Protestantism 6103: 6099: 6091: 6088: 6087: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6078: 6076: 6073: 6071: 6068: 6066: 6063: 6061: 6058: 6054: 6051: 6050: 6049: 6046: 6044: 6041: 6039: 6036: 6034: 6031: 6029: 6026: 6024: 6021: 6019: 6016: 6014: 6011: 6009: 6006: 6004: 6001: 5999: 5996: 5994: 5991: 5989: 5986: 5984: 5981: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5961: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5949: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5939: 5937: 5934: 5932: 5929: 5928: 5927: 5924: 5918: 5915: 5914: 5913: 5910: 5908: 5905: 5903: 5900: 5898: 5895: 5894: 5893: 5890: 5888: 5885: 5883: 5880: 5878: 5875: 5874: 5872: 5870: 5866: 5860: 5859:North America 5857: 5855: 5852: 5850: 5847: 5845: 5842: 5840: 5837: 5835: 5832: 5830: 5827: 5825: 5822: 5820: 5817: 5815: 5812: 5810: 5807: 5805: 5802: 5798: 5795: 5793: 5790: 5789: 5788: 5785: 5783: 5780: 5778: 5775: 5773: 5770: 5768: 5765: 5763: 5760: 5759: 5757: 5755: 5749: 5743: 5740: 5736: 5733: 5732: 5731: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5714: 5712: 5709: 5707: 5704: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5694: 5692: 5689: 5687: 5683: 5680: 5678: 5675: 5673: 5670: 5668: 5665: 5659: 5656: 5655: 5654: 5651: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5636: 5635: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5611: 5607: 5604: 5602: 5599: 5598: 5597: 5594: 5593: 5591: 5589: 5585: 5579: 5576: 5572: 5568: 5565: 5564: 5563: 5560: 5558: 5555: 5553: 5550: 5548: 5545: 5543: 5540: 5538: 5535: 5531: 5528: 5526: 5523: 5522: 5521: 5518: 5516: 5513: 5511: 5508: 5506: 5503: 5499: 5496: 5495: 5494: 5491: 5490: 5488: 5485: 5480: 5476: 5470: 5469:Early African 5467: 5463: 5460: 5458: 5455: 5453: 5452:Justin Martyr 5450: 5448: 5445: 5443: 5440: 5438: 5435: 5433: 5430: 5429: 5428: 5424: 5421: 5419: 5416: 5414: 5411: 5407: 5404: 5402: 5399: 5397: 5394: 5392: 5389: 5387: 5384: 5382: 5379: 5377: 5374: 5373: 5372: 5369: 5368: 5366: 5364: 5358: 5350: 5347: 5345: 5342: 5340: 5337: 5335: 5332: 5330: 5327: 5326: 5325: 5322: 5320: 5317: 5315: 5312: 5310: 5307: 5305: 5302: 5298: 5295: 5293: 5290: 5288: 5285: 5283: 5280: 5278: 5275: 5274: 5273: 5272:Life of Jesus 5270: 5268: 5265: 5264: 5262: 5260:Apostolic Age 5256: 5250: 5247: 5245: 5242: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5215: 5212: 5210: 5207: 5205: 5202: 5200: 5197: 5195: 5192: 5190: 5187: 5185: 5182: 5180: 5177: 5175: 5172: 5170: 5167: 5165: 5162: 5160: 5157: 5155: 5152: 5151: 5149: 5145: 5139: 5136: 5134: 5131: 5130: 5127: 5123: 5116: 5111: 5109: 5104: 5102: 5097: 5096: 5093: 5080: 5079: 5075: 5072: 5071: 5067: 5066: 5064: 5060: 5054: 5051: 5049: 5046: 5044: 5041: 5039: 5036: 5034: 5031: 5029: 5026: 5024: 5021: 5019: 5016: 5014: 5011: 5009: 5006: 5004: 5001: 4999: 4996: 4994: 4991: 4989: 4986: 4984: 4981: 4979: 4976: 4974: 4971: 4969: 4966: 4964: 4961: 4959: 4956: 4954: 4951: 4949: 4946: 4944: 4941: 4939: 4936: 4934: 4931: 4929: 4926: 4924: 4921: 4919: 4916: 4914: 4911: 4909: 4906: 4905: 4903: 4899: 4893: 4890: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4880: 4878: 4875: 4871: 4868: 4866: 4863: 4862: 4861: 4858: 4856: 4853: 4851: 4850:Apostolic Age 4848: 4847: 4845: 4841: 4835: 4832: 4830: 4827: 4826: 4824: 4820: 4814: 4811: 4809: 4806: 4804: 4801: 4799: 4796: 4794: 4791: 4789: 4786: 4784: 4781: 4779: 4776: 4774: 4771: 4769: 4766: 4764: 4761: 4759: 4756: 4754: 4753:Seven Deacons 4751: 4749: 4746: 4744: 4741: 4739: 4736: 4734: 4731: 4729: 4726: 4724: 4721: 4719: 4716: 4714: 4711: 4709: 4706: 4704: 4701: 4699: 4696: 4694: 4691: 4689: 4686: 4684: 4681: 4679: 4676: 4674: 4670: 4667: 4665: 4662: 4660: 4657: 4655: 4652: 4650: 4647: 4645: 4642: 4640: 4637: 4635: 4632: 4630: 4627: 4625: 4622: 4620: 4617: 4615: 4612: 4610: 4607: 4605: 4602: 4600: 4597: 4595: 4592: 4590: 4587: 4585: 4582: 4580: 4577: 4575: 4572: 4570: 4567: 4565: 4562: 4560: 4557: 4555: 4552: 4550: 4547: 4545: 4542: 4540: 4537: 4535: 4532: 4530: 4527: 4525: 4522: 4520: 4517: 4515: 4512: 4510: 4507: 4505: 4502: 4500: 4497: 4495: 4492: 4490: 4487: 4486: 4484: 4480: 4474: 4471: 4469: 4466: 4464: 4461: 4459: 4456: 4454: 4451: 4449: 4446: 4444: 4441: 4439: 4436: 4435: 4433: 4429: 4423: 4420: 4418: 4415: 4413: 4410: 4408: 4405: 4403: 4400: 4398: 4395: 4393: 4390: 4388: 4385: 4383: 4380: 4378: 4375: 4373: 4370: 4368: 4365: 4363: 4360: 4358: 4355: 4353: 4350: 4348: 4345: 4343: 4340: 4338: 4335: 4333: 4330: 4328: 4325: 4323: 4320: 4318: 4315: 4313: 4310: 4308: 4305: 4303: 4300: 4298: 4295: 4293: 4290: 4288: 4285: 4284: 4282: 4279: 4278:New Testament 4274: 4271: 4267: 4263: 4256: 4251: 4249: 4244: 4242: 4237: 4236: 4233: 4226: 4222: 4221:0-8028-4445-6 4218: 4214: 4211: 4208: 4206: 4205:0-8028-4809-5 4202: 4198: 4194: 4191: 4187: 4184: 4180: 4177: 4175: 4174:0-8006-2061-5 4171: 4167: 4164: 4163:Sanders, E.P. 4161: 4158: 4155: 4154:Sanders, E.P. 4152: 4150: 4149:0-8006-1899-8 4146: 4142: 4139: 4138:Sanders, E.P. 4136: 4133: 4129: 4126:Ropes, J.H., 4125: 4122: 4118: 4116: 4115:3-438-06010-8 4112: 4108: 4105: 4102: 4099: 4095: 4092: 4089: 4088:0-06-015582-5 4085: 4081: 4078: 4075: 4071: 4066: 4060: 4058: 4057:0-8028-4974-1 4054: 4050: 4046: 4043: 4041: 4040:0-933999-99-2 4037: 4033: 4032: 4026: 4024: 4023:0-19-284201-3 4020: 4016: 4012: 4009: 4006: 4005:0-670-86932-5 4002: 3999: 3995: 3992: 3989: 3986: 3984: 3983:0-8028-3844-8 3980: 3976: 3973: 3970: 3968: 3967:0-521-35953-8 3964: 3960: 3957: 3954: 3952: 3951:0-664-25095-5 3948: 3944: 3941: 3938: 3935: 3934: 3929: 3925: 3922: 3919: 3915: 3913: 3910: 3907: 3905: 3902: 3899: 3896: 3895:0-385-24767-2 3892: 3888: 3884: 3881: 3878: 3876: 3875:0-905774-93-0 3872: 3868: 3864: 3863: 3859: 3850: 3846: 3841: 3838: 3834: 3829: 3826: 3821: 3815: 3812: 3809: 3803: 3800: 3796: 3792: 3788: 3784: 3783:St. Augustine 3780: 3776: 3772: 3768: 3764: 3759: 3756: 3749: 3746: 3739: 3736: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3716: 3711: 3708: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3674: 3666: 3663: 3658: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3627: 3622: 3618: 3614: 3611:(in French). 3610: 3606: 3599: 3596: 3592: 3586: 3583: 3579: 3573: 3570: 3566: 3562: 3560: 3553: 3551: 3547: 3541: 3538: 3532: 3529: 3523: 3520: 3514: 3511: 3505: 3502: 3496: 3493: 3487: 3484: 3476: 3470: 3467: 3460: 3457: 3453: 3447: 3444: 3440: 3434: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3416: 3411: 3408: 3405: 3400: 3397: 3393: 3389: 3384: 3381: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3366:90-04-09521-7 3362: 3358: 3354: 3350: 3346: 3342: 3338: 3332: 3330: 3326: 3321: 3319:9781032199344 3315: 3311: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3288: 3286: 3282: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3255: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3224: 3221: 3218: 3213: 3210: 3207: 3202: 3199: 3195: 3194:1-4051-0899-1 3191: 3185: 3182: 3178: 3176: 3175: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3152: 3148: 3142: 3139: 3135: 3133: 3129: 3115: 3111: 3110: 3105: 3101: 3100:Broydé, Isaac 3097: 3093: 3089: 3083: 3080: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3056: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3043: 3038: 3031: 3029: 3025: 3020: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3002: 3001: 2996: 2990: 2988: 2984: 2972: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2947: 2942: 2935: 2933: 2929: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2893: 2890:(Fall 2001). 2889: 2885: 2884: 2876: 2869: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2858:Galatians 2:9 2855: 2851: 2848: 2843: 2840: 2835: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2791: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2772: 2769: 2763: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2740: 2736: 2730: 2727: 2722: 2720:9780300139822 2716: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2690: 2688: 2686: 2684: 2680: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2630: 2622: 2620: 2616: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2578: 2573: 2569: 2563: 2561: 2559: 2555: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2470: 2462: 2459:(July 1963). 2458: 2452: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2441:Titus 1:10–16 2438: 2434: 2433:1 Timothy 2:7 2430: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2377: 2375: 2371: 2366: 2364:0-385-50584-1 2360: 2356: 2355: 2347: 2345: 2343: 2341: 2339: 2337: 2335: 2333: 2329: 2324: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2280: 2278: 2276: 2274: 2272: 2270: 2268: 2266: 2264: 2262: 2258: 2251: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2207: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2187:St. Augustine 2184: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2155: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2112: 2109: 2102: 2097: 2094: 2092: 2089: 2087: 2084: 2082: 2079: 2077: 2074: 2072: 2069: 2067: 2064: 2062: 2059: 2057: 2054: 2052: 2049: 2047: 2044: 2042: 2039: 2037: 2036:Antinomianism 2034: 2032: 2029: 2028: 2023: 2017: 2012: 2007: 2005: 2003: 2002: 1997: 1993: 1985: 1979: 1974: 1972: 1967: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1941: 1939: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1920: 1916: 1910: 1908: 1904: 1903:laws of Moses 1900: 1896: 1891: 1890:also states: 1889: 1884: 1879: 1877: 1876: 1871: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1860:Old Testament 1858:found in the 1857: 1844: 1839: 1837: 1832: 1830: 1825: 1824: 1822: 1821: 1815: 1810: 1805: 1803: 1793: 1792: 1790: 1789: 1782: 1779: 1777: 1774: 1772: 1769: 1767: 1764: 1762: 1759: 1757: 1756:Yeshua (name) 1754: 1752: 1749: 1748: 1740: 1739: 1732: 1729: 1727: 1724: 1722: 1719: 1718: 1714: 1713: 1710: 1707: 1705: 1702: 1700: 1697: 1696: 1693: 1690: 1689: 1686: 1683: 1681: 1678: 1677: 1674:New Testament 1673: 1672: 1664: 1663: 1656: 1653: 1651: 1648: 1646: 1643: 1641: 1638: 1636: 1633: 1631: 1628: 1627: 1619: 1618: 1611: 1608: 1606: 1603: 1602: 1594: 1593: 1586: 1583: 1581: 1578: 1576: 1573: 1572: 1568:Recent groups 1564: 1563: 1556: 1553: 1551: 1548: 1546: 1543: 1542: 1534: 1533: 1526: 1523: 1521: 1518: 1516: 1513: 1511: 1508: 1506: 1503: 1501: 1498: 1496: 1493: 1489: 1486: 1485: 1484: 1481: 1480: 1472: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1462: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1432: 1421: 1419: 1412: 1410: 1406: 1405:Bruce Metzger 1399: 1391: 1389: 1387: 1383: 1378: 1374: 1368: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1334: 1332: 1328: 1325:of Acts (see 1324: 1320: 1319:Acts 15:23–29 1313: 1312:Acts 15:19–21 1307: 1302: 1300: 1296: 1295:Acts 15:16–17 1292: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1275: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1225: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1185: 1184:Antinomianism 1181: 1175: 1167: 1165: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1152:as a part of 1151: 1147: 1143: 1138: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1115:Hellenization 1112: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1058:The apostles 1056: 1053: 130 AD 1047: 1046: 1041: 1040:other kinsmen 1037: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1024: 1019: 1015: 1009: 1005: 999: 991: 989: 987: 983: 979: 974: 972: 968: 964: 960: 956: 952: 948: 944: 940: 937: 932: 924: 920: 916: 912: 908: 896: 891: 889: 884: 882: 877: 876: 874: 873: 870: 859: 856: 855: 848: 845: 843: 840: 839: 835: 834:Infallibility 832: 830: 827: 826: 819: 816: 815: 814: 811: 809: 806: 805: 798: 797: 789: 786: 784: 781: 779: 776: 774: 771: 769: 766: 764: 761: 759: 756: 754: 751: 749: 746: 744: 741: 739: 736: 734: 733:Homosexuality 731: 729: 726: 724: 721: 719: 716: 714: 711: 710: 705: 702: 700: 697: 695: 692: 690: 687: 686: 681: 678: 676: 673: 671: 668: 667: 663: 660: 659: 653: 652: 640: 637: 635: 632: 630: 627: 625: 622: 620: 617: 615: 612: 611: 609: 608: 605: 601: 596: 593: 591: 588: 586: 583: 581: 580: 576: 574: 571: 569: 568: 564: 563: 559: 556: 554: 551: 549: 545: 543: 540: 538: 534: 532: 529: 527: 524: 522: 519: 518: 516: 515: 510: 505: 504: 496: 493: 491: 488: 486: 483: 481: 478: 476: 473: 471: 470: 466: 464: 461: 459: 456: 454: 451: 449: 446: 444: 441: 439: 436: 435: 428: 424: 421: 420: 416: 415: 408: 405: 404: 400: 397: 395: 392: 391: 387: 384: 382: 379: 377: 374: 372: 369: 368: 364: 361: 359: 356: 354: 351: 350: 342: 339: 338: 334: 333: 323: 320: 318: 315: 313: 310: 309: 308: 305: 304: 300: 297: 296: 292: 289: 287: 284: 283: 278: 275: 273: 270: 269: 262: 259: 257: 254: 252: 249: 248: 247: 244: 243: 235: 232: 231: 227: 226: 222: 218: 217: 214: 210: 206: 202: 201: 195: 191: 187: 183: 172: 171:Acts 15:19–29 168: 164: 156: 152: 148: 144: 140: 134: 130: 126: 122: 118: 114: 110: 106: 102: 98: 94: 90: 86: 83: 79: 76: 70: 67: 63: 60: 56: 47: 43: 38: 33: 19: 6831:Biblical law 6821:Commandments 6767: 6668:Charismatics 6651: 6630:Gospel music 6560:Camp meeting 6552:1789–present 6484:Missionaries 6454: 6447: 6438:Menno Simons 6382: 6378:Church music 6229: 6200: 6085:Conciliarism 6070:Papal Schism 5912:Scandinavian 5804:Great Schism 5782:Nestorianism 5754:Christianity 5686:priest holes 5567:Chalcedonian 5530:Christianity 5484:Great Church 5323: 5292:Resurrection 5076: 5068: 4763:Simeon Niger 4462: 4212: 4210:Wright, N.T. 4196: 4189: 4182: 4165: 4156: 4140: 4131: 4130:, Vol. III; 4127: 4120: 4106: 4097: 4079: 4072:. B. Herder. 4069: 4048: 4047:Kim, Seyoon 4028: 4027:Gaus, Andy. 4014: 3997: 3990: 3974: 3958: 3942: 3931: 3917: 3916:Clark, A.C. 3911: 3903: 3882: 3866: 3840: 3828: 3814: 3802: 3785:in his work 3758: 3748: 3738: 3710: 3677: 3671: 3665: 3655:– via 3612: 3608: 3598: 3590: 3585: 3577: 3572: 3558: 3540: 3531: 3522: 3513: 3504: 3495: 3486: 3474: 3469: 3459: 3451: 3446: 3438: 3433: 3410: 3399: 3383: 3344: 3297: 3233: 3223: 3212: 3201: 3184: 3172: 3160: 3155:Circumcised 3154: 3150: 3141: 3124: 3117:. Retrieved 3107: 3082: 3070:. Retrieved 3046: 3040: 2999: 2974:. Retrieved 2950: 2944: 2919:. Retrieved 2887: 2881: 2849: 2842: 2807: 2804:"James, St." 2796:Cross, F. L. 2771: 2751: 2738: 2729: 2698: 2633: 2627: 2581: 2575: 2545:. Retrieved 2473: 2467: 2429:Romans 11:13 2353: 2296: 2285:Cross, F. L. 2230:Matthew 7:12 2206: 2189:in his work 2152: 2133:Numbers 25:1 2128: 2116: 2111: 1999: 1989: 1983: 1976: 1968: 1945: 1942:Obsolescence 1936:Leviticus 18 1931: 1912: 1893: 1887: 1886: 1881: 1873: 1872: 1852: 1760: 1585:Hebrew Roots 1414: 1408: 1401: 1369: 1352:Biblical law 1349: 1317: 1304: 1299:Amos 9:11–12 1279:Acts 15:7–11 1276: 1264:New Covenant 1240: 1218:law of Moses 1196:in Judaism ( 1187: 1139: 1137:positively. 1087:26 and 36 AD 1057: 1043: 1021: 1018:Book of Acts 1011: 975: 970: 933: 910: 906: 904: 801:Perspectives 662:Hermeneutics 577: 565: 485:Luther Bible 480:Gothic Bible 469:Vetus Latina 467: 423:Translations 363:Hebrew canon 291:Antilegomena 286:Deuterocanon 178: 78 AD 145:and perhaps 73:Next council 6846:Saint Peter 6757:Catholicism 6694:Protestants 6688:Evangelical 6363:39 Articles 6358:Elizabethan 6335:Anglicanism 6315:Westminster 6225:Melanchthon 6188:Lutheranism 6153:Nicodemites 6131:Arminianism 6102:Reformation 6043:Bonaventure 6018:Inquisition 6013:Waldensians 5963:Investiture 5941:Kievan Rus' 5897:Anglo-Saxon 5877:Pelagianism 5869:Middle Ages 5792:Iconodulism 5667:Thomas More 5588:Catholicism 5510:Monasticism 5493:Constantine 5418:Persecution 5376:Adoptionism 5361:Ante-Nicene 5304:Holy Spirit 5287:Crucifixion 5258:Origins and 5159:2nd and 3rd 5081:(1994 film) 4901:Manuscripts 4669:(John) Mark 4534:Aristarchus 4188:Telfer, W. 4011:Elsner, Jas 3238:Minneapolis 3206:Acts 15:1–2 3161:glans penis 3072:13 February 2957:: 121–124. 2894:: 375–405. 2644:: 373–391. 2588:: 459–477. 2547:12 February 2488:: 199–215. 2381:Acts 15:1–2 1950:and at the 1650:Constantine 1598:Pejoratives 1500:Simon Peter 1392:Historicity 1364:Holy Spirit 1331:Golden Rule 1252:his letters 1095:Galatians 2 963:fornication 699:Inspiration 537:Historicity 495:by language 427:manuscripts 186:fornication 6775:Categories 6479:Revivalism 6400:Anabaptism 6348:Henry VIII 6173:Literature 5797:Iconoclasm 5777:Chrysostom 5730:Vatican II 5696:Jansenists 5682:Mass rocks 5618:Lateran IV 5537:Athanasius 5457:Tertullian 5401:Marcionism 5396:Gnosticism 5349:Revelation 5267:Background 4988:Uncial 095 4865:Authorship 4829:Christians 4788:Theophilus 4504:Agrippa II 3688:: 72–101. 3657:Cairn.info 3404:Acts 15:18 3268:1082543536 3157:barbarians 3053:: 1990–8. 2252:References 1721:Clementine 1640:Marcionism 1550:Elcesaites 1336:See also: 1297:, quoting 1287:Acts 15:12 1283:Acts 15:14 1260:Asia Minor 1227:See also: 1125:both from 1103:Mosaic Law 945:, such as 943:Mosaic Law 921:, held in 915:chapter 15 704:Literalism 614:Historical 521:Archeology 458:Septuagint 353:Authorship 341:Authorship 121:Mosaic Law 6645:Ecumenism 6595:Adventism 6585:Mormonism 6521:Millerism 6516:Methodism 6471:1640–1789 6373:Civil War 6320:Orthodoxy 6275:Huguenots 6257:Calvinism 6242:Eucharist 6237:Orthodoxy 6121:Eucharist 6053:Five Ways 6003:Dulcinian 5956:Pomerania 5882:Gregory I 5726:Vatican I 5716:Modernism 5701:Molinists 5691:Guadalupe 5562:Chalcedon 5557:Ephesus I 5547:Augustine 5423:Apostolic 5406:Montanism 5371:Diversity 5147:Centuries 4908:Papyrus 8 4860:Luke–Acts 4808:Trophimus 4783:Tertullus 4728:Prochorus 4723:Priscilla 4569:Dionysius 4564:Demetrius 4559:Cornelius 4539:Bar-jesus 4443:Pentecost 4438:Ascension 3849:Jacobites 3731:Anointing 3694:0035-0907 3653:0295-5652 3635:2271-1880 3589:Metzger, 3392:"Acts 15" 3375:0167-9732 3310:Routledge 3276:242771713 3217:Acts 15:5 3169:Greek art 3119:3 January 2976:3 January 2921:3 January 2666:0048-1009 2658:1568-5365 2602:0021-9231 2534:170331485 2526:803348474 2502:1475-4517 2478:Cambridge 2081:Judaizers 2004:of 1756. 1928:Lev 17–18 1781:Shekhinah 1623:Adversity 1610:Legalists 1605:Judaizers 1555:Nazarenes 1545:Ebionites 1272:salvation 1214:Pharisees 1085:(between 1032:Pentecost 923:Jerusalem 829:Inerrancy 639:Canonical 634:Redaction 526:Artifacts 307:Apocrypha 236:and books 184:and from 125:salvation 88:President 64:and most 6737:Theology 6725:Missions 6720:Timeline 6692:Mainline 6640:Pacifism 6489:Baptists 6408:Theology 6368:Puritans 6343:Timeline 6285:Scotland 6213:Theology 6060:Wycliffe 6008:Crusades 5983:Bogomils 5936:Bulgaria 5892:Germanic 5844:Ethiopia 5742:Timeline 5520:Nicaea I 5515:Councils 5447:Irenaeus 5442:Ignatius 5437:Polycarp 5391:Donatism 5386:Docetism 5381:Arianism 5282:Ministry 4813:Tychicus 4743:Sapphira 4698:Parmenas 4693:Nicholas 4683:Matthias 4609:Gamaliel 4589:Eutychus 4579:Drusilla 4549:Berenice 4544:Barnabas 4273:chapters 4096:, 1983. 3889:, 1997. 3775:Balsamon 3702:44076024 3593:, 383n9. 3565:page 202 3418:Archived 3388:Gill, J. 3339:(1992). 3302:New York 3174:epispasm 3149:(1993). 3128:epispasm 2997:(2018). 2955:Elsevier 2916:29580193 2908:11568485 2697:(1998). 2674:24735868 2538:Archived 2518:09003793 2242:Prophets 2179:Balsamon 2008:See also 1981:— 1932:See also 1905:and the 1895:R. Emden 1878:states: 1668:Writings 1450:a series 1448:Part of 1377:diaspora 1356:apostles 1309:— 1146:converts 1135:foreskin 1099:Gentiles 1060:Barnabas 1028:apostles 967:idolatry 778:Violence 763:Serpents 753:Prophecy 748:Muhammad 463:Peshitta 453:Targumim 205:a series 203:Part of 129:Gentiles 80:and the 6730:Martyrs 6526:Pietism 6456:Ausbund 6428:Müntzer 6353:Cranmer 6300:Baptism 6265:Zwingli 6116:Erasmus 6065:Avignon 6048:Aquinas 6038:Francis 6033:Dominic 5993:Cathars 5988:Bosnian 5978:Bernard 5973:Abelard 5946:Moravia 5931:Bohemia 5917:Iceland 5839:Serbian 5819:Georgia 5814:Armenia 5752:Eastern 5653:Jesuits 5329:Gospels 5277:Baptism 4843:Related 4822:Phrases 4798:Timothy 4793:Theudas 4778:Stephen 4773:Sopater 4733:Publius 4708:Paullus 4688:Nicanor 4554:Blastus 4524:Apollos 4499:Agrippa 3869:, 1985 3719:Baptism 3067:9623850 2971:6994325 2946:Urology 2750:in his 2610:3267745 2510:1508631 2405:6:12–15 2385:15:6–10 2149:Young's 2129:porneia 1907:Sabbath 1771:Sabbath 1726:Didache 1476:Figures 1386:Corinth 1190:Antioch 1154:Judaism 1117:of the 1091:Acts 15 936:Gentile 917:of the 818:Quranic 813:Islamic 808:Gnostic 783:Warfare 773:Slavery 713:Alcohol 675:Midrash 619:Textual 475:Vulgate 261:Ketuvim 256:Nevi'im 6418:Grebel 6270:Calvin 6196:Luther 6090:Synods 5968:Anselm 5951:Poland 5907:Gothic 5902:Franks 5887:Celtic 5854:Russia 5834:Syriac 5824:Greece 5711:Teresa 5658:Xavier 5596:Papacy 5542:Jerome 5462:Origen 5363:period 5138:Spread 4718:Philip 4664:Manaen 4659:Lysias 4644:Lucius 4604:Gallio 4599:Festus 4574:Dorcas 4529:Aquila 4494:Agabus 4489:Aeneas 4482:People 4431:Events 4287:Acts 1 4219: 4203: 4172: 4147: 4113: 4086: 4055: 4038: 4021: 4003: 3981: 3965: 3949: 3893: 3873: 3771:Gangra 3700: 3692: 3682:Leuven 3651: 3641: 3633: 3373: 3363: 3353:Leiden 3316: 3306:London 3274: 3266: 3256: 3192: 3167:. For 3065: 3015: 3005:London 2969: 2914: 2906: 2830: 2812:Oxford 2717: 2672: 2664: 2656: 2638:Leiden 2608: 2600: 2532: 2524: 2516: 2508: 2500: 2425:5:1–11 2421:3:9–28 2401:5:6–12 2361: 2319: 2301:Oxford 2175:Greeks 2001:Ex Quo 1744:Issues 1382:kosher 1360:elders 1344:, and 1235:, and 1206:"nless 1202:Judaea 1131:Romans 1070:, and 1006:, and 743:Incest 723:Ethics 680:Pardes 670:Pesher 624:Source 553:Places 548:People 531:Dating 358:Dating 312:Jewish 246:Tanakh 234:Canons 207:on the 192:..." 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