33:
57:
456:, reduced growth, and several other negative impacts. Physically, the disease causes the presence of a red band expanding from a circular lesion around the branch of the sponge, leaving the spongin skeleton exposed and killing the living tissue. The red coloration in the band is caused by the filamentous cyanobacterium
368:
community that is responsible for roughly 70% of its carbon assimilation. This photosymbiont community continues to provide large amounts of carbon to the sponge even in shaded areas, suggesting that they are able to perform normal functions without needing sunlight. Sponge microbial communities are
304:
has two distinct color morphologies. One variant of the sponge is light brown/pink and typically grows vertically, while the purple variant grows in a creeping fashion along the substrate or around other reef organisms. This sponge exhibits a branching morphology, meaning that it develops long,
393:; the tips of the branches will break off, floating away with the current and settling in a new location. The broken branch is able to continue growing into a clone of the original sponge if it is able to establish itself; the original sponge will regrow the broken branch.
381:), this symbiotic relationship benefits the sponge in the way of another food source. This is also the case with many corals and the symbiotic algae, zooxanthellae, which perform photosynthesis to supplement the coral's filter feeding lifestyle.
344:. The typical depth range for this sponge is between 2 and 20 m (6.6 and 65.6 ft). There have been some individuals observed at depths of 50 m (160 ft) where light is much more limited than in shallow water environments.
305:
skinny branches rather than thick tubes with osculum. The length of the branches typically ranges from 20 to 60 cm (7.9 to 23.6 in), and they are between 0.5 and 3 cm (0.20 and 1.18 in) wide.
397:
has this branching morphology, but it has also been found to have the ability to sexually reproduce, though the amount of biomass and energy directed to this effort is low.
1317:
469:; while it has not been recorded for certain, this suggests a functional consequence of the disease that could lead to other issues for the sponge. ARBS is most common in
360:
sponges are filter feeders, meaning that they pull water in through their osculum and filter out organic matter for consumption. However, it was recently discovered that
1312:
1143:
1169:
462:
sp., but its role in other aspects of the disease is unknown. ARBS also causes a decrease in the prevalence of one of the main symbionts in the sponge, the
316:, however, do not necessarily have spicules and instead may depend on a collagenous spongin and chitin skeleton for support. This sponge is covered in tiny
1307:
688:
1117:
1156:
941:
Molecular community profiling reveals impacts of time, space, and disease status on the bacterial community associated with the
Caribbean sponge
1267:
1262:
1195:
1277:
286:. This sponge typically exhibits a brownish-pink or purple coloration and branches as parts of its morphology. It was first described by
32:
341:
1322:
539:
332:
are typically found throughout the
Caribbean basin, but some have been found down the coast of South America. Most observations of
1234:
565:
1272:
995:
Disease and nutrient enrichment as potential stressors on the
Caribbean sponge Aplysina cauliformis and its bacterial symbionts
44:
1292:
1161:
517:
1091:
699:
1287:
1174:
991:
Gochfeld, Deborah J.; Easson, Cole G.; Freeman, Christopher J.; Thacker, Robert W.; Olson, Julie B. (7 June 2012).
1282:
56:
1302:
1297:
1082:
237:
938:
1327:
1044:
415:
1096:
808:
429:
369:
a hot topic of research because their purpose is not entirely understood, but in the case of many other
151:
725:
istological and ultrastructural features of
Aplysina cauliformis affected by Aplysina red band syndrome
691:
Sponges
Inhabiting the Shelf-Edge Marine Protected Areas & Deep-Water Reefs of the Southeastern USA
413:, and a few species of tropical fishes. There have been observations of polychaete worms (specifically
312:, which are microscopic structural elements made of either calcium carbonate or silica; sponges within
1239:
1008:
954:
901:
824:
781:
613:
553:
406:
390:
287:
167:
597:
1226:
533:
176:
51:
1148:
653:
1208:
1104:
1024:
970:
840:
746:
721:
Gochfeld, Deborah J.; Diaz, Maria
Cristina; Renegar, D. Abigail; Olson, Julie B. (June 2019).
629:
509:
433:), which are typically abundant on coral reefs but have not been reported feeding on sponges.
1213:
1016:
962:
909:
832:
789:
764:
Freeman, Christopher J.; Baker, David M.; Easson, Cole G.; Thacker, Robert W. (April 2015).
738:
621:
275:
1182:
888:
Defenses of
Caribbean sponges against invertebrate predators. I. Assays with hermit crabs
1012:
958:
905:
885:
828:
785:
722:
687:
Díaz, María
Cristina; Pomponi, Shirley A.; Farrington, Stephanie; Reed, John K. (2021).
617:
992:
513:
486:
377:
365:
309:
283:
1256:
859:
811:
Complex interactions between marine sponges and their symbiotic microbial communities
765:
463:
279:
458:
340:, where sponges are beginning to make up more of the foundation than corals due to
1109:
625:
521:
1221:
1130:
1076:
662:
474:
271:
118:
1067:
836:
768:
Shifts in sponge-microbe mutualisms across an experimental irradiance gradient
410:
337:
313:
108:
98:
1028:
844:
750:
633:
966:
68:
974:
1187:
937:
Olson, Julie B.; Thacker, Robert W.; Gochfeld, Deborah J. (January 2014).
1061:
453:
371:
128:
524:
The Annals and magazine of natural history; zoology, botany, and geology
1122:
913:
317:
263:
1135:
1020:
793:
742:
485:
populations, and it is currently more of a threat to the species than
481:
sponges are infected with ARBS. This disease is highly detrimental to
267:
88:
78:
1038:
600:
Sexual versus asexual reproduction in an oviparous rope-form sponge,
423:
feeding on the sponge/bacteria tissues. It has also been shown that
470:
452:
red band syndrome, or ARBS. This disease causes localized tissue
320:, which are small openings through which the sponge pulls water.
1200:
1042:
807:
Freeman, Christopher J.; Thacker, Robert W. (September 2011).
274:. It is commonly found in shallow reefs across the tropical
427:
produces a chemical deterrent against hermit crabs (
1051:
528:. 5. Vol. 9. London: Taylor and Francis, Ltd.
884:Waddell, Brett; Pawlik, Joseph R. (March 2000).
652:Palomares, M.L.D.; D. Pauly, eds. (April 2024).
986:
984:
716:
714:
712:
710:
596:Tsurumi, Maia; Reiswig, Henry M. (July 1997).
389:Sponges with branching morphologies typically
647:
645:
643:
591:
589:
587:
585:
583:
504:
502:
8:
932:
930:
606:Invertebrate Reproduction & Development
602:Aplysina cauliformis (Porifera; Verongida)"
1039:
682:
680:
194:Luffaria cauliformis var. elongoreticulata
31:
20:
1318:Fauna of the United States Virgin Islands
1313:Fauna of the Southeastern United States
498:
308:Many sponges have skeletons made up of
43:brown/pink morphology off the coast of
531:
7:
405:Sponges have predators such as the
1308:Invertebrates of the United States
336:have taken place in shallow-water
14:
566:World Register of Marine Species
55:
858:Stilwell, Jay (15 April 2021).
45:Saint John, U.S. Virgin Islands
1001:Marine Ecology Progress Series
894:Marine Ecology Progress Series
774:Marine Ecology Progress Series
202:Luffaria cauliformis var. rufa
1:
1268:Marine fauna of South America
1263:Marine fauna of North America
626:10.1080/07924259.1997.9672598
538:: CS1 maint: date and year (
860:"CREATURE feature - Sponges"
520:; Francis, Williams (1882).
1278:Biota of the Gulf of Mexico
700:Florida Atlantic University
1344:
864:Sitka Sound Science Center
817:Limnology and Oceanography
342:warming ocean temperatures
1323:Animals described in 1882
947:FEMS Microbiology Ecology
837:10.4319/lo.2011.56.5.1577
477:; here, up to 15% of all
328:Sponges within the genus
234:Verongia longissima sensu
210:Luffaria elongoreticulata
182:
175:
157:
150:
52:Scientific classification
50:
39:
30:
23:
510:Günther, Albert C. L. G.
467:Synechococcus spongiarum
440:red band syndrome (ARBS)
324:Distribution and habitat
967:10.1111/1574-6941.12222
658:, Row pore rope sponge"
290:in 1882 under the name
1273:Fauna of the Caribbean
416:Haplosyllis spongicola
1293:Invertebrates of Cuba
943:Aplysina cauliformis"
444:Sponges in the genus
430:Paguristes puncticeps
292:Luffaria cauliformis.
1083:Aplysina cauliformis
1053:Aplysina cauliformis
731:Invertebrate Biology
656:Aplysina cauliformis
556:Aplysina cauliformis
479:Aplysina cauliformis
407:hawksbill sea turtle
362:Aplysina cauliformis
334:Aplysina cauliformis
302:Aplysina cauliformis
256:row pore rope sponge
254:, also known as the
251:Aplysina cauliformis
226:Verongia cauliformis
186:Luffaria cauliformis
161:Aplysina cauliformis
25:Aplysina cauliformis
1013:2012MEPS..456..101G
959:2014FEMME..87..268O
906:2000MEPS..195..125W
829:2011LimOc..56.1577F
786:2015MEPS..526...41F
618:1997InvRD..32....1T
518:Carruthers, William
448:are susceptible to
391:reproduce asexually
143:A. cauliformis
914:10.3354/meps195125
514:Dallas, William S.
364:hosts an abundant
1288:Sponges of Brazil
1250:
1249:
1209:Open Tree of Life
1045:Taxon identifiers
1021:10.3354/meps09716
794:10.3354/meps11249
743:10.1111/ivb.12247
247:
246:
16:Species of sponge
1335:
1283:Fauna of Bermuda
1243:
1242:
1230:
1229:
1217:
1216:
1204:
1203:
1191:
1190:
1178:
1177:
1165:
1164:
1152:
1151:
1139:
1138:
1126:
1125:
1113:
1112:
1100:
1099:
1087:
1086:
1085:
1072:
1071:
1070:
1040:
1033:
1032:
988:
979:
978:
934:
925:
924:
922:
920:
881:
875:
874:
872:
870:
855:
849:
848:
823:(5): 1577–1586.
804:
798:
797:
761:
755:
754:
718:
705:
703:
698:(1st ed.).
697:
684:
675:
674:
672:
670:
649:
638:
637:
593:
578:
577:
575:
573:
550:
544:
543:
537:
529:
506:
278:, including the
241:
230:
222:
214:
206:
198:
190:
163:
60:
59:
35:
21:
1343:
1342:
1338:
1337:
1336:
1334:
1333:
1332:
1303:Fauna of Panama
1298:Fauna of Mexico
1253:
1252:
1251:
1246:
1238:
1233:
1225:
1220:
1212:
1207:
1199:
1194:
1186:
1183:Observation.org
1181:
1173:
1168:
1160:
1155:
1147:
1142:
1134:
1129:
1121:
1116:
1108:
1103:
1095:
1090:
1081:
1080:
1075:
1066:
1065:
1060:
1047:
1037:
1036:
990:
989:
982:
936:
935:
928:
918:
916:
883:
882:
878:
868:
866:
857:
856:
852:
806:
805:
801:
763:
762:
758:
720:
719:
708:
695:
686:
685:
678:
668:
666:
651:
650:
641:
595:
594:
581:
571:
569:
558:(Carter, 1882)"
552:
551:
547:
530:
508:
507:
500:
495:
442:
403:
387:
355:
350:
326:
299:
236:
228:
220:
212:
204:
196:
188:
171:
165:
159:
146:
54:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1341:
1339:
1331:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1255:
1254:
1248:
1247:
1245:
1244:
1231:
1218:
1205:
1192:
1179:
1166:
1153:
1140:
1127:
1114:
1101:
1088:
1073:
1057:
1055:
1049:
1048:
1043:
1035:
1034:
980:
953:(1): 268–279.
926:
876:
850:
799:
756:
706:
676:
639:
579:
545:
497:
496:
494:
491:
487:eutrophication
483:A. cauliformis
441:
435:
425:A. cauliformis
421:A. cauliformis
402:
399:
395:A. cauliformis
386:
383:
378:Aplysina fulva
375:sponges (like
354:
351:
349:
346:
325:
322:
298:
295:
284:Gulf of Mexico
276:Atlantic Ocean
270:in the family
245:
244:
243:
242:
231:
229:(Carter, 1882)
223:
215:
207:
199:
191:
180:
179:
173:
172:
166:
155:
154:
148:
147:
140:
138:
134:
133:
126:
122:
121:
116:
112:
111:
106:
102:
101:
96:
92:
91:
86:
82:
81:
76:
72:
71:
66:
62:
61:
48:
47:
41:A. cauliformis
37:
36:
28:
27:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1340:
1329:
1328:Verongimorpha
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1260:
1258:
1241:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1093:
1089:
1084:
1078:
1074:
1069:
1063:
1059:
1058:
1056:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1041:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
996:
987:
985:
981:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
942:
933:
931:
927:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
889:
880:
877:
865:
861:
854:
851:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
812:
803:
800:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
769:
760:
757:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
726:
717:
715:
713:
711:
707:
701:
694:
693:
690:
683:
681:
677:
665:
664:
659:
657:
648:
646:
644:
640:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
601:
592:
590:
588:
586:
584:
580:
567:
563:
559:
557:
549:
546:
541:
535:
527:
526:
523:
519:
515:
511:
505:
503:
499:
492:
490:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
465:
464:cyanobacteria
461:
460:
455:
451:
447:
439:
436:
434:
432:
431:
426:
422:
418:
417:
412:
408:
400:
398:
396:
392:
384:
382:
380:
379:
374:
373:
367:
366:photosymbiont
363:
359:
352:
347:
345:
343:
339:
335:
331:
323:
321:
319:
315:
311:
306:
303:
296:
294:
293:
289:
285:
281:
280:Caribbean Sea
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
252:
239:
238:de Laubenfels
235:
232:
227:
224:
219:
218:Luffaria rufa
216:
211:
208:
203:
200:
195:
192:
187:
184:
183:
181:
178:
174:
169:
164:
162:
156:
153:
152:Binomial name
149:
145:
144:
139:
136:
135:
132:
131:
127:
124:
123:
120:
117:
114:
113:
110:
107:
104:
103:
100:
97:
94:
93:
90:
87:
84:
83:
80:
77:
74:
73:
70:
67:
64:
63:
58:
53:
49:
46:
42:
38:
34:
29:
26:
22:
19:
1052:
1004:
1000:
994:
950:
946:
940:
917:. Retrieved
897:
893:
887:
879:
867:. Retrieved
863:
853:
820:
816:
810:
802:
777:
773:
767:
759:
734:
730:
724:
692:
689:
667:. Retrieved
661:
655:
609:
605:
599:
570:. Retrieved
561:
555:
548:
525:
522:
482:
478:
466:
459:Leptolyngbya
457:
449:
445:
443:
437:
428:
424:
420:
414:
404:
394:
388:
385:Reproduction
376:
370:
361:
357:
356:
333:
329:
327:
314:Demospongiae
307:
301:
300:
291:
259:
255:
250:
249:
248:
233:
225:
221:Carter, 1882
217:
213:Carter, 1882
209:
205:Carter, 1882
201:
197:Carter, 1882
193:
189:Carter, 1882
185:
160:
158:
142:
141:
129:
99:Demospongiae
40:
24:
18:
1222:SeaLifeBase
1131:iNaturalist
1077:Wikispecies
1007:: 101–111.
900:: 125–132.
663:SeaLifeBase
411:nudibranchs
338:coral reefs
297:Description
288:H.J. Carter
272:Aplysinidae
260:rope sponge
119:Aplysinidae
1257:Categories
612:(1): 1–9.
493:References
471:Exuma Cays
268:sea sponge
109:Verongiida
1029:0171-8630
845:0024-3590
780:: 41–53.
751:1077-8306
634:0792-4259
534:cite book
419:) inside
401:Predators
137:Species:
75:Kingdom:
69:Eukaryota
1149:10723076
1068:Q3380794
1062:Wikidata
975:24112035
919:16 April
869:16 April
669:16 April
572:16 April
454:necrosis
450:Aplysina
446:Aplysina
438:Aplysina
372:Aplysina
358:Aplysina
330:Aplysina
310:spicules
282:and the
177:Synonyms
130:Aplysina
115:Family:
89:Porifera
85:Phylum:
79:Animalia
65:Domain:
1123:2239328
1009:Bibcode
955:Bibcode
902:Bibcode
825:Bibcode
782:Bibcode
614:Bibcode
475:Bahamas
409:, some
353:Feeding
348:Ecology
318:oscules
264:species
262:, is a
125:Genus:
105:Order:
95:Class:
1240:169642
1214:300018
1201:169642
1188:903677
1175:289398
1136:131711
1097:152474
1027:
973:
843:
749:
632:
568:. 2006
240:, 1936
170:, 1882
168:Carter
1235:WoRMS
1227:51076
1162:47609
1144:IRMNG
737:(2).
696:(PDF)
562:WoRMS
1196:OBIS
1170:NCBI
1157:ITIS
1118:GBIF
1110:FQ7P
1092:BOLD
1025:ISSN
971:PMID
921:2024
871:2024
841:ISSN
747:ISSN
671:2024
630:ISSN
574:2024
540:link
1105:CoL
1017:doi
1005:456
963:doi
910:doi
898:195
833:doi
790:doi
778:526
739:doi
735:138
622:doi
266:of
258:or
1259::
1237::
1224::
1211::
1198::
1185::
1172::
1159::
1146::
1133::
1120::
1107::
1094::
1079::
1064::
1023:.
1015:.
1003:.
999:.
983:^
969:.
961:.
951:87
949:.
945:.
929:^
908:.
896:.
892:.
862:.
839:.
831:.
821:56
819:.
815:.
788:.
776:.
772:.
745:.
733:.
729:.
723:"H
709:^
679:^
660:.
642:^
628:.
620:.
610:32
608:.
604:.
582:^
564:.
560:.
536:}}
532:{{
516:;
512:;
501:^
489:.
473:,
1031:.
1019::
1011::
997:"
993:"
977:.
965::
957::
939:"
923:.
912::
904::
890:"
886:"
873:.
847:.
835::
827::
813:"
809:"
796:.
792::
784::
770:"
766:"
753:.
741::
727:"
704:.
702:.
673:.
654:"
636:.
624::
616::
598:"
576:.
554:"
542:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
