1043:
765:
861:
717:
59:
797:
877:
749:
829:
781:
733:
40:
813:
1721:
845:
2859:
637:
Southern
Appalachian oak forests, widespread in the southeastern United States, occur on dry, upland sites on southern and western aspects and ridgetops. The composition of these forests varies throughout their range but often includes chestnut oak
1732:
The forests have been altered by logging and clearance for agriculture, urban and industrial development (including mining) with only small patches of original forest remaining, the largest of which is in the Great Smoky
Mountains; nearly all of
556:
occur on a variety of topographic and landscape positions, including ridgetops, upper- and mid-slopes, and in lower elevations (generally below 2,300 feet (700 m)) such as mountain valleys. These forests are dominated by shortleaf pine
478:
occur in coves and on low north- and east-facing slopes in the southern Blue Ridge and central
Appalachian Mountains. They are among the most biologically diverse ecosystems in the country. Typical trees of these forests are sugar maple
1375:
These forests and woodlands are found on exposed ridges, clifftops, and south- and west-facing slopes. They occur at elevations between 1,500 to 4,000 feet (460 to 1,220 m) on often rocky ground. The underlying rock is acidic and
1737:, for example, is regrown forest but still vital habitat for wildlife. The spruce and fir forests of the highlands have been logged particularly intensively and in many cases have not regenerated leaving areas of
2879:
373:
species. The reasons for this are the long-term geologic stability of the region, its long ridges and valleys which serve both as barrier and corridors, and their general north-south alignment which allowed
1449:
found above 4,500 feet (1,400 m) on north- and east-facing slopes of the southern
Appalachians. Oak forests are often found nearby, either at lower elevations or in more exposed areas. Sugar maple
1741:
heath. Also, as large predators such as wolves and cougars have been removed, the forests are now being overgrazed by deer. Plants and animals are also threatened by introduced species including the
897:
1325:
occur on exposed ridges and on south- to west-facing slopes at middle elevations. Soils are thin and nutrient-poor and trees are often stunted and wind-flagged. Northern red oak (
911:. They are often found on deep soils in a variety landscapes within their range. Trees are mainly oaks and hickories, with other species less abundant. Oaks include white oak (
1322:
2919:
1830:
2060:
968:
2863:
1146:
2929:
553:
2338:
2934:
1518:
1059:
2899:
2894:
2274:
2172:
1241:
456:
1810:
1569:. These occur only on the highest peaks and ridges, where the soils are poor, the growing season short, and moisture comes from rain, snow, and fog.
436:
ecoregion) and central China contain relict habitats of an ancient forest that was once widespread over the
Northern Hemisphere. There are species,
406:
in the south. Summers are hot at lower elevations and warm at higher elevations. Winters are cold at higher elevations and cool at lower elevations.
2884:
2162:
451:
The
Appalachians are home to 158 different species of tree, more than anywhere else in North America. There are two main types of forest: deciduous
2939:
2289:
2187:
2365:
Hoekstra, J. M.; Molnar, J. L.; Jennings, M.; Revenga, C.; Spalding, M. D.; Boucher, T. M.; Robertson, J. C.; Heibel, T. J.; Ellison, K. (2010).
2944:
2924:
2323:
2167:
1566:
2914:
2802:
2382:
2177:
1820:
296:
237:
88:
1042:
433:
111:
1988:
1973:
2807:
764:
2028:
1961:
2762:
2740:
2718:
2696:
2674:
2652:
2630:
2608:
2586:
2564:
2502:
1096:). Varying amounts of oaks and pines can result in oak forests, mixed oak–pine forests, or small pine forests. Flowering dogwood (
2318:
410:
716:
2904:
2374:
2150:
2115:
860:
2909:
2125:
1855:
1835:
972:
908:
383:
311:
2279:
2949:
2889:
2550:
2530:
2488:
2207:
2202:
2065:
2048:
1521:
are found in deep coves, moist flats, and ravines from
Virginia and West Virginia northward. They include yellow birch (
475:
101:
2197:
2095:
2018:
796:
617:), or other acid-tolerant species most characteristic. Herbs are usually sparse but may include narrowleaf silkgrass (
106:
1902:
2130:
2105:
2080:
1978:
1803:
1351:
116:
876:
2299:
2229:
2145:
2140:
2120:
2070:
2033:
1951:
1944:
1840:
1798:
575:) may sometimes be present. Hardwoods are sometimes abundant, especially dry-site oaks such as southern red oak (
403:
399:
245:
2284:
2234:
2182:
2110:
2038:
1993:
1968:
1956:
1912:
1885:
1875:
1860:
1815:
1734:
1608:
are areas covered by native grasses or dense shrubs that occur only on some high-elevation summits and slopes.
1442:
1357:
2481:
Guidance for conserving and restoring old-growth forest communities on national forests in the
Southern Region
2043:
1676:
or bog, in an area that is otherwise generally forested. The term is similar to that of an
Appalachian bald.
748:
420:
In terms of biodiversity, the only comparable temperate deciduous forest regions in the world are in central
2264:
2100:
2090:
2023:
1998:
1939:
1934:
1845:
1594:
1193:
828:
780:
505:
2254:
1929:
1907:
1758:
1693:
1647:
619:
2544:
2524:
2259:
2244:
2155:
1850:
1766:
1653:
1523:
1464:
931:
732:
529:
445:
307:
303:
58:
1434:). This habitat takes the form of patchy to open woodlands, although closed-canopy may also be found.
1149:
cover large areas at low and middle elevations, typically on flat to gently rolling terrain. Red oak (
378:
to shift southward during ice ages. The mountains also contain a large variety of diverse landscapes,
2304:
2249:
2217:
2212:
2075:
2013:
1870:
1628:
1363:
1296:
955:
625:
369:; there are an unusually high number of species of both flora and fauna, as well as a high number of
323:
315:
214:
2830:
The Dolly Sods Area — 32,000 Acres in and
Adjacent to the Monongahela National Forest, West Virginia
812:
2135:
2003:
1924:
1865:
1775:
1709:
1624:
1128:
1104:
613:
71:
2479:
844:
2798:
2008:
1880:
1500:
1272:
1187:
1122:
883:
706:
607:
499:
429:
45:
2378:
2333:
2085:
1897:
1738:
1684:
Endangered or threatened species of the Appalachians include some snails and salamanders, the
1605:
1541:
1458:
1424:
1302:
1199:
1110:
1062:
occur on dry sites with loamy to sandy soils. A mix of oak and pine tree species dominate the
937:
803:
670:
487:
460:
375:
17:
2369:
The Atlas of Global Conservation: Changes, Challenges, and Opportunities to Make a Difference
1510:) may be present but is not dominant. Areas where beech is dominant are known as beech gaps.
1620:
1616:
1547:
1476:
1418:
1339:
1290:
1284:
1256:
1163:
1134:
1092:
1074:
1063:
1035:
1025:
995:
925:
787:
755:
664:
652:
589:
565:
493:
441:
387:
359:
179:
1494:
1381:
1223:
1217:
1205:
1116:
1013:
983:
835:
688:
682:
577:
541:
464:
253:
2367:
1750:
1725:
1658:
1586:
1535:
1470:
1452:
1430:
1404:
make this habitat very fire-prone. Most examples are dominated by table mountain pine (
1266:
1260:) are common within their respective ranges. These pines are often mixed with dry-site
1229:
1181:
1098:
1068:
1019:
989:
949:
723:
640:
583:
559:
535:
481:
331:
209:
204:
76:
49:
2424:
1306:) are sometimes important. In the understory, some areas have a fairly well-developed
2873:
1672:
is a term used in the Allegheny Mountains of eastern West Virginia for a mountaintop
1553:
1529:
1506:
1482:
1446:
1406:
1327:
1278:
1151:
1080:
919:
901:
867:
739:
700:
646:
523:
379:
343:
199:
39:
1720:
1701:
1578:
1488:
1412:
1401:
1345:
1333:
1250:
1211:
1157:
1086:
1007:
977:
913:
771:
658:
595:
571:
517:
366:
347:
174:
2846:
2450:
318:. It covers an area of about 61,500 square miles (159,000 km) in: northeast
1377:
1175:
1001:
943:
851:
819:
694:
676:
601:
511:
605:), and others. The shrub layer may be well-developed, with hillside blueberry (
1742:
1705:
1590:
1574:
1570:
1030:
904:
355:
184:
2784:
1700:). The limestone caves of the Appalachians are important habitat for bats,
1641:
1397:
1389:
1385:
1311:
1047:
365:
They are one of the world's richest temperate deciduous forests in terms of
327:
292:
224:
2858:
2398:
1314:
layer, the latter particularly common under deciduous trees such as oaks.
1685:
370:
351:
339:
335:
194:
189:
2814:
1780:
1245:
319:
219:
1673:
1582:
1474:) dominate but are sometimes joined by the conifers eastern hemlock (
27:
Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests ecoregion of the United States
1623:, which occur in many places in the Appalachians, particularly the
1138:) are common in the understory, where they can form a dense layer.
1719:
1393:
1307:
1169:
1167:) are common oaks in this habitat. Other trees include hickories (
1041:
455:
forest at low elevations (between 250m and 1350m), and coniferous
437:
425:
421:
299:
83:
1248:, and rocky slopes and have a patchy or open aspect. Pitch pine (
1669:
2587:"Southern Ridge and Valley / Cumberland Dry Calcareous Forest"
1636:
1632:
1261:
452:
1791:
Areas of intact forest, mostly in public ownership, include:
1657:). These bogs are relicts that have survived since the last
2828:
Wilderness Committee, West Virginia Highlands Conservancy,
1565:
Uncommon but significant are montane and allied spruce and
898:
Southern Ridge and Valley/Cumberland dry calcareous forests
2880:
Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests in the United States
2526:
George Washington National Forest 1993 Revised Forest Plan
1294:) can also be found. In the northeast, eastern red-cedar (
1039:) can often be found where it was formerly a common tree.
1396:). The soil is shallow, arid, and infertile. Dead wood,
2785:"Home - Mountain Bogs - U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service"
2719:"Southern Appalachian Montane Pine Forest and Woodland"
444:
of plants that occur only in these two locations. The
382:
and soils all constituting microhabitats allowing many
306:. The ecoregion is located in the central and southern
432:. Both the Appalachians (along with the neighbouring
2697:"Central and Southern Appalachian Montane Oak Forest"
459:
above that. Until the 1930s the oaks were mixed with
975:. The forests are typically dominated by white oak (
2474:
2472:
2470:
2468:
2466:
2464:
1337:) are common, as are sprouts of American chestnut (
277:
269:
264:
233:
162:
154:
146:
141:
133:
125:
94:
82:
70:
65:
32:
2609:"Allegheny-Cumberland Dry Oak Forest and Woodland"
2546:Jefferson National Forest 2004 Revised Forest Plan
2366:
1831:Crockford-Pigeon Mountain Wildlife Management Area
2425:"The Koppen-Geiger Climate Classification System"
971:forest system is found on ridges in the southern
2503:"Southern Appalachian Low-Elevation Pine Forest"
2061:George Washington and Jefferson National Forests
1545:). These trees are sometimes joined by hemlock (
969:Allegheny-Cumberland dry oak forest and woodland
2741:"Southern Appalachian Northern Hardwood Forest"
1639:. Bog species include cranberry and blueberry (
1400:shrubs, and a thick layer of poorly decomposed
1120:) live in the midstory and hillside blueberry (
554:Southern Appalachian low-elevation pine forests
2675:"Central Appalachian Pine-Oak Rocky Woodland"
2339:List of ecoregions in the United States (WWF)
8:
2653:"Northeastern Interior Dry-Mesic Oak Forest"
1242:Central Appalachian pine-oak rocky woodlands
2275:Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area
2173:Nathaniel Mountain Wildlife Management Area
1422:), and occasionally with Carolina hemlock (
1147:Northeastern interior dry–mesic oak forests
1811:Mountain Longleaf National Wildlife Refuge
467:fungus by the middle of the 20th century.
463:, but these were largely wiped out by the
2920:Plant communities of Georgia (U.S. state)
2763:"Appalachian (Hemlock)-Northern Hardwood"
2631:"Central Appalachian Dry Oak-Pine Forest"
2163:Clinch Mountain Wildlife Management Area
1060:Central Appalachian dry oak–pine forests
1033:or following fire. Sprouts of chestnut (
686:), are found here, as are black tupelo (
150:159,300 km (61,500 sq mi)
2832:, 4th edition; Revised Sept 1973, pg 7.
2360:
2358:
2356:
2354:
2350:
2328:an adjacent higher elevations ecoregion
2290:Wallkill River National Wildlife Refuge
2188:Indian Springs Wildlife Management Area
1567:southern Appalachian spruce-fir forests
941:). Hickories include shagbark hickory (
712:
448:are particularly rich in biodiversity.
172:
2324:Southern Appalachian spruce-fir forest
2168:Hidden Valley Wildlife Management Area
1504:) are occasionally abundant. Red oak (
1029:) may occur, particularly adjacent to
29:
2930:Plant communities of New York (state)
2178:Sleepy Creek Wildlife Management Area
1821:Little River Canyon National Preserve
999:), with lesser amounts of red maple (
545:). Oaks gain numbers on drier sites.
297:Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests
89:Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests
7:
1712:, more than anywhere else on earth.
434:Appalachian mixed mesophytic forests
326:, northwest South Carolina, eastern
112:Appalachian mixed mesophytic forests
2935:Plant communities of North Carolina
2280:Bear Swamp Wildlife Management Area
1989:Great Smoky Mountains National Park
1974:Great Smoky Mountains National Park
1783:and is similar to chestnut blight.
1631:subranges. Though popularly called
1244:occur on lower-elevation hilltops,
947:). Other trees can be sugar maple (
2900:Flora of the Eastern United States
2895:Flora of the Appalachian Mountains
2809:Southern Appalachian Cranberry Bog
1724:View from Little Bald Knob on the
1371:Montane pine forests and woodlands
25:
2565:"Southern Appalachian Oak Forest"
2029:Joyce Kilmer-Slickrock Wilderness
1962:Joyce Kilmer-Slickrock Wilderness
1519:Hemlock–northern hardwood forests
1514:Hemlock–northern hardwood forests
2857:
2847:"Appalachian-Blue Ridge forests"
2451:"Appalachian-Blue Ridge forests"
2405:. Hudson Institute of Mineralogy
2319:Appalachian temperate rainforest
875:
859:
843:
827:
811:
795:
779:
763:
747:
731:
715:
668:). Hickories such as bitternut (
411:Appalachian temperate rainforest
57:
38:
2885:Ecoregions of the United States
1903:Mountain Bridge Wilderness Area
1635:, many of them are technically
1233:) is a common understory tree.
390:species to survive and thrive.
2940:Plant communities of Tennessee
2864:Appalachian–Blue Ridge forests
2375:University of California Press
2151:Little Wilson Creek Wilderness
2116:Brush Mountain East Wilderness
1589:identify these forests, while
289:Appalachian–Blue Ridge forests
33:Appalachian–Blue Ridge forests
18:Appalachian-Blue Ridge forests
1:
2945:Plant communities of Virginia
2925:Plant communities of Maryland
2126:Hunting Camp Creek Wilderness
1856:Southern Nantahala Wilderness
1836:Chattahoochee National Forest
963:Dry oak forests and woodlands
909:Ridge-and-Valley Appalachians
312:Ridge-and-Valley Appalachians
2915:Plant communities of Alabama
2551:United States Forest Service
2531:United States Forest Service
2489:United States Forest Service
2208:Laurel Fork South Wilderness
2203:Laurel Fork North Wilderness
2049:Big Laurel Branch Wilderness
1084:), but sometimes white oak (
593:), but also pignut hickory (
350:; and small extensions into
102:Northeastern coastal forests
2399:"Temperate oceanic climate"
2198:Monongahela National Forest
2096:James River Face Wilderness
2034:Sampson Mountain Wilderness
2019:Bald River Gorge Wilderness
1361:), and great rhododendron (
107:Allegheny Highlands forests
2966:
2131:Garden Mountain Wilderness
2106:Peters Mountain Wilderness
1979:South Mountains State Park
1804:Dugger Mountain Wilderness
1410:), often with pitch pine (
1352:Rhododendron calendulaceum
1066:, typically chestnut oak (
1017:). A few shortleaf pines (
1011:), and mockernut hickory (
549:Low-elevation pine forests
408:
117:Southeastern mixed forests
2300:Highland Lakes State Park
2230:Savage River State Forest
2146:Raccoon Branch Wilderness
2141:Little Dry Run Wilderness
2121:Brush Mountain Wilderness
2071:Rough Mountain Wilderness
2066:Ramsey's Draft Wilderness
2039:Unaka Mountain Wilderness
1952:Nantahala National Forest
1945:Linville Gorge Wilderness
1841:Blood Mountain Wilderness
1816:The Indian Mountain Tract
1799:Talladega National Forest
1597:occur in the understory.
1443:Northern hardwood forests
1438:Northern hardwood forests
1355:), catawba rhododendron (
1288:). Sprouts of chestnut (
907:habitats in the southern
497:), Carolina silverbell (
56:
37:
2491:, Southern Region. 1997.
2285:Worthington State Forest
2235:Green Ridge State Forest
2183:Shenandoah National Park
2111:Mountain Lake Wilderness
2044:Pond Mountain Wilderness
1994:Cherokee National Forest
1969:Cherokee National Forest
1957:Ellicott Rock Wilderness
1913:Ellicott Rock Wilderness
1886:Rich Mountain Wilderness
1876:Tray Mountain Wilderness
1861:Ellicott Rock Wilderness
1755:Choristoneura fumiferana
1735:Shenandoah National Park
1708:including 34 species of
1358:Rhododendron catawbiense
1132:), and mountain laurel (
398:The climate varies from
2265:Bald Eagle State Forest
2101:Shawvers Run Wilderness
2091:Three Ridges Wilderness
2081:Saint Mary's Wilderness
2024:Citico Creek Wilderness
1940:Middle Prong Wilderness
1935:Shining Rock Wilderness
1846:Raven Cliffs Wilderness
1787:Areas of intact habitat
1480:), eastern white pine (
1468:), and yellow buckeye (
1237:Pine-oak rocky woodland
1194:Liriodendron tulipifera
506:Liriodendron tulipifera
2853:. World Wildlife Fund.
2851:Terrestrial Ecoregions
2765:. NatureServe Explorer
2743:. NatureServe Explorer
2721:. NatureServe Explorer
2699:. NatureServe Explorer
2677:. NatureServe Explorer
2655:. NatureServe Explorer
2633:. NatureServe Explorer
2611:. NatureServe Explorer
2589:. NatureServe Explorer
2567:. NatureServe Explorer
2505:. NatureServe Explorer
2457:. World Wildlife Fund.
2455:Terrestrial Ecoregions
2255:Tuscarora State Forest
1999:Little Frog Wilderness
1930:Pisgah National Forest
1908:Sumter National Forest
1759:hemlock woolly adelgid
1729:
1694:spruce-fir moss spider
1648:Andromeda glaucophylla
1498:) and white basswood (
1310:shrub layer, others a
1264:such as chestnut oak (
1227:). Flowering dogwood (
1126:), black huckleberry (
1051:
953:), eastern red-cedar (
892:Dry calcareous forests
650:), eastern black oak (
620:Pityopsis graminifolia
611:), black huckleberry (
2905:Appalachian Mountains
2260:Rothrock State Forest
2245:Buchanan State Forest
2156:Lewis Fork Wilderness
1851:Mark Trail Wilderness
1767:balsam woolly adelgid
1723:
1698:Microhexura montivaga
1654:Menyanthes trifoliata
1645:spp.), bog rosemary (
1524:Betula alleghaniensis
1465:Betula alleghaniensis
1367:) are common shrubs.
1276:), northern red oak (
1254:) and Virginia pine (
1221:), and American elm (
1142:Dry–mesic oak forests
1045:
1023:) or Virginia pines (
981:), southern red oak (
932:Quercus muehlenbergii
917:), northern red oak (
644:), northern red oak (
563:) and Virginia pine (
530:Betula alleghaniensis
521:), northern red oak (
446:Great Smoky Mountains
308:Appalachian Mountains
304:Eastern United States
2910:Blue Ridge Mountains
2866:at Wikimedia Commons
2305:Stewart State Forest
2250:Michaux State Forest
2218:Big Draft Wilderness
2213:Spice Run Wilderness
2076:Rich Hole Wilderness
2014:Gee Creek Wilderness
1871:Brasstown Wilderness
1428:) and chestnut oak (
1416:) or Virginia pine (
1364:Rhododendron maximum
1297:Juniperus virginiana
1282:), and scarlet oak (
1055:Dry oak–pine forests
956:Juniperus virginiana
935:), and Shumard oak (
900:occur on dry to dry–
662:), and scarlet oak (
626:Tephrosia virginiana
587:), and scarlet oak (
491:), eastern hemlock (
316:Blue Ridge Mountains
2950:Nearctic ecoregions
2890:Appalachian forests
2136:Beartown Wilderness
2004:Big Frog Wilderness
1925:DuPont State Forest
1866:Big Frog Wilderness
1776:Discula destructiva
1710:lungless salamander
1527:), mountain maple (
1486:), and red spruce (
1323:Montane oak forests
1318:Montane oak forests
1197:), American beech (
1129:Gaylussacia baccata
1105:Oxydendrum arboreum
1078:), and white pine (
1005:), pignut hickory (
614:Gaylussacia baccata
533:), yellow buckeye (
485:), American beech (
2009:Cohutta Wilderness
1881:Cohutta Wilderness
1730:
1561:Spruce-fir forests
1501:Tilia heterophylla
1300:) or hophornbeam (
1273:Quercus ilicifolia
1188:Fraxinus americana
1173:spp.), red maple (
1161:), and black oak (
1123:Vaccinium pallidum
1090:) or scarlet oak (
1072:), Virginia pine (
1052:
929:), chinkapin oak (
884:Fraxinus americana
707:Fraxinus americana
704:), and white ash (
680:), and mockernut (
608:Vaccinium pallidum
500:Halesia tetraptera
430:Caucasus Mountains
46:Blue Ridge Parkway
2862:Media related to
2384:978-0-520-26256-0
2334:Appalachian balds
2086:Priest Wilderness
1898:Gorges State Park
1739:Appalachian balds
1651:), and buckbean (
1621:boreal ecosystems
1606:Appalachian balds
1551:) or white pine (
1542:Fagus grandifolia
1492:). Black cherry (
1462:), yellow birch (
1459:Fagus grandifolia
1425:Tsuga caroliniana
1349:), flame azalea (
1331:) and white oak (
1303:Ostrya virginiana
1215:), black tupelo (
1203:), black cherry (
1200:Fagus grandifolia
1114:), and blackgum (
1111:Sassafras albidum
1050:, North Carolina.
1046:Fall colors near
987:), chestnut oak (
938:Quercus shumardii
804:Carya cordiformis
671:Carya cordiformis
581:), chestnut oak (
539:), and basswood (
527:), yellow birch (
503:), tulip poplar (
488:Fagus grandifolia
461:American chestnut
457:spruce-fir forest
404:humid subtropical
400:humid continental
285:
284:
246:humid subtropical
238:Humid continental
16:(Redirected from
2957:
2861:
2854:
2833:
2826:
2820:
2819:
2795:
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2431:. 30 August 2011
2421:
2415:
2414:
2412:
2410:
2395:
2389:
2388:
2372:
2362:
1747:Lymantria dispar
1617:Appalachian bogs
1548:Tsuga canadensis
1533:), sugar maple (
1477:Tsuga canadensis
1419:Pinus virginiana
1343:). Winterberry (
1340:Castanea dentata
1291:Castanea dentata
1285:Quercus coccinea
1257:Pinus virginiana
1209:), black birch (
1179:), sugar maple (
1164:Quercus velutina
1135:Kalmia latifolia
1093:Quercus coccinea
1075:Pinus virginiana
1036:Castanea dentata
1026:Pinus virginiana
996:Quercus coccinea
993:), scarlet oak (
973:Ridge and Valley
926:Quercus stellata
879:
863:
847:
831:
815:
799:
788:Quercus coccinea
783:
767:
756:Quercus velutina
751:
735:
719:
665:Quercus coccinea
653:Quercus velutina
623:) and goat-rue (
590:Quercus coccinea
566:Pinus virginiana
494:Tsuga canadensis
402:in the north to
310:, including the
61:
42:
30:
21:
2965:
2964:
2960:
2959:
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2954:
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2869:
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2803:Wayback Machine
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1921:North Carolina
1894:South Carolina
1789:
1718:
1682:
1667:
1614:
1603:
1563:
1516:
1495:Prunus serotina
1445:occur in cool,
1440:
1382:metasedimentary
1373:
1320:
1239:
1224:Ulmus americana
1218:Nyssa sylvatica
1206:Prunus serotina
1191:), tulip tree (
1144:
1117:Nyssa sylvatica
1057:
1014:Carya tomentosa
984:Quercus falcata
965:
894:
887:
880:
871:
864:
855:
848:
839:
836:Nyssa sylvatica
832:
823:
816:
807:
800:
791:
784:
775:
768:
759:
752:
743:
736:
727:
720:
698:), white pine (
689:Nyssa sylvatica
683:Carya tomentosa
656:), white oak, (
635:
578:Quercus falcata
569:). Pitch pine (
551:
542:Tilia americana
473:
465:chestnut blight
418:
413:
396:
254:oceanic climate
229:
171:
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121:
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1763:Adelges tsugae
1751:spruce budworm
1726:Wild Oak Trail
1717:
1714:
1681:
1678:
1666:
1663:
1659:glacial period
1613:
1610:
1602:
1599:
1587:mountain maple
1562:
1559:
1539:), and beech (
1536:Acer saccharum
1515:
1512:
1471:Aesculus flava
1453:Acer saccharum
1447:mesic habitats
1439:
1436:
1431:Quercus prinus
1372:
1369:
1319:
1316:
1267:Quercus prinus
1238:
1235:
1230:Cornus florida
1185:), white ash (
1182:Acer saccharum
1155:), white oak (
1143:
1140:
1108:), sassafras (
1099:Cornus florida
1069:Quercus prinus
1056:
1053:
1020:Pinus echinata
990:Quercus prinus
964:
961:
950:Acer saccharum
893:
890:
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753:
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728:
724:Quercus prinus
721:
714:
692:), red maple (
641:Quercus prinus
634:
631:
599:), red maple (
584:Quercus prinus
560:Pinus echinata
550:
547:
536:Aesculus flava
515:), white oak (
509:), red maple (
482:Acer saccharum
472:
469:
417:
414:
395:
392:
342:, and central
332:North Carolina
283:
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1779:that affects
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1702:invertebrates
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1679:
1677:
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1671:
1664:
1662:
1660:
1656:
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1644:
1643:
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1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1611:
1609:
1607:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1560:
1558:
1556:
1555:
1554:Pinus strobus
1550:
1549:
1544:
1543:
1538:
1537:
1532:
1531:
1530:Acer spicatum
1526:
1525:
1520:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1508:
1507:Quercus rubra
1503:
1502:
1497:
1496:
1491:
1490:
1485:
1484:
1483:Pinus strobus
1479:
1478:
1473:
1472:
1467:
1466:
1461:
1460:
1455:
1454:
1448:
1444:
1437:
1435:
1433:
1432:
1427:
1426:
1421:
1420:
1415:
1414:
1409:
1408:
1407:Pinus pungens
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1365:
1360:
1359:
1354:
1353:
1348:
1347:
1342:
1341:
1336:
1335:
1330:
1329:
1328:Quercus rubra
1324:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1304:
1299:
1298:
1293:
1292:
1287:
1286:
1281:
1280:
1279:Quercus rubra
1275:
1274:
1270:), bear oak (
1269:
1268:
1263:
1259:
1258:
1253:
1252:
1247:
1243:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1231:
1226:
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1208:
1207:
1202:
1201:
1196:
1195:
1190:
1189:
1184:
1183:
1178:
1177:
1172:
1171:
1166:
1165:
1160:
1159:
1154:
1153:
1152:Quercus rubra
1148:
1141:
1139:
1137:
1136:
1131:
1130:
1125:
1124:
1119:
1118:
1113:
1112:
1107:
1106:
1102:), sourwood (
1101:
1100:
1095:
1094:
1089:
1088:
1083:
1082:
1081:Pinus strobus
1077:
1076:
1071:
1070:
1065:
1061:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1040:
1038:
1037:
1032:
1028:
1027:
1022:
1021:
1016:
1015:
1010:
1009:
1004:
1003:
998:
997:
992:
991:
986:
985:
980:
979:
974:
970:
962:
960:
959:), or pines.
958:
957:
952:
951:
946:
945:
940:
939:
934:
933:
928:
927:
923:), post oak (
922:
921:
920:Quercus rubra
916:
915:
910:
906:
903:
899:
891:
886:
885:
878:
873:
870:
869:
868:Pinus strobus
862:
857:
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837:
830:
825:
822:
821:
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790:
789:
782:
777:
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773:
766:
761:
758:
757:
750:
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742:
741:
740:Quercus rubra
734:
729:
726:
725:
718:
713:
711:
709:
708:
703:
702:
701:Pinus strobus
697:
696:
691:
690:
685:
684:
679:
678:
674:), shagbark (
673:
672:
667:
666:
661:
660:
655:
654:
649:
648:
647:Quercus rubra
643:
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524:Quercus rubra
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477:
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427:
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393:
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385:
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380:microclimates
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2808:
2799:Ghostarchive
2797:Archived at
2793:
2779:
2767:. Retrieved
2757:
2745:. Retrieved
2735:
2723:. Retrieved
2713:
2701:. Retrieved
2691:
2679:. Retrieved
2669:
2657:. Retrieved
2647:
2635:. Retrieved
2625:
2613:. Retrieved
2603:
2591:. Retrieved
2581:
2569:. Retrieved
2559:
2545:
2539:
2525:
2519:
2507:. Retrieved
2497:
2480:
2454:
2445:
2433:. Retrieved
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1087:Quercus alba
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1008:Carya glabra
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978:Quercus alba
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518:Quercus alba
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476:Cove forests
474:
471:Cove forests
450:
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367:biodiversity
364:
348:Pennsylvania
288:
286:
270:Habitat loss
265:Conservation
257:
249:
241:
234:Climate type
175:Pennsylvania
126:Bird species
2271:New Jersey
1706:salamanders
1704:, fish and
1690:Canis rufus
1378:sedimentary
1176:Acer rubrum
1031:escarpments
1002:Acer rubrum
944:Carya ovata
852:Acer rubrum
820:Carya ovata
695:Acer rubrum
677:Carya ovata
633:Oak forests
602:Acer rubrum
512:Acer rubrum
2874:Categories
2769:22 October
2747:21 October
2725:17 October
2703:10 October
2681:4 November
2637:3 November
2615:11 October
2593:2 November
2571:14 October
2509:11 October
2403:Mindat.org
2345:References
1985:Tennessee
1773:) and the
1743:gypsy moth
1692:) and the
1629:Blue Ridge
1591:hobblebush
1575:Fraser fir
1571:Red spruce
1456:), beech (
1398:ericaceous
1390:sandstones
1386:quartzites
905:calcareous
409:See also:
386:areas and
356:New Jersey
330:, western
185:New Jersey
2659:7 October
2435:30 August
2409:30 August
2296:New York
2226:Maryland
2057:Virginia
1771:A. piceae
1642:Vaccinium
1625:Allegheny
1595:bearberry
1312:graminoid
1048:Asheville
328:Tennessee
302:, in the
293:ecoregion
278:Protected
225:Tennessee
142:Geography
2801:and the
2429:Geodiode
2313:See also
1827:Georgia
1795:Alabama
1781:dogwoods
1686:red wolf
1246:outcrops
442:families
376:habitats
360:New York
352:Kentucky
340:Maryland
336:Virginia
314:and the
295:in the
195:Virginia
190:Maryland
180:New York
77:Nearctic
2815:YouTube
2553:. 2004.
2533:. 1993.
1716:Threats
1384:(e.g.,
394:Climate
384:refugia
371:endemic
324:Georgia
320:Alabama
291:are an
252:), and
220:Alabama
215:Georgia
155:Country
95:Borders
66:Ecology
2381:
1674:meadow
1585:, and
1394:shales
1064:canopy
440:, and
438:genera
388:relict
358:, and
163:States
2485:(PDF)
1680:Fauna
1601:Balds
1308:heath
1170:Carya
902:mesic
426:Japan
422:China
416:Flora
300:Biome
281:18.6%
273:27.1%
84:Biome
72:Realm
2771:2012
2749:2012
2727:2012
2705:2012
2683:2012
2661:2012
2639:2012
2617:2012
2595:2012
2573:2012
2511:2012
2437:2024
2411:2024
2379:ISBN
1670:Sods
1665:Sods
1637:fens
1633:bogs
1627:and
1619:are
1612:Bogs
1593:and
1392:and
1262:oaks
967:The
896:The
346:and
322:and
287:The
169:List
147:Area
1765:),
1757:),
1749:),
1557:).
1380:or
710:).
629:).
453:oak
258:Cfb
250:Cfa
244:),
242:Dfb
129:194
48:in
2876::
2849:.
2812:.
2805::
2549:.
2529:.
2487:.
2463:^
2453:.
2427:.
2401:.
2377:.
2373:.
2353:^
2326:—
1661:.
1581:,
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362:.
354:,
338:,
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137:73
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