31:
482:. The minority would hold that as applied to the prosecution of the Communist Party's top dignitaries, the section was clearly constitutional, noting that Aptheker and Flynn fail the majority's criteria for "indiscriminate" because each clearly knew of their party membership and each was committed to its causes. Neither desired to travel to some innocent destination. Consequently, the Court should not reject the law on the hypothetical but should rather hold the law constitutional as applied.
452:, 323 U.S. 283, 65 S.Ct. 208, 89 L.Ed. 243. And no authority to detain exists except under extreme conditions, e.g., unless he has been convicted of a crime or unless there is probable cause for issuing a warrant of arrest by standards of the Fourth Amendment." "We cannot exercise and enjoy citizenship in world perspective without the right to travel abroad; and I see no constitutional way to curb it unless, as I said, there is the power to detain."
407:: 'Indiscriminate classification of innocent with knowing activity must fall as an assertion of arbitrary power.' The irrebuttable presumption of Section 6 that individuals who are members of the specified organizations will, if given passports, engage in activities inimical to the security of the United States also rendered irrelevant the member's degree of activity in the organization and his commitment to its purpose, citing
437:. He held it appropriate "to point out that the Framers thought that the best way to promote the internal security of our people is to protect their First Amendment freedoms of speech, press, religion and assembly, and that we cannot take away the liberty of groups whose views most people detest without jeopardizing the liberty of all others whose views, though popular today, may themselves be detested tomorrow."
3395:
3419:
3407:
415:
In determining whether there has been an abridgment of the Fifth
Amendment's guarantee of liberty, the Court recognized the danger of punishing a member of a Communist organization 'for his adherence to lawful and constitutionally protected purposes, because of other and unprotected purposes which he does not necessarily share, citing
397:"'(E)ven though the governmental purpose be legitimate and substantial, that purpose cannot be pursued by means that broadly stifle fundamental personal liberties when the end can be more narrowly achieved. The breadth of legislative abridgment must be viewed in the light of less drastic means for achieving the same basic purpose.'"
489:
because it was reasonably related to national security and reasonably tailored to accomplish the purpose. He rejected the "loose generalization" that individual guilt might be conclusively presumed from membership in the Party" because the matter could not be held in isolation but need be considered
414:
The Court further noted that section 6 excluded other considerations which might more closely relate the denial of passports to the stated purpose of the legislation, such as the purposes for which an individual wishes to travel or the security-sensitivity of the areas in which he wishes to travel.
338:
The three-judge
District Court rejected appellants' contentions, sustained the constitutionality of § 6 of the Control Act, and granted the Secretary's motion for summary judgment, concluding that the enactment by Congress of § 6 was a valid exercise of the power of Congress to protect and preserve
400:
It then considered the congressional purpose underlying § 6 of the
Control Act, noting that the legislation in question flowed from the congressional desire to protect national security which it held was obviously and unarguably within the Congress' Constitutional power. But it concluded that the
359:
Justice
Goldberg held, with Justices Black and Douglas concurring, that § 6 of the Control Act too broadly and indiscriminately restricted the right to travel and thereby abridged the liberty guaranteed by the Fifth Amendment and that § 6 of the Control Act was unconstitutional on its face. As to
424:
The Court then considered the government's alternate theory, rejecting it because the law was clear and precise and could not be judicially rewritten to take in only top party members. The Court concluded that "since freedom of travel is a constitutional liberty closely related to rights of free
350:
does not prevent the reasonable regulation of liberty and that § 6 was a reasonable regulation because of its relation to the danger the world
Communist movement presented for national security. Alternatively, the Government argued that 'whether or not denial of passports to some members of the
315:
Appellants requested and received hearings to review the revocations of their passports. The examiners recommended that the passport revocations be sustained. Both appellants appealed to the Board of
Passport Appeals which recommended affirmance of the revocations. The
401:
legislation was indiscriminate due to an absence of criteria linking the bare fact of membership in a
Communist organization to the individual's knowledge, activity or commitment. The provision swept within its prohibition both knowing and unknowing members, citing
360:
the government's alternative theory, the clarity and preciseness of the provision in question made it impossible to narrow its indiscriminately cast and overly broad scope without substantial judicial rewriting which was beyond the power of the Court in this case.
311:
believed that their use of the passports would violate § 6 of the
Subversive Activities Control Act of 1950 which provided that it was unlawful for any member of a Communist party to apply for or to renew a US passport or to use such a passport.
1616:
2802:
425:
speech and association, we believe that appellants in this case should not be required to assume the burden of demonstrating that
Congress could not have written a statute constitutionally prohibiting their travel."
327:. The complaints asked that judgments be entered declaring § 6 unconstitutional and ordering the Secretary of State to issue passports to appellants. Appellant-plaintiffs alleged that § 6 was unconstitutional as,
386:
in support of the "well-established principles by which to test whether the restrictions here imposed consistent with the liberty guaranteed in the Fifth
Amendment." It enumerated these principles by citing
3451:
460:
Justice Clark wrote the minority opinion which was joined by Justices Harlan and White. The minority objected to the refusal of the majority to consider the government's alternate theory, citing
446:. "War may be the occasion for serious curtailment of liberty. Absent war, I see no way to keep a citizen from traveling within or without the country, unless there is power to detain him.
324:
332:
1387:
703:
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627:
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233:
72:
440:
Justice Douglas, also concurring, opined that "Freedom of movement is kin to the right of assembly and to the right of association. These rights may not be abridged," citing
374:, reaffirming that the right to travel abroad was 'an important aspect of the citizen's 'liberty" guaranteed in the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment. It then cited
1581:
252:
245:
219:
351:
Communist Party might be deemed not reasonably related to national security, surely Section 6 was reasonable as applied to the top-ranking Party leaders involved here.
1965:
1369:
1623:
1674:
780:
1970:
1637:
1449:
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2929:
1524:
421:. And it noted that Congress had within its power 'less drastic' means of achieving the congressional objective of safeguarding the nation's security.
342:
In the US Supreme Court, appellants attacked § 6, both on its face and as applied, as an unconstitutional deprivation of the liberty guaranteed in the
2601:
1987:
274:
98:
266:
rights. It is the first case in which the US Supreme Court considered the constitutionality of personal restrictions on the right to travel abroad.
1602:
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the Government against the threat posed by the world Communist movement and that the regulatory scheme bore a reasonable relation thereto.
493:
Justice White, without elaboration, would hold Section 6 constitutional as applied but did not join Justice Clark in his facial analysis.
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331:, "a deprivation without due process of law of plaintiff's constitutional liberty to travel abroad, in violation of the
295:
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1499:
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346:. The Government, while conceding that the right to travel is protected by the Fifth Amendment, contended that the
293:
were native born citizens and residents of the United States and had held valid passports. Aptheker was editor of
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In a concurring opinion, Justice Black expressed his opinion that the whole act, including Section 6, was a
741:
277:, which made it a crime for any member of a Communist organization to attempt to use or obtain a passport.
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He would also find the section valid on its face, holding that the remedy adopted by the Congress had a
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Appellants thereupon filed separate complaints seeking declaratory and injunctive relief in the
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and appellant Flynn was chairman of the Party. On January 22, 1962, the Acting Director of the
101:
is an unconstitutional abridgment of a person's freedom of movement and is impermissibly broad.
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116:
466:, 362 U.S. 17, distinguishing the Court's thinking in First Amendment cases in
1681:
1567:
1224:
124:
83:
1617:
List of Communist Party USA members who have held office in the United States
79:
1745:
1103:
861:
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490:
relative to the subject matter involved and legislative findings.
307:
notified appellants that their passports were revoked because the
3255:
3143:
3024:
2890:
1756:
1718:
762:
30:
1714:
325:
United States District Court for the District of Columbia
333:
Fifth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States
320:
subsequently approved the recommendations of the Board.
1388:
Communist Party v. Subversive Activities Control Board
3452:
United States Supreme Court cases of the Warren Court
185:
Goldberg, joined by Warren, Douglas, Brennan, Stewart
3355:
3334:
3266:
3227:
3205:
3154:
3110:
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1918:
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1139:
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805:
798:
213:
205:
197:
189:
181:
176:
105:
91:
59:
49:
42:
23:
1370:Albertson v. Subversive Activities Control Board
1730:
774:
273:, the petitioner challenged Section 6 of the
8:
244:and passport restrictions as they relate to
3418:
3263:
3252:
3151:
3140:
3032:
3021:
2898:
2887:
1764:
1753:
1737:
1723:
1715:
1481:
802:
781:
767:
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20:
275:Subversive Activities Control Act of 1950
99:Subversive Activities Control Act of 1950
1603:Left Wing Section of the Socialist Party
516:
209:Clark, joined by Harlan; White (part I)
1554:American Committee for Spanish Freedom
54:Aptheker, et al. v. Secretary of State
3321:Laissez-passer and emergency passport
18:1964 United States Supreme Court case
7:
3406:
301:Communist Party in the United States
36:Supreme Court of the United States
14:
3447:United States Supreme Court cases
2998:Aboriginal Provisional Government
2930:Sovereign Military Order of Malta
1988:Congo, Democratic Republic of the
710:500 (1964) is available from:
647:Schware v. Board of Bar Examiners
409:Schware v. Board of Bar Examiners
299:, the 'theoretical organ' of the
3417:
3405:
3394:
3393:
2961:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
2602:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
1675:Relations with African Americans
29:
2405:Micronesia, Federated States of
3467:Communist Party USA litigation
3457:1964 in United States case law
1379:Aptheker v. Secretary of State
700:Aptheker v. Secretary of State
524:Aptheker v. Secretary of State
229:Aptheker v. Secretary of State
24:Aptheker v. Secretary of State
1:
1661:San Francisco Workers' School
1424:Keyishian v. Board of Regents
478:and Fifth Amendment cases in
232:, 378 U.S. 500 (1964), was a
2803:British Overseas Territories
3026:International organizations
2471:Netherlands, Kingdom of the
1961:China, People's Republic of
3483:
1696:Young Communist League USA
751:Oyez (oral argument audio)
3389:
3347:Machine-readable passport
3262:
3251:
3150:
3139:
3031:
3020:
3003:Haudenosaunee Confederacy
2914:Vatican City and Holy See
2897:
2886:
2056:Dominica, Commonwealth of
1763:
1752:
1703:Young Pioneers of America
218:
110:
96:
28:
2923:Other sovereign entities
1946:Central African Republic
1589:International Publishers
1561:Bill of Rights socialism
1458:Watkins v. United States
1631:New York Workers School
1442:Scales v. United States
1406:Dennis v. United States
463:United States v. Raines
1993:Congo, Republic of the
1880:Bosnia and Herzegovina
1582:English-language press
1467:Yates v. United States
1246:Elizabeth Gurley Flynn
1218:Shirley Graham Du Bois
1127:Rossana Cambron &
994:(1919–1920; 1922–1927)
291:Elizabeth Gurley Flynn
264:freedom of association
149:William J. Brennan Jr.
3162:British Indian Empire
2617:São Tomé and Príncipe
2592:Saint Kitts and Nevis
1668:Soviet Negro Republic
1575:Communist Labor Party
1433:Noto v. United States
1211:Benjamin J. Davis Jr.
1024:L. E. Katterfeld
992:C. E. Ruthenberg
418:Noto v. United States
368:The Court began with
45:Decided June 22, 1964
43:Argued April 21, 1964
3228:Sovereignty disputed
3206:Former organizations
2939:Sovereignty disputed
2793:United Arab Emirates
1624:National conventions
1316:William L. Patterson
355:Opinion of the Court
220:U.S. Const. amend. V
3363:Camouflage passport
3306:Diplomatic passport
3182:Mandatory Palestine
2978:(Republic of China)
2758:Trinidad and Tobago
1800:Antigua and Barbuda
1596:Language federation
791:Communist Party USA
742:Library of Congress
623:Wieman v. Updegraff
404:Wieman v. Updegraff
309:Department of State
260:freedom of assembly
78:84 S. Ct. 1659; 12
3342:Biometric passport
2902:UN observer states
2061:Dominican Republic
1689:Yokinen Show Trial
1397:De Jonge v. Oregon
1288:Antoinette Konikow
1260:Dorothy Ray Healey
1000:Alfred Wagenknecht
671:De Jonge v. Oregon
443:De Jonge v. Oregon
348:Due Process Clause
318:Secretary of State
133:William O. Douglas
121:Associate Justices
3434:
3433:
3385:
3384:
3381:
3380:
3316:Internal passport
3247:
3246:
3243:
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3213:League of Nations
3145:Defunct passports
3135:
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3130:
3074:Central America-4
3016:
3015:
3012:
3011:
2882:
2881:
2878:
2877:
2086:Equatorial Guinea
1712:
1711:
1638:Non-English press
1610:Lincoln Battalion
1541:
1540:
1337:Charles E. Taylor
1274:Oakley C. Johnson
1155:William Albertson
1140:Prominent members
1096:William Z. Foster
1072:William Z. Foster
1042:(1922; 1927–1929)
1032:William Weinstone
979:
978:
889:Vice Presidential
850:Charlene Mitchell
814:William Z. Foster
435:bill of attainder
390:Shelton v. Tucker
296:Political Affairs
234:landmark decision
225:
224:
145:John M. Harlan II
97:Section 6 of the
3474:
3421:
3420:
3409:
3408:
3397:
3396:
3326:Service passport
3290:Animal passport
3274:Alien's passport
3264:
3253:
3155:Dissolved states
3152:
3141:
3064:Andean Community
3033:
3022:
2899:
2888:
2531:Papua New Guinea
2385:Marshall Islands
1765:
1758:UN member states
1754:
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1546:Related articles
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1450:Smith Act trials
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1339:
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1311:
1309:Karl Emil Nygard
1304:
1297:
1295:Claude Lightfoot
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1213:
1206:
1199:
1197:Ella Reeve Bloor
1192:
1185:
1183:Walter Bernstein
1178:
1171:
1164:
1162:Herbert Aptheker
1157:
1150:
1132:
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661:
644:
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619:
613:
594:
588:
573:NAACP v. Alabama
569:
563:
544:
538:
521:
395:NAACP v. Alabama
377:NAACP v. Alabama
287:Herbert Aptheker
238:US Supreme Court
106:Court membership
33:
32:
21:
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3481:
3477:
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3330:
3284:1954 Convention
3279:1951 Convention
3258:
3239:
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3127:
3106:
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3027:
3008:
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2956:Northern Cyprus
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2662:Solomon Islands
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2501:North Macedonia
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1654:Red diaper baby
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1267:Manning Johnson
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1190:Marc Blitzstein
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1048:James P. Cannon
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897:Benjamin Gitlow
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620:
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598:NAACP v. Button
595:
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541:
522:
518:
513:
499:
458:
431:
383:NAACP v. Button
366:
357:
305:Passport Office
283:
253:First Amendment
246:Fifth Amendment
242:right to travel
169:Arthur Goldberg
159:
147:
135:
87:
44:
38:
19:
12:
11:
5:
3480:
3478:
3470:
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3415:
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3390:
3387:
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3379:
3378:
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3375:
3373:World Passport
3370:
3365:
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3357:
3353:
3352:
3350:
3349:
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3338:
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3301:
3296:
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3270:
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3267:Document types
3260:
3259:
3257:Passport types
3256:
3249:
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3244:
3241:
3240:
3238:
3237:
3231:
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3225:
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3200:
3199:
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3167:Czechoslovakia
3164:
3158:
3156:
3148:
3147:
3144:
3137:
3136:
3133:
3132:
3129:
3128:
3126:
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3123:United Nations
3120:
3114:
3112:
3108:
3107:
3105:
3104:
3103:
3102:
3100:laissez-passer
3095:European Union
3092:
3086:
3084:
3080:
3079:
3077:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3060:
3058:
3054:
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3025:
3018:
3017:
3014:
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3010:
3009:
3007:
3006:
3000:
2994:
2992:
2991:No recognition
2988:
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2892:Other entities
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2798:United Kingdom
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2256:
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2201:
2196:
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2186:
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2176:
2171:
2166:
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2156:
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2146:
2140:
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2134:
2133:
2131:
2130:
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2073:
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2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2047:
2046:
2041:
2030:
2028:
2024:
2023:
2021:
2020:
2018:Czech Republic
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1974:
1973:
1968:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
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1920:
1916:
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1646:People's World
1641:
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1471:
1462:
1453:
1446:
1437:
1428:
1419:
1415:Kent v. Dulles
1410:
1401:
1392:
1383:
1374:
1364:
1362:
1358:
1357:
1355:
1354:
1351:Richard Wright
1347:
1340:
1333:
1326:
1319:
1312:
1305:
1298:
1291:
1284:
1277:
1270:
1263:
1256:
1249:
1242:
1239:Albert Goldman
1235:
1232:Richard Durham
1228:
1221:
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1193:
1186:
1179:
1172:
1165:
1158:
1151:
1143:
1141:
1137:
1136:
1134:
1133:
1131:(2019–present)
1124:
1116:
1108:
1100:
1092:
1084:
1076:
1068:
1060:
1056:Caleb Harrison
1052:
1044:
1036:
1028:
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987:
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977:
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795:
788:
786:
785:
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771:
763:
757:
756:
724:Google Scholar
694:
693:External links
691:
688:
687:
662:
639:
614:
589:
564:
548:Kent v. Dulles
539:
515:
514:
512:
509:
508:
507:
504:Kent v. Dulles
498:
495:
487:rational basis
457:
454:
430:
427:
371:Kent v. Dulles
365:
362:
356:
353:
344:Bill of Rights
282:
279:
223:
222:
216:
215:
211:
210:
207:
203:
202:
199:
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191:
187:
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174:
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157:Potter Stewart
122:
119:
114:
108:
107:
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94:
93:
89:
88:
77:
61:
57:
56:
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50:Full case name
47:
46:
40:
39:
34:
26:
25:
17:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3479:
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3416:
3414:
3413:
3404:
3402:
3401:
3392:
3391:
3388:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3368:Fake passport
3366:
3364:
3361:
3360:
3358:
3354:
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3345:
3343:
3340:
3339:
3337:
3333:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
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3314:
3312:
3311:Hajj passport
3309:
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3300:
3297:
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3208:
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3188:
3185:
3183:
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3177:Korean Empire
3175:
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3165:
3163:
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3149:
3142:
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3043:African Union
3041:
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3023:
3019:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
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2971:South Ossetia
2969:
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2830:United States
2828:
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2340:Liechtenstein
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2189:Guinea-Bissau
2187:
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2177:
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2172:
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2167:
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2121:Åland Islands
2119:
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2039:Faroe Islands
2037:
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2032:
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2029:
2025:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
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1478:State parties
1476:
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1366:
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1348:
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1344:Emma Tenayuca
1341:
1338:
1334:
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1327:
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1320:
1317:
1313:
1310:
1306:
1303:
1299:
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1282:
1281:Claudia Jones
1278:
1275:
1271:
1268:
1264:
1261:
1257:
1254:
1253:Harry Haywood
1250:
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1125:
1121:
1120:John Bachtell
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1088:Eugene Dennis
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1040:Jay Lovestone
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1016:Louis Shapiro
1013:
1009:
1008:Charles Dirba
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
988:
986:
982:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
933:Mike Zagarell
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
913:James W. Ford
910:
906:
902:
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715:CourtListener
709:
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604:
600:
599:
593:
590:
586:
583:
579:
575:
574:
568:
565:
561:
558:
554:
550:
549:
543:
540:
536:
533:
529:
525:
520:
517:
510:
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500:
496:
494:
491:
488:
483:
481:
477:
476:
471:
470:
465:
464:
455:
453:
451:
450:
449:Ex parte Endo
445:
444:
438:
436:
428:
426:
422:
420:
419:
412:
410:
406:
405:
398:
396:
392:
391:
385:
384:
379:
378:
373:
372:
363:
361:
354:
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321:
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313:
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257:
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239:
235:
231:
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221:
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208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
177:Case opinions
175:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
123:
120:
118:
115:
113:Chief Justice
112:
111:
109:
104:
100:
95:
90:
85:
81:
75:
74:
69:
66:
62:
58:
55:
52:
48:
41:
37:
27:
22:
16:
3424:
3411:
3399:
3335:Data formats
3192:Soviet Union
3172:East Germany
2982:Transnistria
2773:Turkmenistan
2672:South Africa
2642:Sierra Leone
2622:Saudi Arabia
1905:Burkina Faso
1644:
1465:
1456:
1440:
1431:
1422:
1413:
1404:
1395:
1386:
1378:
1377:
1368:
1330:Tupac Shakur
1323:Paul Robeson
1302:Steve Nelson
1176:John Bernard
1148:Bernard Ades
1080:Earl Browder
1064:Abram Jakira
961:Angela Davis
945:Jarvis Tyner
834:Earl Browder
806:Presidential
699:
685: (1937).
669:
665:
660: (1957).
646:
642:
637: (1952).
621:
617:
612: (1963).
596:
592:
587: (1958).
571:
567:
562: (1958).
546:
542:
537: (1964).
523:
519:
502:
492:
484:
479:
473:
467:
461:
459:
447:
441:
439:
432:
423:
416:
413:
408:
402:
399:
394:
388:
381:
375:
369:
367:
358:
341:
337:
328:
322:
314:
294:
284:
270:
268:
228:
227:
226:
214:Laws applied
164:
152:
140:
137:Tom C. Clark
128:
71:
53:
15:
2818:Isle of Man
2712:Switzerland
2682:South Sudan
2677:South Korea
2597:Saint Lucia
2546:Philippines
2496:North Korea
2476:New Zealand
2254:Ivory Coast
2081:El Salvador
1775:Afghanistan
1204:Anne Burlak
1169:Max Bedacht
1122:(2014–2019)
1114:(2000–2014)
1106:(1959–2000)
1098:(1945–1957)
1090:(1945–1959)
1082:(1934–1945)
1074:(1929–1934)
1066:(1922–1923)
1058:(1921–1922)
1050:(1921–1922)
1034:(1921–1922)
1018:(late 1920)
1010:(1920–1921)
1002:(1919–1921)
429:Concurrence
285:Appellants
256:free speech
251:rights and
249:due process
198:Concurrence
190:Concurrence
161:Byron White
117:Earl Warren
3441:Categories
3356:Imitations
3197:Yugoslavia
3005:(Iroquois)
2966:Somaliland
2840:Uzbekistan
2733:Tajikistan
2637:Seychelles
2612:San Marino
2435:Mozambique
2425:Montenegro
2390:Mauritania
2355:Madagascar
2350:Luxembourg
2294:Kyrgyzstan
2274:Kazakhstan
2066:East Timor
1998:Costa Rica
1941:Cape Verde
1840:Bangladesh
1825:Azerbaijan
1682:Ware Group
1568:Browderism
1361:Litigation
1225:Bella Dodd
511:References
329:inter alia
281:Background
125:Hugo Black
84:U.S. LEXIS
82:992; 1964
3462:Passports
2909:Palestine
2850:Venezuela
2692:Sri Lanka
2647:Singapore
2481:Nicaragua
2395:Mauritius
2345:Lithuania
2224:Indonesia
2179:Guatemala
2044:Greenland
1966:Hong Kong
1815:Australia
1805:Argentina
1746:Passports
469:Thornhill
80:L. Ed. 2d
60:Citations
3400:Category
3215:(Nansen)
3187:Rhodesia
3118:Interpol
3057:Americas
2946:Abkhazia
2870:Zimbabwe
2813:Guernsey
2743:Thailand
2738:Tanzania
2702:Suriname
2657:Slovenia
2652:Slovakia
2556:Portugal
2536:Paraguay
2516:Pakistan
2420:Mongolia
2370:Maldives
2365:Malaysia
2284:Kiribati
2204:Honduras
2106:Ethiopia
2101:Eswatini
2051:Djibouti
1978:Colombia
1931:Cameroon
1926:Cambodia
1900:Bulgaria
1885:Botswana
1845:Barbados
1500:Maryland
1129:Joe Sims
1112:Sam Webb
1104:Gus Hall
862:Gus Hall
799:Nominees
698:Text of
635:183, 191
497:See also
364:Majority
271:Aptheker
182:Majority
3412:Commons
3235:Artsakh
3069:CARICOM
2855:Vietnam
2845:Vanuatu
2835:Uruguay
2788:Ukraine
2763:Tunisia
2667:Somalia
2627:Senegal
2566:Romania
2491:Nigeria
2456:Namibia
2440:Myanmar
2430:Morocco
2410:Moldova
2330:Liberia
2325:Lesotho
2320:Lebanon
2259:Jamaica
2239:Ireland
2214:Iceland
2209:Hungary
2174:Grenada
2159:Germany
2154:Georgia
2116:Finland
2096:Estonia
2091:Eritrea
2071:Ecuador
2034:Denmark
2003:Croatia
1983:Comoros
1910:Burundi
1875:Bolivia
1855:Belgium
1850:Belarus
1835:Bahrain
1830:Bahamas
1820:Austria
1810:Armenia
1790:Andorra
1785:Algeria
1780:Albania
1525:Alabama
1517:Defunct
1493:Georgia
1485:Current
984:Leaders
456:Dissent
240:on the
236:of the
206:Dissent
201:Douglas
92:Holding
3422:
3111:Global
3083:Europe
3048:ECOWAS
3036:Africa
2976:Taiwan
2951:Kosovo
2865:Zambia
2823:Jersey
2783:Uganda
2778:Tuvalu
2768:Turkey
2707:Sweden
2632:Serbia
2576:Rwanda
2571:Russia
2551:Poland
2526:Panama
2506:Norway
2415:Monaco
2400:Mexico
2360:Malawi
2315:Latvia
2289:Kuwait
2269:Jordan
2244:Israel
2194:Guyana
2184:Guinea
2169:Greece
2149:Gambia
2128:France
2013:Cyprus
1936:Canada
1895:Brunei
1890:Brazil
1870:Bhutan
1860:Belize
1795:Angola
1532:Hawaii
1026:(1921)
754:
748:
745:
739:
736:
733:Justia
730:
727:
721:
718:
712:
674:,
649:,
626:,
601:,
576:,
551:,
526:,
475:Button
167:
165:·
163:
155:
153:·
151:
143:
141:·
139:
131:
129:·
127:
3294:Horse
3219:UNMIK
2860:Yemen
2808:BN(O)
2753:Tonga
2717:Syria
2697:Sudan
2687:Spain
2607:Samoa
2561:Qatar
2521:Palau
2486:Niger
2466:Nepal
2461:Nauru
2380:Malta
2335:Libya
2279:Kenya
2264:Japan
2249:Italy
2219:India
2199:Haiti
2164:Ghana
2144:Gabon
2076:Egypt
1971:Macau
1956:Chile
1865:Benin
1507:Texas
706:
678:
653:
630:
605:
580:
555:
530:
193:Black
3425:List
3090:EFTA
2748:Togo
2541:Peru
2511:Oman
2375:Mali
2310:Laos
2234:Iraq
2229:Iran
2111:Fiji
2008:Cuba
1951:Chad
969:1984
965:1980
953:1976
949:1972
937:1968
925:1940
921:1936
917:1932
905:1928
901:1924
878:1984
874:1980
870:1976
866:1972
854:1968
842:1940
838:1936
826:1932
822:1928
818:1924
708:U.S.
680:U.S.
655:U.S.
632:U.S.
607:U.S.
582:U.S.
557:U.S.
532:U.S.
480:Kent
472:and
393:via
380:and
289:and
262:and
86:2225
73:more
65:U.S.
63:378
3299:Pet
2726:T–Z
2449:N–R
2303:L–M
2137:G–K
2027:D–F
1768:A–B
704:378
683:353
676:299
658:246
651:353
628:344
610:415
603:371
585:449
578:357
560:116
553:357
535:500
528:378
335:."
269:In
68:500
3443::
967:;
951:;
923:;
919:;
903:;
876:;
872:;
868:;
840:;
824:;
820:;
702:,
411:.
258:,
2585:S
1919:C
1738:e
1731:t
1724:v
971:)
963:(
955:)
947:(
939:)
935:(
927:)
915:(
907:)
899:(
880:)
864:(
856:)
852:(
844:)
836:(
828:)
816:(
782:e
775:t
768:v
76:)
70:(
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