656:) were first introduced in the United States in the early 1960s for biological control of aquatic plants. Though this was successful, these carp have spread to Lake Erie as well as other parts of the Great Lakes. Grass Carp consume vegetation necessary for native fish in these areas. Removal of this vegetation also alters nesting areas for waterfowl. Overall, this leads to a decline in biological productivity and energy flow throughout the ecosystem. Economically, this destruction results in shoreline erosion, accumulation of sediment, and problems within water management. Grass Carp are one many types of Carp, such as the Silver Carp and the Bighead Carp. Grass Carp can be identified by their wide, scaleless heads, very short snouts, and lack of barbels. They are dark grey in color with a slight golden shine on their sides and white towards the belly.
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spread faster in areas with higher human interference. Spiny waterfleas have spread to Lake
Ontario, Lake Michigan, Lake Huron, Lake Superior, and Lake Eerie; they can also be found in over 179 Ontario inland bodies of water as well as other non native areas in Europe. These predacious zooplanktivores have reduced zooplankton populations as well as biodiversity in the areas they have invaded. This, in turn, affects organisms in other trophic levels that depend upon these zooplankton and the organisms that eat them, such as
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their filtering changes the surrounding environment. They have caused particular issues for aqua farming in Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island, where businesses have to invest in removing vase tunicates, and their yields have been reduced. Increased monitoring of boats and waters to identify vase tunicates is used as a control mechanism to avoid further impacts on the mussel industry in
832:
aquaculture farmers. This is because they directly compete for the same resources, whether they be food or space. Golden star tunicate can reproduce by free swimming larvae, or by the creation of a fragment which can grow into a full colony. Boats, docks, and other sea structures allow the golden star tunicate to spread more effectively.
695:. The European Green Crab travels on both recreational and trading boats, and their larvae can travel great distances to establish new populations. This species can be green, red, or yellow with 2 claws, a saw-like shell, and pointed, hairy back legs. It is smaller than other species, but it is similar in appearance to the native
710:
The
European green crab is dangerous as an invasive species for the aggressive nature in which it inhabits new waters. They prey on shellfish species with their claws that can easily open the shells. This causes problems for the fishing of species such as clams, crustaceans, and other shellfish. They
831:
Golden star tunicates are observed in much of the world though they are invasive to eastern Canada and the Gulf of Saint
Lawrence. They can be identified by their flower or star shaped zooids, their clear coat, and their gelatinous texture. They negatively affect shellfish, bottom-dwelling fish, and
729:
Vase tunicates have a widespread distribution on coasts in the
Atlantic and Pacific Ocean, making their native distribution difficult to determine; however, it is thought to be native to the North Atlantic. Even with this uncertainty, the vase tunicate is considered invasive to Canada, where it has
737:
The vase tunicate can invade due to its ability to reproduce continually, and it can attach to many surfaces including boats and other man-made aquatic infrastructure. They are dangerous invaders because they are filter-feeders, so they compete with other filter-feeding species like mussels, and
625:
Spiny waterfleas are invasive microorganisms that inhabit both fresh and saltwater habitats; they were first reported as an invasive species in Canada in 1982. They traveled to Lake
Ontario from Eurasia via ballast water from ocean liners, which are transportation passenger ships, and typically
478:. They are identified by their cylindrical black body and sharp teeth. They feed on the blood of other fish by attaching with their sucker and using their teeth and tongue to penetrate. Their attacks are effective (killing ~86% of fish attacked) and widespread to many species.
764:
Several species of non-native ascidians with known negative impacts to aquaculture operations have been introduced and established to both the
Pacific and Atlantic coasts of Canada. These non-native sea squirt species include:
419:. Invasive fishes enter the fresh waters of Canada in several ways including drifting, deliberate introduction, accidental release, experimental purposes and, most commonly, through the attachment on international
554:
which hurts native fish growth and allows Zebra mussels to outcompete native mussels. Zebra mussels are illegal to import due to their ecological impact and damage they cause to boats and infrastructure.
1764:
Carver, Claire & Mallet, André & Vercaemer, Benedikte. (2005). Biological
Synopsis of the colonial tunicates, Botryllus schlosseri and Botrylloides violaceus. Can Man Rep Fish Aquat Sci.. 2747.
1694:"Morphological identification of two invading ascidians: new records of Ascidiella aspersa (Müller, 1776) from Nova Scotia and Diplosoma listerianum (Milne-Edwards, 1841) from New Brunswick and Quebec"
542:
and breed repidly. Large populations of mussels can grow in
Canadian fresh waters, and their massive filtering capacity damages the environment for native species. The filtering changes the growth of
577:
The smallmouth bass is only an invasive species in some parts of Canada, as it is a native species to the Great Lakes and connected waters. The smallmouth bass has mostly been introduced due to
585:, with a mouth that does not go past the eye and stripes near the eye. The overall body shape and color is dependent on its environment, so the smallmouth bass can have different appearances.
218:
1371:
Robinson, Kelly F.; DuFour, Mark; Jones, Michael; Herbst, Seth; Newcomb, Tammy; Boase, James; Brenden, Travis; Chapman, Duane; Dettmers, John; Francis, James; Hartman, Travis (2021).
1420:"The influence of human population change and aquatic invasive species establishment on future recreational fishing activities to the Canadian portion of the Laurentian Great Lakes"
1853:
600:. Since the smallmouth bass is both native and invasive within Canada, there is not a national control strategy, instead, different areas handle the smallmouth bass differently.
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and physically interfere with existing aquatic life. Invasive species include sea lampreys, zebra mussels, smallmouth bass, European green crab, vase tunicate, and sea squirts.
2090:
1773:
Wong, Melisa C.; Vercaemer, Bénédikte (2012) Effects of invasive colonial tunicates and a native sponge on the growth, survival, and light attenuation of eelgrass (
1418:
Hunt, Len M.; Phaneuf, Daniel J.; Abbott, Joshua K.; Fenichel, Eli P.; Rodgers, Jennifer A.; Buckley, Jeffrey D.; Drake, D. Andrew R.; Johnson, Timothy B. (2020).
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1178:"The spread, establishment and impacts of the spiny water flea, Bythotrephes longimanus, in temperate North America: a synopsis of the special issue"
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2009:
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Sea lampreys devastated the fishing industry of the Great Lakes. Within 20 years of the lamprey entering the Great Lakes, the harvesting of lake
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1373:"Using decision analysis to collaboratively respond to invasive species threats: A case study of Lake Erie grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella)"
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2019:
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1661:"Early detection of the non-indigenous colonial ascidian Diplosoma listerianum in eastern Canada and its implications for monitoring"
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2014:
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1324:"A Comparison of Grass Carp Population Characteristics Upstream and Downstream of Lock and Dam 19 of the Upper Mississippi River"
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630:; the health of these species are also often impacted by the tail of the spiny waterflea which can sometimes be dangerous.
596:. They occupy a relatively unique habitat, so they do not compete against other predators and can hunt extensively in their
192:
1128:"The effects of Bythotrephes longimanus and calcium decline on crustacean zooplankton communities in Canadian Shield lakes"
874:
Dextrase, Alan; Mandrak, Nicholas (2006-01-01). "Impacts of Alien
Invasive Species on Freshwater Fauna at Risk in Canada".
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94:
233:
223:
114:
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1032:"Changes in the Freshwater Mussel Community of Lake St. Clair: from Unionidae to Dreissena polymorpha in Eight Years"
581:, either being used as bait or being purposefully added to new lakes to be fished. They have a thinner body than the
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592:. They can disrupt the native environment by outcompeting or directly preying on native species, as well as quickly
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1938:
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Ma, Kevin C.K.; Simard, Nathalie; Stewart-Clark, Sarah; Bernier, Renée; Nadeau, Madeleine; Willis, Jessica (2016).
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been identified for over a hundred and fifty years. Recently, the vase tunicate has been documented invading into
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alarms and baiting, and trapping. The control has been extremely successful in reducing sea lamprey populations.
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1266:"Colonizing Inland Lakes: Consequences of YOY Fish Ingesting the Spiny Cladoceran (Bythotrephes cederstroemi)"
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Nalepa, Thomas F.; Hartson, David J.; Gostenik, Gerald W.; Fanslow, David L.; Lang, Gregory A. (1996-01-01).
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and have spread through the Great Lakes and other fresh waters. They can be identified as small triangular
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waters. It is identified as a clear, tube-shaped organism that attaches to hard surfaces in the water.
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by the
Canadian Council of Fisheries and Aquaculture Ministers Aquatic Invasive Species Task Group
1727:"First record of vase tunicate, Ciona intestinalis (Linnaeus, 1767) in coastal Newfoundland waters"
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806:
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1827:
https://web.archive.org/web/20100527124727/http://www.nationalatlas.gov/articles/biology/a_zm.html
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Glasby, T. M. (2001) Development of sessile marine assemblages on fixed versus moving substrata.,
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407:. Bringing non-native species such as invasive fishes into Canada can damage the environment and
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423:. Invasive species are the second biggest threat to fish and other marine life in Canada behind
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Sullivan, Christopher J.; Weber, Michael J.; Pierce, Clay L.; Camacho, Carlos A. (2020).
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687:) is an invasive species on the Atlantic coast of Canada, and has since also invaded the
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Sargent, Philip; Wells, Terri; Matheson, Kyle; McKenzie, Cynthia; Deibel, Don (2013).
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Ma, Kevin C.K.; Hawk, Heather; Goodwin, Claire; Simard, Nathalie (2019).
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A Canadian Action Plan to Address the Threat of Aquatic Invasive Species
1225:"Effects of the Bythotrephes invasion on native predatory invertebrates"
1176:
Yan, Norman D.; Leung, Brian; Lewis, Mark A.; Peacor, Scott D. (2011).
627:
578:
416:
924:"Sea Lamprey: The Battle Continues to Protect Our Great Lakes Fishery"
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431:. The threat to native species is primarily caused by impacts on the
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The smallmouth bass is considered invasive because it is a dominant
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Government of Canada, Fisheries and Oceans Canada (2018-05-04).
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Government of Canada, Fisheries and Oceans Canada (2019-04-09).
1466:
Government of Canada, Fisheries and Oceans Canada (2019-04-09).
1074:
Government of Canada, Fisheries and Oceans Canada (2018-05-04).
981:
Government of Canada, Fisheries and Oceans Canada (2018-05-04).
947:
Government of Canada, Fisheries and Oceans Canada (2018-05-04).
922:
Government of Canada, Fisheries and Oceans Canada (2018-05-04).
849:
Government of Canada, Fisheries and Oceans Canada (2019-05-03).
255:
1835:
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in the 1830s, and have spread to more waters including the
515:
Another example of the migration of non-native species is
809:
that is invading eastern Canada, including Newfoundland.
1298:
1099:
403:, non-native plant and animal species are a concern to
391:
are all forms of life that traditionally has not been
1523:"It's Way Too Easy Being Green – European Green Crab"
466:
The sea lamprey began migrating to fresh water like
2073:
2033:
2002:
1981:
1921:
1905:
1898:
1891:
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1636:"Vase Tunicate in Newfoundland and Labrador Waters"
511:
Native Great Lakes mussel coated with zebra mussels
1424:Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
435:; however, invasive species also bring dangerous
1264:Compton, Justin A.; Charles Kerfoot, W. (2004).
1126:Azan, Shakira S. E.; Arnott, Shelley E. (2016).
535:with a flat bottom and dark, zigzagged stripes.
1814:welcome to the Species at Risk Public Registry
1847:
485:was reduced by 98%. Control efforts included
366:
8:
519:, common name Zebra Mussel, originating in
1902:
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1832:
503:Zebra mussel § As an invasive species
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17:
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1328:Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management
1223:Foster, Sophie E.; Gary Sprule (2009).
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711:also affect vegetation by cutting down
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462:Sea lampreys attached to a brown trout
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715:that native fish and birds rely on.
411:by repressing native species due to
454:Sea lamprey § Invasive species
1823:by Species at Risk Public Registry
1665:Management of Biological Invasions
882:(1). Springer Netherlands: 13–24.
14:
851:"About aquatic invasive species"
470:from the Atlantic Ocean through
342:
37:
1611:from the original on 2021-11-16
1377:Journal of Great Lakes Research
1270:Journal of Great Lakes Research
1036:Journal of Great Lakes Research
789:(the pancake batter tunicate),
1792:Marine Ecology Progress Series
1:
1282:10.1016/S0380-1330(04)70394-9
1048:10.1016/S0380-1330(96)70961-9
783:(the golden star tunicate),
771:(the European sea squirt),
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2128:Invasive species in Canada
1389:10.1016/j.jglr.2020.03.018
1229:Limnology and Oceanography
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805:is generally considered a
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1242:10.4319/lo.2009.54.3.0757
1194:10.1007/s10530-011-0069-9
1144:10.1007/s10750-016-2934-0
1100:"Bythotrephes longimanus"
888:10.1007/s10530-005-0232-2
683:The European green crab (
523:. They first appeared in
1551:www.natureconservancy.ca
1521:loprespub (2019-05-30).
799:(the stalked tunicate).
608:Bythotrephes longimanus,
140:Aquatic invasive species
1744:10.3391/bir.2013.2.2.01
1711:10.3391/bir.2019.8.1.06
1678:10.3391/mbi.2016.7.4.06
1437:10.1139/cjfas-2020-0159
1341:10.3996/062019-JFWM-046
777:(the violet tunicate),
654:Ctenopharyngodon idella
621:Bythotrephes longimanus
828:
774:Botrylloides violaceus
761:
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643:
611:
574:
538:The Zebra mussels are
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316:Canadian Boreal Forest
163:National Wildlife Area
1547:"European green crab"
1495:"European Green Crab"
1468:"European Green Crab"
826:
817:Further information:
791:Diplosoma listerianum
760:Sea squirts in a reef
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750:Further information:
723:Further information:
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646:Further information:
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619:Further information:
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563:Further information:
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489:, physical barriers,
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452:Further information:
1731:BioInvasions Records
1698:BioInvasions Records
1601:"Ciona intestinalis"
1499:Washington Sea Grant
1182:Biological Invasions
876:Biological Invasions
819:Botryllus schlosseri
813:Golden star tunicate
780:Botryllus schlosseri
517:Dreissena polymorpha
331:Environmental issues
178:Wildlife sanctuaries
1011:project.geo.msu.edu
807:cryptogenic species
679:European green crab
665:European green crab
443:Fresh water species
283:Canada Wildlife Act
1819:2016-12-24 at the
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802:Ciona intestinalis
768:Ascidiella aspersa
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725:Ciona intestinalis
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660:Salt water species
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135:Endangered species
2123:Aquatic organisms
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1779:Aquatic Invasions
1640:www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca
1581:www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca
1472:www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca
1188:(11): 2423–2432.
1080:www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca
1076:"Smallmouth Bass"
987:www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca
953:www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca
928:www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca
855:www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca
786:Didemnum vexillum
399:'s waterways. In
386:Canadian aquatic
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31:Canadian wildlife
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1781:7(3): 315-326.
1775:Zostera marina
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1671:(4): 365–374.
1651:
1621:
1592:
1562:
1538:
1510:
1483:
1451:
1430:(3): 232–244.
1410:
1383:(1): 108–119.
1363:
1314:
1287:
1256:
1235:(3): 757–769.
1215:
1165:
1138:(1): 307–325.
1115:
1091:
1061:
1042:(2): 354–369.
1022:
1007:"Zebra mussel"
998:
983:"Zebra Mussel"
964:
939:
909:
866:
840:
839:
837:
834:
814:
811:
747:
744:
720:
717:
666:
663:
661:
658:
635:
632:
616:
613:
560:
557:
540:filter feeders
498:
495:
449:
446:
444:
441:
401:Eastern Canada
381:
380:
378:
377:
370:
363:
355:
352:
351:
338:
337:
334:
333:
328:
323:
318:
313:
308:
303:
297:
295:Related topics
294:
293:
290:
289:
286:
285:
274:
273:
268:
263:
258:
253:
248:
237:
236:
231:
226:
221:
216:
207:
204:
203:
200:
199:
196:
195:
190:
188:Nature centers
185:
180:
175:
170:
168:National Parks
165:
154:
151:
150:
147:
146:
143:
142:
137:
132:
127:
122:
117:
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107:
102:
97:
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87:
82:
77:
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67:
50:
47:
46:
43:
42:
34:
33:
27:
26:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2140:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2120:
2118:
2099:
2098:South America
2096:
2092:
2089:
2088:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2078:
2076:
2072:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2051:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2038:
2036:
2032:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2010:British Isles
2008:
2007:
2005:
2001:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1986:
1984:
1980:
1972:
1969:
1965:
1962:
1961:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1951:
1950:
1949:United States
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1926:
1924:
1920:
1914:
1911:
1910:
1908:
1904:
1901:
1897:
1894:
1890:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1875:
1873:
1869:
1864:
1857:
1852:
1850:
1845:
1843:
1838:
1837:
1834:
1828:
1825:
1822:
1818:
1815:
1812:
1809:
1806:
1805:
1801:
1793:
1787:
1784:
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1776:
1770:
1767:
1761:
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1755:
1751:
1745:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1721:
1718:
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1707:
1703:
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1688:
1685:
1679:
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1666:
1662:
1655:
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1641:
1637:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1622:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1596:
1593:
1582:
1578:
1571:
1569:
1567:
1563:
1552:
1548:
1542:
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1528:
1524:
1517:
1515:
1511:
1500:
1496:
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1488:
1484:
1473:
1469:
1462:
1460:
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1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1367:
1364:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1334:(1): 99–111.
1333:
1329:
1325:
1318:
1315:
1304:
1300:
1294:
1292:
1288:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1260:
1257:
1252:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1219:
1216:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1172:
1170:
1166:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1132:Hydrobiologia
1129:
1122:
1120:
1116:
1105:
1101:
1095:
1092:
1081:
1077:
1070:
1068:
1066:
1062:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1026:
1023:
1012:
1008:
1002:
999:
988:
984:
977:
975:
973:
971:
969:
965:
954:
950:
949:"Sea Lamprey"
943:
940:
929:
925:
918:
916:
914:
910:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
870:
867:
856:
852:
845:
842:
835:
833:
827:B. schlosseri
825:
820:
812:
810:
808:
804:
803:
798:
797:
792:
788:
787:
782:
781:
776:
775:
770:
769:
758:
753:
745:
743:
741:
740:The Maritimes
735:
733:
726:
719:Vase tunicate
718:
716:
714:
708:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
677:
672:
664:
659:
657:
655:
649:
640:
633:
631:
629:
622:
614:
609:
605:
601:
599:
595:
591:
586:
584:
580:
571:
566:
558:
556:
553:
549:
545:
541:
536:
534:
530:
529:Lake St Clair
526:
525:North America
522:
518:
509:
504:
497:Zebra mussels
496:
494:
492:
488:
484:
479:
477:
473:
469:
460:
455:
447:
442:
440:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
389:
376:
371:
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364:
362:
357:
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354:
353:
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340:
339:
332:
329:
327:
324:
322:
319:
317:
314:
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309:
307:
304:
302:
299:
298:
292:
291:
284:
281:
280:
279:
278:
272:
269:
267:
264:
262:
259:
257:
254:
252:
249:
247:
244:
243:
242:
241:
240:International
235:
232:
230:
227:
225:
222:
220:
217:
215:
212:
211:
210:
205:Organizations
202:
201:
194:
193:Wetland sites
191:
189:
186:
184:
181:
179:
176:
174:
171:
169:
166:
164:
161:
160:
159:
158:
149:
148:
141:
138:
136:
133:
131:
128:
126:
123:
121:
118:
116:
113:
111:
108:
106:
103:
101:
98:
96:
93:
91:
88:
86:
83:
81:
78:
76:
73:
71:
68:
66:
63:
62:
61:
60:
55:
54:
45:
44:
40:
36:
35:
32:
28:
24:
20:
19:
16:
2074:By continent
1928:
1913:South Africa
1791:
1786:
1778:
1774:
1769:
1737:(2): 89–98.
1734:
1730:
1720:
1704:(1): 50–64.
1701:
1697:
1687:
1668:
1664:
1654:
1643:. Retrieved
1639:
1613:. Retrieved
1604:
1595:
1584:. Retrieved
1580:
1554:. Retrieved
1550:
1541:
1530:. Retrieved
1526:
1502:. Retrieved
1498:
1475:. Retrieved
1471:
1427:
1423:
1413:
1380:
1376:
1366:
1331:
1327:
1317:
1307:, retrieved
1305:, 2021-10-11
1302:
1299:"Grass carp"
1273:
1269:
1259:
1232:
1228:
1218:
1185:
1181:
1135:
1131:
1108:, retrieved
1106:, 2021-11-25
1103:
1094:
1083:. Retrieved
1079:
1039:
1035:
1025:
1014:. Retrieved
1010:
1001:
990:. Retrieved
986:
956:. Retrieved
952:
942:
931:. Retrieved
927:
879:
875:
869:
858:. Retrieved
854:
844:
830:
800:
796:Styela clava
794:
790:
784:
778:
772:
766:
763:
736:
732:Newfoundland
728:
709:
684:
682:
653:
652:Grass carp (
651:
624:
607:
587:
576:
537:
521:Western Asia
516:
514:
480:
468:Lake Ontario
465:
448:Sea lampreys
385:
384:
276:
275:
239:
238:
208:
155:
152:Conservation
139:
57:
51:
48:Biodiversity
15:
2046:New Zealand
1994:Philippines
1944:Puerto Rico
1883:New Zealand
1276:: 315–326.
746:Sea squirts
642:Grass Carp
594:reproducing
527:in 1988 in
487:lampricides
476:Great Lakes
429:degradation
95:Butterflies
75:Wildflowers
2117:Categories
1964:Everglades
1954:California
1899:By country
1865:by country
1794:215: 37-47
1645:2021-11-19
1615:2021-11-16
1586:2021-11-02
1556:2021-11-09
1532:2021-11-09
1504:2021-11-09
1477:2021-11-09
1309:2022-04-05
1110:2022-04-05
1085:2021-11-02
1016:2021-10-29
992:2021-10-29
958:2021-11-02
933:2021-11-02
860:2021-11-02
836:References
752:Ascidiacea
705:Lady crabs
669:See also:
648:Grass carp
634:Grass carp
548:vegetation
421:boat hulls
405:biologists
301:Ecoregions
115:Amphibians
2041:Australia
1878:Australia
1871:By origin
1527:HillNotes
1446:226351156
1405:215777448
1397:0380-1330
1358:210987777
1350:1944-687X
1202:1387-3547
1160:254553884
1152:0018-8158
1056:0380-1330
896:1387-3547
713:eel-grass
691:coast in
491:pheromone
437:pathogens
409:ecosystem
2020:Portugal
1934:Colombia
1922:Americas
1817:Archived
1609:Archived
1251:86157697
1210:18515016
590:predator
552:bacteria
433:food web
306:Forestry
209:National
120:Reptiles
90:Odonates
80:Molluscs
23:a series
21:Part of
2034:Oceania
2025:Ukraine
1959:Florida
1892:By host
904:9422553
689:Pacific
628:walleye
579:fishing
533:mussels
417:preying
311:Tourism
219:COSEWIC
130:Mammals
105:Spiders
65:Grasses
2086:Europe
2081:Africa
2059:Hawaii
2003:Europe
1939:Mexico
1929:Canada
1906:Africa
1444:
1403:
1395:
1356:
1348:
1249:
1208:
1200:
1158:
1150:
1054:
902:
894:
793:, and
703:, and
550:, and
472:canals
397:Canada
393:native
2015:Italy
1989:Japan
1971:Texas
1442:S2CID
1401:S2CID
1354:S2CID
1247:S2CID
1206:S2CID
1156:S2CID
900:S2CID
701:Jonah
598:niche
544:algae
483:trout
251:CITES
125:Birds
100:Moths
70:Trees
59:Fauna
53:Flora
2054:Guam
1982:Asia
1393:ISSN
1346:ISSN
1198:ISSN
1148:ISSN
1052:ISSN
892:ISSN
697:Rock
427:and
266:WSPA
261:WAZA
256:IUCN
214:CAZA
110:Fish
85:Ants
56:and
1777:),
1739:doi
1706:doi
1673:doi
1432:doi
1385:doi
1336:doi
1278:doi
1237:doi
1190:doi
1140:doi
1136:785
1044:doi
884:doi
415:or
395:to
271:WWF
246:AZA
234:WPC
229:CWS
224:CWF
2119::
2091:EU
1753:^
1733:.
1729:.
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
