Aquatic mammal - Knowledge (XXG)

353: 6375: 1967:. To reach high branches, a moose may bend small saplings down, using its prehensile lip, mouth or body. For larger trees a moose may stand erect and walk upright on its hind legs, allowing it to reach plants 14.0 feet (4.26 m) off the ground. Moose are excellent swimmers and are known to wade into water to eat aquatic plants. Moose are thus attracted to marshes and river banks during warmer months as both provide suitable vegetation to eat and water to bathe in. Moose have been known to dive underwater to reach plants on lake bottoms, and the complex snout may assist the moose in this type of feeding. Moose are the only deer that are capable of feeding underwater. 1987:

plants if presented with them, but their diet consists almost entirely of grass, with only minimal consumption of aquatic plants. The pygmy hippopotamus emerges from the water at dusk to feed. It relies on game trails to travel through dense forest vegetation. It marks trails by vigorously waving its tail while defecating to further spread its feces. The pygmy hippo spends about six hours a day foraging for food, and they do not eat aquatic vegetation to a significant extent and rarely eat grass because it is uncommon in the thick forests they inhabit. The bulk of a pygmy hippo's diet consists of

282: 7071: 182: 2360:, with the result that consumption of these organs from moose more than one year old is prohibited in Finland. Cadmium intake has been found to be elevated amongst all consumers of moose meat, though the meat was found to contribute only slightly to the daily cadmium intake. However the consumption of moose liver or kidneys significantly increased cadmium intake, with the study revealing that heavy consumers of moose organs have a relatively narrow safety margin below the levels which would probably cause adverse 2255:'s habitat and life, and thick congestion of boats in waterways may cause them to have a deadly run-in with the vessels. However, even natural occurrences, such as droughts and tidal changes, often strand manatees in an unsuitable habitat. Some are killed accidentally by fishing trawls and nets intended for catching sharks. The Amazonian manatee is at risk from pollution, accidental drowning in commercial fishing nets, and the degradation of vegetation by soil erosion resulting from 2237: 1653: 1688:, others may eat small fish, and a few may eat other mammals. While the number of marine mammals is small compared to those found on land, their roles in various ecosystems are large. They, namely sea otters and polar bears, play important roles in maintaining marine ecosystems, especially through regulation of prey populations. Their role in maintaining ecosystems makes them of particular concern considering 25% of marine mammal species are currently threatened. 257: 2080: 2137:’s forest and grasslands extended over more than 2,600 km (1,000 sq mi) and were home to about 800 rhinos. When poor farmers from the mid-hills moved to the Chitwan Valley in search of arable land, the area was subsequently opened for settlement, and poaching of wildlife became rampant. The Chitwan population has repeatedly been jeopardized by poaching; in 2002 alone, poachers killed 37 animals to saw off and sell their valuable horns. 1775: 1861:

hold sediment, which reduces turbidity and thereby improving overall water quality downstream. This supplies other animals with cleaner drinking water and prevents degradation of spawning grounds for fish. However, the slower water speed and lack of shade from trees (that have since been cut down to construct the dam), results in the overall temperature increasing. They also house predatory zooplankton which help break down

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important activities such as mating, breeding and molting. In contrast, many other aquatic mammals, such as hippopotamus, capybara, and water shrews, are much less adapted to aquatic living. Likewise, their diet ranges considerably as well, anywhere from aquatic plants and leaves to small fish and crustaceans. They play major roles in maintaining aquatic ecosystems, beavers especially.

1243: 328: 1850: 1501: 2371:, the Roman Catholic Church ruled that the beaver was a fish (beaver flesh was a part of the indigenous peoples' diet, prior to the Europeans' arrival) for purposes of dietary law. Therefore, the general prohibition on the consumption of meat on Fridays did not apply to beaver meat. This is similar to the Church's classification of other semiaquatic rodents, such as the 6703: 1771:(Phocidae) swim by moving their hind-flippers and lower body from side to side, while their fore-flippers are mainly used for steering. They are clumsy on land, and move on land by lunging, bouncing and wiggling while their fore-flippers keep them balanced; when confronted with predators, they retreat to the water as freshwater phocids have no aquatic predators. 1971: 1940:. They feed in the mornings and evenings. They use their prehensile lips to grasp grass stems, bend the stem down, bite off the top, and then eat the grass. They tackle very tall grasses or saplings by walking over the plant, with legs on both sides and using the weight of their bodies to push the end of the plant down to the level of the mouth. 303: 2391: 204: 2201:

populations. The chemicals are speculated to concentrate up the food chain and weaken the Baikal seal's immune system, making them susceptible to diseases such as canine distemper and the plague, which was the cause of a serious Baikal seal epidemic that resulted in the deaths of thousands of animals

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Beaver ponds have a profound effect on the surrounding ecosystem. Their first and foremost ecological function is as a reservoir for times of drought, and prevent drying of riverbeds. In the event of a flood, beaver ponds slow down water-flow which reduces erosion on the surrounding soil. Beaver dams

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Manatees make seasonal movements synchronized with the flood regime of the Amazon Basin. They are found in flooded forests and meadows during the flood season when food is abundant, and move to deep lakes during the dry season. The Amazonian manatee has the smallest degree of rostral deflection (25°

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Beavers, muskrats, otters, and capybara have fur, one of the defining mammalian features, that is long, oily, and waterproof in order to trap air to provide insulation. In contrast, other aquatic mammals, such as dolphins, manatees, seals, and hippopotamuses, have lost their fur in favor of a thick

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in southern Chile and Argentina, for commercial fur production. However, the project failed and the beavers, ten pairs, were released into the wild. Having no natural predators in their new environment, they quickly spread throughout the island, and to other islands in the region, reaching a number

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Otters have been hunted for their pelts since at least the 1700s. There has been a long history of otter pelts being worn around the world. In China it was standard for the royalty to wear robes made from them. People that were financially high in status also wore them. Otters have also been hunted

1913:. Beavers do not hibernate, but rather they store sticks and logs in a pile in their ponds, eating the underbark. The dams they build flood areas of surrounding forest, giving the beaver safe access to an important food supply, which is the leaves, buds, and inner bark of growing trees. They prefer 1807:

Wading and bottom-feeding animals (e.g. moose and manatee) need to be heavier than water in order to keep contact with the floor or to stay submerged, surface-living animals (e.g. otters) need the opposite, and free-swimming animals living in open waters (e.g. dolphins) need to be neutrally buoyant

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can walk quickly on a muddy underwater surface thanks to robust muscles and because all toes are weight-bearing. Some aquatic mammals with flippers (e.g. seals) are amphibious and regularly leave the water, sometimes for extended periods, and maneuver on land by undulating their bodies to move on

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is the most carnivorous opossum, usually consuming small birds, rodents, and invertebrates. Water voles mainly eat grass and plants near the water and at times, they will also consume fruits, bulbs, twigs, buds, and roots. However, a population of water voles living in Wiltshire and Lincolnshire,

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Hippopotamuses leave the water at dusk and travel inland, sometimes up to 10 km (6 mi), to graze on short grasses, their main source of food. They spend four to five hours grazing and can consume 68 kg (150 lb) of grass each night. Like almost any herbivore, they consume other

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Rich, Thomas H.; Hopson, James A.; Gill, Pamela G.; Trusler, Peter; Rogers-Davidson, Sally; Morton, Steve; Cifelli, Richard L.; Pickering, David; Kool, Lesley; Siu, Karen; Burgmann, Flame A.; Senden, Tim; Evans, Alistair R.; Wagstaff, Barbara E.; Seegets-Villiers, Doris; Corfe, Ian J.; Flannery,

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Thomas Martin, Postcranial anatomy of Haldanodon exspectatus (Mammalia, Docodonta) from the Late Jurassic (Kimmeridgian) of Portugal and its bearing for mammalian evolution, Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany Received October 2004; accepted for

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Some aquatic mammals have retained four weight-bearing limbs (e.g. hippopotamuses, beavers, otters, muskrats) and can walk on land like fully terrestrial mammals. The long and thin legs of a moose limit exposure to and friction from water in contrast to hippopotamuses who keep most of their body

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caused the nearly blind animal to collide with propellers. Stocks of the dolphin's prey declined drastically in the late 20th century, with some fish populations declining to one thousandth of their pre-industrial levels. In the 1950s, the population was estimated at 6,000 animals, but declined

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Mammal adaptation to an aquatic lifestyle vary considerably between species. River dolphins and manatees are both fully aquatic and therefore are completely tethered to a life in the water. Seals are semiaquatic; they spend the majority of their time in the water, but need to return to land for

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occurred abundantly in freshwater lacustrine deposits and its molars were originally interpreted as being similar to those of piscivorous mammals like cetaceans and pinnipeds; by extension some researchers considered the possibility that all eutriconodonts were aquatic piscivores. However,

1477:, became extinct during the Pliocene without leaving any descendants. River dolphins are thought to have relictual distributions, that is, their ancestors originally occupied marine habitats, but were then displaced from these habitats by modern dolphin lineages. Many of the 2128:

for rhinoceros horn became the single most important reason for the decline of the Indian rhino after conservation measures were put in place from the beginning of the 20th century, when legal hunting ended. From 1980 to 1993, 692 rhinos were poached in India. In India's

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from fisheries, where they become entangled in fixed netting and drown or starve. Increased ocean traffic causes collisions between fast ocean vessels and large marine mammals. Habitat degradation also threatens marine mammals and their ability to find and catch food.

2105:. This seems unlikely, since grease interferes with the felting of wool, rather than enhancing it. By the 1580s, beaver "wool" was the major starting material of the French felt-hatters. Hat makers began to use it in England soon after, particularly after 1736:

Mammals evolved on land, so all aquatic and semiaquatic mammals have brought many terrestrial adaptations into the waters. They do not breathe underwater as fish do, so their respiratory systems had to protect the body from the surrounding water;

137:, causes collisions between fast ocean vessels and aquatic mammals, and damming of rivers may land migratory aquatic mammals in unsuitable areas or destroy habitat upstream. The industrialization of rivers led to the extinction of the 1751:

exclude water while breathing and swallowing. To navigate and detect prey in murky and turbid waters, aquatic mammals have developed a variety of sensory organs: for example, manatees have elongated and highly sensitive

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rapidly over the subsequent five decades. Only a few hundred were left by 1970. Then the number dropped down to 400 by the 1980s and then to 13 in 1997 when a full-fledged search was conducted. On 13 December 2006, the

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of the Indian rhinoceros became common in the late 1800s and early 1900s. Indian rhinos were hunted relentlessly and persistently. Reports from the middle of the 19th century claim that some British military officers

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and residential waste flowed into the Yangtze. The riverbed was dredged and reinforced with concrete in many locations. Ship traffic multiplied, boats grew in size, and fishermen employed wider and more lethal nets.

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was a rather different mammal lacking several speciations seen in platypodes. However, the last common ancestor between platypodes and echidnas probably was aquatic, and echidnas thus secondarily became terrestrial.

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Zofia Kielan-Jaworowska, Richard L. Cifelli, Zhe-Xi Luo (2004). "Chapter 7: Eutriconodontans". Mammals from the Age of Dinosaurs: origins, evolution, and structure. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 216–248.

2101:, have assumed that coat beaver was rich in human oils from having been worn so long (much of the top-hair was worn away through usage, exposing the valuable under-wool), and that this is what made it attractive to 5799:

Turvey, S.T.; Pitman, R.L.; Taylor, B.L.; Barlow, J.; Akamatsu, T.; Barrett, L.A.; Zhao, X.; Reeves, R.R.; Stewart, B.S.; Wang, K.; Wei, Z.; Zhang, X.; Pusser, L.T.; Richlen, M.; Brandon, J.R.; Wang, D. (2007).

1767:, for example, can reach speeds of 14 miles per hour (23 km/h). The considerably slower sirenians can also propel themselves with their fluke, but they can also walk on the bottom with their forelimbs. The 5893:

Vahteristo, L.; Lyytikäinen, T.; Venäläinen, E. R.; Eskola, M.; Lindfors, E.; Pohjanvirta, R.; Maijala, R. (2003). "Cadmium intake of moose hunters in Finland from consumption of moose meat, liver and kidney".

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Aquatic mammals were the target for commercial industry, leading to a sharp decline in all populations of exploited species, such as beavers. Their pelts, suited for conserving heat, were taken during the

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Iwata, Hisato; Watanabe, Mafumi; Okajima, Yuka; Tanabe, Shinsuke; Amano, Masao; Miyazaki, Nobuyuki; Petrov, Evgeny A. (2004). "Toxicokinetics of PCDD, PCDF, and Coplanar PCB Congeners in Baikal Seals,

2157:(IUCN), reported that otters are at serious risk in Southeast Asia and have disappeared from parts of their former range. This decline in populations is due to hunting to supply the demand for skins. 1557:. Paenungulata and Tethytheria (especially the latter) are among the least controversial mammalian clades, with strong support from morphological and molecular interpretations. That is, elephants, 2097:

in French and "coat beaver" in English, and were soon recognized by the newly developed felt-hat making industry as particularly useful for felting. Some historians, seeking to explain the term

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are semiaquatic; they spend the majority of their time in the water, but need to return to land for important activities such as mating, breeding and molting. In contrast, both otters and the

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Cassens, I.; Vicario, S.; Waddell, V.G.; Balchowsky, H.; Van Belle, D.; Ding, W.; Fan, C.; Mohan, R.S.; Simões-Lopes, P.C.; Bastida, R.; Meyer, A.; Stanhope, M.J.; Milinkovitch, M.C. (2000).

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Timothy F.; Walker, Ken; Musser, Anne M.; Archer, Michael; Pian, Rebecca; Vickers-Rich, Patricia (2016). "The mandible and dentition of the Early Cretaceous monotreme Teinolophos trusleri".

1999:. The wide variety of plants pygmy hippos have been observed eating suggests that they will eat any plants available. This diet is of higher quality than that of the common hippopotamus. 1808:

in order to be able to swim up and down the water column. Typically, thick and dense bone is found in bottom feeders and low bone density is associated with mammals living in deep water.

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had cusps in a straight row, eliminating the grinding function suggesting that they were strictly for gripping and not for chewing. This feature of three cusps in a row is similar to the

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on which these low-lying countries depend for protection from flooding. In those countries, it is trapped, poisoned, and hunted to attempt to keep the population down. Muskrats also eat

4139:"Orofacial morphology and feeding behaviour of the dugong, Amazonian, West African and Antillean manatees (Mammalia: Sirenia): functional morphology of the muscular-vibrissal complex" 3019: 6529: 1763:

Aquatic mammals also display a variety of locomotion styles. Cetaceans excel in streamlined body shape and the up-and-down movements of their flukes make them fast swimmers; the

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Urban and agricultural development, increased damming, and increased use of hydroelectric power in rivers in countries such as Côte d'Ivoire and Ghana are threats to the

1719:; conversely, other species, such as the North Atlantic right whale, are critically endangered. Other than hunting, marine mammals, dolphins especially, can be killed as 5621: 4644: 6374: 6559: 2154: 2133:, 41 rhinos were killed in 1983, virtually the entire population of the sanctuary. By the mid-1990s, poaching had rendered the species extinct there. In 1950, 1695:

and other resources. They were also the target for commercial industry, leading to a sharp decline in all populations of exploited species, such as whales and

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Koepfli, K.-P; Wayne, R.K. (December 1998). "Phylogenetic relationships of otters (Carnivora: Mustelidae) based on mitochondrial cytochrome b sequences".

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Meng Chen, Gregory Philip Wilson, A multivariate approach to infer locomotor modes in Mesozoic mammals, Article in Paleobiology 41(02) · February 2015

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Grey, J.; Harper, D. M. (2002). "Using Stable Isotope Analyses To Identify Allochthonous Inputs to Lake Naivasha Mediated Via the Hippopotamus Gut".

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Schipper, J.; Chanson, J. S.; Chiozza, F.; Cox, N. A. (2008). "The status of the world's land and marine mammals: diversity, threat, and knowledge".

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Vanderlaan, Angelia S. M.; Taggart, Christopher T. (2007). "Vessel Collisions with Whales: The Probability of Lethal Injury Based on Vessel Speed".

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Kellogg, Margaret E.; Burkett, Sandra; Dennis, Thomas R.; Stone, Gary; Gray, Brian A.; McGuire, Peter M.; Zori, Roberto T.; Stanyon, Roscoe (2007).

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Estes, J. A.; Tinker, M. T.; Williams, T. M.; Doak, D. F. (1998). "Killer Whale Predation on Sea Otters Linking Oceanic and Nearshore Ecosystems".

6549: 1228:. These first molars were also recurved in a manner adapted to hold slippery prey once grasped. These teeth are very similar to the teeth seen in 2215: 7130: 5953: 5453: 5349: 5283: 5248: 5213: 5053: 4983: 4880: 4841: 4734: 4528: 4460: 4271: 4212: 3798: 3676: 3548: 3411: 2682: 1936:. Their diets consist almost entirely of grasses, but they also eat leaves, branches of shrubs and trees, fruits, and submerged and floating 1822:

Among non-placental mammals, which cannot give birth to fully developed young, some adjustments have been made for an aquatic lifestyle. The

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in 1997 and 1999. Baikal seal pups have higher levels of DDT and PCB than known in any other population of European or Arctic earless seal.

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were once thought to be closely related to the modern platypus, but more recent studies show that platypodes are more related to the modern

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The shape and function of the eyes in aquatic animals are dependent on water depth and light exposure: limited light exposure results in a

5077: 2061:, for example, makes quick dives that last for seconds and grabs small crabs (usually no bigger than 2.8 inches (7 cm) across). The 6662: 6524: 6008: 1327:

s aquatic occurrences may be of little significance when most terrestrial tetrapod fossils are found in lacustrine environments anyway.

1323:-like shearing action than the piercing and gripping function of piscivorous mammal molars, occluding instead of interlocking, and that 2259:. Additionally, the indiscriminate release of mercury in mining activities threatens the entire aquatic ecosystem of the Amazon Basin. 4814: 3498: 6554: 2520: 371: 5751: 4137:

Marshall, Christopher D.; Maeda, Hiroshi; Iwata, Matsumitsu; Furuta, Masami; Asano, Shiro; Rosas, Fernando; Reep, Roger L. (2003).

2284:, after a 45-day search by leading experts in the field failed to find a single specimen. The last verified sighting was in 2004. 1728:, for example, may adversely affect echolocating mammals, and the ongoing effects of global warming degrades arctic environments. 6189: 6044: 5647: 2850: 2146: 133:

from fisheries, where they become entangled in fixed netting and drown or starve. Increased river traffic, most notably in the

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Regidor, Héctor A.; Gorostiague, Martín; Sühring, Silvia. "Reproduction and dental age classes of the little water opossum (

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Guterres-Pazin, Michelle G.; Marmontel, Miriam; Rosas, Fernando C. W.; Pazin, Victor F. V.; Venticinque, Eduardo M. (2014).

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Bob H. Slaughter, Astroconodon, the Cretaceous Triconodont, Journal of Mammalogy, Vol. 50, No. 1 (Feb., 1969), pp. 102-107

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Rauhut, O.W.M.; Martin, T.; Ortiz-Jaureguizar, E.; Puerta, P. (2002). "The first Jurassic mammal from South America".

2130: 1436:) of Asia may be its closest extant relative; similar behaviour, vocalizations, and skull morphology have been noted. 694: 2496:

Anusuya Chinsamy-Turan, Forerunners of Mammals: Radiation • Histology • Biology, Indiana University Press, 18/11/2011

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land, similar to the up-and-down body motion used underwater by fully aquatic mammals (e.g. dolphins and manatees).

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Foster-Turley, Pat; Macdonald, Sheila; Mason, Chris, eds. (1990). "Otters: An Action Plan for their Conservation".

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and had a sharp population decline in the 1900s. After it was made illegal, many aquatic mammals became subject to

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and are not unified by any distinct biological grouping, but rather their dependence on and integral relation to

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Kingdon, Jonathan; Happold, David; Butynski, Thomas; Hoffmann, Michael; Happold, Meredith; Kalina, Jan (2013).

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concentration ("best-vision areas"), where other aquatic mammals (e.g. seals, manatees, otters) only have one.

1725: 1188:. It seems to have been adapted to water much like a beaver, with teeth different in many ways from all other 181: 1319:

and other researchers have latter found that the triconodont molars of eutriconodonts were more suited for a

6801: 6612: 6506: 6234: 6224: 2604:(Mammaliaformes, Triconodontidae) from the Jurassic of Argentina and its bearing on triconodont phylogeny". 2117: 1629:

Marine mammals are aquatic mammals that rely on the ocean for their existence. They include animals such as

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which are used to detect food and other vegetation directly front of them, and toothed whales have evolved

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has the most diverse diet among cetaceans, consisting of at least 53 species of fish. They mainly feed on

1878: 1712: 1692: 1511: 1448: 1398:, is believed to be ancestral to South American river otters, having migrated to the New World during the 1166: 1162: 684: 5871: 2124:

had decreased to around 12 individuals. In the early 1900s, the species had declined to near extinction.

7046: 6973: 6773: 6748: 6723: 6607: 6354: 6134: 4357:"Downstream effects of beaver ponds on the water quality of New England first‐ and second‐order streams" 3905: 2431:"A Swimming Mammaliaform from the Middle Jurassic and Ecomorphological Diversification of Early Mammals" 2263: 2190: 1816: 1684:

are much less adapted to aquatic living. Likewise, their diet ranges considerably as well; some may eat

1447:(mya). This hypothesized ancestral group likely split into two branches around 54 mya. One branch would 961: 843: 521: 166: 138: 2745:"More DNA support for a Cetacea/Hippopotamidae clade: the blood-clotting protein gene gamma-fibrinogen" 1273:-like swimmer and burrower, being well adapted to dig and swim and occurring in a wetland environment. 3064:

Hrbek, T.; da Silva, V.M.F.; Dutra, N.; Gravena, W.; Martin, A.R.; Farias, I.P.; Turvey, S.T. (2014).

6781: 6743: 6074: 5586: 5013: 4909: 3737: 3615: 3337: 3226: 3079: 2967: 2908: 2800: 2613: 2572: 2445: 2281: 2003: 1700: 1561:, and manatees share a common ancestry. The ancestry of Sirenia is distinct from that of Cetacea and 1482: 1478: 1421: 1061: 1031: 1001: 981: 654: 624: 492: 467: 209: 26: 3983: 7003: 6657: 6466: 6424: 6194: 6154: 5708: 5326: 5123: 4621: 4253: 2341: 2321: 2150: 2054: 1952: 1757: 1704: 1429: 1121: 1071: 1011: 991: 951: 883: 634: 477: 81:. The level of dependence on aquatic life varies greatly among species. Among freshwater taxa, the 5388: 4567: 2236: 1652: 1439:

The most popular theory of the origins of Hippopotamidae suggests that hippos and whales shared a

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has a backwards-facing pouch which seals off completely when the animal is underwater, while the

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similar to that of nocturnal terrestrial mammals. Additionally, cetaceans have two areas of high

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in the region, due to their massive destruction of forest trees, and efforts are being made for

4773: 4767: 3540: 2534: 2079: 7126: 6933: 6908: 6811: 6758: 6677: 6344: 6309: 6249: 6209: 6179: 6149: 6060: 5959: 5949: 5911: 5831: 5602: 5459: 5449: 5440: 5279: 5273: 5254: 5244: 5219: 5209: 5158: 5059: 5049: 5043: 4989: 4979: 4948: 4886: 4876: 4847: 4837: 4831: 4810: 4787: 4777: 4748: 4740: 4730: 4501: 4466: 4456: 4277: 4267: 4239: 4218: 4208: 4202: 3853: 3804: 3794: 3763: 3682: 3672: 3639: 3631: 3554: 3544: 3479: 3471: 3417: 3407: 3365: 3252: 3199: 3158: 3107: 3046: 2995: 2936: 2877: 2826: 2818: 2766: 2678: 2516: 2461: 2349: 2058: 1470: 1444: 971: 924: 614: 423: 256: 188: 82: 78: 5622:"North American Beaver Invasion Occupies Forests and Steppes in Southern Chile and Argentina" 5414: 5238: 5203: 3666: 2093:

Fur robes were blankets of sewn-together, native-tanned, beaver pelts. The pelts were called

7041: 6733: 6637: 6589: 6501: 6394: 6334: 6092: 5903: 5821: 5813: 5703: 5666: 5594: 5364: 5321: 5118: 5022: 4940: 4663: 4616: 4543: 4493: 4368: 4332: 4324: 4259: 4153: 4117: 4078: 4051: 4022: 3978: 3884: 3843: 3835: 3753: 3745: 3623: 3588: 3574:"A review of killer whale interactions with other marine mammals: predation to co-existence" 3510: 3461: 3355: 3345: 3296: 3288: 3242: 3234: 3189: 3148: 3138: 3097: 3087: 3036: 3028: 2985: 2975: 2926: 2916: 2867: 2859: 2808: 2756: 2710: 2657: 2629: 2621: 2580: 2453: 2267: 2245: 2211: 2206: 2035: 1844: 1797: 865: 834: 536: 5176: 2956:"Independent adaptation to riverine habitats allowed survival of ancient cetacean lineages" 1947:

A moose's diet often depends on its location, but they seem to prefer the new growths from

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The oldest fossil of the modern platypus dates back to about 100,000 years ago, during the

7011: 6978: 6839: 6791: 6667: 6642: 6451: 6404: 6329: 6174: 6159: 5009:"Distorted Sex Ratio at Birth in the Captive Pygmy Hippopotamus, Hexaprotodon Liberiensis" 4723:

Saskatchewan Environment and Resource Manager and Canadian Plains Research Center (2001).

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Lihoreau, Fabrice; Boisserie, Jean-Renaud; Manthi, Fredrick K.; Ducrocq, Stéphane (2015).

2761: 2744: 2272: 2252: 2062: 2023: 1440: 1106: 898: 853: 812: 449: 433: 406: 317: 38: 5849: 2789:"Hippos stem from the longest sequence of terrestrial cetartiodactyl evolution in Africa" 1668:

Marine mammal adaptation to an aquatic lifestyle vary considerably between species. Both

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Harwood, J. (2001). "Marine Mammals and their Environment in the Twenty-First Century".

3741: 3619: 3341: 3326:"Molecules, morphology, and ecology indicate a recent, amphibious ancestry for echidnas" 3230: 3083: 2971: 2912: 2804: 2617: 2576: 2449: 1774: 6875: 6829: 6824: 6796: 6763: 6632: 6491: 6419: 6409: 6259: 6204: 6117: 6112: 5942: 5826: 5801: 4904: 4872: 4866: 3848: 3823: 3592: 3533: 3360: 3325: 3153: 3126: 3102: 3066:"A New Species of River Dolphin from Brazil or: How Little Do We Know Our Biodiversity" 3065: 3041: 3014: 2872: 2845: 2714: 2404: 2396: 2361: 2134: 2046: 1948: 1657: 1615:, or that monotremes existed along the shorelines of Antarctica in the early Cenozoic. 1565:, although they are thought to have evolved an aquatic lifestyle around the same time. 1474: 1338: 1281: 1180: 1090: 797: 604: 549: 233: 70: 4307:

Rossell, F.; Bozser, O.; Collen, P.; Parker, H. (2005). "Ecological impact of beavers

4172: 4106:"The impacts of climate change on marine mammals: Early signs of significant problems" 3960: 2931: 2896: 1192:, presumably due to a difference in diet. Most docodonts had teeth specialized for an 7143: 7089: 6983: 6948: 6849: 6844: 6819: 6349: 6314: 6289: 6139: 6102: 5694: 5685: 5384: 5312: 5303: 5109: 5100: 4960: 4868:

The Behavior Guide to African Mammals: including hoofed mammals, carnivores, primates

4607: 4598: 4563: 4356: 4328: 4055: 3969: 2990: 2955: 2430: 2409: 2325: 2256: 2222: 2112: 1964: 1956: 1937: 1921:, but will also take birch, maple, willow, alder, black cherry, red oak, beech, ash, 1874: 1661: 1624: 1608: 1342:, occur in marine deposits with virtually no dental erosion, implying that they died 1305: 1277: 1213: 724: 714: 396: 134: 122: 86: 61: 56: 5923: 4380: 3775: 3310: 2643: 2473: 1782:

has four weight-bearing limbs, and can walk on land like a fully terrestrial mammal.

21: 7084: 7075: 6854: 6834: 6738: 6476: 6359: 6279: 6239: 6229: 6199: 4420: 3651: 3264: 1996: 1992: 1960: 1910: 1768: 1554: 1542: 1530: 1490: 1425: 1310: 1217: 1209: 1184: 1176:

One of the first known proto-mammals similar to modern placentals was aquatic, the

938: 918: 555: 458: 334: 217: 102: 5478: 5415:"Under siege: Poaching and protection of Greater One-horned Rhinoceroses in India" 4027: 4006: 3292: 227: 7120: 5670: 4450: 3627: 3092: 2625: 1364:

have been interpreted as semiaquatic, bearing a long body and paddle-like limbs.

6988: 6963: 6958: 6928: 6711: 6687: 6652: 6461: 6364: 6284: 6244: 6097: 5907: 2293: 2198: 2182: 2174: 2165: 2050: 1685: 1574: 1534: 1526: 1522: 1506: 1458: 1413: 1403: 1376: 1372: 1360: 1354: 1332: 1221: 1115: 901: 774: 764: 754: 674: 342: 159: 94: 90: 5526: 4355:

Błędzki, Leszek A.; Bubier, Jill; Moulton, L. A.; Kyker-Snowman, T. D. (2011).

4255:

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2960:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

2846:"Analyses of mitochondrial genomes strongly support a hippopotamus-whale clade" 2535:"Two possibly aquatic triconodont mammals from the Early Cretaceous of Morocco" 2210:

of 100,000 individuals within just 50 years. They are now considered a serious

6968: 6903: 6692: 6672: 6456: 6429: 6214: 6127: 4944: 4263: 4157: 4122: 4105: 2386: 2241: 2142: 2102: 1853: 1708: 1681: 1646: 1612: 1580: 1569: 1562: 1546: 1538: 1380:, has been suggested to be aquatic, due to molar and skeleton similarities to 1368: 1320: 1261: 1242: 1229: 868: 837: 708: 590: 388: 271: 118: 5963: 5258: 5223: 5162: 5063: 4752: 4744: 4667: 4505: 4470: 4281: 4222: 3686: 3635: 3475: 3421: 2980: 2822: 1929:, water lilies and other aquatic vegetation, especially in the early spring. 6993: 6898: 6682: 6446: 6439: 6414: 6324: 5463: 4993: 4890: 4851: 4294:

Michael L. Power,Jay Schulkin. The Evolution Of The Human Placenta. pp. 68–.

3808: 3749: 3558: 3350: 2921: 2559:

Meng, Jin; Hu, Yaoming; Wang, Yuanqing; Wang, Xiaolin; Li, Chuankui (2007).

2457: 2121: 2088: 1944:

to 41°) among sirenians, an adaptation to feed closer to the water surface.

1849: 1642: 1600: 1500: 1486: 1453: 1394: 1381: 1233: 1201: 945: 582: 367: 241: 114: 6702: 5915: 5835: 5817: 5606: 5577:: Age-Related Accumulation, Maternal Transfer, and Hepatic Sequestration". 4952: 4791: 4173:"Body Length, Swimming Speed, Dive Duration, and Coloration of the Dolphin 3857: 3839: 3767: 3483: 3369: 3256: 3203: 3162: 3111: 3050: 3032: 2999: 2940: 2863: 2830: 2465: 2296:

species in many of the countries where they are found. While the flesh has

2225:, the muskrat is considered an invasive pest, as its burrowing damages the 1649:. Like other aquatic mammals, they do not represent a biological grouping. 327: 3643: 3143: 2881: 2770: 1970: 1489:. For example, Amazon river dolphins are actually more closely related to 6943: 6753: 6299: 6294: 6219: 4337: 3935:"Northern Elephant Seals: Increasing Population, Decreasing Biodiversity" 3404:

Marine Mammals of the World A Comprehensive Guide to their Identification

3127:"Chromosome painting in the manatee supports Afrotheria and Paenungulata" 3070: 2372: 2301: 2194: 2185:

is the introduction of pollutants into the ecosystem. Pesticides such as

2125: 2106: 2007: 1926: 1922: 1906: 1862: 1827: 1753: 1738: 1696: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1630: 1604: 1537:. Tethytheria is thought to have evolved from primitive hoofed mammals (" 1473:, and all branches of the anthracotheres, except that which evolved into 1399: 1298: 1266: 1253: 1236: 1193: 1189: 1177: 1084: 908: 802: 740: 598: 392: 309: 287: 126: 121:. Other aquatic mammals, such as the Indian rhinoceros, were targets for 98: 5598: 4724: 3514: 2661: 2585: 2560: 2320:

content, and the fat that is present consists of a higher proportion of

2197:, are thought to have been the cause of several disease epidemics among 6953: 6913: 6883: 6861: 6481: 6269: 6169: 5376: 5240:

Vermeer's Hat: The Seventeenth Century and the Dawn of the Global World

4555: 4513: 4090: 3301: 3247: 2813: 2788: 2634: 2376: 2357: 2297: 2031: 2026:

and river turtles. South Asian river dolphins mainly eat fish (such as

2019: 2011: 1979: 1933: 1918: 1801: 1741: 1720: 1585: 1466: 1344: 873: 409: 245: 130: 97:, which feeds underwater but rests, molts, and breeds on land; and the 34: 5978:"In Days Before Easter, Venezuelans Tuck Into Rodent-Related Delicacy" 5205:

Fur, Fortune, and Empire: The Epic History of the Fur Trade in America

3178:"Evolution of Marine Mammals: Back to the Sea After 300 Million Years" 1599:

is currently the oldest aquatic monotreme known. It has been found in

6938: 6264: 6029: 4649:) in the Mamirauá and Amanã Sustainable Development Reserves, Brazil" 3466: 3449: 3383:

Folger, Tim (1993). "A platypus in Patagonia (Ancient life - 1992)".

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Hamilton, H.; Caballero, S.; Collins, A. G.; Brownell, R. L. (2001).

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Gaetano, Leandro C.; Rougier, Guillermo W. (2011). "New materials of

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Mammals from the Age of Dinosaurs: Origins, Evolution, and Structure

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2066:

England have started eating frogs' legs and discarding the bodies.

1711:

and northern elephant seal, have rebounded in numbers, however the

2895:

Boisserie, Jean-Renaud; Lihoreau, Fabrice; Brunet, Michel (2005).

2390: 2353: 2277: 2235: 2230: 2226: 2164: 2078: 2015: 1975: 1969: 1914: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1848: 1823: 1773: 1634: 1558: 1550: 1499: 1241: 1141: 822: 359: 89:

are completely aquatic and fully dependent on aquatic ecosystems.

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1481:

similarities and adaptations to freshwater habitats arose due to

1352:

may not be aquatic, but instead a gliding mammal. More recently,

105:

which are able to venture in and out of water in search of food.

6434: 4484:

Belovsky, Gary E. (1984). "Summer Diet Optimization by Beaver".

3889: 3872: 2561:"Corrigendum: A Mesozoic gliding mammal from northeastern China" 2429:

Ji, Qiang; Luo, Zhe-Xi; Yuan, Chong-Xi; Tabrum, Alan R. (2006).

2333: 2309: 2305: 2205:

In the 1940s, beavers were brought from Canada to the island of

2109:

refugees brought their skills and tastes with them from France.

2027: 1988: 1745: 1308:, have been suggested to be aquatic animals with mixed results. 1205: 748: 496: 6587: 6071: 6033: 3671:. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press. pp. 27–28. 2332:...like tender beef, with perhaps more flavour; sometimes like 1959:, among many others. They also eat many aquatic plants such as 203: 6496: 6486: 2317: 2313: 2186: 1603:, indicating monotremes were present in the supercontinent of 4207:. Vol. 1. New York: Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 211. 2057:

make quick dives and catch small fish and invertebrates. The

1676:

are fully aquatic and therefore are obligate ocean dwellers.

5099:

Stephenson, P.J.; Goodman, S. & Soarimalala, V. (2016).

5048:. Vol. 2. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 738. 1707:. After commercial hunting ended, some species, such as the 5028:

10.1644/1545-1542(2002)083<0674:DSRABI>2.0.CO;2

4729:. Regina, Saskatchewan: University of Regina. p. 170. 4083:

10.1644/1545-1542(2001)082<0630:MMATEI>2.0.CO;2

2233:

and other farm and garden crops growing near water bodies.

4871:. San Francisco: University of California Press. pp. 4833:

Deer of the World: Their Evolution, Behaviour, and Ecology

1787:

submerged and have short and thick legs. The semiaquatic

5442:

Asian Rhinos – Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan

4809:. California State department of Education. p. 177. 4007:"Interactions between Mediterranean bottlenose dolphins ( 2677:. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 441–462. 3499:"The Ultimate Mouthful: Lunge Feeding in Rorqual Whales" 1239:, and resemble, to a lesser degree, the teeth of seals. 16:

Mammal that dwells partly or entirely in bodies of water

7119:

Perrin, W. F.; Wursig, B.; Thewissen, J. G. M. (2009).

3406:(1st ed.). London: Academic Press. pp. 7–16. 3402:

Jefferson, T. A.; Webber, M. A.; Pitman, R. L. (2009).

3020:

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2897:"The position of Hippopotamidae within Cetartiodactyla" 2367:

In the 17th century, based on a question raised by the

1691:

Marine mammals were first hunted by aboriginal peoples

1451:, possibly beginning about 52 mya, with the protowhale 129:. Other than hunting, aquatic mammals can be killed as 5802:"First human-caused extinction of a cetacean species?" 4597:

Marmontel, M.; de Souza, D. & Kendall, S. (2016).

3572:

Jefferson, T. A.; Stacey, P. J.; Baird, R. W. (1991).

1457:

and other early whale ancestors collectively known as

1406:. The South American continent houses the otter genus 2344:

of The Maine Woods describing the taste of moose meat

1925:

and occasionally pine and spruce. They will also eat

69:, as well as various freshwater species, such as the 4726:

Natural Neighbours: Selected Mammals of Saskatchewan

4449:

Müller-Schwarze, Dietland & Sun, Lixing (2003).

3701:"WWF Endangered Marine Species Guide September 2019" 3281:

Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology

1443:

that branched off from other artiodactyls around 60

7002: 6874: 6810: 6772: 6710: 6600: 6517: 6382: 6085: 5941: 5646:Skyrienė, Gintarė; Paulauskas, Algimantas (2012). 5484:. Habitat Himalaya – A Resources Himalaya Factfile 5448:. International Union for Conservation of Nature. 5348:Laurie, W. A.; Lang, E. M.; Groves, C. P. (1983). 5208:. New York: W. W. Norton and Company. p. 46. 4527:Laurie, W. A.; Lang, E. M.; Groves, C. P. (1983). 4452:The Beaver: Natural History of a Wetlands Engineer 3532: 1224:), but is almost certainly a derived character in 5778:"Rescue Plan Prepared for Yangtze River Dolphins" 5503:Ingrams, F. C. (1924). "Furs and the Fur Trade". 4252:Glass, Mogens L.; Wood, Stephen C., eds. (2009). 2262:As China developed economically, pressure on the 2120:more than 200 rhinos. By 1908, the population in 1348:and are thus truly aquatic mammals. Nonetheless, 5525:. The Otterhound Club of America. Archived from 4400:. Minnesota Pollution Control Agency. March 2008 2240:Dead trees as a result of the construction of a 1951:with a high sugar content, such as white birch, 3984:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T41712A178589687.en 3824:"Modelling the extinction of Steller's sea cow" 3526: 3524: 2901:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2330: 2193:, as well as industrial waste, mainly from the 1873:Beavers are herbivores, and prefer the wood of 1699:. Commercial hunting lead to the extinction of 5709:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T22104A81904980.en 5327:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T19496A18494149.en 5124:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T18095A97203526.en 4622:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T22102A43793736.en 2782: 2780: 2155:International Union for Conservation of Nature 1588:than to these ancient forms and that at least 1525:(elephants), group together with the extinct † 152:Aquatic mammals vary greatly in size and shape 6335:Stable isotope analysis in aquatic ecosystems 6045: 5935: 5933: 3535:The Pinnipeds: Seals, Sea Lions, and Walruses 3443: 3441: 3439: 3437: 3435: 3433: 3431: 2173:was a major producer of industrial waste for 1285:has been suggested to be semiaquatic. Unlike 8: 4772:(1st ed.). Stoeger Publishing. p. 4592: 4590: 4588: 4455:. Cornell University Press. pp. 67–75. 4171:Edwards, Holly H.; Schnell, Gary D. (2001). 2300:levels similar to those of other comparable 1804:) in response to hydrodynamic requirements. 1485:; thus, a grouping of all river dolphins is 141:, with the last confirmed sighting in 2004. 6400:Freshwater environmental quality parameters 5730:Klinowska, Margaret; Cooke, Justin (1991). 4645:"Feeding Ecology of the Amazonian Manatee ( 3539:. University of California Press. pp. 3450:"Anatomical Adaptations of Aquatic Mammals" 3324:Phillips, MJ; Bennett, TH; Lee, MS (2009). 387:This list covers only mammals that live in 6716: 6597: 6584: 6082: 6068: 6052: 6038: 6030: 6009:"Where the Muskrat Is a Delicacy for Lent" 5243:. New York: Bloomsbury Press. p. 43. 2696: 2694: 5825: 5707: 5568: 5566: 5325: 5278:. Vol. 28. Nabu Press. p. 363. 5122: 5026: 4620: 4336: 4315:and their ability to modify ecosystems". 4121: 4026: 3982: 3906:"Gray Whale Removed From Endangered List" 3888: 3847: 3757: 3465: 3359: 3349: 3300: 3246: 3193: 3152: 3142: 3101: 3091: 3040: 2989: 2979: 2930: 2920: 2871: 2812: 2760: 2633: 2584: 1304:Another lineage of Mesozoic mammals, the 5549:"Otters feel the heat in Southeast Asia" 4933:Isotopes in Environmental Health Studies 4302: 4300: 3822:Turvey, ST; Risley, CL (22 March 2006). 1830:deposits its young on a burrow on land. 1651: 20: 5297: 5295: 2421: 4807:The Land and Wildlife of North America 4421:"Managing Beaver to Benefit Waterfowl" 4350: 4348: 4235: 4104:Simmonds, M. P.; Isaac, S. J. (2007). 3928: 3926: 1293:, it was an herbivore, being probably 1259:Another docodontan, the Late Jurassic 5988:from the original on 25 February 2010 5302:Ellis, S. & Talukdar, B. (2019). 3665:Stirling, Ian; Guravich, Dan (1988). 2762:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a025790 2083:A beaver pelt in the Fur Trade Museum 1856:restrict water flow, creating a pond. 7: 5648:"Distribution of invasive muskrats ( 5579:Environmental Science and Technology 5505:Journal of the Royal Society of Arts 5042:Wilson, Don; Reeder, DeeAnn (2005). 4258:. Berlin: Springer. pp. 89–90. 3791:Marine Mammals: Evolutionary Biology 2223:Belgium, France, and the Netherlands 2221:In some European countries, such as 6663:Oceanic physical-biological process 6525:List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF) 5695:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 5313:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 5177:"Water voles get a taste for frogs" 5110:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 4608:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 4011:) and gillnets off Sardinia, Italy" 3970:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 1995:and fruits that have fallen to the 1541:") along the shores of the ancient 1330:However, two other eutriconodonts, 5850:"Moose, meat, raw (Alaska Native)" 5439:Foose, T.; van Strien, N. (1997). 3593:10.1111/j.1365-2907.1991.tb00291.x 2844:Ursing, B.M.; Arnason, U. (1998). 2715:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1998.tb00172.x 2606:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 2533:Sigogneau-Russell, Denise (1995). 1232:, an extinct group of semiaquatic 14: 5752:"Last Chance for China's Dolphin" 4430:. United States Geological Survey 372:Swedish Museum of Natural History 55:that dwell partly or entirely in 7096: 7095: 7083: 7069: 6701: 6373: 6190:Colored dissolved organic matter 5896:Food Additives and Contamination 4329:10.1111/j.1365-2907.2005.00067.x 4056:10.1111/j.1748-7692.2006.00098.x 2851:Proceedings of the Royal Society 2389: 1252:, a semiaquatic mammal from the 1220:in mammal relatives (as seen in 351: 326: 301: 280: 255: 226: 202: 180: 158: 6535:Latin America and the Caribbean 5750:Black, Richard (27 June 2006). 5149:) in Buenos Aires, Argentina". 4769:North American big-game animals 4486:The American Midland Naturalist 2749:Molecular Biology and Evolution 2730:IUCN/SSC Otter Specialist Group 1865:and control algae populations. 1572:period. The extinct monotremes 7122:Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals 7017:Ecological values of mangroves 6560:North Pacific Subtropical Gyre 3933:Haw, Jim; Handy, Dana (2013). 1611:and Australia were joined via 1469:. The other branch became the 1200:suggest that the animal was a 33:), a member of the infraorder 1: 7125:. San Diego: Academic Press. 5940:Lacoursière, Jacques (1995). 5872:"All-clear for Finnish foods" 4974:Eltringham, S. Keith (1999). 4028:10.1016/j.icesjms.2005.06.012 3793:. San Diego: Academic Press. 3497:Goldbogen, Jeremy A. (2010). 3293:10.1080/03115518.2016.1180034 3015:"Evolution of river dolphins" 2542:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 2141:using dogs, specifically the 1800:, and a thickened fat layer ( 1545:. Tethytheria, combined with 1461:, which eventually underwent 1265:, has been suggested to be a 7037:Marine conservation activism 7022:Fisheries and climate change 6007:Holusha, John (April 1988). 5671:10.6001/ekologija.v58i3.2532 5151:Revista de Biología Tropical 4184:Caribbean Journal of Science 3628:10.1126/science.282.5388.473 3330:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A 3093:10.1371/journal.pone.0083623 2626:10.1080/02724634.2011.589877 2195:Baykalsk Pulp and Paper Mill 2171:Baykalsk Pulp and Paper Mill 2038:) and invertebrates, mainly 1465:into the completely aquatic 93:freshwater taxa include the 7032:Human impact on marine life 6909:Davidson Seamount § Ecology 6145:Aquatic population dynamics 5908:10.1080/0265203031000094636 5045:Mammal Species of the World 3448:Reidenberg, Joy S. (2007). 2131:Laokhowa Wildlife Sanctuary 2022:, but they may also target 695:Oriental small-clawed otter 59:. They include the various 7166: 5948:(in French). Septentrion. 5684:Keith Diagne, L. (2016) . 5652:) and impact on ecosystem" 4978:. London: Academic Press. 2118:in Assam individually shot 2086: 1842: 1622: 1596:Monotrematum sudamericanum 1495:South Asian river dolphins 1160: 1042:Transcaucasian water shrew 911:(Ornithorhynchus anatinus) 645:North American river otter 264:North American river otter 7063: 6719: 6699: 6648:Marine primary production 6596: 6583: 6542:List of marine ecoregions 6371: 6081: 6067: 5874:. Food Quality News. 2003 5007:Zschokke, Samuel (2002). 4945:10.1080/10256010208033269 4766:Dalrymple, Byron (1983). 4696:Howard, Janet L. (1996). 4264:10.1007/978-3-540-93985-6 4158:10.1017/S0952836902003205 4123:10.1017/S0030605307001524 4015:Journal of Marine Science 2602:Argentoconodon fariasorum 2352:levels are high in moose 2149:, a joint program of the 1982:feeding on aquatic plants 1249:Castorocauda lutrasimilis 1132:Massoia's lutrine opossum 1022:Mediterranean water shrew 986:Chimarrogale platycephala 807:Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris 292:Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris 6894:Coastal biogeomorphology 6889:Marine coastal ecosystem 5477:Adhikari, T. R. (2002). 5147:Lutreolina crassicaudata 4830:Geist, Valerius (1998). 4668:10.1578/AM.40.2.2014.139 3904:Clifford, Frank (1994). 3131:BMC Evolutionary Biology 2981:10.1073/pnas.97.21.11343 2070:Interactions with humans 1126:Lutreolina crassicaudata 314:Ornithorhynchus anatinus 117:and made into coats and 6802:Paradox of the plankton 6613:Diel vertical migration 6507:Freshwater swamp forest 6225:GIS and aquatic science 6073:General components and 5688:Trichechus senegalensis 5237:Brook, Timothy (2008). 5202:Dolin, Eric J. (2010). 4005:Bruno, Díaz L. (2006). 3750:10.1126/science.1165115 3351:10.1073/pnas.0904649106 2922:10.1073/pnas.0409518102 2458:10.1126/science.1123026 2045:Generally, all aquatic 1607:when the continents of 1434:Lutrogale perspicillata 1418:neotropical river otter 1317:Zofia Kielan-Jaworowska 1052:Glacier Bay water shrew 966:Chimarrogale himalayica 769:Pusa hispida ladogensis 665:Neotropical river otter 639:Lutrogale perspicillata 570:Choeropsis liberiensis) 507:Araguaian river dolphin 438:Trichechus senegalensis 51:are a diverse group of 6628:Large marine ecosystem 6320:Shoaling and schooling 5944:Une histoire du Québec 5818:10.1098/rsbl.2007.0292 5620:Loewy, Matías (2015). 5479:"The Curse of Success" 5275:The Ladies' Repository 5078:"Ganges River dolphin" 4177:(Tucuxi) in Nicaragua" 3977:: e.T41712A178589687. 3840:10.1098/rsbl.2005.0415 3176:Uhen, Mark D. (2007). 3033:10.1098/rspb.2000.1385 2864:10.1098/rspb.1998.0567 2487:publication March 2005 2347: 2292:Moose are hunted as a 2248: 2178: 2084: 1983: 1932:Indian rhinoceros are 1857: 1783: 1713:northern elephant seal 1665: 1521:Sirenians, along with 1518: 1256: 1167:Evolution of sirenians 1163:Evolution of cetaceans 1087:(moles and relatives) 1006:Chimarrogale sumatrana 779:Pusa hispida saimensis 685:African clawless otter 679:Pteronura brasiliensis 629:Hydrictis maculicollis 560:Hippopotamus amphibius 541:Pontoporia blainvillei 453:: even-toed ungulates 339:Hippopotamus amphibius 333:A partially submerged 145:Taxonomy and evolution 41: 7047:Marine protected area 6974:Salt pannes and pools 6749:Marine larval ecology 6724:Census of Marine Life 6608:Deep scattering layer 6565:San Francisco Estuary 6530:Africa and Madagascar 6355:Underwater camouflage 6135:Aquatic biomonitoring 6075:freshwater ecosystems 5852:. Self Nutrition Data 5702:: e.T22104A97168578. 5413:Menon, Vivek (1996). 5320:: e.T19496A18494149. 5272:Wiley, I. W. (1868). 5117:: e.T18095A97203526. 5080:. World Wildlife Fund 4615:: e.T22102A43793736. 4044:Marine Mammal Science 3959:Cooke, J.G. (2020) . 3182:The Anatomical Record 3144:10.1186/1471-2148-7-6 2793:Nature Communications 2264:Chinese river dolphin 2239: 2191:hexachlorocyclohexane 2168: 2082: 1973: 1901:trees. They also eat 1852: 1843:Further information: 1777: 1655: 1503: 1449:evolve into cetaceans 1245: 962:Himalayan water shrew 844:North American beaver 817:Hydrochoerus isthmius 533:Family Pontoporiidae 522:Chinese river dolphin 464:Family Platanistidae 167:North American beaver 139:Chinese river dolphin 24: 6782:Marine bacteriophage 6744:Marine invertebrates 5352:Rhinoceros unicornis 5306:Rhinoceros unicornis 5014:Journal of Mammalogy 4910:Kruger National Park 4805:Farb, Peter (1966). 4677:on 17 September 2016 4531:Rhinoceros unicornis 4419:Ringelman, James K. 4071:Journal of Mammalogy 3871:Adam, Peter (2004). 3531:Riedman, M. (1990). 2732:: Sections 2 and 12. 2322:polyunsaturated fats 2282:functionally extinct 2266:grew significantly. 2004:Amazon river dolphin 1483:convergent evolution 1422:southern river otter 1062:American water shrew 1032:Eurasian water shrew 1002:Sumatran water shrew 982:Japanese water shrew 976:Chimarrogale phaeura 655:Southern river otter 625:Spotted-necked otter 493:Amazon river dolphin 472:Platanista gangetica 468:Ganges river dolphin 210:Amazon river dolphin 27:Amazon river dolphin 6658:Ocean fertilization 6467:Trophic state index 6425:Lake stratification 6155:Aquatic respiration 5626:Scientific American 5591:2004EnST...38.3505I 4700:Populus tremuloides 4647:Trichechus inunguis 4601:Trichechus inunguis 4175:Sotalia fluviatilis 3963:Eubalaena glacialis 3939:Scientific American 3742:2008Sci...322..225S 3620:1998Sci...282..473E 3515:10.1511/2010.83.124 3342:2009PNAS..10617089P 3231:2002Natur.416..165R 3084:2014PLoSO...983623H 2972:2000PNAS...9711343C 2966:(21): 11343–11347. 2913:2005PNAS..102.1537B 2805:2015NatCo...6E6264L 2743:Gatesy, J. (1997). 2662:10.1017/pab.2014.14 2618:2011JVPal..31..829G 2586:10.1038/nature05639 2577:2007Natur.446Q.102M 2450:2006Sci...311.1123J 2444:(5764): 1123–1127. 2342:Henry David Thoreau 2161:Habitat degradation 2151:World Wildlife Fund 2145:. In modern times, 1993:broad-leaved plants 1705:Caribbean monk seal 1660:is a fully aquatic 1549:(hyraxes), forms a 1430:smooth-coated otter 1218:ancestral condition 1196:diet. The teeth of 1146:Chironectes minimus 1122:Big lutrine opossum 1072:Pacific water shrew 1012:Elegant water shrew 996:Chimarrogale styani 992:Chinese water shrew 952:Malayan water shrew 884:European water vole 635:Smooth-coated otter 478:Indus river dolphin 428:Trichechus inunguis 364:Chironectes minimus 193:Trichechus inunguis 49:semiaquatic mammals 6924:Intertidal wetland 6919:Intertidal ecology 6787:Marine prokaryotes 6729:Deep-sea community 6623:Iron fertilization 6546:Specific examples 6472:Upland and lowland 6390:Freshwater biology 6255:Microbial food web 6165:Aquatic toxicology 6108:Aquatic adaptation 6061:Aquatic ecosystems 6013:The New York Times 5650:Ondatra zibethicus 4865:Estes, R. (1992). 4146:Journal of Zoology 4009:Tursiops truncatus 3875:Monachus tropicali 3503:American Scientist 2814:10.1038/ncomms7264 2703:Journal of Zoology 2249: 2179: 2085: 1984: 1858: 1789:pygmy hippopotamus 1784: 1780:pygmy hippopotamus 1717:genetic bottleneck 1666: 1519: 1463:aquatic adaptation 1392:An extinct genus, 1257: 1136:Lutreolina massoia 1074:, or marsh shrew ( 956:Chimarrogale hantu 888:Arvicola amphibius 878:Ondatra zibethicus 669:Lontra longicaudis 566:Pygmy hippopotamus 539:, or franciscana ( 528:) possibly extinct 526:Lipotes vexillifer 511:Inia araguaiaensis 79:aquatic ecosystems 42: 7132:978-0-0809-1993-5 7109: 7108: 7090:Oceans portal 7059: 7058: 7055: 7054: 6934:Hydrothermal vent 6870: 6869: 6759:Seashore wildlife 6590:Marine ecosystems 6579: 6578: 6575: 6574: 6345:Thermal pollution 6310:Ramsar Convention 6250:Microbial ecology 6210:Fisheries science 6150:Aquatic predation 5984:. 24 March 2005. 5955:978-2-89448-050-2 5739:. pp. 41–46. 5599:10.1021/es035461+ 5585:(13): 3505–3513. 5529:on 15 August 2016 5455:978-2-8317-0336-7 5361:Mammalian Species 5285:978-1-276-66898-9 5250:978-1-59691-444-5 5215:978-0-393-06710-1 5055:978-0-8018-8221-0 4985:978-0-85661-131-5 4882:978-0-520-08085-0 4843:978-0-8117-0496-0 4736:978-0-88977-123-9 4540:Mammalian Species 4462:978-0-8014-4098-4 4313:Castor canadensis 4273:978-3-540-93984-9 4214:978-1-4081-2251-8 4204:Mammals of Africa 3910:Los Angeles Times 3881:Mammalian Species 3800:978-0-12-093225-2 3736:(5899): 225–230. 3708:worldwildlife.org 3678:978-0-472-10100-9 3614:(5388): 473–476. 3550:978-0-520-06497-3 3454:Anatomical Record 3413:978-0-12-383853-7 3027:(1466): 549–556. 2684:978-0-231-50927-5 2571:(7131): 889–893. 2216:their eradication 2059:giant otter shrew 2036:freshwater sharks 1701:Steller's sea cow 1445:million years ago 1301:-like in habits. 1016:Nectogale elegans 972:Sunda water shrew 925:Giant otter shrew 848:Castor canadensis 649:Lontra canadensis 615:Hairy-nosed otter 552:: hippopotamuses 518:Family Lipotidae 424:Amazonian manatee 268:Lontra canadensis 189:Amazonian manatee 171:Castor canadensis 83:Amazonian manatee 73:. They are not a 7157: 7136: 7099: 7098: 7092: 7088: 7087: 7078: 7076:Lakes portal 7074: 7073: 7072: 7042:Marine pollution 6734:Deep-water coral 6717: 6705: 6638:Marine chemistry 6598: 6585: 6502:Freshwater marsh 6395:Freshwater biome 6377: 6093:Acoustic ecology 6083: 6069: 6054: 6047: 6040: 6031: 6024: 6023: 6021: 6019: 6004: 5998: 5997: 5995: 5993: 5982:The New York Sun 5974: 5968: 5967: 5947: 5937: 5928: 5927: 5890: 5884: 5883: 5881: 5879: 5868: 5862: 5861: 5859: 5857: 5846: 5840: 5839: 5829: 5796: 5790: 5789: 5787: 5785: 5774: 5768: 5767: 5765: 5763: 5754:. Archived from 5747: 5741: 5740: 5738: 5727: 5721: 5720: 5718: 5716: 5711: 5681: 5675: 5674: 5656: 5643: 5637: 5636: 5634: 5632: 5617: 5611: 5610: 5570: 5561: 5560: 5558: 5556: 5545: 5539: 5538: 5536: 5534: 5519: 5513: 5512: 5511:(3739): 593–605. 5500: 5494: 5493: 5491: 5489: 5483: 5474: 5468: 5467: 5447: 5436: 5430: 5429: 5427: 5425: 5419: 5410: 5404: 5403: 5401: 5399: 5393: 5387:. Archived from 5358: 5345: 5339: 5338: 5336: 5334: 5329: 5299: 5290: 5289: 5269: 5263: 5262: 5234: 5228: 5227: 5199: 5193: 5192: 5190: 5188: 5173: 5167: 5166: 5157:(1–2): 271–272. 5142: 5136: 5135: 5133: 5131: 5126: 5103:Potamogale velox 5096: 5090: 5089: 5087: 5085: 5074: 5068: 5067: 5039: 5033: 5032: 5030: 5004: 4998: 4997: 4971: 4965: 4964: 4928: 4922: 4921: 4919: 4917: 4901: 4895: 4894: 4862: 4856: 4855: 4827: 4821: 4820: 4802: 4796: 4795: 4783:978-08769-1142-6 4763: 4757: 4756: 4720: 4714: 4713: 4711: 4709: 4693: 4687: 4686: 4684: 4682: 4676: 4670:. Archived from 4653: 4640: 4634: 4633: 4631: 4629: 4624: 4594: 4583: 4582: 4580: 4578: 4572: 4566:. Archived from 4537: 4524: 4518: 4517: 4481: 4475: 4474: 4446: 4440: 4439: 4437: 4435: 4425: 4416: 4410: 4409: 4407: 4405: 4399: 4391: 4385: 4384: 4352: 4343: 4342: 4340: 4323:(3–4): 248–276. 4304: 4295: 4292: 4286: 4285: 4249: 4243: 4233: 4227: 4226: 4198: 4192: 4191: 4181: 4168: 4162: 4161: 4143: 4134: 4128: 4127: 4125: 4101: 4095: 4094: 4066: 4060: 4059: 4039: 4033: 4032: 4030: 4002: 3996: 3995: 3993: 3991: 3986: 3956: 3950: 3949: 3947: 3945: 3930: 3921: 3920: 3918: 3916: 3901: 3895: 3894: 3892: 3868: 3862: 3861: 3851: 3819: 3813: 3812: 3786: 3780: 3779: 3761: 3725: 3719: 3718: 3716: 3714: 3705: 3697: 3691: 3690: 3662: 3656: 3655: 3603: 3597: 3596: 3578: 3569: 3563: 3562: 3538: 3528: 3519: 3518: 3494: 3488: 3487: 3469: 3467:10.1002/ar.20541 3445: 3426: 3425: 3399: 3393: 3392: 3380: 3374: 3373: 3363: 3353: 3336:(40): 17089–94. 3321: 3315: 3314: 3304: 3275: 3269: 3268: 3250: 3214: 3208: 3207: 3197: 3195:10.1002/ar.20545 3173: 3167: 3166: 3156: 3146: 3122: 3116: 3115: 3105: 3095: 3061: 3055: 3054: 3044: 3010: 3004: 3003: 2993: 2983: 2951: 2945: 2944: 2934: 2924: 2907:(5): 1537–1541. 2892: 2886: 2885: 2875: 2858:(1412): 2251–5. 2841: 2835: 2834: 2816: 2784: 2775: 2774: 2764: 2740: 2734: 2733: 2725: 2719: 2718: 2698: 2689: 2688: 2670: 2664: 2654: 2648: 2647: 2637: 2597: 2591: 2590: 2588: 2556: 2550: 2549: 2539: 2530: 2524: 2512: 2506: 2503: 2497: 2494: 2488: 2484: 2478: 2477: 2435: 2426: 2399: 2394: 2393: 2369:Bishop of Quebec 2345: 2316:), it has a low 2246:Tierra del Fuego 2227:dikes and levees 2212:invasive species 2207:Tierra Del Fuego 2024:freshwater crabs 1845:Keystone species 1839:Keystone species 1504:Illustration of 1491:oceanic dolphins 1246:Illustration of 1212:. The first two 1095:Desmana moschata 929:Potamogale velox 827:Myocastor coypus 719:Mustela lutreola 537:La Plata dolphin 501:Inia geoffrensis 482:Platanista minor 391:. For a list of 355: 330: 305: 284: 259: 230: 214:Inia geoffrensis 206: 184: 162: 31:Inia geoffrensis 7165: 7164: 7160: 7159: 7158: 7156: 7155: 7154: 7150:Aquatic mammals 7140: 7139: 7133: 7118: 7115: 7113:Further reading 7110: 7105: 7082: 7081: 7070: 7068: 7067: 7051: 7012:Coral bleaching 6998: 6979:Seagrass meadow 6876:Marine habitats 6866: 6840:Coral reef fish 6806: 6792:Marine protists 6768: 6706: 6697: 6668:Ocean turbidity 6643:Marine food web 6592: 6571: 6513: 6452:River ecosystem 6405:Freshwater fish 6378: 6369: 6175:Bioluminescence 6160:Aquatic science 6077: 6063: 6058: 6028: 6027: 6017: 6015: 6006: 6005: 6001: 5991: 5989: 5976: 5975: 5971: 5956: 5939: 5938: 5931: 5892: 5891: 5887: 5877: 5875: 5870: 5869: 5865: 5855: 5853: 5848: 5847: 5843: 5806:Biology Letters 5798: 5797: 5793: 5783: 5781: 5776: 5775: 5771: 5761: 5759: 5749: 5748: 5744: 5736: 5729: 5728: 5724: 5714: 5712: 5683: 5682: 5678: 5654: 5645: 5644: 5640: 5630: 5628: 5619: 5618: 5614: 5572: 5571: 5564: 5554: 5552: 5551:. TRAFFIC. 2009 5547: 5546: 5542: 5532: 5530: 5523:"Breed history" 5521: 5520: 5516: 5502: 5501: 5497: 5487: 5485: 5481: 5476: 5475: 5471: 5456: 5445: 5438: 5437: 5433: 5423: 5421: 5420:. TRAFFIC India 5417: 5412: 5411: 5407: 5397: 5395: 5394:on 29 June 2017 5391: 5369:10.2307/3504002 5356: 5347: 5346: 5342: 5332: 5330: 5301: 5300: 5293: 5286: 5271: 5270: 5266: 5251: 5236: 5235: 5231: 5216: 5201: 5200: 5196: 5186: 5184: 5183:. 30 April 2010 5175: 5174: 5170: 5144: 5143: 5139: 5129: 5127: 5098: 5097: 5093: 5083: 5081: 5076: 5075: 5071: 5056: 5041: 5040: 5036: 5006: 5005: 5001: 4986: 4973: 4972: 4968: 4930: 4929: 4925: 4915: 4913: 4903: 4902: 4898: 4883: 4864: 4863: 4859: 4844: 4829: 4828: 4824: 4817: 4804: 4803: 4799: 4784: 4765: 4764: 4760: 4737: 4722: 4721: 4717: 4707: 4705: 4695: 4694: 4690: 4680: 4678: 4674: 4656:Aquatic Mammals 4651: 4642: 4641: 4637: 4627: 4625: 4596: 4595: 4586: 4576: 4574: 4573:on 29 June 2017 4570: 4548:10.2307/3504002 4535: 4526: 4525: 4521: 4498:10.2307/2425316 4483: 4482: 4478: 4463: 4448: 4447: 4443: 4433: 4431: 4423: 4418: 4417: 4413: 4403: 4401: 4397: 4393: 4392: 4388: 4373:10.1002/eco.163 4354: 4353: 4346: 4306: 4305: 4298: 4293: 4289: 4274: 4251: 4250: 4246: 4234: 4230: 4215: 4200: 4199: 4195: 4179: 4170: 4169: 4165: 4141: 4136: 4135: 4131: 4103: 4102: 4098: 4068: 4067: 4063: 4041: 4040: 4036: 4004: 4003: 3999: 3989: 3987: 3958: 3957: 3953: 3943: 3941: 3932: 3931: 3924: 3914: 3912: 3903: 3902: 3898: 3870: 3869: 3865: 3821: 3820: 3816: 3801: 3788: 3787: 3783: 3727: 3726: 3722: 3712: 3710: 3703: 3699: 3698: 3694: 3679: 3664: 3663: 3659: 3605: 3604: 3600: 3576: 3571: 3570: 3566: 3551: 3530: 3529: 3522: 3496: 3495: 3491: 3447: 3446: 3429: 3414: 3401: 3400: 3396: 3382: 3381: 3377: 3323: 3322: 3318: 3277: 3276: 3272: 3239:10.1038/416165a 3225:(6877): 165–8. 3216: 3215: 3211: 3175: 3174: 3170: 3124: 3123: 3119: 3063: 3062: 3058: 3012: 3011: 3007: 2953: 2952: 2948: 2894: 2893: 2889: 2843: 2842: 2838: 2786: 2785: 2778: 2742: 2741: 2737: 2727: 2726: 2722: 2700: 2699: 2692: 2685: 2672: 2671: 2667: 2655: 2651: 2599: 2598: 2594: 2558: 2557: 2553: 2537: 2532: 2531: 2527: 2513: 2509: 2504: 2500: 2495: 2491: 2485: 2481: 2433: 2428: 2427: 2423: 2418: 2395: 2388: 2385: 2346: 2340: 2290: 2273:Noise pollution 2253:African manatee 2181:One problem at 2163: 2091: 2077: 2072: 2063:Lutrine opossum 1953:trembling aspen 1949:deciduous trees 1871: 1847: 1841: 1836: 1734: 1726:Noise pollution 1627: 1621: 1441:common ancestor 1390: 1174: 1169: 1159: 1107:Didelphimorphia 1066:Sorex palustris 1056:Sorex alaskanus 1036:Neomoys fodiens 1026:Neomys anomalus 854:Eurasian beaver 813:Lesser capybara 659:Lontra provocax 619:Lutra sumatrana 489:Family Iniidae 450:Cetartiodactyla 434:African manatee 383: 378: 377: 376: 375: 374: 356: 347: 346: 345: 331: 322: 321: 320: 318:Sydney Aquarium 306: 297: 296: 295: 285: 276: 275: 274: 260: 251: 250: 249: 231: 222: 221: 220: 207: 198: 197: 196: 185: 176: 175: 174: 163: 154: 153: 147: 57:bodies of water 45:Aquatic mammals 39:Cetartiodactyla 17: 12: 11: 5: 7163: 7161: 7153: 7152: 7142: 7141: 7138: 7137: 7131: 7114: 7111: 7107: 7106: 7104: 7103: 7093: 7079: 7064: 7061: 7060: 7057: 7056: 7053: 7052: 7050: 7049: 7044: 7039: 7034: 7029: 7024: 7019: 7014: 7008: 7006: 7000: 6999: 6997: 6996: 6991: 6986: 6981: 6976: 6971: 6966: 6961: 6956: 6951: 6946: 6941: 6936: 6931: 6926: 6921: 6916: 6911: 6906: 6901: 6896: 6891: 6886: 6880: 6878: 6872: 6871: 6868: 6867: 6865: 6864: 6859: 6858: 6857: 6852: 6847: 6842: 6837: 6830:Saltwater fish 6827: 6825:Marine reptile 6822: 6816: 6814: 6808: 6807: 6805: 6804: 6799: 6797:Marine viruses 6794: 6789: 6784: 6778: 6776: 6774:Microorganisms 6770: 6769: 6767: 6766: 6764:Wild fisheries 6761: 6756: 6751: 6746: 6741: 6736: 6731: 6726: 6720: 6714: 6708: 6707: 6700: 6698: 6696: 6695: 6690: 6685: 6680: 6678:Thorson's rule 6675: 6670: 6665: 6660: 6655: 6650: 6645: 6640: 6635: 6633:Marine biology 6630: 6625: 6620: 6615: 6610: 6604: 6602: 6594: 6593: 6588: 6581: 6580: 6577: 6576: 6573: 6572: 6570: 6569: 6568: 6567: 6562: 6557: 6552: 6544: 6539: 6538: 6537: 6532: 6521: 6519: 6515: 6514: 6512: 6511: 6510: 6509: 6504: 6499: 6494: 6492:Brackish marsh 6489: 6479: 6474: 6469: 6464: 6459: 6454: 6449: 6444: 6443: 6442: 6432: 6427: 6422: 6420:Lake ecosystem 6417: 6412: 6410:Hyporheic zone 6407: 6402: 6397: 6392: 6386: 6384: 6380: 6379: 6372: 6370: 6368: 6367: 6362: 6357: 6352: 6347: 6342: 6337: 6332: 6327: 6322: 6317: 6312: 6307: 6302: 6297: 6292: 6287: 6282: 6277: 6272: 6267: 6262: 6260:Microbial loop 6257: 6252: 6247: 6242: 6237: 6232: 6227: 6222: 6217: 6212: 6207: 6205:Eutrophication 6202: 6197: 6192: 6187: 6185:Cascade effect 6182: 6177: 6172: 6167: 6162: 6157: 6152: 6147: 6142: 6137: 6132: 6131: 6130: 6125: 6120: 6113:Aquatic animal 6110: 6105: 6100: 6095: 6089: 6087: 6079: 6078: 6072: 6065: 6064: 6059: 6057: 6056: 6049: 6042: 6034: 6026: 6025: 5999: 5969: 5954: 5929: 5902:(5): 453–463. 5885: 5863: 5841: 5812:(5): 537–540. 5791: 5780:. 11 July 2002 5769: 5758:on 6 July 2006 5742: 5722: 5676: 5665:(3): 357–367. 5638: 5612: 5562: 5540: 5514: 5495: 5469: 5454: 5431: 5405: 5340: 5291: 5284: 5264: 5249: 5229: 5214: 5194: 5168: 5137: 5091: 5069: 5054: 5034: 5021:(3): 674–681. 4999: 4984: 4966: 4939:(4): 245–250. 4923: 4905:"Hippopotamus" 4896: 4881: 4857: 4842: 4822: 4816:978-0809439195 4815: 4797: 4782: 4758: 4735: 4715: 4688: 4662:(2): 139–149. 4635: 4584: 4519: 4492:(2): 209–222. 4476: 4461: 4441: 4411: 4386: 4367:(5): 698–707. 4344: 4296: 4287: 4272: 4244: 4228: 4213: 4193: 4163: 4152:(3): 245–260. 4129: 4096: 4077:(3): 630–640. 4061: 4050:(1): 144–156. 4034: 4021:(5): 946–951. 3997: 3951: 3922: 3896: 3863: 3814: 3799: 3781: 3720: 3692: 3677: 3657: 3598: 3587:(4): 151–180. 3564: 3549: 3520: 3489: 3427: 3412: 3394: 3375: 3316: 3270: 3209: 3188:(6): 514–522. 3168: 3117: 3056: 3005: 2946: 2887: 2836: 2799:(6264): 6264. 2776: 2755:(5): 537–543. 2735: 2720: 2709:(4): 401–416. 2690: 2683: 2665: 2649: 2612:(4): 829–843. 2592: 2551: 2525: 2507: 2498: 2489: 2479: 2420: 2419: 2417: 2414: 2413: 2412: 2407: 2405:Aquatic animal 2401: 2400: 2397:Mammals portal 2384: 2381: 2362:health effects 2338: 2326:saturated fats 2289: 2286: 2162: 2159: 2076: 2073: 2071: 2068: 1938:aquatic plants 1870: 1867: 1840: 1837: 1835: 1832: 1733: 1730: 1658:humpback whale 1623:Main article: 1620: 1619:Marine mammals 1617: 1475:Hippopotamidae 1471:anthracotheres 1389: 1386: 1350:Ichthyoconodon 1339:Ichthyoconodon 1306:eutriconodonts 1282:Kayentatherium 1173: 1170: 1158: 1155: 1154: 1153: 1152: 1151: 1150: 1149: 1139: 1129: 1102: 1101: 1100: 1099: 1098: 1091:Russian desman 1081: 1080: 1079: 1076:Sorex bendirii 1069: 1059: 1049: 1039: 1029: 1019: 1009: 999: 989: 979: 969: 959: 934: 933: 932: 914: 913: 912: 895: 894: 893: 892: 891: 881: 863: 862: 861: 851: 832: 831: 830: 820: 810: 798:Hystricomorpha 791:Order Rodentia 788: 787: 786: 785: 784: 783: 782: 772: 762: 736: 735: 734: 733: 732: 722: 704: 703: 702: 692: 689:Aonyx capensis 682: 672: 662: 652: 642: 632: 622: 612: 605:Eurasian otter 578: 577: 576: 575: 574: 573: 572: 563: 550:Hippopotamidae 546: 545: 544: 531: 530: 529: 516: 515: 514: 504: 487: 486: 485: 475: 445: 444: 443: 442: 441: 431: 402: 401: 382: 379: 357: 350: 349: 348: 332: 325: 324: 323: 307: 300: 299: 298: 286: 279: 278: 277: 261: 254: 253: 252: 234:Eurasian otter 232: 225: 224: 223: 208: 201: 200: 199: 186: 179: 178: 177: 164: 157: 156: 155: 151: 150: 149: 148: 146: 143: 87:river dolphins 71:European otter 62:marine mammals 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7162: 7151: 7148: 7147: 7145: 7134: 7128: 7124: 7123: 7117: 7116: 7112: 7102: 7094: 7091: 7086: 7080: 7077: 7066: 7065: 7062: 7048: 7045: 7043: 7040: 7038: 7035: 7033: 7030: 7028: 7025: 7023: 7020: 7018: 7015: 7013: 7010: 7009: 7007: 7005: 7001: 6995: 6992: 6990: 6987: 6985: 6984:Sponge ground 6982: 6980: 6977: 6975: 6972: 6970: 6967: 6965: 6962: 6960: 6957: 6955: 6952: 6950: 6949:Marine biomes 6947: 6945: 6942: 6940: 6937: 6935: 6932: 6930: 6927: 6925: 6922: 6920: 6917: 6915: 6912: 6910: 6907: 6905: 6902: 6900: 6897: 6895: 6892: 6890: 6887: 6885: 6882: 6881: 6879: 6877: 6873: 6863: 6860: 6856: 6853: 6851: 6850:Demersal fish 6848: 6846: 6845:Deep-sea fish 6843: 6841: 6838: 6836: 6833: 6832: 6831: 6828: 6826: 6823: 6821: 6820:Marine mammal 6818: 6817: 6815: 6813: 6809: 6803: 6800: 6798: 6795: 6793: 6790: 6788: 6785: 6783: 6780: 6779: 6777: 6775: 6771: 6765: 6762: 6760: 6757: 6755: 6752: 6750: 6747: 6745: 6742: 6740: 6737: 6735: 6732: 6730: 6727: 6725: 6722: 6721: 6718: 6715: 6713: 6709: 6704: 6694: 6691: 6689: 6686: 6684: 6681: 6679: 6676: 6674: 6671: 6669: 6666: 6664: 6661: 6659: 6656: 6654: 6651: 6649: 6646: 6644: 6641: 6639: 6636: 6634: 6631: 6629: 6626: 6624: 6621: 6619: 6616: 6614: 6611: 6609: 6606: 6605: 6603: 6599: 6595: 6591: 6586: 6582: 6566: 6563: 6561: 6558: 6556: 6553: 6551: 6548: 6547: 6545: 6543: 6540: 6536: 6533: 6531: 6528: 6527: 6526: 6523: 6522: 6520: 6516: 6508: 6505: 6503: 6500: 6498: 6495: 6493: 6490: 6488: 6485: 6484: 6483: 6480: 6478: 6475: 6473: 6470: 6468: 6465: 6463: 6460: 6458: 6455: 6453: 6450: 6448: 6445: 6441: 6438: 6437: 6436: 6433: 6431: 6428: 6426: 6423: 6421: 6418: 6416: 6413: 6411: 6408: 6406: 6403: 6401: 6398: 6396: 6393: 6391: 6388: 6387: 6385: 6381: 6376: 6366: 6363: 6361: 6358: 6356: 6353: 6351: 6350:Trophic level 6348: 6346: 6343: 6341: 6338: 6336: 6333: 6331: 6328: 6326: 6323: 6321: 6318: 6316: 6315:Sediment trap 6313: 6311: 6308: 6306: 6303: 6301: 6298: 6296: 6293: 6291: 6290:Phytoplankton 6288: 6286: 6283: 6281: 6278: 6276: 6273: 6271: 6268: 6266: 6263: 6261: 6258: 6256: 6253: 6251: 6248: 6246: 6243: 6241: 6238: 6236: 6233: 6231: 6228: 6226: 6223: 6221: 6218: 6216: 6213: 6211: 6208: 6206: 6203: 6201: 6198: 6196: 6193: 6191: 6188: 6186: 6183: 6181: 6178: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6168: 6166: 6163: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6143: 6141: 6140:Aquatic plant 6138: 6136: 6133: 6129: 6126: 6124: 6121: 6119: 6116: 6115: 6114: 6111: 6109: 6106: 6104: 6103:Anoxic waters 6101: 6099: 6096: 6094: 6091: 6090: 6088: 6084: 6080: 6076: 6070: 6066: 6062: 6055: 6050: 6048: 6043: 6041: 6036: 6035: 6032: 6014: 6010: 6003: 6000: 5987: 5983: 5979: 5973: 5970: 5965: 5961: 5957: 5951: 5946: 5945: 5936: 5934: 5930: 5925: 5921: 5917: 5913: 5909: 5905: 5901: 5897: 5889: 5886: 5873: 5867: 5864: 5851: 5845: 5842: 5837: 5833: 5828: 5823: 5819: 5815: 5811: 5807: 5803: 5795: 5792: 5779: 5773: 5770: 5757: 5753: 5746: 5743: 5735: 5734: 5726: 5723: 5710: 5705: 5701: 5697: 5696: 5691: 5689: 5680: 5677: 5672: 5668: 5664: 5660: 5653: 5651: 5642: 5639: 5627: 5623: 5616: 5613: 5608: 5604: 5600: 5596: 5592: 5588: 5584: 5580: 5576: 5575:Pusa sibirica 5569: 5567: 5563: 5550: 5544: 5541: 5528: 5524: 5518: 5515: 5510: 5506: 5499: 5496: 5480: 5473: 5470: 5465: 5461: 5457: 5451: 5444: 5443: 5435: 5432: 5416: 5409: 5406: 5390: 5386: 5382: 5378: 5374: 5370: 5366: 5362: 5355: 5353: 5344: 5341: 5328: 5323: 5319: 5315: 5314: 5309: 5307: 5298: 5296: 5292: 5287: 5281: 5277: 5276: 5268: 5265: 5260: 5256: 5252: 5246: 5242: 5241: 5233: 5230: 5225: 5221: 5217: 5211: 5207: 5206: 5198: 5195: 5182: 5178: 5172: 5169: 5164: 5160: 5156: 5152: 5148: 5141: 5138: 5125: 5120: 5116: 5112: 5111: 5106: 5104: 5095: 5092: 5079: 5073: 5070: 5065: 5061: 5057: 5051: 5047: 5046: 5038: 5035: 5029: 5024: 5020: 5016: 5015: 5010: 5003: 5000: 4995: 4991: 4987: 4981: 4977: 4970: 4967: 4962: 4958: 4954: 4950: 4946: 4942: 4938: 4934: 4927: 4924: 4912: 4911: 4906: 4900: 4897: 4892: 4888: 4884: 4878: 4874: 4870: 4869: 4861: 4858: 4853: 4849: 4845: 4839: 4835: 4834: 4826: 4823: 4818: 4812: 4808: 4801: 4798: 4793: 4789: 4785: 4779: 4775: 4771: 4770: 4762: 4759: 4754: 4750: 4746: 4742: 4738: 4732: 4728: 4727: 4719: 4716: 4703: 4701: 4692: 4689: 4673: 4669: 4665: 4661: 4657: 4650: 4648: 4639: 4636: 4623: 4618: 4614: 4610: 4609: 4604: 4602: 4593: 4591: 4589: 4585: 4569: 4565: 4561: 4557: 4553: 4549: 4545: 4541: 4534: 4532: 4523: 4520: 4515: 4511: 4507: 4503: 4499: 4495: 4491: 4487: 4480: 4477: 4472: 4468: 4464: 4458: 4454: 4453: 4445: 4442: 4429: 4422: 4415: 4412: 4396: 4390: 4387: 4382: 4378: 4374: 4370: 4366: 4362: 4358: 4351: 4349: 4345: 4339: 4338:11250/2438080 4334: 4330: 4326: 4322: 4318: 4317:Mammal Review 4314: 4310: 4303: 4301: 4297: 4291: 4288: 4283: 4279: 4275: 4269: 4265: 4261: 4257: 4256: 4248: 4245: 4241: 4237: 4232: 4229: 4224: 4220: 4216: 4210: 4206: 4205: 4197: 4194: 4189: 4185: 4178: 4176: 4167: 4164: 4159: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4140: 4133: 4130: 4124: 4119: 4115: 4111: 4107: 4100: 4097: 4092: 4088: 4084: 4080: 4076: 4072: 4065: 4062: 4057: 4053: 4049: 4045: 4038: 4035: 4029: 4024: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4010: 4001: 3998: 3985: 3980: 3976: 3972: 3971: 3966: 3964: 3955: 3952: 3940: 3936: 3929: 3927: 3923: 3911: 3907: 3900: 3897: 3891: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3876: 3867: 3864: 3859: 3855: 3850: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3818: 3815: 3810: 3806: 3802: 3796: 3792: 3785: 3782: 3777: 3773: 3769: 3765: 3760: 3755: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3724: 3721: 3709: 3702: 3696: 3693: 3688: 3684: 3680: 3674: 3670: 3669: 3661: 3658: 3653: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3602: 3599: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3582: 3581:Mammal Review 3575: 3568: 3565: 3560: 3556: 3552: 3546: 3542: 3537: 3536: 3527: 3525: 3521: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3493: 3490: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3473: 3468: 3463: 3460:(6): 507–13. 3459: 3455: 3451: 3444: 3442: 3440: 3438: 3436: 3434: 3432: 3428: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3409: 3405: 3398: 3395: 3390: 3386: 3379: 3376: 3371: 3367: 3362: 3357: 3352: 3347: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3320: 3317: 3312: 3308: 3303: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3286: 3282: 3274: 3271: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3249: 3244: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3213: 3210: 3205: 3201: 3196: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3172: 3169: 3164: 3160: 3155: 3150: 3145: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3121: 3118: 3113: 3109: 3104: 3099: 3094: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3078:(1): e83623. 3077: 3073: 3072: 3067: 3060: 3057: 3052: 3048: 3043: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3021: 3016: 3009: 3006: 3001: 2997: 2992: 2987: 2982: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2950: 2947: 2942: 2938: 2933: 2928: 2923: 2918: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2891: 2888: 2883: 2879: 2874: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2852: 2847: 2840: 2837: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2815: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2783: 2781: 2777: 2772: 2768: 2763: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2739: 2736: 2731: 2724: 2721: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2697: 2695: 2691: 2686: 2680: 2676: 2669: 2666: 2663: 2659: 2653: 2650: 2645: 2641: 2636: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2596: 2593: 2587: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2555: 2552: 2548:(2): 149–162. 2547: 2543: 2536: 2529: 2526: 2522: 2521:0-231-11918-6 2518: 2511: 2508: 2502: 2499: 2493: 2490: 2483: 2480: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2432: 2425: 2422: 2415: 2411: 2410:Marine mammal 2408: 2406: 2403: 2402: 2398: 2392: 2387: 2382: 2380: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2365: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2343: 2337: 2335: 2329: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2287: 2285: 2283: 2280:was declared 2279: 2274: 2269: 2265: 2260: 2258: 2257:deforestation 2254: 2247: 2243: 2238: 2234: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2219: 2217: 2213: 2208: 2203: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2176: 2172: 2167: 2160: 2158: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2138: 2136: 2132: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2114: 2113:Sport hunting 2110: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2090: 2081: 2074: 2069: 2067: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2043: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2000: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1981: 1977: 1972: 1968: 1966: 1965:water milfoil 1962: 1958: 1957:striped maple 1954: 1950: 1945: 1941: 1939: 1935: 1930: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1875:quaking aspen 1868: 1866: 1864: 1855: 1851: 1846: 1838: 1833: 1831: 1829: 1825: 1820: 1818: 1817:ganglion cell 1814: 1809: 1805: 1803: 1799: 1793: 1790: 1781: 1776: 1772: 1770: 1769:earless seals 1766: 1761: 1759: 1755: 1750: 1747: 1743: 1740: 1731: 1729: 1727: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1689: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1663: 1662:marine mammal 1659: 1654: 1650: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1626: 1625:Marine mammal 1618: 1616: 1614: 1610: 1609:South America 1606: 1602: 1598: 1597: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1582: 1577: 1576: 1571: 1566: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1508: 1502: 1498: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1479:morphological 1476: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1455: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1437: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1410: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1396: 1387: 1385: 1383: 1379: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1365: 1363: 1362: 1357: 1356: 1351: 1347: 1346: 1341: 1340: 1335: 1334: 1328: 1326: 1325:Astroconodon' 1322: 1318: 1313: 1312: 1307: 1302: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1283: 1279: 1278:tritylodontid 1274: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1263: 1255: 1251: 1250: 1244: 1240: 1238: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1210:invertebrates 1207: 1204:, feeding on 1203: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1186: 1182: 1179: 1171: 1168: 1164: 1156: 1147: 1143: 1140: 1137: 1133: 1130: 1127: 1123: 1120: 1119: 1117: 1113: 1112: 1110: 1108: 1103: 1096: 1092: 1089: 1088: 1086: 1082: 1077: 1073: 1070: 1067: 1063: 1060: 1057: 1053: 1050: 1047: 1043: 1040: 1037: 1033: 1030: 1027: 1023: 1020: 1017: 1013: 1010: 1007: 1003: 1000: 997: 993: 990: 987: 983: 980: 977: 973: 970: 967: 963: 960: 957: 953: 950: 949: 947: 943: 942: 941: 940: 935: 930: 926: 923: 922: 921: 920: 915: 910: 907: 906: 905:: monotremes 904: 903: 900: 896: 889: 885: 882: 879: 875: 872: 871: 870: 867: 864: 859: 855: 852: 849: 845: 842: 841: 839: 836: 833: 828: 824: 821: 818: 814: 811: 808: 804: 801: 800: 799: 795: 794: 792: 789: 780: 776: 773: 770: 766: 763: 760: 759:Pusa sibirica 756: 753: 752: 751: 750: 745: 744: 743: 742: 737: 730: 729:Neogale vison 726: 725:American mink 723: 720: 716: 715:European mink 713: 712: 711: 710: 705: 700: 699:Aonyx cinerea 696: 693: 690: 686: 683: 680: 676: 673: 670: 666: 663: 660: 656: 653: 650: 646: 643: 640: 636: 633: 630: 626: 623: 620: 616: 613: 610: 606: 603: 602: 601: 600: 595: 594: 593: 592: 587: 586: 585: 584: 579: 571: 567: 564: 561: 557: 554: 553: 551: 547: 542: 538: 535: 534: 532: 527: 523: 520: 519: 517: 512: 508: 505: 502: 498: 494: 491: 490: 488: 483: 480:, or bhulan ( 479: 476: 473: 469: 466: 465: 463: 462: 461: 460: 455: 454: 452: 451: 446: 439: 435: 432: 429: 425: 422: 421: 419: 415: 414: 412: 411: 408: 404: 403: 400: 398: 397:Marine mammal 395:mammals, see 394: 390: 385: 384: 380: 373: 369: 365: 361: 354: 344: 340: 336: 329: 319: 315: 311: 304: 293: 289: 283: 273: 269: 265: 258: 247: 243: 239: 235: 229: 219: 215: 211: 205: 194: 190: 183: 172: 168: 161: 144: 142: 140: 136: 135:Yangtze river 132: 128: 124: 123:sport hunting 120: 116: 110: 106: 104: 100: 96: 92: 88: 84: 80: 76: 72: 68: 65:who dwell in 64: 63: 58: 54: 50: 46: 40: 37:of the order 36: 32: 28: 23: 19: 7121: 7004:Conservation 6855:Pelagic fish 6835:Coastal fish 6739:Marine fungi 6477:Water garden 6360:Water column 6305:Productivity 6280:Pelagic zone 6240:Macrobenthos 6230:Hydrobiology 6200:Ecohydrology 6122: 6016:. 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