367:, it was long suspected that some additional mechanism for water transport across membranes must exist. Solomon and his co-workers performed pioneering work on water permeability across the cell membrane in the late 1950s. In the mid-1960s an alternative hypothesis (the "partition–diffusion model") sought to establish that the water molecules partitioned between the water phase and the lipid phase and then diffused through the membrane, crossing it until the next interphase where they left the lipid and returned to an aqueous phase. Studies by Parisi, Edelman, Carvounis et al. accented not only the importance of the presence of water channels but also the possibility to regulate their permeability properties. In 1990, Verkman's experiments demonstrated functional expression of water channels, indicating that water channels are effectively proteins.
509:. They are embedded in the cell membrane. The amino and carboxyl ends face the inside of the cell. The amino and carboxyl halves resemble each other, apparently repeating a pattern of nucleotides. This may have been created by the doubling of a formerly half-sized gene. Between the helices are five regions (A – E) that loop into or out of the cell membrane, two of them hydrophobic (B, E), with an asparagine–proline–alanine ("NPA motif") pattern. They create a distinctive hourglass shape, making the water channel narrow in the middle and wider at each end.
766:, which is known to inhibit aquaporins, the flow of water is greatly reduced while the flow of ions is not, supporting the view that there exists a mechanism for water transport independent of the transport of ions: aquaporins. Aquaporins can play a major role in extension growth by allowing an influx of water into expanding cells - a process necessary to sustain plant development. Plant aquaporins are important for mineral nutrition and ion detoxification; these are both essential for the homeostasis of minerals such as boron.
562:
groups from helices B (HB) and E (HE) and two groups from loop E (LE1, LE2), from the two sides of the NPA motif. Its usual position is 8 Å on the outer side of the NPA motif; it is typically the tightest part of the channel. Its narrowness weakens the hydrogen bonds between water molecules, enabling the arginines, which carry a positive charge, to interact with the water molecules and to filter out undesirable protons.
903:. A small number of people have been identified with severe or total deficiency in aquaporin-1. They are, in general, healthy, but exhibit a defect in the ability to concentrate solutes in the urine and to conserve water when deprived of drinking water. Mice with targeted deletions in aquaporin-1 also exhibit a deficiency in water conservation due to an inability to concentrate solutes in the kidney medulla by
420:
42:
546:
305:("NPA motif") which form a barrel surrounding a central pore-like region that contains additional protein density. Because aquaporins are usually always open and are prevalent in just about every cell type, this leads to a misconception that water readily passes through the cell membrane down its concentration gradient. Water can pass through the cell membrane through
495:
803:
of plant aquaporins occurs, it stops the flow of water through the pore of the protein. This may happen for various reasons, for example when the plant contains low amounts of cellular water due to drought. The gating of an aquaporin is carried out by an interaction between a gating mechanism and the
791:
e.g. PIP1;1, PIP1;2. As isoforms nomenclature are historically based on functional parameters rather than evolutive ones, several novel propositions on plant aquaporines have been arisen with the study of the evolutionary relationships between the different aquaporins. Within the various selection of
427:
Aquaporins are "the plumbing system for cells". Water moves through cells in an organized way, most rapidly in tissues that have aquaporin water channels. For many years, scientists assumed that water leaked through the cell membrane, and some water does. However, this did not explain how water could
399:
and had isolated the Rh molecule, but a second molecule, 28 kilodaltons in size (and therefore called 28K) kept appearing. At first they thought it was a Rh molecule fragment, or a contaminant, but it turned out to be a new kind of molecule with unknown function. It was present in structures such as
536:
Aquaporin channels appear in simulations to allow only water to pass, as the molecules effectively queue up in single file. Guided by the aquaporin's local electric field, the oxygen in each water molecule faces forwards as it enters, turning around half way along and leaving with the oxygen facing
561:
that help bind to water molecules and exclude other molecules that may try to enter the pore. It is the mechanism by which the aquaporin is able to selectively bind water molecules and so to allow them through, and to prevent other molecules from entering. The ar/R filter is made of two amino acid
527:
X-ray profiles show that aquaporins have two conical entrances. This hourglass shape could be the result of a natural selection process toward optimal permeability. It has been shown that conical entrances with suitable opening angle can indeed provide a large increase of the hydrodynamic channel
761:
In plants, water is taken up from the soil through the roots, where it passes from the cortex into the vascular tissues. There are three routes for water to flow in these tissues, known as the apoplastic, symplastic and transcellular pathways. Specifically, aquaporins are found in the vacuolar
483:
804:
aquaporin, which causes a 3D change in the protein so that it blocks the pore and, thus, disallows the flow of water through the pore. In plants, there are at least two forms of aquaporin gating: gating by the dephosphorylation of certain serine residues, in response to drought, and the
387:
simulations identified the pathway of water as it moved through the channel and demonstrated how a pore can allow water to pass without the passage of small solutes. The pioneering research and subsequent discovery of water channels by Agre and his colleagues won Agre the
915:
to increase water uptake and return to circulation. Mutation of the aquaporin 2 vasopressin receptor is a cause of acquired diabetes insipidus. In rats, acquired nephrogenic diabetes insipidus can be caused by impaired regulation of aquaporin-2 due to administration of
786:
These five subfamilies have later been divided into smaller evolutionary subgroups based on their DNA sequence. PIPs cluster into two subgroups, PIP1 and PIP2, whilst TIPs cluster into 5 subgroups, TIP1, TIP2, TIP3, TIP4 and TIP5. Each subgroup is again split up into
473:
Water molecules traverse through the pore of the channel in single file. The presence of water channels increases membrane permeability to water. These are also essential for the water transport system in plants and tolerance to drought and salt stresses.
1249:
911:, disorders that cause increased urine production. Aquaporin 2 is regulated by vasopressin which, when bound to the cell-surface receptor, activates the cAMP signaling pathway. This results in aquaporin-2 containing
575:
There are thirteen known types of aquaporins in mammals; six of these are located in the kidney, but the existence of many more is suspected. The most studied aquaporins are compared in the following table:
512:
Another and even narrower place in the AQP1 channel is the "ar/R selectivity filter", a cluster of amino acids enabling the aquaporin to selectively let through or block the passage of different molecules.
2763:
Porcel, Rosa; Bustamante, Antonio; Ros, Roc; Serrano, Ramón; Mulet Salort, José M. (2018). "BvCOLD1: A novel aquaporin from sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) involved in boron homeostasis and abiotic stress".
1891:
Mitsuoka K, Murata K, Walz T, Hirai T, Agre P, Heymann JB, Engel A, Fujiyoshi Y (1999). "The structure of aquaporin-1 at 4.5-A resolution reveals short alpha-helices in the center of the monomer".
1280:
411:
and others in 1986, prior to Agre's first publication on the topic. This led to a controversy that Benga's work had not been adequately recognized either by Agre or by the Nobel Prize
Committee.
2456:
Tajkhorshid E, Nollert P, Jensen MØ, Miercke LJ, O'Connell J, Stroud RM, Schulten K (2002). "Control of the selectivity of the aquaporin water channel family by global orientational tuning".
383:. In 1999, together with other research teams, Agre reported the first high-resolution images of the three-dimensional structure of an aquaporin, namely, aquaporin-1. Further studies using
762:
membrane, in addition to the plasma membrane of plants; the transcellular pathway involves transport of water across the plasma and vacuolar membranes. When plant roots are exposed to
4530:
5440:
5175:
4427:
4360:
1979:
Benga G, Popescu O, Pop VI, Holmes RP (1986). "p-(Chloromercuri)benzenesulfonate binding by membrane proteins and the inhibition of water transport in human erythrocytes".
537:
backwards. The arrangement of opposite-facing electrostatic potentials in the two halves of the channel prevents the flow of protons but permits water to pass freely.
359:
The mechanism of facilitated water transport and the probable existence of water pores has attracted researchers since 1957. In most cells, water moves in and out by
198:
154:
142:
458:, and urea. For example, the aquaporin 3 channel has a pore width of 8–10 Ångströms and allows the passage of hydrophilic molecules ranging between 150 and 200
3021:"The Complete Set of Genes Encoding Major Intrinsic Proteins in Arabidopsis Provides a Framework for a New Nomenclature for Major Intrinsic Proteins in Plants"
2288:
Sui, Haixin; Han, Bong-Gyoon; Lee, John K.; Walian, Peter; Jap, Bing K. (2001). "Structural basis of water-specific transport through the AQP1 water channel".
3335:
Radin, M. Judith; Yu, Ming-Jiun; Stoedkilde, Lene; Miller, R Lance; Hoffert, Jason D.; Frokiaer, Jorgen; Pisitkun, Trairak; Knepper, Mark A. (2017-03-06).
1845:
Agre P, Preston GM, Smith BL, Jung JS, Raina S, Moon C, Guggino WB, Nielsen S (1 October 1993). "Aquaporin CHIP: the archetypal molecular water channel".
944:. If aquaporin could be manipulated, that could potentially solve medical problems such as fluid retention in heart disease and brain edema after stroke.
812:
residues, in response to flooding. The phosphorylation of an aquaporin is involved in the opening and closing of petals in response to temperature.
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5344:
5339:
317:
this process of simple diffusion is relatively slow, and in tissues with high water permeability the majority of water passes through aquaporin.
5376:
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3746:
3019:
Johanson, Urban; Karlsson, Maria; Johansson, Ingela; Gustavsson, Sofia; Sjövall, Sara; Fraysse, Laure; Weig, Alfons R.; Kjellbom, Per (2001).
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110:
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acting as a water channel. Different aquaporins have different sized water channels, the smallest types allowing nothing but water through.
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5428:
4609:
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4347:
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5112:
1663:
Edelman, Isidore S. (25 May 1965). "Hydrogen-ion dependence of the antidiuretic action of vasopressin, oxytocin and deaminooxytocin".
3690:
1105:
2395:
de Groot BL, Grubmüller H (2001). "Water permeation across biological membranes: mechanism and dynamics of aquaporin-1 and GlpF".
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There have been two clear examples of diseases identified as resulting from mutations in aquaporins: mutations in the aquaporin-2
313:, in cases where the concentration of water outside of the cell is greater than that of the inside. However, because water is a
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741:
710:
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661:
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Nielsen S, Frøkiaer J, Marples D, Kwon TH, Agre P, Knepper MA (2002). "Aquaporins in the kidney: from molecules to medicine".
5727:
908:
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The 3D structure of aquaporin Z highlighting the 'hourglass'-shaped water channel that cuts through the center of the protein
218:
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3847:
904:
620:
3206:"Characterization of four plasma membrane aquaporins in tulip petals: a putative homolog is regulated by phosphorylation"
1620:
Parisi M, Bourguet J (1984-01-01). "Effects of cellular acidification on ADH-induced intramembrane particle aggregates".
5302:
4214:
1934:
de Groot BL, Grubmüller H (2005). "The dynamics and energetics of water permeation and proton exclusion in aquaporins".
1798:"Evidence from oocyte expression that the erythrocyte water channel is distinct from band 3 and the glucose transporter"
2014:
Kuchel PW (2006). "The story of the discovery of aquaporins: convergent evolution of ideas--but who got there first?".
5577:
3068:
Sade, N; Shatil-Cohen, A; Attia, Z; Maurel, C; Boursiac, Y; Kelly, G; Granot, D; Yaaran, A; Lerner, S (2014-11-01).
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contain aquaporins through which water can flow more rapidly into and out of the cell than by diffusing through the
3755:
3739:
2939:"The structure, function and regulation of the nodulin 26-like intrinsic protein family of plant aquaglyceroporins"
800:
610:
293:
domains with both carboxylic and amino terminals on the cytoplasmic side. Two hydrophobic loops contain conserved
5931:
4141:
467:
3070:"The Role of Plasma Membrane Aquaporins in Regulating the Bundle Sheath-Mesophyll Continuum and Leaf Hydraulics"
5921:
4182:
4058:
3672:
3425:
Schnermann, Jurgen; Chou, Chung-Lin; Ma, Tonghui; Traynor, Timothy; Knepper, Mark A; Verkman, AS (1998-08-04).
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615:
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246:
206:
3570:"Hypokalemia-induced downregulation of aquaporin-2 water channel expression in rat kidney medulla and cortex"
375:
It was not until 1992 that the first aquaporin, 'aquaporin-1' (originally known as CHIP 28), was reported by
5926:
3298:"Bilateral congenital cataracts result from a gain-of-function mutation in the gene for aquaporin-0 in mice"
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5957:
3949:
3936:
3923:
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2863:"Water channels in the plant plasma membrane cloned by immunoselection from a mammalian expression system"
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832:. LIPs contain an NPM-motif in place of the second conserved NPA-motif typical of the majority of MIPs.
503:
393:
446:. Also known as water channels, aquaporins are integral membrane pore proteins. Some of them, known as
202:
3165:"Phosphorylation of plasma membrane aquaporin regulates temperature-dependent opening of tulip petals"
792:
aquaporin isoforms in plants, there are also unique patterns of cell- and tissue-specific expression.
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through the lipid component of cell membranes. Due to the relatively high water permeability of some
348:
286:
123:
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Schematic depiction of water movement through the narrow selectivity filter of the aquaporin channel
392:
in
Chemistry in 2003. Agre said he discovered aquaporins "by serendipity." He had been studying the
3724:
3384:
King, Landon S; Choi, Michael; Fernandez, Pedro C; Cartron, Jean-Pierre; Agre, Peter (2001-07-19).
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3619:"Lithium-induced downregulation of aquaporin-2 water channel expression in rat kidney medulla"
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333:
193:
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kidney tubules and red blood cells, and related to proteins of diverse origins, such as in
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3117:
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2979:
2820:, Bertl A, Otto B, Moshelion M, Uehlein N (2007). "Characterization of Plant Aquaporins".
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1956:
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490:) depicting the six transmembrane alpha-helices and the five interhelical loop regions A-E
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2243:"The structural basis of water permeation and proton exclusion in aquaporins (Review)"
2072:
A Conversation With Peter Agre: Using a
Leadership Role to Put a Human Face on Science
1822:
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1198:"IgG marker of optic-spinal multiple sclerosis binds to the aquaporin-4 water channel"
407:
However the first report of protein-mediated water transport through membranes was by
5971:
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3426:
3386:"Defective Urinary Concentrating Ability Due to a Complete Deficiency of Aquaporin-1"
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3133:
2915:
1858:
1749:"Expression of mRNA coding for kidney and red cell water channels in Xenopus oocytes"
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929:
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769:
Aquaporins in plants are separated into four main homologous subfamilies, or groups:
459:
384:
254:
147:
115:
3617:
Marples, D; Christensen, S; Christensen, EI; Ottosen, P D; Nielsen, S (1995-04-01).
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1332:
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3427:"Defective proximal tubular fluid reabsorption in transgenic aquaporin-1 null mice"
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1920:
1874:
1545:
181:
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Okamura T, Miyoshi I, Takahashi K, Mototani Y, Ishigaki S, Kon Y, Kasai N (2003).
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Verkman, AS (January 2000). "Structure and function of aquaporin water channels".
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450:, also transport other small uncharged dissolved molecules including ammonia, CO
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Proceedings of the
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3263:
2509:"Structural basis of water-specific transport through the AQP1 water channel"
1774:
1725:
1641:
820:
Specific aquaporins called Large
Intrinsic Proteins (LIP) have been found in
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2477:
2416:
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2208:
2157:
1432:"The rate of exchange of tritiated water across the human red cell membrane"
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2328:"Optimizing water permeability through the hourglass shape of aquaporins"
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have been associated with several human diseases including nephrogenic
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1700:"pH-Dependence of water and solute transport in toad urinary bladder"
731:
690:
641:
600:
213:
2524:
2301:
2242:
1383:"From membrane pores to aquaporins: 50 years measuring water fluxes"
1299:"Aquaporin water channels: molecular mechanisms for human diseases"
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4447:
4437:
4432:
4412:
4397:
4392:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4276:
4256:
4241:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4095:
4090:
3813:
3808:
3803:
2675:"The role of aquaporins in cellular and whole plant water balance"
2344:
795:
When plant aquaporins are silenced, the hydraulic conductance and
432:
418:
274:
262:
5869:
5864:
5859:
5849:
5844:
5839:
5829:
5824:
5819:
5814:
5809:
5804:
5799:
5784:
5779:
5774:
5769:
5764:
5759:
5698:
5693:
5688:
5683:
5678:
5584:
5572:
5567:
5562:
5493:
5446:
5410:
5405:
5400:
5395:
5122:
4940:
4498:
3835:
3825:
3682:
2046:
1530:"An examination of the evidence for membrane pores in frog skin"
1196:
Lennon VA, Kryzer TJ, Pittock SJ, Verkman AS, Hinson SR (2005).
885:
487:
340:
175:
130:
74:
5899:
5084:
4330:
4118:
3775:
3728:
482:
5423:
5321:
4442:
4402:
2861:
Kammerloher W, Fischer U, Piechottka GP, Schäffner AR (1994).
439:
1796:
Zhang, R; Alper, S L; Thorens, B; Verkman, A S (1991-11-01).
3484:
Khanna A (2006). "Acquired nephrogenic diabetes insipidus".
3245:
Khabudaev KV, Petrova DP, Grachev MA, Likhoshway YV (2014).
3204:
Azad AK, Katsuhara M, Sawa Y, Ishikawa T, Shibata H (2008).
1094:
Lodish, Harvey; Berk, Arnold; Zipursky, S. Lawrence (2000).
896:
for inactivating mutations in the aquaporin-0 gene develop
462:. However, the water pores completely block ions including
2824:. Methods in Enzymology. Vol. 428. pp. 505–31.
520:(tetramers) in the cell membrane, with each of the four
438:
in and out of the cell, while preventing the passage of
404:
brain, bacteria, the lens of the eye, and plant tissue.
2980:"A new subfamily of major intrinsic proteins in plants"
2093:
Gonen T, Walz T (2006). "The structure of aquaporins".
2595:
Medical
Physiology: A Cellular And Molecular Approaoch
486:
Schematic diagram of the 2D structure of aquaporin 1 (
3247:"A new subfamily LIP of the major intrinsic proteins"
1381:
Parisi M, Dorr RA, Ozu M, Toriano R (December 2007).
5912:
5736:
5625:
5421:
5319:
5295:
5097:
4703:
4608:
4473:
4346:
4213:
4172:
4134:
3846:
3791:
2591:Unless else specified in table boxes, then ref is:
502:Aquaporin proteins are composed of a bundle of six
212:
192:
174:
169:
153:
141:
129:
109:
97:
85:
73:
65:
60:
34:
2679:Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes
1167:
1165:
1130:"Peter Agre, 2003 Nobel Prize winner in chemistry"
920:salts, low potassium concentrations in the blood (
907:. Aquaporins play a key role in acquired forms of
3711:"Structure, Dynamics, and Function of Aquaporins"
3709:Theoretical and Computational Biophysics Group.
2507:Sui H, Han BG, Lee JK, Walian P, Jap BK (2001).
1747:Zhang, RB; Logee, KA; Verkman, AS (1990-09-15).
3163:Azad AK, Sawa Y, Ishikawa T, Shibata H (2004).
2321:
2319:
2134:
2132:
2088:
2086:
2084:
1886:
1884:
1698:Carvounis CP, Levine SD, Hays RM (1979-05-01).
1622:American Journal of Physiology. Cell Physiology
332:for his work on the structure and mechanism of
269:. The cell membranes of a variety of different
3337:"Aquaporin-2 Regulation in Health and Disease"
2067:
2065:
2063:
1243:
1241:
1191:
1189:
3740:
2625:Journal of the American Society of Nephrology
840:Aquaporins have been discovered in the fungi
719:Water reabsorption and glycerol permeability
557:or "ar/R" selectivity filter is a cluster of
8:
3713:. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
3120:, Fischer M (2006). "Aquaporins in plants".
309:because it is a small molecule, and through
3689:Computational Biomolecular Dynamics Group.
2587:
2585:
46:Crystallographic structure of aquaporin 1 (
5909:
5896:
5094:
5081:
4343:
4327:
4131:
4115:
3788:
3772:
3747:
3733:
3725:
1430:Paganelli CV, Solomon AK (November 1957).
1013:. Washington, DC: ASM PRESS. p. 544.
166:
3671:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
3642:
3593:
3544:
3460:
3450:
3401:
3360:
3272:
3262:
3221:
3180:
3093:
3044:
2995:
2954:
2878:
2785:
2739:
2690:
2644:
2424:
2371:
2361:
2343:
2217:
2207:
2166:
2156:
2139:Kruse E, Uehlein N, Kaldenhoff R (2006).
1955:
1821:
1764:
1715:
1553:
1504:
1455:
1406:
1314:
1221:
1145:
1100:(4th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman.
985:
2937:Wallace IS, Choi WG, Roberts DM (2006).
2621:"Aquaporin 2: Not Just for Moving Water"
578:
544:
493:
481:
289:. Aquaporins have six membrane-spanning
2714:Chaumont, F; Tyerman, SD (2014-04-01).
1528:Dainty, J.; House, C. R. (1966-07-01).
1479:Goldstein DA; Solomon AK (1960-09-01).
952:
779:Nodulin-26 like Intrinsic Protein (NIP)
773:Plasma membrane Intrinsic Protein (PIP)
466:, essential to conserve the membrane's
27:Water channel protein in cell membranes
3693:. Max Planck Institute. Archived from
31:
2997:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a004101
2904:Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol
2668:
2666:
2664:
7:
1687:– via Elsevier Science Direct.
1075:(2 ed.). MA: Sinauer Associates
428:move so quickly through some cells.
339:Genetic defects involving aquaporin
328:for the discovery of aquaporins and
5113:Calcium-activated chloride channels
1753:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
1173:"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2003"
782:Small basic Intrinsic Protein (SIP)
261:, mainly facilitating transport of
4183:Amiloride-sensitive cation channel
2880:10.1046/j.1365-313X.1994.6020187.x
2078:, New York Times, January 26, 2009
1147:10.1097/01.ASN.0000118814.47663.7D
675:Water reabsorption in response to
423:Illustration of aquaporin molecule
25:
3623:Journal of Clinical Investigation
3574:Journal of Clinical Investigation
3525:Journal of Clinical Investigation
2978:Johanson U, Gustavsson S (2002).
2016:Cell. Mol. Biol. (Noisy-le-grand)
1802:Journal of Clinical Investigation
1485:The Journal of General Physiology
776:Tonoplast Intrinsic Protein (TIP)
3498:10.1016/j.semnephrol.2006.03.004
3353:10.1111/j.1939-165x.2012.00488.x
3134:10.1111/j.1748-1716.2006.01563.x
2916:10.1146/annurev.arplant.52.1.469
1859:10.1152/ajprenal.1993.265.4.F463
1250:"Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus"
40:
5706:Voltage-dependent anion channel
3799:Inositol trisphosphate receptor
3691:"Aquaporin movies and pictures"
3390:New England Journal of Medicine
1634:10.1152/ajpcell.1984.246.1.c157
1048:10.1152/ajprenal.2000.278.1.F13
742:inner medullary collecting duct
711:outer medullary collecting duct
667:inner medullary collecting duct
662:outer medullary collecting duct
431:Aquaporins selectively conduct
5728:General bacterial porin family
2426:11858/00-001M-0000-0014-61AF-6
1957:11858/00-001M-0000-0012-E99D-E
1579:Journal of Theoretical Biology
1546:10.1113/jphysiol.1966.sp007979
1128:Knepper MA, Nielsen S (2004).
1011:The Cell: A Molecular Approach
962:"The aquaporin water channels"
909:nephrogenic diabetes insipidus
1:
3341:Veterinary Clinical Pathology
3314:10.1016/S0888-7543(03)00029-6
2830:10.1016/S0076-6879(07)28028-0
2822:Osmosensing and Osmosignaling
2766:Plant, Cell & Environment
2692:10.1016/S0005-2736(00)00147-4
1766:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)55405-3
1360:10.1358/dnp.2007.20.7.1138161
1316:10.1016/S0014-5793(03)01083-4
928:concentrations in the blood (
905:countercurrent multiplication
888:cause hereditary nephrogenic
621:thin descending loop of Henle
170:Available protein structures:
2956:10.1016/j.bbamem.2006.03.024
1677:10.1016/0926-6585(65)90212-8
1599:10.1016/0022-5193(66)90099-3
5983:Biology of bipolar disorder
3403:10.1056/NEJM200107193450304
799:of the leaf decrease. When
5999:
5978:Integral membrane proteins
5147:Chloride Channel Accessory
3756:Membrane transport protein
2568:10.1152/physrev.00024.2001
2247:Molecular Membrane Biology
2190:Xu Y, et al. (2014).
1269:10.1053/j.ackd.2006.01.006
1036:Am J Physiol Renal Physiol
611:proximal convoluted tubule
5953:
5908:
5895:
5093:
5080:
4342:
4326:
4142:Epithelial sodium channel
4130:
4114:
3787:
3771:
2259:10.1080/09687680701446965
2192:"A banana aquaporin gene"
2107:10.1017/S0033583506004458
1948:10.1016/j.sbi.2005.02.003
1534:The Journal of Physiology
1399:10.1007/s10867-008-9064-5
1297:Agre P, Kozono D (2003).
1069:Cooper, Geoffrey (2000).
978:10.1513/pats.200510-109JH
468:electrochemical potential
165:
39:
4059:Cation channels of sperm
3673:Medical Subject Headings
3264:10.1186/1471-2164-15-173
2593:Walter F. Boron (2005).
1936:Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol
843:Saccharomyces cerevisiae
706:cortical collecting duct
657:cortical collecting duct
616:proximal straight tubule
381:Johns Hopkins University
322:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
247:major intrinsic proteins
3452:10.1073/pnas.95.16.9660
2478:10.1126/science.1067778
2417:10.1126/science.1062459
2363:10.1073/pnas.1306447110
2209:10.1186/1471-2229-14-59
2158:10.1186/gb-2006-7-2-206
541:ar/R selectivity filter
324:was awarded jointly to
2943:Biochim. Biophys. Acta
2637:10.1681/ASN.2012060613
1905:10.1006/jsbi.1999.4177
1257:Adv Chronic Kidney Dis
1097:Molecular Cell Biology
892:in humans, while mice
566:Taxonomic distribution
550:
499:
491:
424:
4135:Constitutively active
3210:Plant Cell Physiology
3086:10.1104/pp.114.248633
3037:10.1104/pp.126.4.1358
2732:10.1104/pp.113.233791
2597:. Elsevier/Saunders.
880:Clinical significance
548:
497:
485:
422:
2049:on December 25, 2007
1704:Kidney International
1448:10.1085/jgp.41.2.259
1214:10.1084/jem.20050304
349:neuromyelitis optica
287:phospholipid bilayer
5902:By gating mechanism
3443:1998PNAS...95.9660S
2470:2002Sci...296..525T
2409:2001Sci...294.2353D
2403:(5550): 2353–2357.
2354:2013PNAS..11016367G
2338:(41): 16367–16372.
2241:Fu D, Lu M (2007).
1993:10.1021/bi00355a011
1853:(4 Pt 2): F463–76.
1759:(26): 15375–15378.
1591:1966JThBi..11..370H
1134:J. Am. Soc. Nephrol
864:and the protozoans
750:Water reabsorption
629:Water reabsorption
5429:TRP cation channel
5327:CNG cation channel
4610:Tandem pore domain
3821:Ryanodine receptor
3223:10.1093/pcp/pcn095
3182:10.1093/pcp/pch069
3169:Plant Cell Physiol
3122:Acta Physiol (Oxf)
1717:10.1038/ki.1979.66
1497:10.1085/jgp.44.1.1
1348:Drug News Perspect
1248:Bichet DG (2006).
1175:. Nobel Foundation
966:Proc Am Thorac Soc
940:in humans produce
936:reactions against
890:diabetes insipidus
836:In other organisms
551:
518:four-part clusters
500:
492:
425:
345:diabetes insipidus
334:potassium channels
330:Roderick MacKinnon
5965:
5964:
5949:
5948:
5945:
5944:
5937:Stretch-activated
5914:Ion channel class
5891:
5890:
5887:
5886:
5076:
5075:
5072:
5071:
4348:Calcium-activated
4336:Potassium channel
4322:
4321:
4318:
4317:
4110:
4109:
4106:
4105:
3697:on April 25, 2006
3685:file at nobel.se)
3635:10.1172/JCI117863
3586:10.1172/JCI118628
3537:10.1172/JCI111901
3437:(16): 9660–9664.
2839:978-0-12-373921-6
2778:10.1111/pce.13416
2772:(12): 2844–2857.
2619:Sands JM (2012).
2604:978-1-4160-2328-9
2519:(6866): 872–878.
2296:(6866): 872–878.
2196:BMC Plant Biology
1814:10.1172/JCI115466
1020:978-0-87893-300-6
1009:Cooper G (2009).
764:mercuric chloride
754:
753:
701:connecting tubule
652:connecting tubule
448:aquaglyceroporins
228:
227:
224:
223:
219:structure summary
16:(Redirected from
5990:
5910:
5897:
5105:Chloride channel
5095:
5082:
4475:Inward-rectifier
4344:
4328:
4132:
4116:
4086:Two-pore channel
3789:
3773:
3749:
3742:
3735:
3726:
3721:
3719:
3718:
3705:
3703:
3702:
3657:
3656:
3646:
3629:(4): 1838–1845.
3614:
3608:
3607:
3597:
3580:(8): 1960–1968.
3565:
3559:
3558:
3548:
3531:(6): 1869–1879.
3516:
3510:
3509:
3481:
3475:
3474:
3464:
3454:
3422:
3416:
3415:
3405:
3381:
3375:
3374:
3364:
3332:
3326:
3325:
3293:
3287:
3286:
3276:
3266:
3242:
3236:
3235:
3225:
3201:
3195:
3194:
3184:
3160:
3154:
3153:
3114:
3108:
3107:
3097:
3080:(3): 1609–1620.
3074:Plant Physiology
3065:
3059:
3058:
3048:
3031:(4): 1358–1369.
3025:Plant Physiology
3016:
3010:
3009:
2999:
2975:
2969:
2968:
2958:
2934:
2928:
2927:
2899:
2893:
2892:
2882:
2858:
2852:
2851:
2814:
2808:
2807:
2789:
2760:
2754:
2753:
2743:
2726:(4): 1600–1618.
2720:Plant Physiology
2711:
2705:
2704:
2694:
2685:(1–2): 324–342.
2670:
2659:
2658:
2648:
2631:(9): 1443–1444.
2616:
2610:
2608:
2589:
2580:
2579:
2551:
2545:
2544:
2504:
2498:
2497:
2464:(5567): 525–30.
2453:
2447:
2446:
2428:
2392:
2386:
2385:
2375:
2365:
2347:
2323:
2314:
2313:
2285:
2279:
2278:
2238:
2232:
2231:
2221:
2211:
2187:
2181:
2180:
2170:
2160:
2141:"The aquaporins"
2136:
2127:
2126:
2090:
2079:
2069:
2058:
2057:
2055:
2054:
2043:"Gheorghe Benga"
2038:
2032:
2031:
2011:
2005:
2004:
1976:
1970:
1969:
1959:
1931:
1925:
1924:
1888:
1879:
1878:
1842:
1836:
1835:
1825:
1808:(5): 1553–1558.
1793:
1787:
1786:
1768:
1744:
1738:
1737:
1719:
1695:
1689:
1688:
1660:
1654:
1653:
1628:(1): C157–C159.
1617:
1611:
1610:
1574:
1568:
1567:
1557:
1525:
1519:
1518:
1508:
1476:
1470:
1469:
1459:
1427:
1421:
1420:
1410:
1378:
1372:
1371:
1343:
1337:
1336:
1318:
1294:
1288:
1287:
1285:
1279:. Archived from
1254:
1245:
1236:
1235:
1225:
1193:
1184:
1183:
1181:
1180:
1169:
1160:
1159:
1149:
1125:
1119:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1091:
1085:
1084:
1082:
1080:
1066:
1060:
1059:
1031:
1025:
1024:
1006:
1000:
999:
989:
957:
579:
516:Aquaporins form
365:epithelial cells
307:simple diffusion
259:biological cells
239:channel proteins
167:
55:
44:
32:
21:
5998:
5997:
5993:
5992:
5991:
5989:
5988:
5987:
5968:
5967:
5966:
5961:
5941:
5904:
5883:
5732:
5631:
5621:
5417:
5315:
5291:
5089:
5068:
4982:
4859:
4716:
4699:
4604:
4568:
4538:
4494:
4486:
4469:
4423:
4338:
4314:
4287:
4226:
4209:
4168:
4126:
4102:
3985:
3957:
3944:
3931:
3911:
3898:
3863:
3842:
3783:
3781:Calcium channel
3767:
3753:
3716:
3714:
3708:
3700:
3698:
3688:
3665:
3660:
3616:
3615:
3611:
3567:
3566:
3562:
3518:
3517:
3513:
3483:
3482:
3478:
3424:
3423:
3419:
3383:
3382:
3378:
3334:
3333:
3329:
3295:
3294:
3290:
3244:
3243:
3239:
3216:(8): 1196–208.
3203:
3202:
3198:
3162:
3161:
3157:
3128:(1–2): 169–76.
3116:
3115:
3111:
3067:
3066:
3062:
3018:
3017:
3013:
2984:Mol. Biol. Evol
2977:
2976:
2972:
2936:
2935:
2931:
2901:
2900:
2896:
2860:
2859:
2855:
2840:
2816:
2815:
2811:
2762:
2761:
2757:
2713:
2712:
2708:
2672:
2671:
2662:
2618:
2617:
2613:
2605:
2592:
2590:
2583:
2553:
2552:
2548:
2525:10.1038/414872a
2506:
2505:
2501:
2455:
2454:
2450:
2394:
2393:
2389:
2325:
2324:
2317:
2302:10.1038/414872a
2287:
2286:
2282:
2253:(5–6): 366–74.
2240:
2239:
2235:
2189:
2188:
2184:
2138:
2137:
2130:
2095:Q. Rev. Biophys
2092:
2091:
2082:
2076:Claudia Dreifus
2070:
2061:
2052:
2050:
2040:
2039:
2035:
2013:
2012:
2008:
1978:
1977:
1973:
1933:
1932:
1928:
1893:J. Struct. Biol
1890:
1889:
1882:
1844:
1843:
1839:
1795:
1794:
1790:
1746:
1745:
1741:
1697:
1696:
1692:
1662:
1661:
1657:
1619:
1618:
1614:
1576:
1575:
1571:
1527:
1526:
1522:
1478:
1477:
1473:
1436:J. Gen. Physiol
1429:
1428:
1424:
1393:(5–6): 331–43.
1380:
1379:
1375:
1345:
1344:
1340:
1296:
1295:
1291:
1283:
1252:
1247:
1246:
1239:
1195:
1194:
1187:
1178:
1176:
1171:
1170:
1163:
1127:
1126:
1122:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1093:
1092:
1088:
1078:
1076:
1068:
1067:
1063:
1033:
1032:
1028:
1021:
1008:
1007:
1003:
960:Agre P (2006).
959:
958:
954:
950:
942:Devic's disease
882:
838:
818:
759:
573:
568:
543:
534:
480:
453:
417:
373:
357:
143:OPM superfamily
56:
51:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5996:
5994:
5986:
5985:
5980:
5970:
5969:
5963:
5962:
5954:
5951:
5950:
5947:
5946:
5943:
5942:
5940:
5939:
5934:
5929:
5924:
5918:
5916:
5906:
5905:
5900:
5893:
5892:
5889:
5888:
5885:
5884:
5882:
5881:
5876:
5875:
5874:
5873:
5872:
5867:
5862:
5854:
5853:
5852:
5847:
5842:
5834:
5833:
5832:
5827:
5822:
5817:
5812:
5807:
5802:
5794:
5793:
5792:
5787:
5782:
5777:
5772:
5767:
5762:
5748:
5746:
5734:
5733:
5731:
5730:
5725:
5724:
5723:
5718:
5713:
5703:
5702:
5701:
5696:
5691:
5686:
5681:
5676:
5671:
5666:
5661:
5656:
5645:
5643:
5629:
5623:
5622:
5620:
5619:
5618:
5617:
5612:
5607:
5602:
5597:
5592:
5582:
5581:
5580:
5575:
5565:
5560:
5559:
5558:
5553:
5548:
5538:
5537:
5536:
5531:
5526:
5521:
5516:
5511:
5506:
5501:
5491:
5490:
5489:
5484:
5479:
5474:
5469:
5464:
5459:
5454:
5444:
5433:
5431:
5419:
5418:
5416:
5415:
5414:
5413:
5408:
5403:
5398:
5393:
5381:
5380:
5379:
5374:
5369:
5359:
5358:
5357:
5352:
5347:
5342:
5331:
5329:
5317:
5316:
5314:
5313:
5307:
5305:
5303:Proton channel
5293:
5292:
5290:
5289:
5288:
5287:
5282:
5272:
5271:
5270:
5265:
5260:
5255:
5250:
5245:
5240:
5230:
5229:
5228:
5223:
5218:
5213:
5208:
5203:
5198:
5193:
5188:
5178:
5173:
5172:
5171:
5170:
5169:
5164:
5159:
5154:
5144:
5143:
5142:
5137:
5127:
5126:
5125:
5109:
5107:
5091:
5090:
5085:
5078:
5077:
5074:
5073:
5070:
5069:
5067:
5066:
5061:
5060:
5059:
5054:
5049:
5039:
5034:
5029:
5028:
5027:
5022:
5017:
5012:
5002:
5001:
5000:
4995:
4990:
4980:
4975:
4974:
4973:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4955:
4954:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4936:
4935:
4934:
4929:
4922:
4921:
4920:
4915:
4910:
4903:
4902:
4901:
4896:
4889:
4888:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4857:
4852:
4851:
4850:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4827:
4826:
4825:
4818:
4817:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4799:
4798:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4775:
4774:
4773:
4768:
4761:
4760:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4714:
4709:
4707:
4701:
4700:
4698:
4697:
4696:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4614:
4612:
4606:
4605:
4603:
4602:
4601:
4600:
4595:
4590:
4585:
4580:
4575:
4566:
4562:
4561:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4536:
4528:
4527:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4492:
4488:
4484:
4479:
4477:
4471:
4470:
4468:
4467:
4466:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4421:
4417:
4416:
4415:
4407:
4406:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4385:
4384:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4352:
4350:
4340:
4339:
4331:
4324:
4323:
4320:
4319:
4316:
4315:
4313:
4312:
4311:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4285:
4281:
4280:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4224:
4219:
4217:
4211:
4210:
4208:
4207:
4206:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4179:
4177:
4170:
4169:
4167:
4166:
4165:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4138:
4136:
4128:
4127:
4124:Sodium channel
4119:
4112:
4111:
4108:
4107:
4104:
4103:
4101:
4100:
4099:
4098:
4093:
4083:
4082:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4055:
4054:
4053:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4027:
4026:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4000:
3999:
3998:
3993:
3983:
3978:
3977:
3976:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3955:
3947:
3942:
3934:
3929:
3921:
3920:
3919:
3909:
3901:
3896:
3888:
3887:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3861:
3852:
3850:
3844:
3843:
3841:
3840:
3839:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3818:
3817:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3795:
3793:
3785:
3784:
3776:
3769:
3768:
3754:
3752:
3751:
3744:
3737:
3729:
3723:
3722:
3706:
3686:
3676:
3664:
3663:External links
3661:
3659:
3658:
3609:
3560:
3511:
3486:Semin. Nephrol
3476:
3417:
3396:(3): 175–179.
3376:
3347:(4): 455–470.
3327:
3288:
3237:
3196:
3155:
3109:
3060:
3011:
2970:
2949:(8): 1165–75.
2929:
2910:(1): 469–497.
2894:
2853:
2838:
2809:
2755:
2706:
2660:
2611:
2603:
2581:
2546:
2499:
2448:
2387:
2315:
2280:
2233:
2182:
2128:
2080:
2059:
2033:
2006:
1971:
1926:
1880:
1847:Am. J. Physiol
1837:
1788:
1739:
1710:(5): 513–519.
1690:
1671:(1): 185–197.
1655:
1612:
1585:(3): 370–382.
1569:
1540:(1): 172–184.
1520:
1471:
1422:
1373:
1338:
1289:
1286:on 2018-07-18.
1237:
1185:
1161:
1120:
1106:
1086:
1061:
1026:
1019:
1001:
951:
949:
946:
881:
878:
837:
834:
817:
816:In Heteroconts
814:
797:photosynthesis
784:
783:
780:
777:
774:
758:
755:
752:
751:
748:
747:
746:
745:
744:
727:
721:
720:
717:
716:
715:
714:
713:
708:
703:
686:
680:
679:
673:
672:
671:
670:
669:
664:
659:
654:
637:
631:
630:
627:
626:
625:
624:
623:
618:
613:
596:
590:
589:
586:
583:
572:
569:
567:
564:
542:
539:
533:
530:
528:permeability.
479:
476:
451:
416:
413:
409:Gheorghe Benga
394:Rh blood group
372:
369:
356:
353:
315:polar molecule
241:from a larger
235:water channels
233:, also called
226:
225:
222:
221:
216:
210:
209:
196:
190:
189:
179:
172:
171:
163:
162:
157:
151:
150:
145:
139:
138:
133:
127:
126:
113:
107:
106:
101:
95:
94:
89:
83:
82:
77:
71:
70:
67:
63:
62:
58:
57:
45:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5995:
5984:
5981:
5979:
5976:
5975:
5973:
5960:
5959:
5952:
5938:
5935:
5933:
5932:Voltage-gated
5930:
5928:
5925:
5923:
5920:
5919:
5917:
5915:
5911:
5907:
5903:
5898:
5894:
5880:
5877:
5871:
5868:
5866:
5863:
5861:
5858:
5857:
5855:
5851:
5848:
5846:
5843:
5841:
5838:
5837:
5835:
5831:
5828:
5826:
5823:
5821:
5818:
5816:
5813:
5811:
5808:
5806:
5803:
5801:
5798:
5797:
5795:
5791:
5788:
5786:
5783:
5781:
5778:
5776:
5773:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5763:
5761:
5758:
5757:
5755:
5754:
5753:
5750:
5749:
5747:
5745:
5742:
5740:
5735:
5729:
5726:
5722:
5719:
5717:
5714:
5712:
5709:
5708:
5707:
5704:
5700:
5697:
5695:
5692:
5690:
5687:
5685:
5682:
5680:
5677:
5675:
5672:
5670:
5667:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5657:
5655:
5652:
5651:
5650:
5647:
5646:
5644:
5642:
5639:
5637:
5633:
5624:
5616:
5613:
5611:
5608:
5606:
5603:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5593:
5591:
5588:
5587:
5586:
5583:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5571:
5570:
5569:
5566:
5564:
5561:
5557:
5554:
5552:
5549:
5547:
5544:
5543:
5542:
5539:
5535:
5532:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5496:
5495:
5492:
5488:
5485:
5483:
5480:
5478:
5475:
5473:
5470:
5468:
5465:
5463:
5460:
5458:
5455:
5453:
5450:
5449:
5448:
5445:
5442:
5438:
5435:
5434:
5432:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5420:
5412:
5409:
5407:
5404:
5402:
5399:
5397:
5394:
5392:
5389:
5388:
5387:
5386:
5382:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5364:
5363:
5360:
5356:
5353:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5338:
5337:
5336:
5333:
5332:
5330:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5318:
5312:
5309:
5308:
5306:
5304:
5301:
5299:
5294:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5277:
5276:
5273:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5241:
5239:
5236:
5235:
5234:
5231:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5183:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5149:
5148:
5145:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5132:
5131:
5128:
5124:
5121:
5120:
5119:
5116:
5115:
5114:
5111:
5110:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5096:
5092:
5088:
5087:Miscellaneous
5083:
5079:
5065:
5064:Shaker (gene)
5062:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5044:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5037:minK/ISK-like
5035:
5033:
5030:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5007:
5006:
5003:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4985:
4984:
4977:
4976:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4957:
4956:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4938:
4937:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4924:
4923:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4905:
4904:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4891:
4890:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4862:
4861:
4854:
4853:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4829:
4828:
4824:
4821:
4820:
4819:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4801:
4800:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4777:
4776:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4763:
4762:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4719:
4718:
4711:
4710:
4708:
4706:
4705:Voltage-gated
4702:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4620:
4619:
4616:
4615:
4613:
4611:
4607:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4570:
4569:
4563:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4540:
4539:
4532:
4529:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4496:
4495:
4489:
4487:
4481:
4480:
4478:
4476:
4472:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4425:
4424:
4418:
4414:
4411:
4410:
4408:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4390:
4389:
4386:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4358:
4357:
4354:
4353:
4351:
4349:
4345:
4341:
4337:
4334:
4329:
4325:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4290:
4289:
4282:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4229:
4228:
4221:
4220:
4218:
4216:
4215:Voltage-gated
4212:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4185:
4184:
4181:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4171:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4144:
4143:
4140:
4139:
4137:
4133:
4129:
4125:
4122:
4117:
4113:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4088:
4087:
4084:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4061:
4060:
4057:
4056:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4032:
4031:
4028:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4005:
4004:
4001:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3988:
3987:
3980:
3979:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3960:
3959:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3925:
3922:
3918:
3915:
3914:
3913:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3892:
3889:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3866:
3865:
3857:
3854:
3853:
3851:
3849:
3848:Voltage-gated
3845:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3823:
3822:
3819:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3801:
3800:
3797:
3796:
3794:
3790:
3786:
3782:
3779:
3774:
3770:
3765:
3761:
3757:
3750:
3745:
3743:
3738:
3736:
3731:
3730:
3727:
3712:
3707:
3696:
3692:
3687:
3684:
3680:
3677:
3674:
3670:
3667:
3666:
3662:
3654:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3613:
3610:
3605:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3587:
3583:
3579:
3575:
3571:
3564:
3561:
3556:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3522:
3515:
3512:
3507:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3491:
3487:
3480:
3477:
3472:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3421:
3418:
3413:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3387:
3380:
3377:
3372:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3354:
3350:
3346:
3342:
3338:
3331:
3328:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3299:
3292:
3289:
3284:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3241:
3238:
3233:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3200:
3197:
3192:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3175:(5): 608–17.
3174:
3170:
3166:
3159:
3156:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3113:
3110:
3105:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3064:
3061:
3056:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3015:
3012:
3007:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2990:(4): 456–61.
2989:
2985:
2981:
2974:
2971:
2966:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2933:
2930:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2898:
2895:
2890:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2873:(2): 187–99.
2872:
2868:
2864:
2857:
2854:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2813:
2810:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2759:
2756:
2751:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2710:
2707:
2702:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2669:
2667:
2665:
2661:
2656:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2615:
2612:
2606:
2600:
2596:
2588:
2586:
2582:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2562:(1): 205–44.
2561:
2557:
2550:
2547:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2503:
2500:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2452:
2449:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2391:
2388:
2383:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2322:
2320:
2316:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2284:
2281:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2237:
2234:
2229:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2186:
2183:
2178:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2135:
2133:
2129:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2101:(4): 361–96.
2100:
2096:
2089:
2087:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2068:
2066:
2064:
2060:
2048:
2044:
2037:
2034:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2010:
2007:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1987:(7): 1535–8.
1986:
1982:
1975:
1972:
1967:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1942:(2): 176–83.
1941:
1937:
1930:
1927:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1887:
1885:
1881:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1841:
1838:
1833:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1792:
1789:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1743:
1740:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1694:
1691:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1659:
1656:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1616:
1613:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1573:
1570:
1565:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1524:
1521:
1516:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1475:
1472:
1467:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1442:(2): 259–77.
1441:
1437:
1433:
1426:
1423:
1418:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1377:
1374:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1354:(7): 447–53.
1353:
1349:
1342:
1339:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1293:
1290:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1263:(2): 96–104.
1262:
1258:
1251:
1244:
1242:
1238:
1233:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1192:
1190:
1186:
1174:
1168:
1166:
1162:
1157:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1140:(4): 1093–5.
1139:
1135:
1131:
1124:
1121:
1109:
1107:9781464183393
1103:
1099:
1098:
1090:
1087:
1074:
1073:
1065:
1062:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1042:(1): F13-28.
1041:
1037:
1030:
1027:
1022:
1016:
1012:
1005:
1002:
997:
993:
988:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
956:
953:
947:
945:
943:
939:
935:
931:
930:hypercalcemia
927:
923:
919:
914:
910:
906:
902:
899:
895:
891:
887:
879:
877:
875:
874:
869:
868:
863:
862:
857:
856:
851:
850:
849:Dictyostelium
845:
844:
835:
833:
831:
827:
823:
815:
813:
811:
807:
802:
798:
793:
790:
781:
778:
775:
772:
771:
770:
767:
765:
756:
749:
743:
740:
739:
737:
736:basolaterally
733:
730:
729:
728:
726:
723:
722:
718:
712:
709:
707:
704:
702:
699:
698:
696:
695:basolaterally
692:
689:
688:
687:
685:
682:
681:
678:
674:
668:
665:
663:
660:
658:
655:
653:
650:
649:
647:
643:
640:
639:
638:
636:
633:
632:
628:
622:
619:
617:
614:
612:
609:
608:
606:
602:
599:
598:
597:
595:
592:
591:
587:
584:
581:
580:
577:
570:
565:
563:
560:
556:
553:The aromatic/
547:
540:
538:
531:
529:
525:
523:
519:
514:
510:
508:
505:
504:transmembrane
496:
489:
484:
477:
475:
471:
469:
465:
461:
457:
449:
445:
441:
437:
434:
429:
421:
414:
412:
410:
405:
403:
398:
395:
391:
386:
385:supercomputer
382:
378:
370:
368:
366:
362:
354:
352:
350:
346:
342:
337:
335:
331:
327:
323:
318:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
291:alpha helical
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
220:
217:
215:
211:
208:
204:
200:
197:
195:
191:
187:
183:
180:
177:
173:
168:
164:
161:
158:
156:
152:
149:
146:
144:
140:
137:
134:
132:
128:
125:
121:
117:
114:
112:
108:
105:
102:
100:
96:
93:
90:
88:
84:
81:
78:
76:
72:
68:
64:
59:
54:
49:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
5955:
5922:Ligand-gated
5913:
5901:
5744:Gap junction
5737:
5648:
5626:
5422:
5383:
5361:
5334:
5320:
5296:
5274:
5232:
5180:
5146:
5129:
5117:
5098:
5086:
5041:
5004:
4978:
4855:
4712:
4617:
4564:
4534:
4490:
4419:
4332:
4283:
4222:
4120:
4029:
4002:
3981:
3953:
3940:
3927:
3907:
3894:
3859:
3792:Ligand-gated
3777:
3760:ion channels
3715:. Retrieved
3699:. Retrieved
3695:the original
3626:
3622:
3612:
3577:
3573:
3563:
3528:
3524:
3514:
3492:(3): 244–8.
3489:
3485:
3479:
3434:
3430:
3420:
3393:
3389:
3379:
3344:
3340:
3330:
3308:(4): 361–8.
3305:
3301:
3291:
3254:
3251:BMC Genomics
3250:
3240:
3213:
3209:
3199:
3172:
3168:
3158:
3125:
3121:
3118:Kaldenhoff R
3112:
3077:
3073:
3063:
3028:
3024:
3014:
2987:
2983:
2973:
2946:
2942:
2932:
2907:
2903:
2897:
2870:
2866:
2856:
2821:
2818:Kaldenhoff R
2812:
2787:10251/145984
2769:
2765:
2758:
2723:
2719:
2709:
2682:
2678:
2628:
2624:
2614:
2594:
2559:
2556:Physiol. Rev
2555:
2549:
2516:
2512:
2502:
2461:
2457:
2451:
2400:
2396:
2390:
2335:
2331:
2293:
2289:
2283:
2250:
2246:
2236:
2199:
2195:
2185:
2148:
2144:
2098:
2094:
2051:. Retrieved
2047:the original
2036:
2019:
2015:
2009:
1984:
1981:Biochemistry
1980:
1974:
1939:
1935:
1929:
1899:(1): 34–43.
1896:
1892:
1850:
1846:
1840:
1805:
1801:
1791:
1756:
1752:
1742:
1707:
1703:
1693:
1668:
1664:
1658:
1625:
1621:
1615:
1582:
1578:
1572:
1537:
1533:
1523:
1488:
1484:
1474:
1439:
1435:
1425:
1390:
1386:
1376:
1351:
1347:
1341:
1306:
1302:
1292:
1281:the original
1260:
1256:
1208:(4): 473–7.
1205:
1201:
1177:. Retrieved
1137:
1133:
1123:
1111:. Retrieved
1096:
1089:
1077:. Retrieved
1071:
1064:
1039:
1035:
1029:
1010:
1004:
969:
965:
955:
883:
871:
865:
859:
853:
847:
841:
839:
824:, including
819:
808:of specific
794:
785:
768:
760:
574:
552:
535:
526:
515:
511:
501:
472:
470:difference.
430:
426:
406:
374:
358:
338:
319:
234:
230:
229:
29:
5927:Light-gated
4409:IK channel
2145:Genome Biol
1491:(1): 1–17.
1387:J Biol Phys
1309:(1): 72–8.
1202:J. Exp. Med
972:(1): 5–13.
938:aquaporin 4
924:) and high
922:hypokalemia
867:Trypanosoma
830:brown algae
822:Heterokonts
806:protonation
725:Aquaporin 4
684:Aquaporin 3
635:Aquaporin 2
594:Aquaporin 1
559:amino acids
390:Nobel Prize
283:plant cells
155:OPM protein
61:Identifiers
18:Aquaporin 5
5972:Categories
5130:Bestrophin
4388:SK channel
4356:BK channel
4030:γ-subunits
4003:β-subunits
3986:δ-subunits
3717:2008-01-23
3701:2008-01-23
3669:Aquaporins
3257:(1): 1–7.
2151:(2): 206.
2053:2008-04-05
2041:Benga, G.
2022:(7): 2–5.
1179:2008-01-23
948:References
934:Autoimmune
898:congenital
894:homozygous
873:Plasmodium
571:In mammals
442:and other
377:Peter Agre
326:Peter Agre
295:asparagine
249:that form
231:Aquaporins
182:structures
5958:disorders
5956:see also
5739:Cytoplasm
5649:Aquaporin
5118:Anoctamin
4941:11.1/hERG
3679:Animation
2345:1310.4309
2202:(1): 59.
1775:0021-9258
1726:0085-2538
1642:0363-6143
1303:FEBS Lett
901:cataracts
846:(yeast),
810:histidine
757:In plants
588:Function
585:Location
532:NPA motif
507:α-helices
478:Structure
436:molecules
402:fruit fly
371:Discovery
320:The 2003
104:PDOC00193
92:IPR000425
69:Aquaporin
35:Aquaporin
5752:Connexin
5032:minK/ISK
3506:16713497
3412:11463012
3371:23130944
3322:12676560
3302:Genomics
3283:24589353
3232:18567892
3191:15169943
3150:35656554
3142:16734753
3104:25266632
3055:11500536
3006:11919287
2965:16716251
2924:11337406
2848:17875436
2804:51974856
2796:30103284
2750:24449709
2701:10748263
2655:22797179
2609:Page 842
2576:11773613
2533:11780053
2494:22410850
2486:11964478
2435:11743202
2382:24067650
2310:11780053
2267:17710641
2228:24606771
2177:16522221
2123:40235608
2115:17156589
2028:17543213
1966:15837176
1913:10600556
1515:13706631
1466:13475690
1417:19669522
1368:17992267
1333:35406097
1325:14630322
1277:16580609
1232:16087714
1156:15034115
1079:23 April
1072:The Cell
1056:10644652
996:16493146
913:vesicles
861:Ustilago
789:isoforms
646:apically
605:apically
555:arginine
522:monomers
456:glycerol
415:Function
397:antigens
271:bacteria
265:between
255:membrane
199:RCSB PDB
87:InterPro
5879:Innexin
5636:solutes
3653:7535800
3604:8621781
3555:2989335
3471:9689137
3439:Bibcode
3362:3562700
3274:4022174
3095:4226360
2889:7920711
2867:Plant J
2741:3982727
2646:3431422
2541:4315108
2466:Bibcode
2458:Science
2405:Bibcode
2397:Science
2373:3799357
2350:Bibcode
2219:4015420
2168:1431727
2001:3011064
1921:1076256
1875:2685263
1867:7694481
1832:1939644
1783:2394728
1685:5833400
1650:6320654
1607:5967438
1587:Bibcode
1564:5965891
1555:1395865
1506:2195086
1457:2194835
1408:2565768
1223:2212860
987:2658677
926:calcium
918:lithium
855:Candida
826:diatoms
464:protons
444:solutes
361:osmosis
355:History
311:osmosis
303:alanine
299:proline
253:in the
99:PROSITE
80:PF00230
4176:-gated
4174:Proton
3950:T-type
3937:R-type
3924:Q-type
3904:P-type
3891:N-type
3856:L-type
3675:(MeSH)
3651:
3644:295720
3641:
3602:
3595:507266
3592:
3553:
3546:425543
3543:
3504:
3469:
3459:
3410:
3369:
3359:
3320:
3281:
3271:
3230:
3189:
3148:
3140:
3102:
3092:
3053:
3046:117137
3043:
3004:
2963:
2922:
2887:
2846:
2836:
2802:
2794:
2748:
2738:
2699:
2653:
2643:
2601:
2574:
2539:
2531:
2513:Nature
2492:
2484:
2443:446498
2441:
2433:
2380:
2370:
2308:
2290:Nature
2275:343461
2273:
2265:
2226:
2216:
2175:
2165:
2121:
2113:
2026:
1999:
1964:
1919:
1911:
1873:
1865:
1830:
1823:295670
1820:
1781:
1773:
1732:
1724:
1683:
1648:
1640:
1605:
1562:
1552:
1513:
1503:
1464:
1454:
1415:
1405:
1366:
1331:
1323:
1275:
1230:
1220:
1154:
1113:20 May
1104:
1054:
1017:
994:
984:
801:gating
732:kidney
691:kidney
642:kidney
601:kidney
279:animal
243:family
237:, are
214:PDBsum
188:
178:
124:SUPFAM
66:Symbol
50:) PDB
5790:GJA10
5641:Porin
5541:TRPML
5311:HVCN1
5005:KCNIP
4860:α7-12
3764:TC 1A
3462:21395
3146:S2CID
2800:S2CID
2537:S2CID
2490:S2CID
2439:S2CID
2340:arXiv
2271:S2CID
2119:S2CID
2074:, By
1917:S2CID
1871:S2CID
1734:39188
1329:S2CID
1284:(PDF)
1253:(PDF)
582:Type
433:water
379:, of
341:genes
275:fungi
267:cells
263:water
251:pores
136:1.A.8
120:SCOPe
111:SCOP2
5870:GJD4
5865:GJD3
5860:GJD2
5850:GJC3
5845:GJC2
5840:GJC1
5830:GJB7
5825:GJB6
5820:GJB5
5815:GJB4
5810:GJB3
5805:GJB2
5800:GJB1
5785:GJA9
5780:GJA8
5775:GJA5
5770:GJA4
5765:GJA3
5760:GJA1
5585:TRPV
5568:TRPP
5563:TRPN
5494:TRPM
5447:TRPC
5437:TRPA
5275:CLNS
5233:CLIC
5181:CLCN
5176:CFTR
5123:ANO1
5042:MiRP
4970:12.3
4965:12.2
4960:12.1
4951:11.3
4946:11.2
4932:10.2
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