135:
158:
143:
1070:
had made it mandatory for diesel cars to use urea solutions to control emissions, a move that now impacts 40% of registered vehicles. Diesel vehicles made since 2015 were required to be fitted with SCR systems. The South Korean government started rationing urea solution, and banned its resale as panic buying by drivers exacerbated an acute shortage that could cause transport and industry to grind to a halt. A
36:
1417:
1583:
Regulation (EU) No 692/2008 of 18 July 2008 implementing and amending
Regulation (EC) No 715/2007 of the European Parliament and of the Council on type-approval of motor vehicles with respect to emissions from light passenger and commercial vehicles (Euro 5 and Euro 6) and on access to vehicle repair
1090:
National Road
Transport Association also raised concerns about a shortage of DEF in the country due to the shortage of urea in China. China capped exports to protect its domestic supplies and rising DEF prices. By mid-December there was approximately 7 weeks’ supply of AdBlue left in Australia. On 14
1069:
was continuing and brought havoc to its economy. As most of the urea used is supplied by China, imports have slowed since China introduced mandatory inspections of urea exports in
September. Nearly 97% of South Korea's urea imports came from China between January and September. In 2015, South Korea
1014:
The urea solution is clear, non-toxic and safe to handle. Since urea has corrosive impact on metals like aluminium, DEF is stored and transported in special containers. These containers are typically made of stainless steel. Vehicles' selective catalytic reduction (SCR) systems and DEF dispensers are
1001:
Another method to thaw DEF (and thus allow for full SCR operation) is to integrate an electric heater into the DEF tank. This heater must be sized, positioned, and powered adequately to rapidly melt sufficient frozen DEF. It should preferably be self regulating not to overheat if (part of) the heater
1002:
is outside of the liquid. It should also preferably be self regulating to eliminate any complicated sensor and temperature regulating systems. Furthermore, the heater should not exceed 50–60 °C (122–140 °F), as DEF begins to decompose at around 60 °C (140 °F).
398:
The injection rate of DEF into the exhaust depends on the specific after-treatment system, but is typically 2–6% of diesel consumption volume. This low dosing rate ensures long fluid refill intervals and minimizes the tank's size and intrusion into vehicle packaging space. An
1611:
3.1– For Human Health … The product has a low toxicity and it is not considered that it could be harmful to health. … 3.1.5. – Long-term effects: … Urea is a substance that appears in the body as a result of proteins during metabolism, it is eliminated with the
1015:
designed in a manner that there is no corrosive impact of urea on them. It is recommended that DEF be stored in a cool, dry, and well-ventilated area that is out of direct sunlight. Bulk volumes of DEF are compatible for storage within polyethylene containers (
982:
DEF freezes at −11 °C (12 °F). For the SCR exhaust cleaning system to function at low temperatures, a sufficient amount of the frozen DEF must be melted in as short time as possible, preferably on the order of minutes. For example, 2010
990:
In Europe, Regulation (EC) No 692/2008 specified in Annex XVI point 10 that DEF from a frozen tank at a core temperature of −15 °C (5 °F) must become available within 20 minutes when starting the engine at −15 °C (5 °F).
417:
level in the exhaust gas (before catalytic converter, after catalytic converter, and possibly between catalytic converters if there is more than one), current ammonia filling level, engine operating temperature and speed.
1412:, Harris, Thomas M.; Ayyappan, Ponnaiyan & Dou, Danan, "Diesel exhaust fluid formulation having a high ammonium content and a low freezing point", published 2013-01-30, assigned to
1034:
DEF is offered to consumers in a variety of quantities ranging from containers for single or repeated small usage, up to bulk carriers for consumers requiring a large amount of DEF. As of 2013, many
1728:
1884:
1044:
At airports, where DEF can sometimes be required for diesel ground service vehicles, its labelling and storage must be carefully managed to avoid accidentally servicing
360:" was introduced in 2004. With the cooperation of the oil and chemical industry, a 1,300-station infrastructure to supply DEF was prepared by September 2005 in Japan.
1351:
1107:
233:
1187:
381:
The 2007 EPA regulations were meant to be an interim solution to allow manufacturers time to prepare for the more stringent 2010 EPA regulations, which reduced
364:
237:
1820:
319:
released into the atmosphere. DEF from a separate tank is injected into the exhaust pipeline, and the exhaust heat decomposes it to ammonia. Within the SCR
1792:
1553:
1978:
1988:
1378:"Modeling of Urea Decomposition in Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) for Systems of Diesel Exhaust Gases Aftertreatment by Finite Volume Method"
378:(ULSD) fuel to prevent damage to the DPF. After a brief transition period, ULSD fuel became common at fuel pumps in the United States and Canada.
1847:
1993:
1683:
998:
coolant control valve. This method may take significant time before the SCR exhaust cleaning system is fully operational, often up to an hour.
1769:
1706:
287:
ratio) to ensure the full combustion of soot and to prevent them from exhausting unburnt fuel. The excess air leads to the generation of
1041:
In Europe, increasing numbers of fuel stations offer AdBlue pumps, not only for large commercial vehicles but also for passenger cars.
1656:
371:
and other diesel engine manufacturers developed an aftertreatment system that includes the use of a diesel particulate filter (DPF).
1983:
1907:
1326:
119:
1934:
100:
72:
1939:
1300:
1874:
1111:
374:
As the DPF does not function with low-sulfur diesel fuel, diesel engines that conform to 2007 EPA emissions standards require
994:
Typically, the frozen DEF is melted by heat from the engine, e.g. engine coolant passing through the DEF tank, governed by a
57:
50:
79:
1038:
have added DEF pumps. These are usually adjacent to fuel pumps so the driver can fill both tanks without moving the truck.
236:
22241), it is referred to as AUS 32 (aqueous urea solution 32%). DEF is also sold as AdBlue, a registered trademark of the
195:
1049:
1028:
86:
1480:
1243:
1198:
929:
determines which reactions take place and how fast. The highest conversion rates are achieved if equal amounts of
1020:
1016:
349:, which are both nonpolluting. The water and nitrogen are then released into the atmosphere through the exhaust.
150:
68:
395:
levels even further. In 2008, the concerns about compliance shifted to the infrastructure for DEF distribution.
1024:
1595:
1561:
400:
375:
46:
153:(DPF) with regeneration process by the late fuel injection to control exhaust temperature to burn off soot
367:(EPA) enacted requirements to significantly reduce harmful exhaust emissions. To achieve this standard,
1582:
157:
1409:
1998:
1879:
1851:
1531:
1431:
Koebel, Manfred; Madia, Giuseppe; Elsener, Martin (2002). "Selective catalytic reduction of NO and NO
1751:
1631:
93:
2003:
1052:, a mistake that has been blamed for multiple in-flight engine failure and grounding incidents.
1761:
940:
are present, especially at temperatures between 200 °C and 350 °C. If there is more
1908:"Australia to get more of crucial trucking chemical after China cracks down on world market"
1444:
1389:
1071:
971:
142:
1964:
ISO 22241-1:2019 Diesel engines — NOx reduction agent AUS 32 — Part 1: Quality requirements
1756:
603:
Ammonia, in the presence of oxygen and a catalyst, reduces two different nitrogen oxides:
191:
134:
1413:
1158:
510:
465:
256:
217:
1660:
1448:
1972:
1632:"Urea tanks on diesel trucks -- that's the law in the United States starting in 2010"
284:
221:
183:
17:
1133:
1045:
1875:"Diesel crisis threatens to grind Australia to a halt, transport industry warns"
1066:
452:
stream, the water evaporates and the urea thermally decomposes to form ammonia (
449:
146:
35:
1506:
1462:
1606:
1035:
1003:
995:
264:
252:
1765:
1087:
1075:
353:
302:
280:
271:. Blue Sky DEF is made and distributed for retail sale by Prime Lubes, Inc.
268:
244:
1273:
1963:
1394:
1377:
1215:
513:
reacts with the water vapor and hydrolyses to carbon dioxide and ammonia:
1251:
1229:
1091:
December, Australian company IOR stated that it would build a new plant.
346:
320:
987:
emissions requirements require full DEF coolant flow within 70 minutes.
1825:
1797:
1078:
to ease a supply shortage of the key material used in diesel vehicles.
368:
357:
338:
305:, from nitrogen in the atmosphere. SCR is used to reduce the amount of
260:
248:
1752:"No immediate end in sight for diesel exhaust fluid shortage in Korea"
951:, fast SCR and standard SCR take place sequentially. If there is more
1376:
Kuternowski, Filip; Staszak, Maciej; Staszak, Katarzyna (July 2020).
1793:"Urea shortage threatens South Korea's transport, energy industries"
1218:. ISO (International Organization for Standardization). 1 July 2019.
403:
adjusts the addition of fluid in accordance with parameters such as
1613:
856:
694:
645:
519:
342:
156:
141:
133:
187:
1729:"NBAA Encourages More DEF Training to Avoid Fuel Contamination"
1216:"ISO 22241-4:2019 Diesel engines — NOx reduction agent AUS 32"
984:
199:
29:
1935:"AdBlue crisis fires up $ 2.6b South Australian urea venture"
974:
can form and temporarily deactivate the catalytic converter.
186:
created by a diesel engine. Specifically, DEF is an aqueous
173:
1933:
Macdonald-Smith, Angela; Evans, Simon (14 December 2021).
243:
Several brands of SCR systems use DEF: BlueHDI is used by
1731:. National Business Aviation Association. 17 August 2020
1352:"Exhaust-gas treatment with double-injection technology"
27:
Chemical which reduces air pollution from diesel engines
1821:"S.Korea rations urea amid shortage, drivers panic buy"
1301:"2010 EPA Emissions Standards And Diesel Exhaust Fluid"
267:; and FLENDS (Final Low Emission New Diesel System) by
1182:
1180:
1684:"Close Call for Falcon with DEF-contaminated Fuel"
1554:"The 5 Facts and Fiction of Diesel Exhaust Fluid"
1027:), and steel tanks. DEF is also often handled in
1481:"AdBlue What diesel vehicle owners need to know"
1634:. EurekAlert operated by AAAS. 10 November 2008
1065:As of December 2021, a shortage of DEF in
1791:Cha, Sangmi; Yang, Heekyong (9 October 2021).
1848:"Sales of DEF restricted in amounts, vendors"
1074:was sent to import Diesel exhaust fluid from
365:United States Environmental Protection Agency
279:Diesel engines are typically operated with a
238:German Association of the Automotive Industry
8:
1626:
1624:
232:In the international standard defining DEF (
182:) is a liquid used to reduce the amount of
138:A 1.5-liter and a 10-liter AdBlue container
1603:Urea Solution 32,5% Material Safety Sheet
1393:
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
1278:Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan
966:SCR take place sequentially, however, NO
954:
947:
932:
921:
911:
903:
896:
889:
877:
873:
858:
850:
843:
835:
831:
816:
809:
802:
790:
786:
696:
647:
521:
190:solution made with 32.5% urea and 67.5%
1707:"DEF Contamination Downs Two Citations"
1651:
1649:
1099:
198:(SCR) that lowers the concentration of
1532:"DEF Equipment Delivery & Storage"
56:Please improve this article by adding
1914:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation
970:SCR is slower than standard SCR, and
7:
1772:from the original on 9 November 2021
706:SCR selective catalytic reduction")
1887:from the original on 3 January 2022
1558:Victory Blue - Diesel Exhaust Fluid
448:. When it is injected into the hot
356:, and the first practical product "
1873:Sparkes, David (3 December 2021).
1819:Yang, Heekyong (11 October 2021).
1750:Kyung-min, Lee (9 November 2021).
1327:"DEF infrastructure in good shape"
1023:), fiberglass reinforced plastic (
352:SCR was applied to automobiles by
161:Passenger car using an AdBlue pump
25:
1906:Belot, Henry (13 December 2021).
1159:"What is the function of AdBlue?"
426:DEF is a 32.5% solution of urea,
1979:Automotive technology tradenames
1682:Epstein, Curt (24 August 2018).
1659:. 5 October 2016. Archived from
1006:are often used to achieve this.
34:
1940:The Australian Financial Review
1657:"Urea – Krampitz storage tanks"
1276:[CSR System "FLENDS"].
1989:Pollution control technologies
1325:Brian Straight (28 May 2008).
1:
1994:Air pollution control systems
1705:Thurber, Matt (27 May 2019).
1609:. 21 August 2008. p. 2.
1449:10.1016/S0920-5861(02)00006-8
1110:. Hino Motors. Archived from
196:selective catalytic reduction
58:secondary or tertiary sources
1507:"Frequently Asked Questions"
1108:"Hino Standardized SCR Unit"
1086:In early December 2021, the
1029:intermediate bulk containers
1584:and maintenance information
1299:Mark Quasius (1 May 2013).
1050:fuel system icing inhibitor
2020:
1596:"3. Hazard Identification"
1031:for storage and shipping.
765:The overall reduction of
354:Nissan Diesel Corporation
151:diesel particulate filter
1984:Diesel engine technology
978:Operation in winter time
149:and its SCR next to the
401:electronic control unit
376:ultra-low-sulfur diesel
194:. DEF is consumed in a
1560:. 2016. Archived from
1435:at low temperatures".
162:
154:
139:
69:"Diesel exhaust fluid"
45:relies excessively on
1505:Panayi, Adam (2017).
1395:10.3390/catal10070749
160:
145:
137:
18:Aqueous urea solution
1852:Korea JoongAng Daily
1463:"Does AdBlue freeze"
1048:with DEF instead of
653:("standard SCR") and
301:, which are harmful
166:Diesel exhaust fluid
1564:on 29 December 2017
1534:. Cummins Inc. 2017
1274:"尿素CSRシステム（FLENDS）"
1254:on 21 November 2017
607:4 NO + 4
546:Overall, thus far:
337:are reduced by the
285:over-stoichiometric
283:air-to-fuel ratio (
247:vehicles including
1854:. 11 November 2021
1195:Cummins Filtration
1010:Safety and storage
918:The ratio between
358:Nissan Diesel Quon
163:
155:
140:
1230:"Prime Lubes Inc"
1204:on 23 March 2021.
962:, fast SCR and NO
779:by urea is then:
220:emissions from a
200:nitrogen oxides (
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
2011:
1952:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1930:
1924:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1903:
1897:
1896:
1894:
1892:
1870:
1864:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1844:
1838:
1837:
1835:
1833:
1816:
1810:
1809:
1807:
1805:
1788:
1782:
1781:
1779:
1777:
1747:
1741:
1740:
1738:
1736:
1725:
1719:
1718:
1716:
1714:
1702:
1696:
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1691:
1679:
1673:
1672:
1670:
1668:
1653:
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1619:
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1600:
1592:
1586:
1580:
1574:
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1569:
1550:
1544:
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1541:
1539:
1528:
1522:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1502:
1496:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1477:
1471:
1470:
1459:
1453:
1452:
1443:(3–4): 239–247.
1428:
1422:
1421:
1420:
1416:
1406:
1400:
1399:
1397:
1373:
1367:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1348:
1342:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1322:
1316:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1296:
1290:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1270:
1264:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1250:. Archived from
1240:
1234:
1233:
1226:
1220:
1219:
1212:
1206:
1205:
1203:
1197:. Archived from
1192:
1184:
1175:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1163:Eurol lubricants
1155:
1149:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1138:
1134:"The DPR Future"
1130:
1124:
1123:
1121:
1119:
1114:on 5 August 2014
1104:
972:ammonium nitrate
961:
957:
950:
943:
939:
935:
928:
924:
914:
907:
899:
892:
885:
881:
863:
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846:
839:
820:
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805:
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583:
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541:
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526:
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492:
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481:
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463:
462:
461:
447:
445:
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416:
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414:
394:
393:
392:
336:
335:
334:
318:
317:
316:
300:
299:
298:
213:
212:
211:
178:and marketed as
177:
172:; also known as
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
21:
2019:
2018:
2014:
2013:
2012:
2010:
2009:
2008:
1969:
1968:
1960:
1955:
1945:
1943:
1932:
1931:
1927:
1917:
1915:
1905:
1904:
1900:
1890:
1888:
1872:
1871:
1867:
1857:
1855:
1846:
1845:
1841:
1831:
1829:
1818:
1817:
1813:
1803:
1801:
1790:
1789:
1785:
1775:
1773:
1757:The Korea Times
1749:
1748:
1744:
1734:
1732:
1727:
1726:
1722:
1712:
1710:
1704:
1703:
1699:
1689:
1687:
1681:
1680:
1676:
1666:
1664:
1663:on 23 July 2020
1655:
1654:
1647:
1637:
1635:
1630:
1629:
1622:
1598:
1594:
1593:
1589:
1581:
1577:
1567:
1565:
1552:
1551:
1547:
1537:
1535:
1530:
1529:
1525:
1515:
1513:
1511:discoverdef.com
1504:
1503:
1499:
1489:
1487:
1479:
1478:
1474:
1461:
1460:
1456:
1437:Catalysis Today
1434:
1430:
1429:
1425:
1418:
1414:Deere & Co.
1408:
1407:
1403:
1375:
1374:
1370:
1360:
1358:
1350:
1349:
1345:
1335:
1333:
1324:
1323:
1319:
1309:
1307:
1298:
1297:
1293:
1283:
1281:
1272:
1271:
1267:
1257:
1255:
1242:
1241:
1237:
1228:
1227:
1223:
1214:
1213:
1209:
1201:
1190:
1186:
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1178:
1168:
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1157:
1156:
1152:
1142:
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1136:
1132:
1131:
1127:
1117:
1115:
1106:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1084:
1063:
1058:
1056:Supply shortage
1012:
980:
969:
965:
959:
956:
952:
949:
945:
941:
937:
934:
930:
926:
923:
919:
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905:
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230:
210:
205:
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203:
201:
192:deionized water
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
55:
51:primary sources
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2017:
2015:
2007:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1971:
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1967:
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1958:External links
1956:
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1497:
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1432:
1423:
1401:
1368:
1343:
1317:
1291:
1265:
1244:"How it works"
1235:
1221:
1207:
1188:"What is DEF?"
1176:
1150:
1125:
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1011:
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511:isocyanic acid
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466:isocyanic acid
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257:DS Automobiles
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218:diesel exhaust
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1165:. 18 May 2020
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1139:. Hino Motors
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65:Find sources:
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43:This article
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1709:. AIN Online
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1688:. Retrieved
1686:. AIN Online
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1665:. Retrieved
1661:the original
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1562:the original
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1467:carsneedcare
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1116:. Retrieved
1112:the original
1102:
1085:
1064:
1046:jet aircraft
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1999:NOx control
1946:15 December
1918:13 December
1832:17 November
1568:29 December
1538:29 December
1516:29 December
1490:20 November
1469:. May 2023.
1331:Fleet Owner
1305:FamilyRVing
1284:28 November
1169:16 November
1067:South Korea
1061:South Korea
1036:truck stops
1004:PTC heaters
864:+ 4 CO
821:+ 2 CO
450:exhaust gas
228:Other names
1973:Categories
1858:17 October
1804:6 December
1607:Fertiberia
1410:EP 2551009
1388:(7): 749.
1336:3 December
1310:3 December
1095:References
1088:Australian
692:+ 12
303:pollutants
275:Background
265:Daimler AG
147:Hino truck
110:April 2020
80:newspapers
47:references
2004:Solutions
1891:6 January
1776:6 January
1766:0712-1733
1382:Catalysts
1082:Australia
1076:Australia
900:+ 2
893:→ 2
854:+ 8
847:→ 7
840:+ 6
813:+ 4
806:→ 4
795:+ 4
748:+ 3
736:→ 2
724:+ 2
680:→ 7
668:+ 8
643:+ 6
631:→ 4
584:→ 2
422:Chemistry
281:lean burn
269:UD Trucks
245:PSA Group
1912:ABC News
1885:Archived
1880:ABC News
1770:Archived
468:(HNCO):
347:nitrogen
321:catalyst
259:brands;
1826:Reuters
1798:Reuters
1667:22 July
1638:22 July
1143:30 July
1118:30 July
828:4
783:2
656:6
517:HNCO +
369:Cummins
339:ammonia
261:BlueTec
253:Citroën
249:Peugeot
216:in the
94:scholar
1764:
1735:8 July
1713:8 July
1690:8 July
1419:
1258:9 July
505:+ HNCO
464:) and
323:, the
255:, and
180:AdBlue
175:AUS 32
96:
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82:
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1614:urine
1599:(PDF)
1361:8 May
1356:Bosch
1248:H2Blu
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1137:(PDF)
958:than
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101:JSTOR
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1640:2020
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1492:2019
1363:2022
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1286:2021
1260:2012
1171:2021
1145:2014
1120:2014
1021:XLPE
1017:HDPE
936:and
925:and
702:("NO
596:+ CO
527:→ CO
509:The
345:and
188:urea
73:news
1445:doi
1390:doi
1025:FRP
985:EPA
872:(NH
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830:(NH
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263:by
234:ISO
170:DEF
49:to
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1179:^
1161:.
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882:+
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842:NO
838:CO
799:+
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767:NO
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712:+
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670:NH
658:NO
619:+
609:NH
586:NH
571:+
569:CO
533:NH
531:+
495:NH
493:→
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454:NH
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383:NO
325:NO
307:NO
289:NO
251:,
240:.
224:.
202:NO
60:.
1950:.
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