397:. If instead water puddles in low-lying areas, the same water volume concentrated over a smaller area may exceed field capacity resulting in water that percolates down to recharge groundwater. The larger the relative contributing runoff area is, the more focused infiltration is. The recurring process of water that falls relatively uniformly over an area, flowing to groundwater selectively under surface depressions is
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surface water from percolating into the soil, resulting in most surface runoff entering storm drains for local water supply. As urban development continues to spread across various regions, rates of groundwater recharge will increase relative to the existing rates of the previous rural region. A consequence of sudden influxes in groundwater recharge includes
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which in turn affect groundwater in several ways: There can be a decline in groundwater storage, and reduction in groundwater recharge and water quality deterioration due to extreme weather events. In the tropics intense precipitation and flooding events appear to lead to more groundwater recharge.
677:
This is explained through the vast water supply and sewage networks supported in urban regions in which rural areas are not likely to obtain. Recharge in rural areas is heavily supported by precipitation and this is opposite for urban areas. Road networks and infrastructure within cities prevents
212:
Groundwater recharge can occur through diffuse or focused mechanisms. Diffuse recharge occurs when precipitation infiltrates through the soil to the water table, and is by definition distributed over large areas. Focused recharge occurs where water leaks from surface water sources (rivers, lakes,
646:
However, the exact impacts of climate change on groundwater are still under investigation. This is because scientific data derived from groundwater monitoring is still missing, such as changes in space and time, abstraction data and "numerical representations of groundwater recharge processes".
494:
The most common methods to estimate recharge rates are: chloride mass balance (CMB); soil physics methods; environmental and isotopic tracers; groundwater-level fluctuation methods; water balance (WB) methods (including groundwater models (GMs)); and the estimation of baseflow (BF) to rivers.
354:(a dug-well is a wide, shallow well, often lined with concrete) in 100 districts within seven states where water stored in hard-rock aquifers had been over-exploited. Another environmental issue is the disposal of waste through the water flux such as dairy farms, industrial, and urban runoff.
198:
The most common methods to estimate recharge rates are: chloride mass balance (CMB); soil physics methods; environmental and isotopic tracers; groundwater-level fluctuation methods; water balance (WB) methods (including groundwater models (GMs)); and the estimation of baseflow (BF) to rivers.
522:
physical methods rely on the measurement or estimation of soil physical parameters, which along with soil physical principles, can be used to estimate the potential or actual recharge. After months without rain the level of the rivers under humid climate is low and represents solely drained
686:
compared to soil, resulting in higher amounts of surface runoff. Therefore, urbanization increases the rate of groundwater recharge and reduces infiltration, resulting in flash floods as the local ecosystem accommodates changes to the surrounding environment.
1479:. In Masson-Delmotte, V.; Zhai, P.; Pirani, A.; Connors, S.L.; Péan, C.; Berger, S.; Caud, N.; Chen, Y.; Goldfarb, L.; Gomis, M.I.; Huang, M.; Leitzell, K.; Lonnoy, E.; Matthews, J.B.R.; Maycock, T.K.; Waterfield, T.; Yelekçi, O.; Yu, R.; Zhou, B. (eds.).
315:
found primarily aro. The soil under most wetlands is relatively impermeable. A high perimeter to volume ratio, such as in small wetlands, means that the surface area through which water can infiltrate into the groundwater typical in small wetlands such as
892:
MacDonald, Alan M; Lark, R Murray; Taylor, Richard G; Abiye, Tamiru; Fallas, Helen C; Favreau, Guillaume; Goni, Ibrahim B; Kebede, Seifu; Scanlon, Bridget; Sorensen, James P R; Tijani, Moshood; Upton, Kirsty A; West, Charles (2021-03-01).
490:
processes must first be measured or estimated to determine the balance. There are no widely applicable method available that can directly and accurately quantify the volume of rainwater that reaches the water table.
1471:
Douville, H.; Raghavan, K.; Renwick, J.; Allan, R.P.; Arias, P.A.; Barlow, M.; Cerezo-Mota, R.; Cherchi, A.; Gan, T.Y.; Gergis, J.; Jiang, D.; Khan, A.; Pokam Mba, W.; Rosenfeld, D.; Tierney, J.; Zolina, O. (2021).
302:
help maintain the level of the water table he hydraulic head. This provides force for groundwater recharge and discharge to other waters as well. The extent of groundwater recharge by a wetland is dependent upon
2022:
623:. There is an observed declined in groundwater storage in many parts of the world. This is due to more groundwater being used for irrigation activities in agriculture, particularly in
1650:
320:, which can contribute significantly to recharge of regional groundwater resources. Researchers have discovered groundwater recharge of up to 20% of wetland volume per season.
225:
Natural processes of groundwater recharge. Adjustments affecting the water table will drastically enhance or diminish the quality of groundwater recharge in a specific region.
1528:. In Pörtner, H.-O.; Roberts, D.C.; Tignor, M.; Poloczanska, E.S.; Mintenbeck, K.; AlegrĂa, A.; Craig, M.; Langsdorf, S.; Löschke, S.; Möller, V.; Okem, A.; Rama, B. (eds.).
1521:
Caretta, M.A.; Mukherji, A.; Arfanuzzaman, M.; Betts, R.A.; Gelfan, A.; Hirabayashi, Y.; Lissner, T.K.; Liu, J.; Lopez Gunn, E.; Morgan, R.; Mwanga, S.; Supratid, S. (2022).
1531:
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and
Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
187:
surface. Groundwater recharge also encompasses water moving away from the water table farther into the saturated zone. Recharge occurs both naturally (through the
1482:
Climate Change 2021: The
Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
560:
632:
605:
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melt and to a smaller extent by surface water (rivers and lakes). Recharge may be impeded somewhat by human activities including paving, development, or
3422:
635:. Direct redistribution of water by human activities amounting to ~24,000 km per year is about double the global groundwater recharge each year.
268:
Recharge can help move excess salts that accumulate in the root zone to deeper soil layers, or into the groundwater system. Tree roots increase water
336:
682:. The ecosystem will have to adjust to the elevated groundwater surplus due to groundwater recharge rates. Additionally, road networks are less
1963:
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that forces water into the ground faster. Faster flow dislodges contaminants otherwise adsorbed on soil and carries them along. This can carry
865:
3131:
1547:
1498:
1112:
1080:
846:
53:
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1416:
Allison, G.B.; Hughes, M.W. (1978). "The use of environmental chloride and tritium to estimate total recharge to an unconfined aquifer".
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groundwater recharge in many environments. But more intense drought periods could result in soil drying-out and compaction which would
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774:
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1208:
Reilly, Thomas E.; LaBaugh, James W.; Healy, Richard W.; Alley, William M. (2002-06-14). "Flow and
Storage in Groundwater Systems".
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The impacts of climate change on groundwater may be greatest through its indirect effects on irrigation water demand via increased
100:
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72:
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1922:
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could have different impacts on groundwater storage: The expected more intense (but fewer) major rainfall events could lead to
423:, or otherwise disconnected streams. This extreme form of preferential flow, accelerates the transport of contaminants and the
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57:
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1986:
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739:
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Winter, T.C. (1988). "A conceptual framework for assessing cumulative impacts on the hydrology of nontidal wetlands".
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86:
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of groundwater by farmers has led to underground resources becoming depleted. In 2007, on the recommendations of the
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673:. Research shows that the recharge rate can be up to ten times higher in urban areas compared to rural regions
523:
groundwater. Thus, the recharge can be calculated from this base flow if the catchment area is already known.
1363:"Isotopic variation in groundwater across the conterminous United States – Insight into hydrologic processes"
518:
physical methods are those that attempt to actually measure the volume of water passing below the root zone.
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Rates of groundwater recharge are difficult to quantify. This is because other related processes, such as
317:
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Managed aquifer recharge (MAR) strategies to augment freshwater availability include streambed. channel
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2560:
2501:
1869:
1864:
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1688:
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191:) and through anthropogenic processes (i.e., "artificial groundwater recharge"), where rainwater and/or
1063:
Carter, V.; Novitzki, R.P. (1988). "Some
Comments on the Relation between Ground Water and Wetlands".
989:
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895:"Mapping groundwater recharge in Africa from ground observations and implications for water security"
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1946:
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1976:
1769:
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The United
Nations World Water Development Report 2022: Groundwater: Making the invisible visible
1398:
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1241:
1187:
The United
Nations World Water Development Report 2022: Groundwater: Making the invisible visible
1168:
1045:
932:
815:
701:
620:
552:
499:
483:
463:
311:, site, perimeter to volume ratio, and water table gradient. Groundwater recharge occurs through
213:
wadis, wetlands) or land surface depressions, and generally becomes more dominant with aridity.
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2017:
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1981:
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water—before it flows to vulnerable water resources—can connect underground over time.
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936:
479:
160:
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in the long term should be less than or equal to the volume-rate that is recharged.
253:, may also lower the water tables. Groundwater recharge is an important process for
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3224:
3181:
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2715:
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2400:
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2192:
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1838:
1284:
731:
670:
511:
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Regional, continental and global estimates of recharge commonly derive from global
419:
geological formations because water can eventually dissolve tunnels all the way to
369:. However, where and when water tables are high this affects appropriate design of
332:
331:
Artificial groundwater recharge is becoming increasingly important in India, where
132:
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35:
17:
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2044:
1229:
1138:"Waterborne nutrient flow through an upland-peatland watershed in Minnesota"
725:
563:, UNSAT-H, SHAW (short form of Simultaneous Heat and Water Transfer model),
451:
312:
304:
152:
1237:
350:
54 billion or US$ 650 million in 2023) to fund dug-well
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2422:
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2216:
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2180:
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696:
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299:
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2012:
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942:
576:
440:
424:
420:
262:
242:
238:
168:
1529:
1480:
1429:
1386:
408:. More rain events are capable of contributing to groundwater supply.
291:
by moving clay soils downstream, and this increases aquifer recharge.
3176:
3166:
2645:
2610:
2434:
2390:
2238:
2036:
966:. The American Society of Agronomy. November 17, 2008. Archived from
428:
415:
transport into groundwater. This is of great concern in regions with
1907:
1605:
1164:
3081:
2678:
2518:
2444:
2231:
1716:
669:
Further implications of groundwater recharge are a consequence of
416:
220:
156:
131:
1466:
1464:
404:
Depression focused groundwater recharge can be very important in
393:
of the soil is not exceeded, then negligible water percolates to
2623:
2479:
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2454:
2328:
2279:
2123:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1510:
863:
http://hydrogeologistswithoutborders.org/wordpress/1979-english/
580:
564:
411:
Depression focused groundwater recharge also profoundly effects
269:
234:
230:
180:
176:
3010:
1911:
1632:
167:. Recharge is the primary method through which water enters an
2582:
2226:
1361:
Stahl, Mason O.; Gehring, Jaclyn; Jameel, Yusuf (2020-07-30).
249:
and reduction in recharge. Use of groundwater, especially for
29:
3006:
1455:
Text was copied from this source, which is available under a
1195:
Text was copied from this source, which is available under a
946:
Text was copied from this source, which is available under a
3229:
1441:
1439:
365:. Concentrating degradable contaminants can accelerate
1457:
Creative
Commons Attribution 3.0 International License
1261:"Oxygen and Hydrogen Isotopes in the Hydrologic Cycle"
1197:
Creative
Commons Attribution 3.0 International License
948:
Creative
Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
627:. Some of this increase in irrigation can be due to
543:, moving through the soil, as deep drainage occurs.
3441:
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2526:
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2005:
1954:
1945:
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1852:
1826:
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1755:
1707:
1664:
1104:
Freshwater
Marshes: Ecology and Wildlife Management
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1485:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1055–1210.
583:data to arrive at a recharge estimate and use the
245:resulting in reduced water infiltration, enhanced
462:supply. Thus, the quality of water collecting in
1534:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 551–712.
531:Chemical methods use the presence of relatively
389:If water falls uniformly over a field such that
1107:(3rd ed.). University of Minnesota Press.
439:of surfaces above into the tunnels, results in
1591:. United States Geological Survey. 2016-12-09.
587:in some form to model groundwater flow in the
257:groundwater management, since the volume-rate
3022:
1923:
1644:
1565:"Climate-Change Adaptation & Groundwater"
1265:Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences
575:is available online. The codes generally use
561:Hydrologic Evaluation of Landfill Performance
8:
633:effects of climate change on the water cycle
606:Effects of climate change on the water cycle
401:. Water tables rise under such depressions.
431:. In this way depressions intended to trap
3029:
3015:
3007:
2789:
2523:
1951:
1930:
1916:
1908:
1651:
1637:
1629:
1096:
1094:
1092:
1882:: Saltmod coupled to a groundwater model
1067:. Vol. 1. Springer. pp. 68–86.
918:
241:. These activities can result in loss of
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
1606:"Effects of Urban Development on Floods"
960:"Urban Trees Enhance Water Infiltration"
337:International Water Management Institute
827:
510:Physical methods use the principles of
1065:The Ecology and Management of Wetlands
595:Factors affecting groundwater recharge
1600:
1598:
1579:
1577:
1185:="WWDR2022">United Nations (2022)
638:Climate change causes changes to the
535:water-soluble substances, such as an
171:. This process usually occurs in the
27:Groundwater that recharges an aquifer
7:
1308:"Global Isotope Hydrogeology―Review"
887:
885:
883:
881:
879:
877:
58:adding citations to reliable sources
1418:Australian Journal of Soil Research
835:Freeze, R.A.; Cherry, J.A. (1979).
3418:Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation
1306:Jasechko, Scott (September 2019).
775:Groundwater recharge in California
339:, the Indian government allocated
25:
3288:Agricultural wastewater treatment
992:. University of. January 24, 2011
289:Permeability (earth scieeability)
3532:
3531:
2991:
2990:
1699:Irrigation environmental impacts
1450:
1190:
990:"Major floods recharge aquifers"
941:
724:
611:This section is an excerpt from
551:Recharge can be estimated using
229:Water is recharged naturally by
34:
3348:Industrial wastewater treatment
3318:Decentralized wastewater system
324:Artificial groundwater recharge
45:needs additional citations for
1285:10.1146/annurev.earth.24.1.225
899:Environmental Research Letters
208:Diffused or focused mechanisms
1:
3368:Rotating biological contactor
1732:Drainage system (agriculture)
1659:Agricultural water management
790:International trade and water
195:is routed to the subsurface.
1956:Pollution / quality
1775:Hydrological transport model
1570:. Strategic Overview Series.
740:Aquifer storage and recovery
660:infiltration to groundwater.
613:Groundwater § Climate change
179:and is often expressed as a
1073:10.1007/978-1-4684-8378-9_7
755:Depression focused recharge
399:depression focused recharge
385:Depression-focused recharge
3640:
3619:Water resources management
3433:Wastewater treatment plant
3200:Adsorbable organic halides
1803:Groundwater energy balance
610:
603:
514:to estimate recharge. The
3609:Water and the environment
3527:
3205:Biochemical oxygen demand
2986:
2792:
2527:Types / location
1853:Agro-hydro-salinity group
1589:USGS Water Science School
1540:10.1017/9781009325844.006
1491:10.1017/9781009157896.010
650:Effects of climate change
3604:Sustainable technologies
1880:SahysMod polygonal model
1875:SaltMod integrated model
1780:Runoff model (reservoir)
1022:Environmental Management
920:10.1088/1748-9326/abd661
785:Infiltration (hydrology)
357:Pollution in stormwater
3393:Sewage sludge treatment
3333:Fecal sludge management
3293:API oil–water separator
3260:Wastewater surveillance
1860:Hydrology (agriculture)
1585:"Groundwater depletion"
1474:"8 Water Cycle Changes"
1259:Gat, J. R. (May 1996).
1230:10.1126/science.1067123
1151:(5): 1456–67 /1938872.
780:Hydrology (agriculture)
770:Groundwater remediation
466:is of special concern.
454:directly to the raised
3250:Total suspended solids
3245:Total dissolved solids
3210:Chemical oxygen demand
1813:Hydraulic conductivity
1445:United Nations (2022)
1367:Hydrological Processes
1101:Weller, M.W. (1994) .
807:by subsurface drainage
446:Deeper ponding exerts
284:temporarily increases
226:
137:
69:"Groundwater recharge"
3599:Sustainable gardening
3569:Hydraulic engineering
3117:Industrial wastewater
1870:Leaching model (soil)
1865:Soil salinity control
1694:Irrigation management
1689:Irrigation statistics
1312:Reviews of Geophysics
805:Soil salinity control
712:Groundwater pollution
631:issues made worse by
224:
135:
3459:Groundwater recharge
2902:remnant natural area
2539:storage and recovery
2205:habitat conservation
2023:Deforestation (REDD)
1757:Surface water/runoff
1332:10.1029/2018RG000627
1136:Verry, D.R. (1982).
800:Rainwater harvesting
159:moves downward from
141:Groundwater recharge
54:improve this article
3373:Secondary treatment
3358:Membrane bioreactor
3313:Constructed wetland
3112:Infiltration/Inflow
2856:Earth Overshoot Day
2430:Marine conservation
2411:non-timber products
1834:Acid sulphate soils
1709:Subsurface drainage
1379:2020HyPr...34.3506S
1324:2019RvGeo..57..835J
1277:1996AREPS..24..225G
1222:2002Sci...296.1985A
1157:1982Ecol...63.1456V
1034:1988EnMan..12..605W
911:2021ERL....16c4012M
702:Impervious surfaces
500:hydrological models
464:infiltration basins
458:below and into the
3614:Water conservation
3594:Sustainable design
3538:Category: Sewerage
3499:Septic drain field
3464:Infiltration basin
3408:Stabilization pond
3328:Facultative lagoon
3192:Quality indicators
3072:Blackwater (waste)
3052:Acid mine drainage
2841:Ecosystem services
1964:Ambient standards
1770:Hydrological model
1737:Watertable control
1674:Surface irrigation
1042:10.1007/BF01867539
868:2020-04-06 at the
816:Watertable control
621:evapotranspiration
484:evapotranspiration
470:Estimation methods
227:
138:
3546:
3545:
3323:Extended aeration
3270:Treatment options
3220:Oxygen saturation
3067:Blackwater (coal)
3045:Sources and types
3004:
3003:
2982:
2981:
2781:
2780:
2460:genetic resources
2396:genetic resources
2031:
2030:
1939:Natural resources
1905:
1904:
1808:Groundwater model
1765:Contour trenching
1747:Drainage by wells
1742:Drainage research
1727:Drainage equation
1549:978-1-009-32584-4
1500:978-1-009-15789-6
1430:10.1071/SR9780181
1387:10.1002/hyp.13832
1373:(16): 3506–3523.
1216:(5575): 1985–90.
1114:978-0-8166-8574-5
1082:978-1-4684-8378-9
848:978-0-13-365312-0
841:. Prentice-Hall.
765:Groundwater model
750:Contour trenching
585:Richards equation
571:. The 1D-program
553:numerical methods
352:recharge projects
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
3631:
3535:
3534:
3454:Evaporation pond
3442:Disposal options
3413:Trickling filter
3398:Sewage treatment
3298:Carbon filtering
3278:Activated sludge
3031:
3024:
3017:
3008:
2994:
2993:
2945:
2892:Natural heritage
2851:overexploitation
2790:
2524:
2470:herbal medicines
2450:FAO Plant Treaty
1990:
1967:
1952:
1932:
1925:
1918:
1909:
1798:Groundwater flow
1684:Tidal irrigation
1653:
1646:
1639:
1630:
1620:
1619:
1617:
1616:
1602:
1593:
1592:
1581:
1572:
1571:
1569:
1560:
1554:
1553:
1527:
1518:
1505:
1504:
1478:
1468:
1459:
1454:
1449:. UNESCO, Paris
1443:
1434:
1433:
1413:
1407:
1406:
1358:
1352:
1351:
1303:
1297:
1296:
1256:
1250:
1249:
1205:
1199:
1194:
1189:. UNESCO, Paris
1183:
1177:
1176:
1142:
1133:
1127:
1126:
1098:
1087:
1086:
1060:
1054:
1053:
1017:
1011:
1008:
1002:
1001:
999:
997:
986:
980:
979:
977:
975:
964:Fisher, Madeline
956:
950:
945:
940:
922:
889:
872:
860:
832:
734:
729:
728:
547:Numerical models
363:retention basins
349:
345:
343:
318:prairie potholes
217:Natural recharge
149:deep percolation
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
21:
18:Aquifer recharge
3639:
3638:
3634:
3633:
3632:
3630:
3629:
3628:
3579:Land management
3549:
3548:
3547:
3542:
3523:
3489:Reclaimed water
3437:
3363:Reverse osmosis
3264:
3186:
3152:Reverse osmosis
3077:Boiler blowdown
3040:
3035:
3005:
3000:
2978:
2943:
2923:
2909:Systems ecology
2875:Natural capital
2777:
2662:
2651:reclaimed water
2513:
2475:UPOV Convention
2323:
2118:
2027:
2001:
1997:Ozone depletion
1988:
1965:
1941:
1936:
1906:
1901:
1885:
1848:
1822:
1784:
1751:
1703:
1679:Drip irrigation
1660:
1657:
1626:
1624:
1623:
1614:
1612:
1604:
1603:
1596:
1583:
1582:
1575:
1567:
1562:
1561:
1557:
1550:
1525:
1520:
1519:
1508:
1501:
1476:
1470:
1469:
1462:
1444:
1437:
1415:
1414:
1410:
1360:
1359:
1355:
1305:
1304:
1300:
1258:
1257:
1253:
1207:
1206:
1202:
1184:
1180:
1165:10.2307/1938872
1140:
1135:
1134:
1130:
1115:
1100:
1099:
1090:
1083:
1062:
1061:
1057:
1019:
1018:
1014:
1009:
1005:
995:
993:
988:
987:
983:
973:
971:
970:on June 2, 2013
958:
957:
953:
891:
890:
875:
870:Wayback Machine
861:Accessed from:
849:
834:
833:
829:
824:
811:Subsurface dyke
730:
723:
720:
707:Soil compaction
693:
691:Adverse factors
667:
662:
661:
616:
608:
602:
597:
549:
537:isotopic tracer
529:
508:
472:
387:
375:retention ponds
371:detention ponds
347:
346:(equivalent to
341:
340:
326:
297:
276:reducing water
219:
210:
205:
193:reclaimed water
155:process, where
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3637:
3635:
3627:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3564:Soil mechanics
3561:
3551:
3550:
3544:
3543:
3541:
3540:
3528:
3525:
3524:
3522:
3521:
3516:
3514:Surface runoff
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3494:Sanitary sewer
3491:
3486:
3484:Marine outfall
3481:
3479:Marine dumping
3476:
3471:
3469:Injection well
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3449:Combined sewer
3445:
3443:
3439:
3438:
3436:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3388:Settling basin
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3283:Aerated lagoon
3280:
3274:
3272:
3266:
3265:
3263:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3215:Coliform index
3212:
3207:
3202:
3196:
3194:
3188:
3187:
3185:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3157:Sanitary sewer
3154:
3149:
3144:
3142:Produced water
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3087:Combined sewer
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3048:
3046:
3042:
3041:
3036:
3034:
3033:
3026:
3019:
3011:
3002:
3001:
2999:
2998:
2987:
2984:
2983:
2980:
2979:
2977:
2976:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2944:(perpetuation)
2939:
2933:
2931:
2925:
2924:
2922:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2905:
2904:
2897:Nature reserve
2894:
2889:
2888:
2887:
2882:
2872:
2871:
2870:
2860:
2859:
2858:
2853:
2843:
2838:
2837:
2836:
2831:
2821:
2820:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2793:
2787:
2783:
2782:
2779:
2778:
2776:
2775:
2774:
2773:
2768:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2702:
2701:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2670:
2668:
2664:
2663:
2661:
2660:
2655:
2654:
2653:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2632:
2631:
2621:
2616:
2615:
2614:
2602:
2601:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2580:
2575:
2574:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2542:
2541:
2530:
2528:
2521:
2515:
2514:
2512:
2511:
2510:
2509:
2504:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2483:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2426:
2425:
2415:
2414:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2388:
2387:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2374:climate change
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2350:
2349:
2342:Bioprospecting
2339:
2333:
2331:
2325:
2324:
2322:
2321:
2320:
2319:
2314:
2304:
2303:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2277:
2276:
2275:
2270:
2269:
2268:
2263:
2253:
2252:
2251:
2246:
2236:
2235:
2234:
2224:
2219:
2209:
2208:
2207:
2197:
2196:
2195:
2185:
2184:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2147:
2146:
2145:
2144:
2128:
2126:
2120:
2119:
2117:
2116:
2111:
2110:
2109:
2104:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2041:
2039:
2033:
2032:
2029:
2028:
2026:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2009:
2007:
2003:
2002:
2000:
1999:
1994:
1993:
1992:
1987:Clean Air Act
1979:
1974:
1969:
1960:
1958:
1949:
1943:
1942:
1937:
1935:
1934:
1927:
1920:
1912:
1903:
1902:
1900:
1899:
1893:
1891:
1890:Related topics
1887:
1886:
1884:
1883:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1856:
1854:
1850:
1849:
1847:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1830:
1828:
1824:
1823:
1821:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1794:
1792:
1786:
1785:
1783:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1761:
1759:
1753:
1752:
1750:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1713:
1711:
1705:
1704:
1702:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1670:
1668:
1662:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1655:
1648:
1641:
1633:
1622:
1621:
1594:
1573:
1555:
1548:
1506:
1499:
1460:
1435:
1424:(2): 181–195.
1408:
1353:
1318:(3): 835–965.
1298:
1271:(1): 225–262.
1251:
1200:
1178:
1128:
1113:
1088:
1081:
1055:
1028:(5): 605–620.
1012:
1003:
981:
951:
873:
847:
826:
825:
823:
820:
819:
818:
813:
808:
802:
797:
792:
787:
782:
777:
772:
767:
762:
757:
752:
747:
742:
736:
735:
719:
716:
715:
714:
709:
704:
699:
692:
689:
680:flash flooding
666:
663:
629:water scarcity
617:
609:
601:
600:Climate change
598:
596:
593:
548:
545:
528:
525:
507:
504:
471:
468:
391:field capacity
386:
383:
367:biodegradation
325:
322:
296:
293:
247:surface runoff
218:
215:
209:
206:
204:
201:
128:
127:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3636:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3556:
3554:
3539:
3530:
3529:
3526:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3446:
3444:
3440:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3378:Sedimentation
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3275:
3273:
3271:
3267:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3197:
3195:
3193:
3189:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3172:Sewage sludge
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3097:Cooling water
3095:
3093:
3092:Cooling tower
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3057:Ballast water
3055:
3053:
3050:
3049:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3032:
3027:
3025:
3020:
3018:
3013:
3012:
3009:
2997:
2989:
2988:
2985:
2975:
2974:Non-renewable
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2934:
2932:
2930:
2926:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2914:Urban ecology
2912:
2910:
2907:
2903:
2900:
2899:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2877:
2876:
2873:
2869:
2866:
2865:
2864:
2861:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2848:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2826:
2825:
2822:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2799:
2798:
2795:
2794:
2791:
2788:
2784:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2763:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2746:Privatization
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2700:
2697:
2696:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2671:
2669:
2665:
2659:
2656:
2652:
2649:
2648:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2641:Surface water
2639:
2637:
2634:
2630:
2627:
2626:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2613:
2612:
2608:
2607:
2606:
2603:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2585:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2558:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2540:
2537:
2536:
2535:
2532:
2531:
2529:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2516:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2499:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2447:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2424:
2421:
2420:
2419:
2416:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2393:
2392:
2389:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2371:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2348:
2345:
2344:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2334:
2332:
2330:
2326:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2309:
2308:
2305:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2282:
2281:
2278:
2274:
2271:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2258:
2257:
2254:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2241:
2240:
2237:
2233:
2230:
2229:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2214:
2213:
2210:
2206:
2203:
2202:
2201:
2198:
2194:
2191:
2190:
2189:
2186:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2163:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2143:
2142:peak farmland
2140:
2139:
2138:
2135:
2134:
2133:
2130:
2129:
2127:
2125:
2121:
2115:
2112:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2099:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2042:
2040:
2038:
2034:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2010:
2008:
2004:
1998:
1995:
1991:
1985:
1984:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1962:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1933:
1928:
1926:
1921:
1919:
1914:
1913:
1910:
1898:
1895:
1894:
1892:
1888:
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905:(3): 034012.
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161:surface water
158:
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145:deep drainage
142:
136:Water balance
134:
124:
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113:
110:November 2008
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
3589:Soil physics
3584:Liquid water
3519:Vacuum sewer
3458:
3403:Sewer mining
3353:Ion exchange
3303:Chlorination
3225:Heavy metals
3182:Urban runoff
3122:Ion exchange
3102:Fecal sludge
2972: /
2846:Exploitation
2731:Conservation
2674:Desalination
2609:
2565:
2502:conservation
2337:Biodiversity
2285:conservation
2132:Agricultural
2060:Fossil fuels
1844:Saline soils
1839:Alkali soils
1625:
1613:. Retrieved
1609:
1588:
1563:IAH (2019).
1558:
1530:
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1103:
1064:
1058:
1025:
1021:
1015:
1010:O'Brien 1988
1006:
994:. Retrieved
984:
972:. Retrieved
968:the original
963:
954:
902:
898:
837:
830:
732:Water portal
674:
671:urbanization
668:
665:Urbanization
657:
653:
645:
637:
618:
550:
530:
519:
515:
512:soil physics
509:
497:
493:
488:infiltration
473:
445:
410:
406:arid regions
403:
398:
388:
379:rain gardens
361:collects in
356:
333:over-pumping
330:
327:
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211:
197:
175:below plant
148:
144:
140:
139:
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
3509:Storm drain
3504:Sewage farm
3428:Vermifilter
3383:Septic tank
3343:Imhoff tank
3240:Temperature
3147:Return flow
3137:Papermaking
2965:Nationalism
2937:Common-pool
2578:Hydrosphere
2571:remediation
2556:Groundwater
2151:Degradation
1790:Groundwater
996:October 31,
974:October 31,
838:Groundwater
640:water cycle
589:vadose zone
476:evaporation
460:groundwater
456:water table
413:contaminant
395:groundwater
344:1,800 crore
274:groundwater
255:sustainable
189:water cycle
185:water table
173:vadose zone
165:groundwater
3553:Categories
3474:Irrigation
3338:Filtration
3038:Wastewater
2960:Extraction
2919:Wilderness
2880:accounting
2863:Management
2829:ecological
2817:tragedy of
2736:Peak water
2721:Efficiency
2694:Sanitation
2636:Stormwater
2629:harvesting
2605:Irrigation
2507:management
2465:gene banks
2406:management
2384:management
2300:resilience
2266:phosphorus
2222:industrial
2200:Management
2176:soundscape
2082:Geothermal
1818:Watertable
1666:Irrigation
1615:2019-03-22
1523:"4. Water"
822:References
795:Peak water
604:See also:
443:or caves.
437:Cavitation
309:vegetation
270:saturation
259:abstracted
251:irrigation
153:hydrologic
80:newspapers
3574:Hydrology
3308:Clarifier
3255:Turbidity
3107:Greywater
2970:Renewable
2955:Depletion
2942:Conflict
2824:Economics
2802:enclosure
2761:Resources
2741:Pollution
2658:Watershed
2561:pollution
2492:Seed bank
2487:Rangeland
2369:Fisheries
2354:Biosphere
2347:biopiracy
2290:fertility
2166:cityscape
2161:Landscape
2068:peak coal
2055:Resources
2006:Emissions
1403:219743798
1395:0885-6087
1348:155563380
1340:8755-1209
1293:0084-6597
1123:476093538
937:233941479
929:1748-9326
857:643719314
684:permeable
654:increased
452:pollution
286:river bed
203:Processes
3559:Aquifers
3235:Salinity
3127:Leachate
3062:Bathroom
2996:Category
2929:Resource
2868:adaptive
2766:improved
2726:Conflict
2711:Security
2706:Scarcity
2699:improved
2689:Leaching
2566:recharge
2546:Drinking
2497:Wildlife
2364:Bushmeat
2359:Bushfood
2312:planning
2217:gemstone
2212:Minerals
2193:property
2181:viewshed
2171:seascape
2102:sunlight
2076:peak oil
2072:peak gas
1897:Sand dam
1246:39943677
1238:12065826
1050:10248985
866:Archived
760:Dry well
745:Bioswale
718:See also
697:Drainage
625:drylands
573:HYDRUS1D
569:MIKE SHE
541:chloride
527:Chemical
520:Indirect
506:Physical
448:pressure
441:potholes
427:of such
421:aquifers
300:Wetlands
295:Wetlands
282:Flooding
261:from an
3162:Septage
2797:Commons
2786:Related
2751:Quality
2667:Aspects
2593:glacial
2534:Aquifer
2440:Pasture
2391:Forests
2317:reserve
2092:Nuclear
2062: (
2018:Trading
2013:Airshed
1375:Bibcode
1320:Bibcode
1273:Bibcode
1218:Bibcode
1210:Science
1173:1938872
1153:Bibcode
1145:Ecology
1030:Bibcode
907:Bibcode
577:climate
429:tunnels
425:erosion
359:run-off
263:aquifer
243:topsoil
239:logging
183:to the
169:aquifer
94:scholar
3536:
3177:Toilet
3167:Sewage
3132:Manure
2807:global
2771:policy
2716:Supply
2679:Floods
2646:Sewage
2619:Marine
2611:huerta
2445:Plants
2435:Meadow
2295:health
2273:rights
2261:copper
2239:mining
2137:arable
2037:Energy
1977:Indoor
1546:
1497:
1401:
1393:
1346:
1338:
1291:
1244:
1236:
1171:
1121:
1111:
1079:
1048:
935:
927:
855:
845:
658:reduce
567:, and
516:direct
486:) and
433:runoff
278:runoff
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
3624:Water
3082:Brine
2950:Curse
2756:Right
2598:polar
2588:bergs
2551:Fresh
2519:Water
2232:metal
2156:Field
2107:shade
2097:Solar
2087:Hydro
1972:Index
1717:Ditch
1568:(PDF)
1526:(PDF)
1477:(PDF)
1399:S2CID
1344:S2CID
1242:S2CID
1169:JSTOR
1141:(PDF)
1046:S2CID
933:S2CID
557:codes
533:inert
417:karst
272:into
177:roots
157:water
151:is a
101:JSTOR
87:books
3423:UASB
2885:good
2834:land
2812:land
2624:Rain
2480:wood
2455:food
2418:Game
2329:Life
2280:Soil
2256:peak
2249:sand
2124:Land
2114:Wind
1989:(US)
1966:(US)
1544:ISBN
1495:ISBN
1391:ISSN
1336:ISSN
1289:ISSN
1234:PMID
1119:OCLC
1109:ISBN
1077:ISBN
998:2012
976:2012
925:ISSN
853:OCLC
843:ISBN
581:soil
579:and
565:WEAP
482:(or
377:and
305:soil
235:snow
233:and
231:rain
181:flux
73:news
2684:Law
2583:Ice
2423:law
2401:law
2379:law
2307:Use
2244:law
2227:ore
2188:Law
2064:gas
2050:Law
2045:Bio
1982:Law
1947:Air
1536:doi
1487:doi
1426:doi
1383:doi
1328:doi
1281:doi
1226:doi
1214:296
1161:doi
1069:doi
1038:doi
915:doi
559:as
539:or
163:to
147:or
143:or
56:by
3555::
3230:pH
2074:,
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