439:
478:, the Iraqi government installed an Intercept Operations Center (IOC) in Ar-Rutbah, which is designed to provide local air defence control. The various IOCs were linked through an extensive optical fiber communications net. The IOCs were subordinate to the National Air Defense Operations Center (ADOC), based in Baghdad, that controlled air defense nationally. In the late 1980s, the Iraqi government also expanded its facility at Ar-Rutbah to produce acids and other chemical compounds. It may also have established a complex called 'Project 9320' in the area, which had three factories to produce secondary chemicals used in manufacturing nerve gas.
688:. A local Iraqi security official stated that the group could have recaptured as much as half of the city. The attack was reported to have been repelled by the following day, with the remaining attackers holed up in two neighbourhoods. Reinforcements were reported to have arrived to fight the attackers while a curfew was imposed in the town. Contradictory reports emerged on the following day that the town had been completely or partially captured by ISIL on the following day. Iraqi Army claimed the group only controlled half of the town. Iraqi Army declared on the next day that it had fully recaptured the city from the group.
72:
670:-making facility on the outskirts of Ar-Rutbah. The facility was described by US Brigadier General Kevin Killea as "strategic for Daesh in funneling VBIEDs into Anbar Province." On 29 August, ISIL militants killed a local resident that killed a member of ISIL as part of a long-running clan blood feud. In response, hundreds of residents demonstrated against the killing, and clashes broke out when ISIL tried to disperse the demonstrations. 70 residents were detained and a further 100 were tied to street lights for 24 hours as punishment.
574:. This was the single deadliest day for American forces in the Iraq conflict. The cause of the crash was a severe wind storm that had come upon them unexpectedly. In 2005, James Vandenberg, a 'combat architect', drew up plans for a new hospital in Ar-Rutbah, as their previous hospital had been destroyed back in 2003. Construction began in September 2005. Day-to-day Marine operations in the city from August, 2004 to March, 2005 were outlined in "A Semester in the Sandbox: A Marine Reservist's Iraq War Journal".
356:, the airstrip and rest house at Rutbah Wells were specifically built for Imperial Airways by the Iraqi government, and assigned a detachment of armed soldiers to defend against hostile tribes. One passenger wrote of the "unforgettable experience of arriving at the most desolate and extraordinary hostelry in the world", while another remarked on "the absurdity of coming down to an English ham and egg breakfast in the middle of the desert". Passengers were not expected to embark or disembark at Rutbah Wells.
582:(LAR) and an Iraqi rifle company from the 3d Brigade, 7th Infantry Division, Iraqi Army. U.S. and Iraqi forces had built a 7-foot (2.1 m)-high and 20-foot (6.1 m)-wide berm in order to restrict access into the city from all but 3 guarded vehicle checkpoints. This was done to restrict weapons and explosives smuggling into the city and force insurgent elements to hide weapons caches in the open desert, as well as reduce the number of roadside bombs inside the populated areas.
492:) crashed into the ground at Ar-Rutbah whilst on a low level ground attack mission. Both the pilot, Squadron Leader Gary Lennox, and the co-pilot, Squadron Leader Paul Weeks, were killed. It has been reported that they were attacking a radar site. It has also been suggested that the cause of the crash was either problems with night vision gear or flashes from anti aircraft artillery causing distractions. Russian and Iraqi sources claim that this aircraft was shot down by an Iraqi
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trauma hospital and headquarters of the local Marine garrison. The primary military objectives of the Marine units assigned there were to disrupt the flow of insurgent fighters and weapons from the
Jordanian and Syrian borders. The adjacent borders entry points and highways were seen as a key route for the entry of foreign fighters and weapons en route towards what the American military command referred to as the
394:, Chichester described it as follows: "Rutbah Wells was a romantic spot in the middle of the desert, a large square fort with buildings backed up inside to the high walls. There were camel caravans inside, and a squad of Iraqi infantry." He also wrote that there was an Imperial Airways mechanic stationed at the fort, who helped him repair his plane, and that he stayed the night in an Iraqi officer's room.
540:
Ar Rutbah than did the
Fedayeen." Eventually they managed to enter the town and were not fired upon. They cleared known enemy positions and Gavrilis located the police station, which he opted to make his company headquarters. Two hours after their arrival, Gavrilis summoned the civil administrators, chief of police, and tribal leaders of the town to discuss the future civil administration of it.
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560:. The base is believed to be named after the historical lineage of the Marine Corps 7th Marine Regiment who fought during the Korean war (as also did the 5th Marine Regiment); however, some people also believed the name refers to the style of the buildings built by the Iraqi military or their (rumoured) use of North Korean workers to build it.
539:
still occupied it, and every time
Gavrilis' men approached, "Ar Rutbah became a hornet's nest, and small-arms fire turned into machine gun and rocket fire." Gavrilis opened channels of communication with those inside the town, attempting to send the message that they "cared more about the people of
615:
In March 2009 the
Marines transferred control of Camp Korean Village over to, C CO. 2-142 Infantry 56th IBCT 36th Infantry Division which is a Texas Army National Guard unit. Control was then turned over to C-CO. 186th INF Oregon Army national Guard. The Camp was handed over to the Iraqi Army on 1
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One airstrike on 31 July 2015 led to the deaths of up to 46 civilians, and between 30 and 70 people being injured. A number of those killed were children, and the majority of victims came from five families in the town. The origin of the airstrike was uncertain, as neither the Iraqi government or
654:
In
September 2014, it was reported that a couple were convicted of adultery in an ISIL court in Ar-Rutbah, and stoned to death. They were apparently brought out in front of a crowd of 200 residents, and stoned by eight ISIL fighters. An anonymous witness said: "They brought the man and the woman,
555:
relieved the Army soldiers and took control of the town, resolving to engage the populace more proactively. By July 2004, FOB Buzz was renamed Camp Korean
Village (also known as Camp KV), serving as a Marine logistical support base. The base served as a regional air field, convoy rest stop, shock
585:
In July 2006, increased violence and lawlessness in
Baghdad, forced the transfer of the 4-14 Cavalry Squadron, U.S. Army, from the cities of Rawah and Anah in the northern Anbar province to Baghdad in order to augment security there. The gap in forces was replaced, initially, with personnel and
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After the
Special Forces left the town, the US Army's 3rd Armored Cavalry Regiment took over responsibility for the area and conducted operations from an outpost approximately 10 miles west, known as FOB Buzz, previously a small Iraqi military installation near the abandoned H3 Airfield. An Army
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and after sporadic clashes with police they took control over the central town. Then they left a group of them to secure the town and then headed toward the border." On 24 June a Syrian air-force raid on Rutba, to assist the Iraqi army during the
340:. Imperial Airways used an old fort at Rutbah Wells as a resthouse—however, "a common complaint in winter was the cold, for the builders at Rutbah Wells had, unaccountably, made no provision for fireplaces or chimneys." Aircraft were en route from
677:, where they were detained by other ISIL fighters. Around 50 deserters were then publicly executed in Mosul. It has been estimated that anti ISIL coalition forces have conducted around 50 airstrike missions on and around the town. Iraqi forces
611:
In early 2007, the Rutbah government progressed in the transition to providing its own security. The town's efforts included recruiting approximately 200 men to send to an Iraqi Police training academy to increase counterinsurgency practices.
577:
On the early morning of 4 January 2006, an Iraqi citizen, Adnan Eid Abbass, died in US custody en route from his home in Ar-Rutbah to Camp Korean
Village. By March 2006, the city was being guarded by elements of the
401:
was on a non-scheduled flight from
Amsterdam to Batavia (now Jakarta). On 21 December, sixteen kilometers south of Rutbah Wells, the plane was found, completely destroyed, by an RAF pilot. The plane was a
276:. Considered a "wet spot", it receives 114.3 mm (4.5 inches) of rain annually, and is located on a high plateau. It has been described as "the most isolated town of any size in Iraq."
424:. An investigation into the crash determined that it was likely the bad weather that caused the crash, and that "the bad flying characteristics of the DC-2 during heavy rain were suspected."
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coalition forces acknowledged launching a strike near Ar-Rutbah on that date. The United Nations expressed "serious concern" about the issue, and the Governor of Anbar Province,
715:). Most rain falls in the winter. The average annual temperature in Ar-Rutbah is 18.8 °C (65.8 °F). About 117 mm (4.61 in) of precipitation falls annually.
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Sutton, Matthew E., personal account of Major Matthew E. Sutton from his experience serving on the First Marine Expeditionary Force staff, June - December 2004.
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371:, known as the Nairn Way. Travellers who stopped in Rutbah stayed at the fort. Among those who stopped at Rutbah Wells when following the Nairn Way was
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636:, and in the evening of 21 June, ISIL forces also captured Ar-Rutbah. On 22 June 2014, a member of the local council told
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that took place in October 1934. All four cockpit crew and three passengers were killed, including Dutch media magnate
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ISIL attacked the city on 23 October 2016, possibly in order to draw away Iraqi security forces involved in the
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Captain assigned to FOB Buzz was charged and court-martialed for staging mock executions of Iraqi prisoners.
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628:(ISIL; also known as ISIS, the Islamic State, or Daesh) began a June offensive in 2014 as part of their
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took control of the Fort on 2 May 1941. As a response bombs were dropped by RAF Blenheim V bombers from
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An Iraqi soldier from the Provisional Security Forces participate in a joint security patrol in Rutbah
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Rutba is 70 miles (110 km) from both the Iraq-Jordan border and the Iraq-Saudi Arabia border.
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In March 2016, a number of ISIL fighters based in Ar-Rutbah deserted the town and headed to
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1843:"ISIS publicly executes over 50 of its own militants for trying to escape battlefront"
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Iraq and the War of Sanctions: Conventional Threats and Weapons of Mass Destruction
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1971:"Islamic State takes control of half Iraqi town near Jordan-Syria border: sources"
291:. In December 1934, sixteen kilometers south of Ar-Rutbah, the famous Dutch plane
264:. The population is approximately 28,400. It occupies a strategic location on the
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In late August 2015, a coalition airstrike, led by the US Air Force, destroyed a
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1766:"Reported civilian and 'friendly fire' deaths from Coalition airstrikes 2015"
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celebrate the Marine Corps' birthday by eating doughnuts at Ar-Rutbah in 2009
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piloted by Jameel Sayhood, who was later crashed his plane while maneuvring
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they tied their hands and covered their faces, and started to stone them."
2045:"World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020 — Rutbah"
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under the command of Major James A. Gavrilis approached the town. The
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that "around fifty vehicles full of militants and weapons came from
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During the British administration of Iraq, known as Mandatory Iraq,
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1685:"USD-C signs over Camp Korean Village, Camp Ubaydi to GoI control"
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Sunni Militants Capture Iraq's Last Major Border Post With Syria
1561:
A Semester in the Sandbox: A Marine Reservist's Iraq War Journal
253:
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helicopter crashed outside of town, killing 30 Marines and one
3705:
403:
1818:"ISIS Detains 200 Residents of Remote Iraqi Town, Mayor Says"
1687:. 3 May 2010. Archived from the original on 31 December 2010.
1535:"Architectural Efforts to Bring Safety and Stability to Iraq"
409:. It was the plane's first flight after coming second in the
2414:
1741:"ISIS Militants Stone Couple to Death in Iraq, Witness Says"
1611:"Marines keep watchful eyes on Iraq's rural western region"
378:
In 1927, the British built a fort at Rutbah. In 1929, when
1931:
IS counterattack on Rutbah forces partial Iraqi withdrawal
1919:
Joint security forces impose comprehensive curfew in Rutba
1949:"ISIL captures Iraq town of Rutba as Mosul battle rages"
1904:
Iraqi Forces Recapture Strategic Town From Islamic State
1888:
Iraqi Forces Recapture Strategic Town From Islamic State
1613:. Marine Corps News. 1st Marine Division. Archived from
604:
In September 2006, Rutbah was once again handed over to
283:
flights in the early 20th century, and also served as a
1585:"Naval Criminal Investigative Demand (NCIS) Documents"
1080:
Contractor Combatants: Tales of an Imbedded Capitalist
27:
This article is about the town. For the district, see
1997:"Iraq army says fully controls Rutba city in W. Iraq"
1792:"The US is going after ISIS' most devastating weapon"
390:, he stopped at Rutbah Wells. In his autobiography,
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466:after the fort defenders left overnight on 10 May.
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184:
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41:
2047:. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
352:. According to research conduct by Lucy Budd, of
458:on and around the fort. The fort was retaken by
2019:"Could Saudi Arabia Be the Next ISIS Conquest?"
1157:Globalization and World Cities Research Network
2294:
2107:
1210:. Austin: University of Texas Press. p.
663:, launched an investigation into the attack.
295:crashed, with all onboard killed. During the
76:A rooftop view of Ar-Rutbah on 1 January 2009
8:
1638:"Officer in Iraq calls Anbar situation dire"
1477:"Officials: Officers Staged Mock Executions"
1265:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
328:, as it was then known, was a rest stop for
2069:Iraq Image - Ar Rutba Satellite Observation
2301:
2287:
2279:
2114:
2100:
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580:3rd Light Armored Reconnaissance Battalion
38:
1845:. ARA News. 16 March 2016. Archived from
1609:Paulsgrove, Cpl. Graham (29 March 2006).
1082:. Nashville: Thomas Nelson. p. 234.
3748:Populated places in Al Anbar Governorate
1739:Bruton, F. Brinley (25 September 2014).
1727:Iraq: Will the jihadist tide be stemmed?
1479:. Fox News. 17 May 2005. Archived from
1421:
1419:
1240:Gavrilis, James, A. (20 October 2009).
1235:
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1231:
1070:
217:
204:
191:
178:
146:
111:
94:
80:
68:
63:
1816:Abdul-Zahra, Qassim (31 August 2015).
1690:
1258:
1130:"Little Story of the Imperial Airways"
363:on the overland drive from Baghdad to
303:between British forces, including the
651:, killed at least 50 ISIS militants.
196:
183:
168:
158:
7:
722:Climate data for Rutbah (1991–2020)
626:Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant
260:province, completely inhabited with
1869:"Battle for Iraq and Syria in maps"
1636:Ricks, Thomas (11 September 2006).
1368:. Santa Barbara: Praeger. pp.
279:Ar-Rutbah began as a rest stop for
238:
50:
397:On 19 December 1934, the aircraft
25:
1999:. Anadolu Agency. 25 October 2016
1790:Bender, Jeremy (21 August 2015).
1533:Vandenberg, James (August 2005).
1452:"ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 55429"
2267:
2025:from the original on 6 July 2014
1711:Alissa J. Rubin (22 June 2014).
1539:American Institute of Architects
1287:(Reprint ed.). Chichester:
93:
86:
70:
1559:Davidson, Adam (29 July 2016).
1663:Roggio, Bill (25 March 2007).
1589:American Civil Liberties Union
1514:. Global Security. 8 June 2009
1394:"Tornado Losses and Ejections"
1362:Cordesman, Anthony H. (1999).
1207:Doctor Mary in Arabia: Memoirs
1151:Budd, Lucy (5 December 2007).
464:No. 2 Armoured Car Company RAF
442:Assault on Rutbah Fort in 1941
1:
1951:. Al Jazeera. 24 October 2016
1204:Allison, Mary Bruins (1994).
1103:McGregor, Alan (April 2001).
710:Köppen climate classification
563:On 26 January 2005, a Marine
434:Assault on Rutbah Fort (1941)
382:completed his solo flight to
649:2014 Northern Iraq offensive
502:McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle
1431:UK Serials Resources Centre
1136:(in French). Archived from
911:Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
771:Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
299:in 1941, Ar-Rutbah was the
3769:
2412:
1665:"Rutbah – Fact vs Fiction"
1285:The Lonely Sea and the Sky
1054:
721:
431:
392:The Lonely Sea and the Sky
26:
3753:District capitals of Iraq
3365:al-Qādisiyyah Governorate
3141:al-Mejar Al-Kabi District
2265:
2134:
1697:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1159:. Loughborough University
980:
910:
840:
770:
765:
762:
759:
756:
753:
750:
747:
744:
741:
738:
735:
732:
729:
726:
462:forces with support from
415:Dominique Willem Berretty
274:Kirkuk–Haifa oil pipeline
112:
81:
69:
64:
57:
3511:Sulaymaniyah Governorate
2074:Aerial Photo of Ar Rutba
1242:"The Mayor of Ar Rutbah"
1078:Andress, Carter (2007).
553:Regimental Combat Team 7
450:in 1941 forces loyal to
2710:Suq al-Shuyukh District
2587:Abu Al-Khaseeb District
1456:Aviation Safety Network
1342:Aviation Safety Network
506:Cesar Rodriguez (pilot)
481:On 22 January 1991, an
388:de Havilland DH.60 Moth
369:Nairn Transport Company
354:Loughborough University
332:flights from the UK to
289:Nairn Transport Company
3101:Ali Al-Gharbi District
2637:Shatt Al-Arab District
2420:
1289:Summersdale Publishers
601:
521:
443:
348:, to Rutbah Wells, to
320:British administration
307:, and forces loyal to
36:Town in Al-Anbar, Iraq
3712:al-Nu'maniya District
3649:Sulaymaniyah District
3529:Darbandikhan District
3290:al-Hamdaniya District
3237:al-Manathera District
3151:Qal'at Saleh District
3025:Ain Al-Tamur District
2783:al-Miqdadiya District
2670:al-Chibayish District
2418:
679:returned in May, 2016
596:
565:CH-53E Super Stallion
526:2003 Invasion of Iraq
519:
441:
411:MacRobertson Air Race
309:Rashid Ali al-Gaylani
132:33.03806°N 40.28444°E
3672:Al-Aziziyah District
3247:al-Meshkhab District
3184:al-Rumaitha District
3166:Muthanna Governorate
3131:al-Maimouna District
2494:al-Istiqlal District
2239:Husaibah Al Sharqiah
1291:. pp. 105–106.
681:, driving out ISIL.
456:No. 203 Squadron RAF
359:The town was also a
3722:al-Suwaira District
3639:Sharbazher District
3519:Chamchamal District
3476:al-Shirqat District
3418:Saladin Governorate
3403:al-Shamiya District
3272:Nineveh Governorate
3174:al-Khidhir District
3005:al-Hindiya District
2997:Karbala Governorate
2944:Halabja Governorate
2889:Koy Sinjaq District
2700:al-Shatrah District
2662:Dhi Qar Governorate
2617:al-Midaina District
2499:al-Mada'in District
2489:Abu Ghraib District
2481:Baghdad Governorate
2466:al-Musayab District
2456:al-Mahawil District
1892:Wall Street Journal
1483:on 12 November 2014
1281:Chichester, Francis
1179:"Rutbah, Irak 1930"
1105:"Flying the Furrow"
841:Daily mean °C (°F)
528:, on 9 April 2003,
373:Mary Bruins Allison
128: /
3629:Sharazoor District
3619:Saidsadiq District
3204:al-Samawa District
3194:al-Salman District
3093:Maysan Governorate
3040:Kirkuk Governorate
2753:al Khalis District
2733:Balad Ruz District
2725:Diyala Governorate
2690:al-Rifa'i District
2680:Nasiriyah District
2647:al-Zubair District
2519:al-Tarmia District
2504:Mahmudiya District
2436:Hashimiya District
2421:
2316:and their capitals
2087:GlobalSecurity.org
2078:GlobalSecurity.org
1935:Al-Araby Al-Jadeed
1716:The New York Times
706:hot desert climate
639:The New York Times
602:
530:United States Army
522:
444:
380:Francis Chichester
198: • Total
185: • Mayor
137:33.03806; 40.28444
3735:
3734:
3664:Wasit Governorate
3599:Qaradagh District
3383:Diwaniya District
3350:Tel Kaif District
3340:Tel Afar District
3280:al-Ba'aj District
3219:Najaf Governorate
3121:al-Kahla District
2919:Shaqlawa District
2909:Mergasor District
2861:Erbil Governorate
2798:Duhok Governorate
2763:Khanaqin District
2627:al-Qurna District
2579:Basra Governorate
2446:Al-Hilla District
2428:Babil Governorate
2401:ar-Rutba District
2371:al-Qa'im District
2341:Fallujah District
2323:Anbar Governorate
2276:
2275:
1977:. 25 October 2016
1938:(24 October 2016)
1644:. Washington Post
1221:978-0-292-70456-5
1140:on 12 March 2014.
1062:
1061:
244:, also Romanized
228:
227:
29:Ar-Rutba District
16:(Redirected from
3760:
3579:Penjwen District
3466:Samarra District
3446:al-Daur District
3320:Shekhan District
3145:Al-Mejar Al-Kabi
3015:Kerbala District
2972:Khurmal District
2962:Halabja District
2899:Makhmur District
2816:Amadiya District
2743:Ba'quba District
2351:Haditha District
2303:
2296:
2289:
2280:
2271:
2224:Khan al Baghdadi
2116:
2109:
2102:
2093:
2083:Town Information
2057:
2056:
2054:
2052:
2041:
2035:
2034:
2032:
2030:
2015:
2009:
2008:
2006:
2004:
1993:
1987:
1986:
1984:
1982:
1967:
1961:
1960:
1958:
1956:
1945:
1939:
1928:
1922:
1916:
1910:
1901:
1895:
1885:
1879:
1878:
1865:
1859:
1858:
1856:
1854:
1849:on 18 March 2016
1839:
1833:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1813:
1807:
1806:
1804:
1802:
1796:Business Insider
1787:
1781:
1780:
1778:
1776:
1762:
1756:
1755:
1753:
1751:
1736:
1730:
1724:
1718:
1709:
1703:
1702:
1696:
1688:
1681:
1675:
1674:
1670:Long War Journal
1660:
1654:
1653:
1651:
1649:
1642:The Boston Globe
1633:
1627:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1606:
1600:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1581:
1575:
1574:
1556:
1550:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1530:
1524:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1508:
1502:
1499:
1493:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1473:
1467:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1448:
1442:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1423:
1414:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1400:. Archived from
1398:Ejection History
1390:
1384:
1383:
1359:
1353:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1334:
1328:
1327:
1325:
1323:
1309:
1303:
1302:
1277:
1271:
1270:
1264:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1237:
1226:
1225:
1201:
1195:
1194:
1192:
1190:
1175:
1169:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1148:
1142:
1141:
1126:
1120:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1100:
1094:
1093:
1075:
719:
704:Ar-Rutbah has a
488:(ZA467, part of
423:
330:Imperial Airways
281:Imperial Airways
256:town in western
240:
143:
142:
140:
139:
138:
133:
129:
126:
125:
124:
121:
97:
96:
90:
74:
52:
39:
21:
3768:
3767:
3763:
3762:
3761:
3759:
3758:
3757:
3738:
3737:
3736:
3731:
3692:al-Hai District
3658:
3589:Pshdar District
3505:
3486:Tikrit District
3456:Dujail District
3412:
3359:
3330:Sinjar District
3266:
3213:
3160:
3087:
3078:Kirkuk District
3068:Hawija District
3034:
2991:
2982:Sirwan District
2938:
2869:Choman District
2855:
2836:Simele District
2792:
2719:
2656:
2607:al-Faw District
2597:Basrah District
2573:
2523:
2475:
2422:
2410:
2381:Ramadi District
2317:
2307:
2277:
2272:
2263:
2130:
2120:
2065:
2060:
2050:
2048:
2043:
2042:
2038:
2028:
2026:
2017:
2016:
2012:
2002:
2000:
1995:
1994:
1990:
1980:
1978:
1969:
1968:
1964:
1954:
1952:
1947:
1946:
1942:
1929:
1925:
1917:
1913:
1908:Financial Times
1902:
1898:
1886:
1882:
1867:
1866:
1862:
1852:
1850:
1841:
1840:
1836:
1826:
1824:
1815:
1814:
1810:
1800:
1798:
1789:
1788:
1784:
1774:
1772:
1764:
1763:
1759:
1749:
1747:
1738:
1737:
1733:
1729:, economist.com
1725:
1721:
1710:
1706:
1689:
1683:
1682:
1678:
1662:
1661:
1657:
1647:
1645:
1635:
1634:
1630:
1620:
1618:
1617:on 4 April 2006
1608:
1607:
1603:
1593:
1591:
1583:
1582:
1578:
1571:
1558:
1557:
1553:
1543:
1541:
1532:
1531:
1527:
1517:
1515:
1510:
1509:
1505:
1500:
1496:
1486:
1484:
1475:
1474:
1470:
1460:
1458:
1450:
1449:
1445:
1435:
1433:
1425:
1424:
1417:
1407:
1405:
1404:on 22 July 2011
1392:
1391:
1387:
1380:
1361:
1360:
1356:
1346:
1344:
1336:
1335:
1331:
1321:
1319:
1311:
1310:
1306:
1299:
1279:
1278:
1274:
1257:
1250:
1248:
1239:
1238:
1229:
1222:
1203:
1202:
1198:
1188:
1186:
1177:
1176:
1172:
1162:
1160:
1150:
1149:
1145:
1128:
1127:
1123:
1113:
1111:
1102:
1101:
1097:
1090:
1077:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1063:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1004:
999:
994:
989:
975:
970:
965:
960:
955:
950:
945:
940:
935:
930:
925:
920:
915:
905:
900:
895:
890:
885:
880:
875:
870:
865:
860:
855:
850:
845:
835:
830:
825:
820:
815:
810:
805:
800:
795:
790:
785:
780:
775:
702:
694:
686:Battle of Mosul
622:
586:resources from
537:Fedayeen Saddam
514:
512:U.S. occupation
490:No. 16 Squadron
472:
448:Anglo-Iraqi War
436:
430:
428:Anglo-Iraqi War
417:
322:
317:
301:site of a clash
297:Anglo-Iraqi War
224:
188:Imad al-Dulaimi
136:
134:
130:
127:
122:
119:
117:
115:
114:
108:
107:
106:
105:
104:
103:
102:
101:Ar-Rutbah, Iraq
98:
77:
60:
53:
44:
43:Ar-Rutbah, Iraq
37:
32:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3766:
3764:
3756:
3755:
3750:
3740:
3739:
3733:
3732:
3730:
3729:
3719:
3709:
3699:
3689:
3682:Badra District
3679:
3668:
3666:
3660:
3659:
3657:
3656:
3646:
3636:
3626:
3616:
3609:Ranya District
3606:
3596:
3586:
3576:
3569:Mawat District
3566:
3559:Kifri District
3556:
3549:Kalar District
3546:
3539:Dokan District
3536:
3526:
3515:
3513:
3507:
3506:
3504:
3503:
3493:
3483:
3473:
3463:
3453:
3443:
3436:Balad District
3433:
3426:Baiji District
3422:
3420:
3414:
3413:
3411:
3410:
3400:
3393:Hamza District
3390:
3380:
3369:
3367:
3361:
3360:
3358:
3357:
3347:
3337:
3327:
3317:
3310:Mosul District
3307:
3300:Hatra District
3297:
3287:
3276:
3274:
3268:
3267:
3265:
3264:
3257:Najaf District
3254:
3244:
3234:
3223:
3221:
3215:
3214:
3212:
3211:
3201:
3191:
3181:
3170:
3168:
3162:
3161:
3159:
3158:
3148:
3138:
3128:
3118:
3111:Amara District
3108:
3097:
3095:
3089:
3088:
3086:
3085:
3075:
3065:
3058:Dibis District
3055:
3048:Daquq District
3044:
3042:
3036:
3035:
3033:
3032:
3022:
3012:
3001:
2999:
2993:
2992:
2990:
2989:
2979:
2969:
2959:
2952:Byara District
2948:
2946:
2940:
2939:
2937:
2936:
2929:Soran District
2926:
2916:
2906:
2896:
2886:
2879:Erbil District
2876:
2865:
2863:
2857:
2856:
2854:
2853:
2846:Zakho District
2843:
2833:
2826:Duhok District
2823:
2813:
2802:
2800:
2794:
2793:
2791:
2790:
2780:
2773:Kifri District
2770:
2760:
2750:
2740:
2729:
2727:
2721:
2720:
2718:
2717:
2714:Suq Al-Shoyokh
2707:
2697:
2687:
2677:
2666:
2664:
2658:
2657:
2655:
2654:
2644:
2634:
2624:
2614:
2604:
2594:
2591:Abu Al-Khaseeb
2583:
2581:
2575:
2574:
2572:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2485:
2483:
2477:
2476:
2474:
2473:
2463:
2453:
2443:
2432:
2430:
2424:
2423:
2413:
2411:
2409:
2408:
2398:
2391:Rawah District
2388:
2378:
2368:
2358:
2348:
2338:
2327:
2325:
2319:
2318:
2308:
2306:
2305:
2298:
2291:
2283:
2274:
2273:
2266:
2264:
2262:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2135:
2132:
2131:
2121:
2119:
2118:
2111:
2104:
2096:
2090:
2089:
2080:
2071:
2064:
2063:External links
2061:
2059:
2058:
2036:
2010:
1988:
1962:
1940:
1923:
1911:
1896:
1880:
1877:. 2 July 2015.
1860:
1834:
1808:
1782:
1757:
1731:
1719:
1704:
1676:
1655:
1628:
1601:
1576:
1569:
1551:
1525:
1512:"H-3 Airfield"
1503:
1494:
1468:
1443:
1415:
1385:
1378:
1354:
1329:
1304:
1298:978-1849532013
1297:
1272:
1246:Foreign Policy
1227:
1220:
1196:
1170:
1143:
1134:flyandrive.com
1121:
1095:
1089:978-1595550897
1088:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1060:
1059:
1052:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1001:
996:
991:
986:
978:
977:
972:
967:
962:
957:
952:
947:
942:
937:
932:
927:
922:
917:
912:
908:
907:
902:
897:
892:
887:
882:
877:
872:
867:
862:
857:
852:
847:
842:
838:
837:
832:
827:
822:
817:
812:
807:
802:
797:
792:
787:
782:
777:
772:
768:
767:
764:
761:
758:
755:
752:
749:
746:
743:
740:
737:
734:
731:
728:
724:
723:
717:
701:
698:
693:
690:
661:Suhaib al-Rawi
630:Anbar campaign
621:
618:
558:Sunni Triangle
533:Special Forces
524:Following the
513:
510:
498:R-60 (missile)
494:Mikoyan MiG-29
471:
468:
429:
426:
321:
318:
316:
313:
272:road, and the
226:
225:
222:
220:
216:
215:
209:
203:
202:
199:
195:
194:
190:
189:
186:
182:
181:
177:
176:
171:
167:
166:
161:
157:
156:
151:
145:
144:
110:
109:
100:
99:
92:
91:
85:
84:
83:
82:
79:
78:
75:
67:
66:
62:
61:
58:
55:
54:
45:
42:
35:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3765:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3745:
3743:
3727:
3723:
3720:
3717:
3713:
3710:
3707:
3703:
3700:
3697:
3693:
3690:
3687:
3683:
3680:
3677:
3673:
3670:
3669:
3667:
3665:
3661:
3654:
3650:
3647:
3644:
3640:
3637:
3634:
3630:
3627:
3624:
3620:
3617:
3614:
3610:
3607:
3604:
3600:
3597:
3594:
3590:
3587:
3584:
3580:
3577:
3574:
3570:
3567:
3564:
3560:
3557:
3554:
3550:
3547:
3544:
3540:
3537:
3534:
3530:
3527:
3524:
3520:
3517:
3516:
3514:
3512:
3508:
3501:
3497:
3496:Tooz District
3494:
3491:
3487:
3484:
3481:
3477:
3474:
3471:
3467:
3464:
3461:
3457:
3454:
3451:
3447:
3444:
3441:
3437:
3434:
3431:
3427:
3424:
3423:
3421:
3419:
3415:
3408:
3404:
3401:
3398:
3394:
3391:
3388:
3384:
3381:
3378:
3374:
3373:Afak District
3371:
3370:
3368:
3366:
3362:
3355:
3351:
3348:
3345:
3341:
3338:
3335:
3331:
3328:
3325:
3321:
3318:
3315:
3311:
3308:
3305:
3301:
3298:
3295:
3291:
3288:
3285:
3281:
3278:
3277:
3275:
3273:
3269:
3262:
3258:
3255:
3252:
3248:
3245:
3242:
3238:
3235:
3232:
3228:
3227:Kufa District
3225:
3224:
3222:
3220:
3216:
3209:
3205:
3202:
3199:
3195:
3192:
3189:
3185:
3182:
3179:
3175:
3172:
3171:
3169:
3167:
3163:
3156:
3152:
3149:
3146:
3142:
3139:
3136:
3132:
3129:
3126:
3122:
3119:
3116:
3112:
3109:
3106:
3105:Ali Al-Gharbi
3102:
3099:
3098:
3096:
3094:
3090:
3083:
3079:
3076:
3073:
3069:
3066:
3063:
3059:
3056:
3053:
3049:
3046:
3045:
3043:
3041:
3037:
3030:
3026:
3023:
3020:
3016:
3013:
3010:
3006:
3003:
3002:
3000:
2998:
2994:
2987:
2983:
2980:
2977:
2973:
2970:
2967:
2963:
2960:
2957:
2953:
2950:
2949:
2947:
2945:
2941:
2934:
2930:
2927:
2924:
2920:
2917:
2914:
2910:
2907:
2904:
2900:
2897:
2894:
2890:
2887:
2884:
2880:
2877:
2874:
2870:
2867:
2866:
2864:
2862:
2858:
2851:
2847:
2844:
2841:
2837:
2834:
2831:
2827:
2824:
2821:
2817:
2814:
2811:
2807:
2806:Akre District
2804:
2803:
2801:
2799:
2795:
2788:
2784:
2781:
2778:
2774:
2771:
2768:
2764:
2761:
2758:
2754:
2751:
2748:
2744:
2741:
2738:
2734:
2731:
2730:
2728:
2726:
2722:
2715:
2711:
2708:
2705:
2701:
2698:
2695:
2691:
2688:
2685:
2681:
2678:
2675:
2671:
2668:
2667:
2665:
2663:
2659:
2652:
2648:
2645:
2642:
2641:Shatt al-Arab
2638:
2635:
2632:
2628:
2625:
2622:
2618:
2615:
2612:
2608:
2605:
2602:
2598:
2595:
2592:
2588:
2585:
2584:
2582:
2580:
2576:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2514:Taji District
2512:
2509:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2486:
2484:
2482:
2478:
2471:
2467:
2464:
2461:
2457:
2454:
2451:
2447:
2444:
2441:
2440:Al Hashimiyah
2437:
2434:
2433:
2431:
2429:
2425:
2417:
2406:
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2379:
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2369:
2366:
2362:
2359:
2356:
2352:
2349:
2346:
2342:
2339:
2336:
2332:
2331:Anah District
2329:
2328:
2326:
2324:
2320:
2315:
2311:
2304:
2299:
2297:
2292:
2290:
2285:
2284:
2281:
2270:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
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2227:
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2222:
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2200:
2197:
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2187:
2185:
2182:
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2177:
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2172:
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2167:
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2164:Al Haqlaniyah
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2136:
2133:
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2125:
2117:
2112:
2110:
2105:
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2098:
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2094:
2088:
2084:
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2079:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2066:
2062:
2046:
2040:
2037:
2024:
2020:
2014:
2011:
1998:
1992:
1989:
1976:
1972:
1966:
1963:
1950:
1944:
1941:
1937:
1936:
1932:
1927:
1924:
1920:
1915:
1912:
1909:
1905:
1900:
1897:
1893:
1889:
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1876:
1875:
1870:
1864:
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1590:
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1577:
1572:
1570:9781476665696
1566:
1563:. McFarland.
1562:
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1504:
1498:
1495:
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1472:
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1457:
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1447:
1444:
1432:
1428:
1427:"1991 losses"
1422:
1420:
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1403:
1399:
1395:
1389:
1386:
1381:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1366:
1358:
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1330:
1318:
1317:Air Disasters
1314:
1308:
1305:
1300:
1294:
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1276:
1273:
1268:
1262:
1247:
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1125:
1122:
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1037:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1002:
997:
992:
987:
984:
983:precipitation
979:
973:
968:
963:
958:
953:
948:
943:
938:
933:
928:
923:
918:
913:
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888:
883:
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848:
843:
839:
833:
828:
823:
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813:
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793:
788:
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778:
773:
769:
725:
720:
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714:
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699:
697:
691:
689:
687:
682:
680:
676:
671:
669:
664:
662:
656:
652:
650:
645:
644:Hauran valley
641:
640:
635:
631:
627:
619:
617:
613:
609:
607:
599:
595:
591:
589:
583:
581:
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554:
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541:
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534:
531:
527:
518:
511:
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495:
491:
487:
484:
479:
477:
474:Prior to the
469:
467:
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457:
453:
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440:
435:
427:
425:
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408:
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319:
314:
312:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
277:
275:
271:
267:
263:
262:Sunni Muslims
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
236:
232:
221:
213:
210:
208:
200:
187:
175:
172:
165:
162:
155:
152:
150:
141:
113:Coordinates:
89:
73:
56:
48:
40:
34:
30:
19:
3716:Al-Nu'maniya
3702:Kut District
3653:Sulaymaniyah
3533:Darbandikhan
3500:Tuz Khurmatu
3387:Al Diwaniyah
3241:Al-Manathera
3155:Qal'at Saleh
2787:Al-Miqdadiya
2674:Al-Chibayish
2419:Flag of Iraq
2404:
2361:Hit District
2244:Al-Karābilah
2149:Al-Khalidiya
2049:. Retrieved
2039:
2027:. Retrieved
2013:
2001:. Retrieved
1991:
1979:. Retrieved
1974:
1965:
1953:. Retrieved
1943:
1933:
1926:
1921:, Iraqi News
1914:
1907:
1899:
1891:
1883:
1872:
1863:
1851:. Retrieved
1847:the original
1837:
1825:. Retrieved
1821:
1811:
1799:. Retrieved
1795:
1785:
1773:. Retrieved
1769:
1760:
1748:. Retrieved
1744:
1734:
1722:
1715:
1707:
1679:
1668:
1658:
1646:. Retrieved
1641:
1631:
1619:. Retrieved
1615:the original
1604:
1592:. Retrieved
1588:
1579:
1560:
1554:
1542:. Retrieved
1538:
1528:
1516:. Retrieved
1506:
1497:
1485:. Retrieved
1481:the original
1471:
1459:. Retrieved
1455:
1446:
1434:. Retrieved
1430:
1406:. Retrieved
1402:the original
1397:
1388:
1364:
1357:
1345:. Retrieved
1341:
1332:
1320:. Retrieved
1316:
1307:
1284:
1275:
1249:. Retrieved
1245:
1206:
1199:
1187:. Retrieved
1183:Museen Koeln
1182:
1173:
1161:. Retrieved
1156:
1146:
1138:the original
1133:
1124:
1112:. Retrieved
1109:Aramco World
1108:
1098:
1079:
1073:
985:mm (inches)
712:
703:
695:
683:
672:
665:
657:
653:
637:
623:
614:
610:
608:by 3rd LAR.
603:
598:U.S. Marines
584:
576:
562:
546:
542:
523:
480:
473:
445:
398:
396:
391:
377:
358:
338:Persian Gulf
326:Rutbah Wells
325:
323:
292:
278:
249:
245:
241:
230:
229:
33:
3676:Al-Aziziyah
3407:Al-Shamiya
3251:Al-Meshkhab
3188:Al-Rumaitha
3135:Al-Maimouna
3029:Ayn al-Tamr
2529:New Baghdad
2204:Al Amiriyah
2144:Al Fallujah
1648:21 December
1621:21 December
1487:27 February
1185:(in German)
590:in Rutbah.
504:piloted by
496:armed with
460:Arab Legion
446:During the
418: [
384:New Zealand
305:Arab Legion
219:Postal code
135: /
3742:Categories
3726:Al-Suwaira
3643:Sharbazher
3623:Said Sadiq
3523:Chamchamal
3480:Al-Shirqat
3178:Al-Khidhir
3009:Al-Hindiya
2893:Koy Sanjaq
2704:Al-Shatrah
2621:Al-Midaina
2460:Al-Mahawil
2234:Saqlawiyah
2169:Habbaniyah
2122:Cities of
2003:25 October
1981:25 October
1955:24 October
1379:0275965287
1066:References
616:May 2010.
452:Rashid Ali
432:See also:
361:water stop
285:water stop
193:Population
180:Government
3354:Tel Keppe
3324:Ain Sifni
3198:Al-Salman
2757:Al Khalis
2737:Balad Ruz
2694:Al-Rifa'i
2684:Nasiriyah
2651:Al-Zubair
2631:Al-Qurnah
2569:Sadr City
2559:Al Rashid
2539:Kadhimiya
2534:Adhamiyah
2508:Mahmudiya
2405:Ar-Rutbah
2310:Districts
2249:Al Ubaidi
2209:Al Waleed
2194:Al Karmah
2139:Ar Ramadi
2051:1 January
1261:cite news
692:Geography
547:In 2004,
231:Ar-Rutbah
207:Time zone
174:Al-Rutbah
123:40°17′4″E
120:33°2′17″N
65:Ar-Rutbah
18:Ar Rutbah
3603:Qaradagh
3593:Qaladiza
3344:Tal Afar
3304:Al-Hadar
3294:Qaraqosh
3284:Al-Ba'aj
3125:Al-Kahla
2923:Shaqlawa
2913:Mergasor
2767:Khanaqin
2470:Musayyib
2375:Al-Qa'im
2345:Fallujah
2229:Barwanah
2179:Husaybah
2174:Ar Rutba
2124:Al Anbar
2023:Archived
1874:BBC News
1822:HuffPost
1745:NBC News
1693:cite web
1370:134, 537
1283:(2012).
1055:Source:
981:Average
811:(103.5)
806:(102.9)
668:car bomb
634:Al-Qa'im
572:corpsman
476:Gulf War
470:Gulf War
365:Damascus
336:and the
287:for the
258:Al Anbar
252:) is an
242:ar-Ruṭba
170:District
164:Al-Anbar
160:Province
3633:Zarayan
3583:Penjwen
3470:Samarra
3450:Ad-Dawr
3208:Samawah
3019:Karbala
2976:Khurmal
2966:Halabja
2903:Makhmur
2820:Amadiya
2747:Baqubah
2554:Mansour
2544:Karrada
2525:Baghdad
2355:Haditha
2254:Al Qaim
2214:Akashat
2159:Haditha
1975:Reuters
1770:Airwars
1518:10 June
1461:31 July
1436:31 July
1408:31 July
1338:"Uiver"
1313:"Uiver"
1163:31 July
1050:(4.36)
1045:(0.46)
1040:(0.72)
1035:(0.50)
1030:(0.02)
1025:(0.00)
1020:(0.00)
1015:(0.00)
1010:(0.32)
1005:(0.35)
1000:(0.55)
995:(0.85)
990:(0.57)
976:(56.6)
971:(40.1)
966:(47.3)
961:(60.3)
956:(69.3)
951:(75.4)
946:(74.8)
941:(70.9)
936:(64.0)
931:(54.9)
926:(46.0)
921:(39.6)
916:(36.9)
906:(69.0)
901:(50.2)
896:(59.0)
891:(73.2)
886:(83.3)
881:(89.4)
876:(88.9)
871:(84.7)
866:(77.0)
861:(67.5)
856:(57.6)
851:(50.2)
846:(46.9)
836:(81.4)
831:(60.4)
826:(70.5)
821:(86.2)
816:(97.3)
801:(98.6)
796:(90.1)
791:(80.1)
786:(69.1)
781:(60.8)
776:(57.0)
700:Climate
606:2nd LAR
588:3rd LAR
549:Marines
486:Tornado
367:by the
350:Baghdad
315:History
270:Baghdad
214:(GMT+3)
149:Country
3696:Al-Hay
3490:Tikrit
3460:Dujail
3334:Sinjar
3115:Amarah
3082:Kirkuk
3072:Hawija
2986:Sirwan
2873:Choman
2840:Simele
2611:al-Faw
2564:Rusafa
2450:Hillah
2385:Ramadi
2259:Rumana
2219:Tarbil
2199:Kabisa
2029:6 July
1853:30 May
1827:30 May
1801:30 May
1775:30 May
1750:30 May
1594:30 May
1567:
1544:30 May
1376:
1347:30 May
1322:30 May
1295:
1251:29 May
1218:
1189:30 May
1114:30 May
1086:
727:Month
250:Rutbah
239:الرطبة
235:Arabic
201:28,400
51:الرطبة
47:Arabic
3686:Badra
3613:Ranya
3573:Mawat
3563:Kifri
3553:Kalar
3543:Dokan
3440:Balad
3430:Baiji
3397:Hamza
3314:Mosul
3261:Najaf
3062:Dibis
3052:Daquq
2956:Byara
2933:Soran
2883:Erbil
2850:Zakho
2830:Duhok
2777:Kifri
2601:Basra
2549:Karkh
2395:Rawah
2189:Rawah
2085:from
2076:from
1048:110.8
766:Year
675:Mosul
551:from
422:]
399:Uiver
386:in a
344:, to
342:Cairo
334:India
293:Uiver
266:Amman
254:Iraqi
246:Rutba
223:31011
212:UTC+3
3377:Afak
3231:Kufa
2810:Akre
2335:Anah
2314:Iraq
2184:Anah
2128:Iraq
2053:2024
2031:2014
2005:2016
1983:2016
1957:2016
1855:2016
1829:2016
1803:2016
1777:2016
1752:2016
1699:link
1650:2015
1623:2015
1596:2016
1565:ISBN
1546:2016
1520:2013
1489:2015
1463:2016
1438:2016
1410:2016
1374:ISBN
1349:2016
1324:2016
1293:ISBN
1267:link
1253:2016
1216:ISBN
1191:2016
1165:2016
1116:2016
1084:ISBN
1057:NOAA
1043:11.8
1038:18.4
1033:12.7
998:13.9
993:21.7
988:14.4
974:13.7
959:15.7
954:20.7
949:24.1
944:23.8
939:21.6
934:17.8
929:12.7
904:20.6
899:10.1
894:15.0
889:22.9
884:28.5
879:31.9
874:31.6
869:29.3
864:25.0
859:19.7
854:14.2
849:10.1
834:27.4
829:15.8
824:21.4
819:30.1
814:36.3
809:39.7
804:39.4
799:37.0
794:32.3
789:26.7
784:20.6
779:16.0
774:13.9
763:Dec
760:Nov
757:Oct
754:Sep
751:Aug
748:Jul
745:Jun
742:May
739:Apr
736:Mar
733:Feb
730:Jan
624:The
620:ISIL
569:Navy
407:DC-2
346:Gaza
154:Iraq
59:Town
3706:Kut
2365:Hit
2312:of
2154:Hit
2126:in
1028:0.5
1023:0.1
1018:0.1
1013:0.1
1008:8.1
1003:9.0
969:4.5
964:8.5
924:7.8
919:4.2
914:2.7
844:8.3
713:BWh
483:RAF
404:KLM
3744::
2527::
2021:.
1973:.
1906:,
1890:,
1871:.
1820:.
1794:.
1768:.
1743:.
1695:}}
1691:{{
1667:.
1640:.
1587:.
1537:.
1454:.
1429:.
1418:^
1396:.
1372:.
1340:.
1315:.
1263:}}
1259:{{
1244:.
1230:^
1214:.
1212:23
1181:.
1155:.
1132:.
1107:.
508:.
420:nl
375:.
311:.
248:,
237::
49::
3728:)
3724:(
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3714:(
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3704:(
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3694:(
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3684:(
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3498:(
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2609:(
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2599:(
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2468:(
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2333:(
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2295:t
2288:v
2115:e
2108:t
2101:v
2055:.
2033:.
2007:.
1985:.
1959:.
1894:.
1857:.
1831:.
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1779:.
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1167:.
1118:.
1092:.
708:(
268:–
233:(
31:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
