335:
867:
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625:
47:
585:, which would qualify them as gambling and require them to be strictly regulated in most government jurisdictions. Games of chance generally involve games where a player pays money to participate for the opportunity to win a prize, where the likelihood to win that prize is primarily driven by chance rather than skill. Akin to sweepstakes and lotteries, slot machines are typically cataloged as games of chance and thus not typically included in arcades outside of certain jurisdictions.
133:
842:
1374:, before arcades declined in the late 1990s, with the console market surpassing arcade video games for the first time around 1997–1998. Arcade video games declined in the Western world during the 2000s, with most arcades serving highly specialized experiences that cannot be replicated in the home, including lines of pinball and other arcade games, coupled with other entertainment options such as restaurants or bars. Among newer arcade video games include games like
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were released during the late 1960s to early 1970s, from quiz games and racing games to hockey and football games, many adopting the quarter-play price point. These "audio-visual" games were selling in large quantities that had not been approached by most arcade machines in years. This led to a "technological renaissance" in the late 1960s, which would later be critical in establishing a healthy arcade environment for video games to flourish in the 1970s.
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games of chance and banned them from arcades. After the invention of the electric flipper in 1947, which gave the player more control on the fate of the ball after launching, pinball manufacturers pushed to reclassify pinball as games of skill. New York City's ban on pinball was overturned in 1976 when Roger Sharpe, a journalist, demonstrated the ability to call a shot to a specific lane to the city's council to prove pinball was a game of skill.
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in 1977. Where pinball was allowed, pinball manufacturers carefully distanced their games from gambling, adding "For
Amusement Only" among the game's labeling, eliminating any redemption features, and asserting these were games of skill at every opportunity. By the early 1970s, pinball machines thus occupied select arcades at amusement parks, at bars and lounges, and with solitary machines at various stores.
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The late 1960s to early 1970s were considered the "electro-mechanical golden age" in Japan, and the "novelty renaissance" or "technological renaissance" in North
America. A new category of "audio-visual" novelty games emerged during this era, mainly established by several Japanese arcade manufacturers. Arcades had previously been dominated by
573:, popular in Japan and southeast Asia, where players must convert their money into special medal coins to play the game, but can win more coins which they can redeem back into prizes. Medal games are design to simulate a gambling-like experience without running afoul of Japan's strict laws against gambling.
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revived the novelty game business, and established a "realistic" or "audio-visual" category of games, using advanced special effects to provide a simulation experience. It was the catalyst for the "novelty renaissance" where a wide variety of novelty/specialty games (also called "land-sea-air" games)
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machines that included electric lights and features were developed in 1933, but lacked the user-controlled flipper mechanisms at that point; these would be invented in 1947. Though the creators of these games argued that these games were still skill-based, many governments still considered them to be
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Pinball machines are games that have a large, enclosed, slanted table with a number of scoring features on its surface. Players launch a steel ball onto the table and, using pinball flippers, try to keep the ball in play while scoring as many points as possible. Early pinball games were mostly driven
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found in
America at the time. Some elders feared what the youth were doing and considered pinball machines to be "tools of the devil." This led to even more bans. These bans were slowly lifted in the 1960s and 1970s; New York City's ban, placed in 1942, lasted until 1976, while Chicago's was lifted
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Prize redemption games such as crane games and coin drop games have been examined as a mixed continuum between games of chance and skill. In a crane game, for example, there is some skill in determining how to position the crane claw over a prize, but the conditions of the strength and condition of
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From the late 1960s, EM games incorporated more elaborate electronics and mechanical action to create a simulated environment for the player. These games overlapped with the introduction of arcade video games, and in some cases, were prototypical of the experiences that arcade video games offered.
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games date back to the early 20th century, with "cinematic shooting gallery" games. They were similar to shooting gallery carnival games, except that players shot at a cinema screen displaying film footage of targets. They showed footage of targets, and when a player shot the screen at the right
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Pinball machines initially were branded as games of chance in the 1940s as, after launching the ball, the player had no means to control its outcome. Coupled with fears of pinball being a "tool of the devil" over the youth of that time period, several jurisdictions took steps to label pinball as
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perspective on a screen, resembling a windscreen view. It had collision detection, with players having to dodge cars to avoid crashing, as well as electronic sound for the car engines and collisions. This gave it greater realism than earlier driving games, and it resembled a prototypical arcade
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Abstract mechanical sports games date back to the turn of the 20th century in
England, which was the main manufacturer of arcade games in the early 20th century. The London-based Automatic Sports Company manufactured abstract sports games based on British sports, including
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A general category of arcade games are those played for tickets that can be redeemed for prizes. The gameplay itself can be of any arcade game, and the number of tickets received are proportional to the player's score. Skee ball is often played as a redemption game, while
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video games. "General" arcade games refer to all other types of EM arcade games, including various different types of sports games. "Audio-visual" or "realistic" games referred to novelty games that used advanced special effects to provide a simulation experience.
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In limited jurisdictions, slot machines may also be considered an arcade game and installed alongside other games in arcades. However, as slot machines are mostly games of chance, their use in this manner is highly limited. They are most often used for gambling.
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Pinball machines beyond the 1970s have since advanced with similar improvement in technology as with arcade video games. Past machines used discrete electro-mechanical and electronic componentry for game logic, but newer machines have switched to
1098:(1972) and its clones, EM games continued to have a strong presence in arcades for much of the 1970s. In Japan, EM games remained more popular than video games up until the late 1970s. In the United States, after the market became flooded with
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Alternatives to pinball were electro-mechanical games (EM games) that clearly demonstrated themselves as games of skill to avoid the stigma of pinball. The transition from mechanical arcade games to EM games dates back to around the time of
1237:. The number of arcade game makers greatly increased over the next several years, including several of the companies that had been making EM games such as Midway, Bally, Williams, Sega, and Taito. As technology moved from
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remaining considerably more advanced than home systems through the late 1990s. However, the improved capabilities of home consoles and computers to mimic arcade video games during this time drew crowds away from arcades.
936:, which followed a similar format but had a longer cabinet allowing a longer road. By 1961, however, the US arcade industry had been stagnating. This in turn had a negative effect on Japanese arcade distributors such as
655:, and installed along with other attractions at fairs, traveling carnivals, and resorts. Soon, entrepreneurs began housing these coin-operated devices in the same facilities which required minimal oversight, creating
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in the 1910s and 1920s drew audiences away from the penny arcade. New interactive coin-operated machines were created to bring back patrons to the penny arcades, creating the first arcade games. Many were based on
1388:. Arcade games had remained popular in Asian regions until around the late 2010s as popularity began to wane; when once there were around 26,000 arcades in Japan in 1986, there were only about 4,000 in 2019. The
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Nearly all arcade video games tend to be treated as games of skill, challenging the player against the pre-set programming of the game. However, arcade video games that replicate gambling concepts, such as
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Cabot, Anthony N.; Light, Glenn J.; Rutledge, Karl F. (2009). "Alex
Rodriguez, a Monkey, and the Game of Scrabble: The Hazard of Using Illogic to Define the Legality of Games of Mixed Skill and Chance".
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was introduced to North
America in 1976, which inspired Bob's Space Racers to produce their own version of the game called "Whac-A-Mole" in 1977. Sega released an EM game similar to air hockey in 1968,
772:(1949), introduced the use of mechanical sound effects. Mechanical maze games appeared in penny arcades by the mid-20th century; they only allowed the player to manipulate the entire maze, unlike later
932:, with the goal being to keep the car centered as the road shifts left and right. Kasco (short for Kansai Seisakusho Co.) introduced this type of electro-mechanical driving game to Japan in 1958 with
3050:
Ernkvist, Mirko (2008). "Down many times, but still playing the game: Creative destruction and industry crashes in the early video game industry 1971–1986". In
Gratzer, Karl; Stiefel, Dieter (eds.).
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market crashed around the mid-1970s, which led to traditional
Chicago coin-op manufacturers mainly sticking to EM games up until the late 1970s. EM games eventually declined following the arrival of
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and ruled them as gambling devices. As such, they were initially banned in many cities. Pinball machines were also divisive between the young and the old and were arguably emblematic of the
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to direct and fire torpedoes, which were represented by colored lights and electronic sound effects. Sega's version became a major success worldwide. It was the first arcade game to cost a
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period between the 1940s and 1960s. Some early electro-mechanical games were designed not for commercial purposes but to demonstrate the state of technology at public expositions, such as
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game simulating association football, with eleven static players on each side of the pitch that can kick a ball using levers. Driving games originated from
British arcades in the 1930s.
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in 1969. It had a circular racetrack with rival cars painted on individual rotating discs illuminated by a lamp, which produced colorful graphics projected using mirrors to give a
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to handle these elements, making games more versatile. Newer machines may have complex mechanical actions and detailed backplate graphics that are supported by these technologies.
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through mechanical components, while pinball games from the 1930s onward include electronic components such as lights and sensors and are one form of an electro-mechanical game.
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employees between 1969 and 1972. EM games experienced a resurgence during the 1980s. Air hockey, whac-a-mole and medal games have since remained popular arcade attractions.
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Pachinko is a type of mechanical game originating in Japan. It is used as both a form of recreational arcade game and much more frequently as a gambling device, filling a
334:
118:, often are categorized legally as gambling devices and, due to restrictions, may not be made available to minors or without appropriate oversight in many jurisdictions.
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is typically used to designate when arcade games are games of chance and thus subject to gambling laws, but for many redemption games, its application is a grey area.
745:, released in the United Kingdom in 1912. Cinematic shooting gallery games enjoyed short-lived popularity in several parts of Britain during the 1910s, and often had
538:
Sport games are indoor or miniaturized versions of popular physical sports that can be played within an arcade setting often with a reduced ruleset. Examples include
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972:(later called Namco) in 1965 and then by Sega in 1966. It used lights and plastic waves to simulate sinking ships from a submarine, and had players look through a
1089:, watching customers play and helping to maintain the machinery, while learning how it worked and developing his understanding of how the game business operates.
2927:[Sega 60th Anniversary Special Interview: Arcade developers of the legendary chassis R360 and "Virtua Fighter" tell a lot of development secrets!].
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of a larger scope, but reduced to something which could be automated. One popular style were pin-based games which were based on the 19th century game of
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Coin-operated photo booths automatically take and develop three or four wallet-sized pictures of subjects within the small space, and more recently using
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machines, had emerged in the 1980s. These are generally treated as games of chance, and remained confined to jurisdictions with favorable gambling laws.
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are essentially a cross between a traditional license/passport photo booth and an arcade video game, with a computer which allows the manipulation of
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established in 1981. It represents the
American coin-operated amusement machine industry, including 120 arcade game distributors and manufacturers.
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the claw and the stacking of the prize are sufficiently unknown parameters to make whether the player will be successful a matter of luck. The
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The ultimate history of video games: from Pong to Pokémon and beyond: the story behind the craze that touched our lives and changed the world
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852:(1969), a two-player EM game that used light-sensitive targets. It was one of the first games with head-to-head shooting, inspiring arcade
764:(1936). Games using this toy rifle were mechanical and the rifle fired beams of light at targets wired with sensors. A later gun game from
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time, it would trigger a mechanism that temporarily pauses the film and registers a point. The first successful example of such a game was
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Merchandiser games are those where the player attempts to win a prize by performing some physical action with the arcade machine, such as
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Penny arcades started to gain a negative reputation as the most popular attraction in them tended to be mutoscopes featuring risqué and
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vending machines had come about in the 19th century. To build on this, coin-operated automated amusement machines were created, such as
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420:. They are typically used for licenses or passports, but there have been several types of photo booths designed for amusement arcades.
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and computers, and a moral panic on the impact of arcade video games on youth. The arcade industry was also partially impacted by the
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in the late 1970s. Several EM games that appeared in the 1970s have remained popular in arcades through to the present day, notably
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also established a trend of missile-launching gameplay during the late 1960s to 1970s. In the late 1960s, Sega began producing
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in 2020 and 2021 also drastically hit the arcade industry, forcing many of the large long-standing arcades in Japan to close.
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photographs. Two other arcade manufacturers introduced their own computerized arcade photo booth machines at the same show.
689:, a precursor to the pinball machine where players were given a limited number of balled to knock down targets with only a
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1702:
Cabot, Anthony N.; Csoka, Louis V. (2003). "The games people play: Is it time for a new legal approach to prize games".
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Riismandel, Kyle (2013). "Arcade Addicts And Mallrats: Producing And Policing Suburban Public Space In 1980s America".
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similar to what arcade video games would later use. It was derived from older British driving games from the 1930s. In
1421:, forged license-compliance programs with right groups ASCAP, BMI or SESAC, and it represented the country's licensed
1294:
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The Amusement & Music Operators (AMOA), a trade founded in 1957. It was composed by 1,700 members up to 1995. In
952:, before a new wave of EM arcade games emerged that were able to generate significant earnings for arcade operators.
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2505:
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2220:
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Roundy, Philip T. (2020). "An "extra life" for the arcade? Entrepreneurship, hybridization, and industry renewal".
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Cabot, Anthony N.; Csoka, Louis V. (2007). "Fantasy Sports: One Form of Mainstream Wagering in the United States".
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They Create Worlds: The Story of the People and Companies That Shaped the Video Game Industry, Vol. I: 1971–1982
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also charged a quarter per play, further cementing quarter-play as the US arcade standard for over two decades.
1061:, with an upright cabinet, yellow marquee, three-digit scoring, coin box, steering wheel and accelerator pedal.
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is a coin-operated entertainment machine typically installed in public businesses such as restaurants, bars and
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Cowan, Michael (2018). "Interactive media and imperial subjects: Excavating the cinematic shooting gallery".
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with a fire button, leading to joysticks subsequently becoming the standard control scheme for arcade games.
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1277:(Nintendo, 1981). The golden age waned in 1983 due to an excess number of arcade games, the growing draw of
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The arcade market had recovered by 1986, with the help of software conversion kits, the arrival of popular
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had existed in England since the turn of the 20th century. The earliest rudimentary examples of mechanical
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using light-sensitive sensors on targets to register hits. Examples of electro-mechanical games include
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Coin-op carnival games are automated versions or variations of popular staffed games held at carnival
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1163:, where two players moved around motorbikes to knock balls into the opponent's goal; it also used an
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Exploring the Selfie: Historical, Theoretical, and Analytical Approaches to Digital Self-Photography
1085:, when he was a college student, worked at an arcade where he became familiar with EM games such as
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actions from the player to move items contained within the game's cabinet. Some of these were early
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in 1975. In the late 1970s, arcade centers in Japan began to be flooded with "mole buster" games.
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EM games have a number of different genres/categories. "Novelty" or "land-sea-air" games refer to
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2252:[Kasco and the Electro-Mechanical Golden Age: Former Kansai Seisakusho Staff Interview].
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1346:(1992) helped to revive it in the early 1990s, leading to a renaissance for the arcade industry.
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to play back the sounds of the motorbikes. Air hockey itself was later created by a group of
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sold over 10,000 cabinets in North America, becoming the biggest arcade hit in years. Like
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is one of the most popular redemption games in Japan. Another type of redemption game are
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198:. Most of these are played for prizes or tickets for redemption. Common examples include
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amusements had been a staple of fairs since the 19th century. Further, the invention of
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Up until about 1996, arcade video games had remained the largest sector of the global
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responded to market conditions by having Sega develop original arcade games in Japan.
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1817:
Newman, Michael (2017). "Chapter 1: Good Clean Fun: The Origin of the Video Arcade".
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1728:"What the Popularity of 'Fortnite' Has in Common With the 20th Century Pinball Craze"
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near the turn of the 20th century, the name taken from the common use of a single
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1454:"What arcade games looked like before video games, 1968 - Rare Historical Photos"
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or computerized circuitry to take input from the player and translate that to an
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At the Amusement & Music Operators Association (AMOA) show in October 1975,
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This article is about all types of amusement arcade games. For video games, see
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colonies. Cinematic shooting gallery games declined some time after the 1910s.
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Shooting gallery carnival games date back to the late 19th century. Mechanical
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boardwalk arcade. The popularity of these games was aided by the impact of the
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were popularized in arcades during the early 1990s with games such as Sega's
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2782:"Nolan Bushnell: Transcript of an interview conducted by Christopher Weaver"
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Voorhees, Gerald (2014). "Chapter 31: Shooting". In Perron, Bernard (ed.).
548:. Sports games can be either mechanical, electro-mechanical or electronic.
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refer to games that involve shooting with a gun-like peripheral (such as a
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EM games typically combined mechanical engineering technology with various
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which allowed the player to manipulate individual elements within a maze.
725:(1925) by London-based Full Team Football Company was an early mechanical
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Arcade games have generally struggled to avoid being labelled wholly as
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The video game explosion: a history from PONG to PlayStation and beyond
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released by Sega in 1969, may have been the first arcade game to use a
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3379:"Crackdown On Unlicensed Jukes: Trade Group Agrees To Tipster Program"
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History of Digital Games: Developments in Art, Design and Interaction
2001:
History of Digital Games: Developments in Art, Design and Interaction
1906:
History of Digital Games: Developments in Art, Design and Interaction
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History of Digital Games: Developments in Art, Design and Interaction
1014:, which began location testing in 1968 and released in January 1969.
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that had been depending on US imports up until then. Sega co-founder
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1613:"Freddy Fender captures top JB awards, will play for MOA stage show"
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that require specialized equipment, as well as games incorporating
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led to another brief arcade decline towards the end of the 1980s.
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in 1995, the name is a shortened form of the registered trademark
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niche comparable to that of the slot machine in Western gambling.
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game, where one must time the movement of the claw to grab a prize
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as the first commercially successful game. Arcade video games use
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Arcade video games were first introduced in the early 1970s, with
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1008:. It was a fresh approach to gun games that Sega introduced with
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game by having the player hit a pitch into one of various holes.
2925:"セガ60周年スペシャルインタビュー。伝説の筐体R360や『バーチャファイター』などアーケード開発者が開発秘話をたっぷり語る!"
1249:, a new wave of arcade video games arose, starting with Taito's
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while drawing audiences of young men. Further, the birth of the
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2948:"Arcade Developers Talk Sega's History of Taking On Challenges"
2729:"Arcade Game Flyers: Indy 500, Kansai Seiki International (AU)"
2676:"Did You Know... Game & Pop Culture Fun Facts & Trivia"
2224:. No. 24 (December 1996). 19 November 1996. pp. 6–10.
2067:"For Amusement Only: the life and death of the American arcade"
2147:
1326:). However, the growth of home video game systems such as the
54:
featuring several different types of arcade games, located in
3204:"Peak Video Game? Top Analyst Sees Industry Slumping in 2019"
2824:
Arcade Mania! The Turbo Charged World of Japan's Game Centers
2651:"Kasco Indy 500 coin operated mechanical arcade driving game"
2351:
Arcade Mania! The Turbo Charged World of Japan's Game Centers
2095:"The Mayor Who Took a Sledgehammer to NYC's Pinball Machines"
1962:
Arcade Mania! The Turbo Charged World of Japan's Game Centers
3031:. No. 3. United Kingdom. CU Amiga. May 1990. p. 87
2247:"Kasco no Jidai ~ Moto Kansai Seisakusho Staff Interview ~"
3103:"Coin-Op history – 1975 to 1997 – from the pages of RePlay"
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per play, and was a turning point for the arcade industry.
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of the 1930s, as they provided inexpensive entertainment.
2790:
Lemelson Center for the Study of Invention and Innovation
2559:"Killer Shark: The Undersea Horror Arcade Game from Jaws"
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Skee-Ball and carnival games (late 19th century to 1940s)
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games that simulate aspects of various vehicles, such as
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Attract Mode: The Rise and Fall of Coin-Op Arcade Games
1405:
The American Amusement Machine Association (AAMA) is a
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was introduced in Japan, with Kasco's 1968 racing game
427:
introduced an arcade photo booth machine that combines
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693:. Skee-Ball became popular after being featured at an
1621:. Vol. 1, no. 10. October 1975. p. 27.
282:. EM games lie somewhere in the middle between fully
2700:
Gamers at Work: Stories Behind the Games People Play
2216:"Did you know that Sega was started by an American?"
3609:
3581:
3553:
3535:
3494:
3458:
2496:"The Next Level: Sega's Plans for World Domination"
2414:
The First Quarter: A 25-Year History of Video Games
2143:"Arcade Dreams' Forgotten Classics: Sega Gun Fight"
1128:. Medal games started becoming popular with Sega's
102:Broadly, arcade games are nearly always considered
3202:
2305:. Cash Box Pub. Co. 27 December 1969. p. 184.
1819:Atari Age: The Emergence of Video Games in America
223:games (EM games) operate on a combination of some
3240:"Virus threatens 'game over' for Japan's arcades"
2848:Japan Amusement Machine and Marketing Association
2322:The Sega Arcade Revolution: A History in 62 Games
1812:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1667:"The beginner's guide to arcade culture in Japan"
1533:. Cash Box Pub. Co. 20 October 1973. p. 105.
1435:Japan Amusement Machine and Marketing Association
1429:Japan Amusement Machine and Marketing Association
1092:Following the arrival of arcade video games with
2060:
2058:
2056:
2054:
2052:
2050:
2048:
2046:
1065:sold over 2,000 arcade cabinets in Japan, while
3354:United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary
1308:games (such as Sega's "taikan" games including
749:animals as targets, with footage recorded from
482:
74:. Most arcade games are presented as primarily
474:
110:. Games that are solely games of chance, like
3427:
2589:"New Sega Gun To Bow at ATE: Sega Duck Shoot"
2314:
2312:
2291:
2289:
2274:"Kasco and the Electro-Mechanical Golden Age"
2116:"Chicago once waged a 40-year war on pinball"
1988:. Cash Box Pub. Co. 27 July 1968. p. 73.
1877:The Routledge Companion to Video Game Studies
908:released the electro-mechanical driving game
489:. They are primarily found in Asian arcades.
8:
2467:Charles Hill; Gareth Jones (19 April 2011).
1697:
1695:
1693:
1691:
1689:
683:. One of the first such pin-based games was
184:was one of the first arcade games developed.
3233:
3231:
2999:"Classic Games Spur Coin-Op Market Rebound"
2176:
2174:
2172:
2170:
1413:Amusement & Music Operators Association
3434:
3420:
3412:
2780:; Weaver, Christopher (17 November 2017).
3054:. Södertörns högskola. pp. 161–191.
1935:NECSUS. European Journal of Media Studies
1499:
1497:
1495:
831:Electro-mechanical games (1940s to 1970s)
442:A specific variety designed for arcades,
3315:"Care for a Latte With That, Mr. Nukem?"
3270:"American Amusement Machine Association"
2834:
2832:
2766:. November 1996. pp. 211–229 (213).
2241:
2239:
2237:
2235:
2233:
2231:
1576:
1574:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1560:
1362:, with later arcade systems such as the
2597:. Cash Box Pub. Co.: 34 4 January 1969.
2403:
2401:
2297:"Special Novelties Find Favor With Ops"
2093:Friedersdorf, Colon (18 January 2013).
1558:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1519:
1517:
1445:
788:Pinball machines from the 1960s at the
577:"Game of skill" versus "game of chance"
3176:"Second Hand Smoke – One up, two down"
1777:Journal of Business Venturing Insights
1401:American Amusement Machine Association
717:(1903) which simulated a portion of a
309:video games), or aircraft (similar to
3601:Timeline of arcade video game history
3137:15 Most Influential Games of All Time
2210:
2208:
2206:
1581:Smith, Alexander (19 November 2019).
1175:Arcade video games (1970s to present)
7:
3313:Kushner, David (23 September 1999).
3216:from the original on 30 January 2019
3052:History of Insolvancy and Bankruptcy
2626:"1969 Sega Duck Hunt (Arcade Flyer)"
1644:. Springer. pp. 305–326 (310).
1504:Lendino, Jamie (27 September 2020).
1146:(1975). The first whac-a-mole game,
997:, but which were EM games that used
906:International Mutoscope Reel Company
86:machines, electro-mechanical games,
27:Coin-operated entertainment machine
3201:Naramura, Yuki (23 January 2019).
2804:from the original on 23 April 2021
2470:Essentials of Strategic Management
2181:Williams, Andrew (16 March 2017).
1999:Williams, Andrew (16 March 2017).
1904:Williams, Andrew (16 March 2017).
1846:Williams, Andrew (16 March 2017).
1510:. Steel Gear Press. pp. 18–9.
1004:to produce moving animations on a
25:
3396:Holland, Bill (23 October 1992).
3238:Cena, Mathias (9 February 2021).
3017:from the original on 2 June 2021.
2473:. Cengage Learning. pp. 1–.
2260:from the original on 22 June 2003
2254:Classic Videogame Station Odyssey
2151:. 21 October 2020. Archived from
1726:Thompson, Clive (December 2018).
1183:A row of video games at an arcade
1150:("Mole Buster"), was released by
542:and indoor basketball games like
139:at ZBase Entertainment Center in
3596:Golden age of arcade video games
3377:Holland, Bill (16 August 1986).
2968:"History of Brunswick Billiards"
2897:"An Oral History of Whac-a-Mole"
2879:Namco Elemecha Daihyakka booklet
2826:, p. 134, Kodansha International
2686:. April–May 2017. pp. 26–7.
2353:, p. 133, Kodansha International
1525:"Coin Machines Equipment Survey"
1257:golden age of arcade video games
1195:Golden age of arcade video games
1114:golden age of arcade video games
1045:for release in North America as
3143:. 14 March 2001. Archived from
3133:"Virtua Racing – Arcade (1992)"
2840:"70s Amusement Machine History"
2065:June, Laura (16 January 2013).
928:over a road painted on a metal
873:(1969), an EM game produced by
615:Amusement arcade § History
321:or similar device), similar to
2997:Carter, Jay (17 August 1985).
2754:"The Great Videogame Swindle?"
2697:Ramsay, Morgan (8 June 2012).
2494:Battelle, John (1 June 1993).
1980:"BAC Thinks Highly Of Arcades"
1638:as Affective, Aesthetic Labor"
1233:in 1972, the first successful
1199:After two attempts to package
970:Nakamura Manufacturing Company
1:
3591:History of arcade video games
3398:"Court Denies Jukebox Appeal"
2852:(in Japanese). Archived from
2319:Horowitz, Ken (6 July 2018).
2249:(キャスコの時代 ~元・関西製作所スタッフインタビュー~)
1328:Nintendo Entertainment System
1189:History of arcade video games
106:, with only some elements of
1665:Taipeu, Dan (26 July 2016).
760:appeared in the 1930s, with
2933:(in Japanese). 28 June 2020
1591:. pp. 119–20, 188–91.
1239:transistor-transistor logic
483:
3669:
3158:"News: Virtua Fighter 3".
2372:Bandai Namco Entertainment
2114:Smith, Ryan (5 May 2018).
1968:International, p. 145
1789:10.1016/j.jbvi.2020.e00178
1432:
1192:
1186:
834:
794:
612:
555:
511:
496:
391:
385:
367:
345:
213:
187:
125:
36:
29:
3449:
3077:Environment, Space, Place
2614:Killer List of Videogames
2526:Wolf, Mark J. P. (2008).
2417:. BWD Press. p. 83.
2029:"The Evolution of Gaming"
1458:rarehistoricalphotos.com/
1255:in 1978 and leading to a
632:penny arcade in the 1980s
628:A row of mutoscopes at a
475:
429:closed-circuit television
3537:Electro-mechanical games
3300:"AAMA mission statement"
3274:www.gamingregulation.com
3161:Computer and Video Games
2946:B Clark (14 June 2020).
2733:The Arcade Flyer Archive
2248:
1960:Ashcraft, Brian (2008),
1757:John Marshall Law Review
1283:video game crash of 1983
1279:home video game consoles
1041:, which was licensed by
871:All American Basket Ball
780:Pinball (1930s to 1960s)
663:to operate the machine.
649:strength tester machines
210:Electro-mechanical games
37:Not to be confused with
2795:Smithsonian Institution
2506:Condé Nast Publications
2364:"Namco production list"
2327:McFarland & Company
2189:. pp. 20–5, 63–5.
1632:Sandbye, Mette (2018).
912:, which had an upright
837:Electro-mechanical game
821:solid-state electronics
583:games of chance or luck
408:photo sticker booth in
311:combat flight simulator
216:Electro-mechanical game
3507:Fortune teller machine
3164:(174): 10–1. May 1996.
3109:. 1998. Archived from
2822:Brian Ashcraft (2008)
2349:Brian Ashcraft (2008)
1947:10.25969/mediarep/3438
1377:Dance Dance Revolution
1184:
924:was used to control a
877:
863:
797:Pinball § History
792:
633:
535:
435:technology to produce
431:(CCTV) recording with
413:
343:
286:and mechanical games.
185:
144:
59:
3568:List of manufacturers
3356:. 1995. p. 117.
2377:Bandai Namco Holdings
2256:(in Japanese). 2001.
2031:. MP Amusements. 2014
1207:into a coin-operated
1193:Further information:
1182:
1024:vehicular combat game
869:
844:
787:
627:
530:
401:
392:Further information:
337:
252:electrical components
180:
135:
49:
3280:on 25 September 2017
3244:Agence France-Presse
3180:Tom's Hardware Guide
3147:on 13 December 2011.
2883:Victor Entertainment
2859:on 11 September 2014
1883:. pp. 251–258.
1881:Taylor & Francis
1733:Smithsonian Magazine
790:Pinball Hall of Fame
668:softcore pornography
595:Dominant Factor Test
225:electronic circuitry
3512:Love tester machine
3010:. pp. 43, 45.
2978:on 26 February 2022
2972:Brunswick Billiards
2797:. pp. 33, 45.
1372:video game industry
1271:(Atari, 1980), and
1243:integrated circuits
1169:Brunswick Billiards
1132:(1974), Nintendo's
995:shooter video games
962:submarine simulator
854:shooter video games
766:Seeburg Corporation
534:tables at an arcade
418:digital photography
3583:Arcade video games
3349:Rating Video Games
3319:The New York Times
3089:10.7761/ESP.5.2.65
2155:on 28 October 2021
1825:. pp. 19–44.
1704:Nevada Law Journal
1396:Trade associations
1203:computers running
1185:
968:, was released by
878:
864:
793:
762:Seeburg Ray-O-Lite
723:Full Team Football
634:
536:
414:
344:
330:Merchandiser games
299:racing video games
221:Electro-mechanical
186:
159:electronic display
145:
137:Arcade video games
122:Arcade video games
80:arcade video games
60:
3640:
3639:
3573:Glossary of terms
3443:Amusement arcades
3182:. 22 October 1999
3061:978-91-89315-94-5
2952:One Million Power
2714:978-1-4302-3352-7
2543:978-0-313-33868-7
2480:978-1-111-52519-4
2336:978-1-4766-3196-7
2329:. pp. 11–3.
2196:978-1-317-50381-1
2014:978-1-317-50381-1
1919:978-1-317-50381-1
1861:978-1-317-50381-1
1598:978-0-429-75261-2
1407:trade association
1390:COVID-19 pandemic
1382:motion simulation
1337:Street Fighter II
1235:arcade video game
1059:racing video game
966:light gun shooter
727:tabletop football
715:The Cricket Match
433:computer printing
376:Japanese gambling
323:light gun shooter
128:Arcade video game
72:amusement arcades
32:Arcade video game
16:(Redirected from
3660:
3563:List of machines
3495:Mechanical games
3436:
3429:
3422:
3413:
3406:
3405:
3393:
3387:
3386:
3374:
3368:
3367:
3344:
3338:
3337:
3335:
3333:
3310:
3304:
3303:
3296:
3290:
3289:
3287:
3285:
3276:. Archived from
3266:
3260:
3259:
3257:
3255:
3250:on 2 August 2021
3246:. Archived from
3235:
3226:
3225:
3223:
3221:
3206:
3198:
3192:
3191:
3189:
3187:
3172:
3166:
3165:
3155:
3149:
3148:
3129:
3123:
3122:
3120:
3118:
3113:on 28 April 1998
3099:
3093:
3092:
3072:
3066:
3065:
3047:
3041:
3040:
3038:
3036:
3025:
3019:
3018:
3016:
3003:
2994:
2988:
2987:
2985:
2983:
2974:. Archived from
2964:
2958:
2955:
2942:
2940:
2938:
2921:
2915:
2914:
2912:
2910:
2893:
2887:
2886:
2875:
2869:
2868:
2866:
2864:
2858:
2844:
2836:
2827:
2820:
2814:
2813:
2811:
2809:
2803:
2786:
2774:
2768:
2767:
2750:
2744:
2743:
2741:
2739:
2725:
2719:
2718:
2694:
2688:
2687:
2672:
2666:
2665:
2663:
2661:
2647:
2641:
2640:
2638:
2636:
2622:
2616:
2609:Duck Hunt (1969)
2605:
2599:
2598:
2585:
2579:
2578:
2576:
2574:
2565:. Archived from
2554:
2548:
2547:
2523:
2517:
2516:
2514:
2512:
2491:
2485:
2484:
2464:
2458:
2435:
2429:
2428:
2405:
2396:
2395:
2393:
2391:
2386:on 24 April 2019
2385:
2379:. Archived from
2368:
2360:
2354:
2347:
2341:
2340:
2316:
2307:
2306:
2293:
2284:
2281:
2269:
2267:
2265:
2243:
2226:
2225:
2212:
2201:
2200:
2178:
2165:
2164:
2162:
2160:
2139:
2133:
2132:
2130:
2128:
2111:
2105:
2104:
2090:
2084:
2083:
2081:
2079:
2062:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2036:
2025:
2019:
2018:
1996:
1990:
1989:
1976:
1970:
1969:
1957:
1951:
1950:
1930:
1924:
1923:
1901:
1895:
1894:
1872:
1866:
1865:
1843:
1837:
1836:
1814:
1801:
1800:
1772:
1766:
1765:
1751:
1745:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1723:
1712:
1711:
1699:
1684:
1683:
1681:
1679:
1662:
1656:
1655:
1629:
1623:
1622:
1609:
1603:
1602:
1578:
1535:
1534:
1521:
1512:
1511:
1501:
1490:
1489:
1482:Drake Law Review
1476:
1470:
1469:
1467:
1465:
1460:. 20 August 2019
1450:
1306:motion simulator
1304:), and advanced
1002:image projection
898:Bertie the Brain
774:maze video games
751:British imperial
738:interactive film
709:(1900) based on
699:Great Depression
552:Redemption games
493:Pinball machines
488:
486:
480:
479:
460:. Introduced by
452:photo stickers.
307:vehicular combat
284:electronic games
247:from the 1960s.
88:redemption games
56:Chiba Prefecture
52:amusement arcade
21:
3668:
3667:
3663:
3662:
3661:
3659:
3658:
3657:
3643:
3642:
3641:
3636:
3605:
3577:
3549:
3531:
3490:
3486:Redemption game
3454:
3445:
3440:
3410:
3409:
3395:
3394:
3390:
3376:
3375:
3371:
3364:
3346:
3345:
3341:
3331:
3329:
3312:
3311:
3307:
3298:
3297:
3293:
3283:
3281:
3268:
3267:
3263:
3253:
3251:
3237:
3236:
3229:
3219:
3217:
3200:
3199:
3195:
3185:
3183:
3174:
3173:
3169:
3157:
3156:
3152:
3131:
3130:
3126:
3116:
3114:
3101:
3100:
3096:
3074:
3073:
3069:
3062:
3049:
3048:
3044:
3034:
3032:
3027:
3026:
3022:
3014:
3001:
2996:
2995:
2991:
2981:
2979:
2966:
2965:
2961:
2945:
2936:
2934:
2923:
2922:
2918:
2908:
2906:
2895:
2894:
2890:
2885:. 24 July 1996.
2877:
2876:
2872:
2862:
2860:
2856:
2842:
2838:
2837:
2830:
2821:
2817:
2807:
2805:
2801:
2784:
2778:Bushnell, Nolan
2776:
2775:
2771:
2762:. No. 23.
2759:Next Generation
2752:
2751:
2747:
2737:
2735:
2727:
2726:
2722:
2715:
2696:
2695:
2691:
2674:
2673:
2669:
2659:
2657:
2649:
2648:
2644:
2634:
2632:
2624:
2623:
2619:
2606:
2602:
2587:
2586:
2582:
2572:
2570:
2556:
2555:
2551:
2544:
2536:. p. 149.
2525:
2524:
2520:
2510:
2508:
2493:
2492:
2488:
2481:
2466:
2465:
2461:
2436:
2432:
2425:
2409:Kent, Steven L.
2407:
2406:
2399:
2389:
2387:
2383:
2366:
2362:
2361:
2357:
2348:
2344:
2337:
2318:
2317:
2310:
2295:
2294:
2287:
2272:
2263:
2261:
2250:
2245:
2244:
2229:
2221:Next Generation
2214:
2213:
2204:
2197:
2180:
2179:
2168:
2158:
2156:
2141:
2140:
2136:
2126:
2124:
2113:
2112:
2108:
2092:
2091:
2087:
2077:
2075:
2064:
2063:
2044:
2034:
2032:
2027:
2026:
2022:
2015:
1998:
1997:
1993:
1978:
1977:
1973:
1959:
1958:
1954:
1932:
1931:
1927:
1920:
1903:
1902:
1898:
1891:
1874:
1873:
1869:
1862:
1845:
1844:
1840:
1833:
1816:
1815:
1804:
1774:
1773:
1769:
1753:
1752:
1748:
1738:
1736:
1725:
1724:
1715:
1701:
1700:
1687:
1677:
1675:
1664:
1663:
1659:
1652:
1631:
1630:
1626:
1611:
1610:
1606:
1599:
1580:
1579:
1538:
1523:
1522:
1515:
1503:
1502:
1493:
1478:
1477:
1473:
1463:
1461:
1452:
1451:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1431:
1415:
1403:
1398:
1386:virtual reality
1292:games (such as
1268:Missile Command
1265:(Namco, 1980),
1247:microprocessors
1197:
1191:
1177:
1112:(1978) and the
993:which resemble
839:
833:
825:microprocessors
799:
782:
645:fortune telling
622:
617:
611:
579:
560:
558:Redemption game
554:
525:
516:
510:
501:
495:
472:
396:
390:
384:
372:
366:
350:
332:
280:electric lights
233:light gun games
218:
212:
192:
175:
130:
124:
108:games of chance
100:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3666:
3664:
3656:
3655:
3645:
3644:
3638:
3637:
3635:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3613:
3611:
3607:
3606:
3604:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3587:
3585:
3579:
3578:
3576:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3559:
3557:
3551:
3550:
3548:
3547:
3541:
3539:
3533:
3532:
3530:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3498:
3496:
3492:
3491:
3489:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3471:Game of chance
3468:
3462:
3460:
3456:
3455:
3450:
3447:
3446:
3441:
3439:
3438:
3431:
3424:
3416:
3408:
3407:
3388:
3369:
3362:
3339:
3305:
3291:
3261:
3227:
3210:Bloomberg L.P.
3193:
3167:
3150:
3124:
3094:
3067:
3060:
3042:
3020:
2989:
2959:
2957:
2956:
2916:
2905:. 6 March 2020
2888:
2870:
2828:
2815:
2769:
2745:
2720:
2713:
2707:. p. 24.
2689:
2667:
2655:Pinball Repair
2642:
2617:
2600:
2580:
2569:on 3 July 2017
2549:
2542:
2518:
2486:
2479:
2459:
2430:
2423:
2397:
2355:
2342:
2335:
2308:
2285:
2283:
2282:
2227:
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2121:Chicago Reader
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2020:
2013:
2007:. p. 67.
1991:
1971:
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1912:. p. 10.
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1359:Virtua Fighter
1332:Fighting games
1295:Kung-Fu Master
1259:that included
1252:Space Invaders
1220:Computer Space
1209:arcade cabinet
1187:Main article:
1176:
1173:
1165:8-track player
1130:Harness Racing
1109:Space Invaders
1083:Nolan Bushnell
1033:A new type of
922:steering wheel
914:arcade cabinet
835:Main article:
832:
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812:generation gap
801:Coin-operated
795:Main article:
781:
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770:Shoot the Bear
677:carnival games
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484:Purinto Kurabu
458:digital images
410:Fukushima City
386:Main article:
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368:Main article:
365:
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346:Main article:
331:
328:
313:video games).
214:Main article:
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188:Main article:
174:
173:Carnival games
171:
167:television set
126:Main article:
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104:games of skill
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76:games of skill
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3302:. AAMA. 2016.
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2438:Steve L. Kent
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2016:
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1854:. p. 6.
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1647:
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1634:"Selfies and
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1488:(2): 383–412.
1487:
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1349:
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1339:
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861:
860:
855:
851:
847:
843:
838:
830:
828:
826:
822:
816:
813:
809:
808:games of luck
804:
798:
791:
786:
779:
777:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
754:
752:
748:
744:
739:
735:
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724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
702:
700:
696:
695:Atlantic City
692:
688:
687:
682:
678:
673:
672:film industry
669:
664:
662:
658:
657:penny arcades
654:
650:
646:
642:
641:coin-operated
638:
637:Game of skill
631:
626:
619:
616:
608:
606:
604:
598:
596:
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586:
584:
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574:
572:
568:
567:
559:
551:
549:
547:
546:
541:
533:
529:
522:
520:
515:
508:Slot machines
507:
505:
500:
492:
490:
485:
478:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
446:
440:
438:
437:self-portrait
434:
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411:
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395:
389:
381:
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371:
363:
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245:
240:
239:
234:
230:
226:
222:
217:
209:
207:
205:
201:
197:
191:
190:Carnival game
183:
179:
172:
170:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
151:
142:
138:
134:
129:
121:
119:
117:
113:
112:slot machines
109:
105:
97:
95:
93:
92:merchandisers
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
57:
53:
48:
44:
40:
33:
19:
3653:Arcade games
3527:Slot machine
3481:Merchandiser
3451:
3404:. p. 6.
3401:
3391:
3385:. p. 6.
3382:
3372:
3348:
3342:
3330:. Retrieved
3318:
3308:
3294:
3282:. Retrieved
3278:the original
3273:
3264:
3252:. Retrieved
3248:the original
3218:. Retrieved
3208:
3196:
3184:. Retrieved
3170:
3159:
3153:
3145:the original
3136:
3127:
3115:. Retrieved
3111:the original
3106:
3097:
3083:(2): 65–89.
3080:
3076:
3070:
3051:
3045:
3033:. Retrieved
3023:
3005:
2992:
2982:11 September
2980:. Retrieved
2976:the original
2971:
2962:
2951:
2935:. Retrieved
2928:
2919:
2907:. Retrieved
2902:MEL Magazine
2900:
2891:
2878:
2873:
2861:. Retrieved
2854:the original
2846:
2823:
2818:
2806:. Retrieved
2788:
2772:
2757:
2748:
2736:. Retrieved
2732:
2723:
2703:. New York:
2699:
2692:
2679:
2670:
2658:. Retrieved
2654:
2645:
2633:. Retrieved
2629:
2620:
2608:
2603:
2592:
2583:
2571:. Retrieved
2567:the original
2557:D.S. Cohen.
2552:
2528:
2521:
2509:. Retrieved
2499:
2489:
2469:
2462:
2441:
2433:
2413:
2388:. Retrieved
2381:the original
2370:
2358:
2350:
2345:
2321:
2300:
2278:Shmuplations
2277:
2262:. Retrieved
2253:
2219:
2182:
2157:. Retrieved
2153:the original
2146:
2137:
2125:. Retrieved
2119:
2109:
2100:The Atlantic
2098:
2088:
2076:. Retrieved
2070:
2033:. Retrieved
2023:
2000:
1994:
1983:
1974:
1961:
1955:
1941:(1): 17–44.
1938:
1934:
1928:
1905:
1899:
1876:
1870:
1847:
1841:
1818:
1780:
1776:
1770:
1761:
1755:
1749:
1737:. Retrieved
1731:
1707:
1703:
1676:. Retrieved
1670:
1660:
1641:
1635:
1627:
1616:
1607:
1583:
1528:
1506:
1485:
1481:
1474:
1462:. Retrieved
1457:
1448:
1416:
1404:
1375:
1369:
1364:Sega Model 3
1357:
1351:
1341:
1335:
1321:
1315:
1309:
1299:
1293:
1287:
1272:
1266:
1260:
1250:
1228:
1218:
1212:
1198:
1160:
1156:Mogura Taiji
1155:
1148:Mogura Taiji
1147:
1144:The Derby Vφ
1143:
1133:
1129:
1107:
1103:
1102:clones, the
1099:
1093:
1091:
1086:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1054:first-person
1046:
1043:Chicago Coin
1038:
1035:driving game
1032:
1015:
1009:
986:
981:
955:
954:
946:
933:
918:Drive Mobile
917:
910:Drive Mobile
909:
903:
896:
890:
883:World War II
879:
875:Chicago Coin
870:
857:
849:
817:
800:
769:
761:
755:
743:Life Targets
742:
731:
722:
714:
711:yacht racing
706:
703:
684:
665:
635:
599:
591:
587:
580:
564:
561:
543:
537:
523:Sports games
517:
514:Slot machine
502:
469:
453:
443:
441:
422:
415:
403:
382:Photo booths
373:
351:
348:Merchandiser
305:(similar to
297:(similar to
288:
249:
242:
236:
219:
193:
148:
146:
101:
78:and include
68:coin-op game
67:
63:
61:
43:
18:Arcade Games
3632:Photo booth
3452:Arcade game
3332:10 December
3284:10 December
3035:18 February
2684:Gametraders
1672:The Spinoff
1348:3D graphics
1340:(1991) and
1290:beat 'em up
1274:Donkey Kong
1214:Galaxy Game
1205:video games
1138:(1975) and
1126:medal games
1122:whac-a-mole
942:David Rosen
895:in 1940 or
707:Yacht Racer
686:Baffle Ball
651:as well as
603:video poker
388:Photo booth
358:coin pusher
204:Whac-A-Mole
64:arcade game
39:Casino game
3622:Medal game
3617:Claw crane
3220:29 January
2446:, p. 102,
1783:: e00178.
1618:Play Meter
1440:References
1118:air hockey
934:Mini Drive
758:light guns
756:The first
653:mutoscopes
630:Disneyland
613:See also:
571:medal game
545:Super Shot
540:air hockey
532:Air hockey
470:Print Club
448:, creates
354:claw crane
340:claw crane
303:submarines
291:simulation
254:, such as
229:mechanical
161:such as a
155:electronic
3522:Skee-ball
3517:Mutoscope
3502:Bagatelle
3402:Billboard
3383:Billboard
3327:0362-4331
3186:8 January
3029:"Arcades"
2881:. Japan:
2563:About.com
2187:CRC Press
2127:11 August
2078:13 August
2072:The Verge
2035:13 August
2005:CRC Press
1910:CRC Press
1852:CRC Press
1823:MIT Press
1797:224876148
1589:CRC Press
1227:released
1211:in 1971,
1201:mainframe
1071:Periscope
1051:pseudo-3D
1011:Duck Hunt
991:gun games
987:Periscope
982:Periscope
974:periscope
957:Periscope
950:jukeboxes
926:model car
904:In 1941,
901:in 1950.
859:Gun Fight
850:Gun Fight
734:gun games
681:bagatelle
356:games or
319:light gun
315:Gun games
274:, bells,
268:solenoids
264:resistors
238:Periscope
200:Skee-Ball
182:Skee-Ball
143:, Finland
3647:Category
3627:Pachinko
3545:Gun game
3254:2 August
3214:Archived
3141:GameSpot
3117:21 April
3012:Archived
3007:Cash Box
2937:18 April
2799:Archived
2738:16 April
2660:16 April
2594:Cash Box
2534:ABC-CLIO
2511:24 April
2440:(2001),
2411:(2000).
2390:23 April
2302:Cash Box
2264:16 April
2258:Archived
1985:Cash Box
1966:Kodansha
1764:(4): 13.
1739:27 April
1678:16 April
1636:Purikura
1530:Cash Box
1425:owners.
1301:Renegade
1161:MotoPolo
1135:EVR Race
1087:Speedway
1081:founder
1075:Speedway
1067:Speedway
1063:Indy 500
1047:Speedway
1039:Indy 500
1028:joystick
892:Nimatron
887:post-war
856:such as
566:pachinko
454:Purikura
445:purikura
405:purikura
394:Purikura
370:Pachinko
364:Pachinko
260:switches
244:Rifleman
116:pachinko
3555:Pinball
2930:Famitsu
2850:(JAMMA)
2612:at the
1464:8 March
1423:jukebox
1323:Out Run
1311:Hang-On
1262:Pac-Man
1020:shooter
1016:Missile
978:quarter
862:(1975).
803:pinball
719:cricket
691:plunger
609:History
499:Pinball
477:プリント倶楽部
412:, Japan
360:games.
276:buzzers
196:midways
163:monitor
141:Tampere
84:pinball
58:, Japan
3360:
3325:
3107:RePlay
3058:
2909:16 May
2863:14 May
2808:20 May
2711:
2705:Apress
2540:
2477:
2454:
2421:
2333:
2193:
2011:
1916:
1887:
1858:
1829:
1795:
1710:: 197.
1648:
1595:
1241:(TTL)
1006:screen
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