124:
by George C. Marshall, argued in favor of an immediate cross-channel invasion in 1942. Roosevelt, favoring naval strategy, was persuaded by
Churchill to prioritize the Mediterranean, and even suggested to the Soviet Ambassador Litvinoff that a landing in North Africa might enable attacking German-occupied Europe from the south. Marshall, however, insisted upon a cross-channel invasion and suggested withdrawing from the liberation of Europe if the British did not agree to his plan. On Churchill's last day in Washington, the invasion of Guadalcanal was approved.
2706:
123:
From the start, significant differences in strategic priorities appeared. The
British sought to push the Axis out of the Mediterranean, securing their lines of communications to their colonies. The American Navy, led by Admiral King, wished to prioritize fighting Japan, while the American Army, led
127:
Roosevelt ultimately overruled
Marshall after the British studied the feasibility of a cross-channel invasion and found it to be impossible in 1942. General Mark Clark, commander of all American forces in Britain, corroborated this conclusion later that year, pointing out that only one infantry
1345:
115:
Arcadia was the first meeting on military strategy between
Britain and the United States; it came two weeks after the American entry into World War II. The Arcadia Conference was a secret agreement unlike the much wider postwar plans given to the public as the
1350:
150:
In immediate tactical terms, the decisions at
Arcadia included an invasion of North Africa in 1942, sending American bombers to bases in England, and for the British to strengthen their forces in the Pacific. Arcadia created a unified
128:
division (the 34th
Infantry Division) was available, but had neither amphibious training, anti-aircraft guns, tanks, nor landing craft. The 1st Armored Division also lacked equipment, as were the new divisions arriving in-theater.
87:
On 7 of
December, Canada declared war on Japan. Followed on December 8, the United Kingdom, the United States, and the Netherlands declared war on Japan, followed by China and Australia the next day. Four days after Pearl Harbor,
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275:
1012:
139:, based in Washington, for approving the military decisions of both the US and Britain; the principle of unity of command of each theater under a supreme commander; drawing up measures to keep
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1603:
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2015:
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in the war; limiting the reinforcements to be sent to the
Pacific; and setting up a system for coordinating shipping. All the decisions were secret, except the conference drafted the
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and their aides, in
Washington from December 22, 1941, to January 14, 1942, and led to a series of major decisions that shaped the war effort in 1942â1943.
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was the code name used for the conference), was held in
Washington, D.C., from December 22, 1941, to January 14, 1942. President Roosevelt of the
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2673:
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1426:
535:"Without Global Cooperation Between Great And Small Alike, No Progress And No Peace Can Last Forever, Secretary-General States | Un Press"
458:
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155:(ABDA) in the Far East; the ABDA fared poorly. It was also agreed at the conference to combine military resources under one command in the
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147:, which committed the Allies to make no separate peace with the enemy, and to employ full resources until victory.
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The Papers of George Catlett Marshall: "The Right Man for the Job," December 7, 1941-May 31, 1943 (Volume 3)
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1346:
Treaty between the United States and China for the Relinquishment of Extraterritorial Rights in China
869:
Being Friends: The Combined Chiefs of Staff and the Making of Allied Strategy in the Second World War
409:
237:
3257:
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3017:
2540:
2532:
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1254:
796:
Toward an entangling alliance : American isolationism, internationalism, and Europe, 1901-1950
357:
302:
65:
61:
3322:
3152:
2354:
1980:
1851:
1802:
1618:
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937:(2009), pp 66â101; covers the wartime interactions of Roosevelt, Churchill, Marshall, and Brooke.
703:
353:
109:
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893:
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911:
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369:
251:
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The conference brought together the top British and American military leaders, as well as
131:
The main policy achievements of Arcadia included the decision for "Germany First" (or "
3382:
3271:
2688:
2643:
2470:
2419:
2125:
2119:
1985:
1898:
392:
336:
317:
298:
228:
37:
33:
876:
The Washington War: FDR's Inner Circle and the Politics of Power That Won World War II
673:
593:
534:
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2938:
2898:
2592:
2315:
2204:
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2098:
1841:
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1230:
990:
737:
260:
135:"âthat is, the defeat of Germany was the highest priority); the establishment of the
29:
3045:
2059:
1822:
365:
327:
201:
132:
89:
928:
3340:
2349:
1943:
1903:
1893:
435:
310:
257:
1351:
Sino-British Treaty for the Relinquishment of Extra-Territorial Rights in China
96:
declared war on the United States, drawing the country into a two-theater war.
2667:
1995:
413:
862:
One Christmas in Washington: Roosevelt and Churchill Forge the Grand Alliance
3224:
2005:
1975:
1812:
214:
942:
Code Name Arcadia: The First Wartime Conference of Churchill and Roosevelt
935:
Masters and Commanders: How Four Titans Won the War in the West, 1941-1945
916:
Rice, Anthony J. "Command and control: the essence of coalition warfare."
781:
Masters and Commanders: How Four Titans Won the War in the West, 1941-1945
1608:
1468:
471:- the staff meeting that laid the groundwork for this political meeting.
2890:
974:"Proceedings of the American-British Joint Chiefs of staff Conferences"
925:
Allied Master Strategists: The Combined Chiefs of Staff in World War II
659:
628:
883:
America, Britain and Russia: Their Cooperation and Conflict 1941-1946
768:
America, Britain and Russia: Their Cooperation and Conflict 1941-1946
2721:
833:
In the Service of the Emperor: Essays on the Imperial Japanese Army
2725:
1472:
994:
890:
Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare 1941-1942. Washington
254:, Head of the British Army Mission to USA. Joint Staff Mission
198:
704:"China's Declaration of War Against Japan, Germany and Italy"
2016:
Military history of the United States during World War II
658:. United States Congress. 8 December 1941. Archived from
263:, Head of RAF delegation to the USA. Joint Staff Mission
120:, agreed between Churchill and Roosevelt in August 1941.
68:
as well as the United States military and naval bases in
674:"The Kingdom of the Netherlands Declares War with Japan"
1192:
United Nations Conference on International Organization
979:. Washington, D.C. December 24, 1941 â January 14, 1942
864:(2005), 320pp; full-scale scholarly history of Arcadia.
36:
attended the conference, where they discussed a future
1405:
Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany
3301:
3212:
3162:
3055:
2995:
2875:
2837:
2759:
2583:
2363:
2303:
2218:
2182:
2073:
1932:
1552:
1445:
1414:
1209:
1028:
581:
Journal of Japanese Trade & Industry, Volume 16
221:(replaced as CIGS by Alan Brooke during conference)
714:(15). jewishvirtuallibrary.org. 15 December 1941.
612:– via Pearl Harbor History Associates, Inc.
756:– via Pearl Harbor History Associates Inc.
692:– via Pearl Harbor History Associates Inc.
40:, and representative of the Allies adopted the
2737:
1484:
1006:
356:, Commanding General of the Field Forces and
8:
244:, Head of British Joint Staff Mission to USA
3410:Diplomatic conferences in the United States
3039:Never was so much owed by so many to so few
206:First Sea Lord and Chief of the Naval Staff
3159:
2744:
2730:
2722:
2323:Springwood birthplace, home, and gravesite
1491:
1477:
1469:
1013:
999:
991:
499:United Kingdom declaration of war on Japan
2985:A History of the English-Speaking Peoples
2355:Little White House, Warm Springs, Georgia
512:United States declaration of war on Japan
153:American-British-Dutch-Australian Command
2425:Roosevelt Institute for American Studies
2268:1920 United States presidential election
1877:Harlan F. Stone Supreme Court nomination
1676:National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933
1148:Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference
955:Conferences of the Allied Grand Strategy
1949:U.S. occupation of Nicaragua, 1912â1933
1882:Wiley Rutledge Supreme Court nomination
1710:Aid to Families with Dependent Children
1636:Federal Emergency Relief Administration
944:(Texas A&M University Press, 2021).
526:
490:
276:British Ambassador to the United States
3450:United KingdomâUnited States relations
3359:Jennie Jerome, Lady Randolph Churchill
3108:Schools and higher education (various)
1427:Sino-American Cooperative Organization
888:Matloff, Maurice, and Edwin M. Snell.
636:from the original on 12 September 2014
604:from the original on 24 September 2015
2884:The Story of the Malakand Field Force
2867:Churchill's third ministry, 1951â1955
469:U.S.-British Staff Conference (ABC-1)
372:and Deputy Chief of Staff, U. S. Army
313:, Assistant Chief of Naval Operations
56:and attacked the British colonies of
7:
2398:Franklin Delano Roosevelt Foundation
2238:Democratic National Convention, 1920
2038:Declaration by United Nations (1942)
2026:Combined Munitions Assignments Board
1671:National Labor Relations Act of 1935
860:Bercuson, David, and Holger Herwig.
799:. Greenwood Press. pp. 112â14.
684:from the original on 14 January 2010
554:
181:Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
32:and Prime Minister Churchill of the
2971:"Are There Men on the Moon?" (1942)
1954:U.S. occupation of Haiti, 1915â1934
1756:Defense industry non-discrimination
1291:GermanâTurkish Treaty of Friendship
395:, Aide to Chief of Naval Operations
219:Chief of the Imperial General Staff
2862:Churchill caretaker ministry, 1945
2403:Franklin Delano Roosevelt Memorial
2391:Roosevelt Institute Campus Network
1761:Fair Employment Practice Committee
1729:Securities and Exchange Commission
1661:Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act
1022:Diplomatic history of World War II
454:Diplomatic history of World War II
14:
3130:Mishkenot Sha'ananim bust, Israel
3113:Boulevard in Mississauga, Ontario
3065:Bibliography of Winston Churchill
2845:Churchill war ministry, 1940â1945
1971:Second London Naval Treaty (1936)
1808:Executive Office of the President
1722:Federal Communications Commission
738:"Australia Declares War on Japan"
718:from the original on 17 July 2011
2908:London to Ladysmith via Pretoria
2705:
2704:
2144:State of the Union Address (1934
1961:Good Neighbor Policy (1933â1945)
1686:National Recovery Administration
1458:Japanese Instrument of Surrender
1422:Anglo-French Supreme War Council
1267:Declaration of St James's Palace
748:from the original on 13 May 2008
464:List of World War II conferences
3430:1942 in international relations
3425:1941 in international relations
3283:1940 British war cabinet crisis
3075:International Churchill Society
2948:Marlborough: His Life and Times
2526:World War II: When Lions Roared
2381:Presidential Library and Museum
1656:Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1944
1534:Assistant Secretary of the Navy
1339:Declaration of the Four Nations
656:"Declaration of War with Japan"
629:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)
3455:British Empire in World War II
3377:Frances Anne Spencer-Churchill
3080:Churchill War Rooms and Museum
3004:A total and unmitigated defeat
2021:Home front during World War II
1515:President of the United States
1453:German Instrument of Surrender
1279:Armistice of Saint Jean d'Acre
1237:Anglo-Thai Non-Aggression Pact
1056:Second Inter-Allied Conference
624:"Prime Minister's Declaration"
594:"Canada Declares War on Japan"
341:Commandant, U. S. Marine Corps
330:, Director, War Plans Division
172:President of the United States
157:European Theater of Operations
1:
3025:We shall fight on the beaches
2787:"Wilderness" years, 1929â1939
2626:Franklin Delano Roosevelt Jr.
2518:Backstairs at the White House
2190:Early life, education, career
1867:Federal Judicial appointments
1698:National Youth Administration
1693:Works Progress Administration
1303:Declaration by United Nations
1074:Third Inter-Allied Conference
1044:First Inter-Allied Conference
1038:U.S.âBritish Staff Conference
967:This Day in History January 1
381:, Chief of War Plans Division
145:Declaration by United Nations
3091:Churchill College, Cambridge
3011:Blood, toil, tears and sweat
2228:1928 New York state election
2169:1944 (Second Bill of Rights)
2093:Madison Square Garden speech
1966:Montevideo Convention (1933)
1847:Jefferson's Birthday holiday
1786:Japanese American internment
1437:Council of Foreign Ministers
1432:European Advisory Commission
1128:Greater East Asia Conference
1080:Second Washington Conference
837:University of Nebraska Press
475:Second Washington Conference
3265:Terminological inexactitude
2632:John Aspinwall Roosevelt II
1857:Judicial Court-Packing Bill
1796:Italian-American internment
1681:Public Works Administration
1646:Agricultural Adjustment Act
1641:Civilian Conservation Corps
1315:Anglo-Soviet Treaty of 1942
1104:Third Washington Conference
793:Powaski, Ronald E. (1991).
579:Japan Economic Foundation,
480:Third Washington Conference
440:Minister of Foreign Affairs
18:First Washington Conference
3481:
3252:St Martin's Church, Bladon
3032:This was their finest hour
2420:White House Roosevelt Room
2001:1940 Selective Service Act
1924:Presidential Proclamations
1791:German-American internment
1717:Communications Act of 1934
1666:Tennessee Valley Authority
568:The Pacific War: 1941â1945
358:Chief of Staff, U. S. Army
168:Heads of state/government
42:United Nations Declaration
3420:1941 in the United States
3293:Honorary U.S. citizenship
3096:Churchill Archives Centre
3085:National Churchill Museum
2987:(1956â1958, four volumes)
2950:(1933â1938, four volumes)
2934:(1923â1931, five volumes)
2683:
2650:James Roosevelt Roosevelt
2088:Commonwealth Club Address
2043:Dumbarton Oaks Conference
1991:Destroyers-for-bases deal
1768:Indian Reorganization Act
1506:
1309:Punishment for War Crimes
1243:Destroyers-for-bases deal
1160:Dumbarton Oaks Conference
293:Chief of Naval Operations
3445:1942 in Washington, D.C.
3440:1941 in Washington, D.C.
3405:World War II conferences
2979:(1948â1953, six volumes)
2777:Liberal Party, 1904â1924
2311:Early life and education
2200:Governorship of New York
2050:World War II conferences
1781:War Relocation Authority
1249:Franco-Italian Armistice
1172:Fourth Moscow Conference
1166:Second Quebec Conference
1154:Bretton Woods Conference
1086:Second Moscow Conference
920:(1997) v 27 pp: 152â167.
881:McNeill, William Hardy.
831:Drea, Edward J. (1998).
570:, Harper Perennial, 1982
137:Combined Chiefs of Staff
3353:Lord Randolph Churchill
2924:Lord Randolph Churchill
2794:World War II, 1939â1945
2065:Morgenthau Plan support
2011:Atlantic Charter (1941)
1734:Monetary gold ownership
1393:Treaty of San Francisco
1225:MolotovâRibbentrop Pact
1142:Second Cairo Conference
1116:Third Moscow Conference
1110:First Quebec Conference
1062:First Moscow Conference
929:excerpt and text search
766:William Hardy McNeill,
424:, Assistant Secretary,
3371:John Spencer-Churchill
3247:Siege of Sidney Street
2772:In politics, 1900â1939
2608:Anna Roosevelt Halsted
2195:Warm Springs Institute
2138:The More Abundant Life
2083:1932 Acceptance speech
1834:Four Freedoms Monument
1773:Executive Orders 9066,
1751:Record on civil rights
1599:Third and fourth terms
1594:First and second terms
1542:New York State Senator
1381:United Nations Charter
1321:Armistice of Cassibile
1273:Anglo-Soviet Agreement
301:, Commander-in-Chief,
54:Japan invaded Thailand
52:On 7/8 December 1941,
3288:Bengal famine of 1943
3236:Operation Unthinkable
3173:Palace of Westminster
2964:Arms and the Covenant
2799:Later life, 1945â1965
2782:Chancellor, 1924â1929
2767:Early life, 1874â1904
2510:The White House Years
2496:Sunrise at Campobello
2432:Franklin D. Roosevelt
2210:Assassination attempt
1651:Emergency Banking Act
1500:Franklin D. Roosevelt
1399:Austrian State Treaty
1092:Casablanca Conference
969:- The History Channel
961:World War II Timeline
662:on 26 September 2011.
459:Washington Conference
322:Bureau of Aeronautics
282:U. S. Naval officers
176:Franklin D. Roosevelt
3460:December 1941 events
3311:Clementine Churchill
2977:The Second World War
2956:Great Contemporaries
2916:Ian Hamilton's March
2504:Eleanor and Franklin
2164:1941 (Four Freedoms)
2110:Arsenal of Democracy
2105:Day of Infamy speech
2031:War Production Board
1526:Governor of New York
1387:Paris Peace Treaties
963:by Steven Schoenherr
957:by Steven Schoenherr
823:Bland, Larry I. ed.
744:. 15 December 1941.
680:. 15 December 1941.
600:. 15 December 1941.
347:U. S. Army officers
195:Admiral of the Fleet
20:, also known as the
3465:January 1942 events
3258:Sword of Stalingrad
3147:Cultural depictions
3142:Sutherland portrait
3018:Be ye men of valour
2542:Hyde Park on Hudson
2488:The Roosevelt Story
2477:I'd Rather Be Right
2466:U.S. Postage stamps
2460:Unfinished portrait
2446:Four Freedoms Award
2386:Roosevelt Institute
2115:"...is fear itself"
1818:CullenâHarrison Act
1813:G.I. Bill of Rights
1705:Social Security Act
1375:Potsdam Declaration
1333:Moscow Declarations
1255:Moscow Peace Treaty
1050:Atlantic Conference
878:(2019) pp. 196â212.
742:Inter-Allied Review
678:Inter-Allied Review
632:. 8 December 1941.
598:Inter-Allied Review
3335:Marigold Churchill
3323:Randolph Churchill
3242:Political ideology
3153:Churchillian Drift
3087:(Fulton, Missouri)
2614:James Roosevelt II
2591: •
2413:Four Freedoms Park
1981:Export Control Act
1904:Modern Oval Office
1852:Jefferson Memorial
1803:Brownlow Committee
1619:New Deal coalition
1199:Potsdam Conference
1068:Arcadia Conference
910:2016-03-03 at the
899:2016-03-03 at the
708:Contemporary China
432:Chinese officials
386:Joint secretaries
354:George C. Marshall
268:British officials
233:Chief of Air Staff
110:Franklin Roosevelt
22:Arcadia Conference
3392:
3391:
3347:Winston Churchill
3208:
3207:
3178:Parliament Square
2829:Death and funeral
2804:Electoral history
2753:Winston Churchill
2719:
2718:
2696:Harry S. Truman â
2662:Warren Delano Jr.
2638:James Roosevelt I
2620:Elliott Roosevelt
2602:Eleanor Roosevelt
2345:Paralytic illness
2132:Quarantine Speech
1466:
1465:
1369:Potsdam Agreement
1363:Nuremberg Charter
1327:Cairo Declaration
1135:Tehran Conference
940:Shortal, John F.
933:Roberts, Andrew.
422:William T. Sexton
376:Brigadier General
225:Air Chief Marshal
191:British officers
185:Winston Churchill
106:Winston Churchill
3472:
3435:1942 conferences
3415:1941 conferences
3200:Washington, D.C.
3160:
3136:The Roaring Lion
2932:The World Crisis
2746:
2739:
2732:
2723:
2708:
2707:
2689:â Herbert Hoover
2552:2014 documentary
2408:Roosevelt Island
2055:Quebec Agreement
1976:ABCD line (1940)
1919:Executive Orders
1739:Gold Reserve Act
1545:
1537:
1529:
1518:
1493:
1486:
1479:
1470:
1357:Moscow Armistice
1285:Atlantic Charter
1219:Munich Agreement
1185:Yalta Conference
1178:Malta Conference
1122:Cairo Conference
1098:Adana Conference
1015:
1008:
1001:
992:
987:
985:
984:
978:
885:(1953) pp 90â118
850:
827:(1991) pp 29â68.
811:
810:
790:
784:
783:(2010) pp 86-87.
779:Andrew Roberts,
777:
771:
770:(1953) pp 90-118
764:
758:
757:
755:
753:
734:
728:
727:
725:
723:
700:
694:
693:
691:
689:
670:
664:
663:
652:
646:
645:
643:
641:
620:
614:
613:
611:
609:
590:
584:
577:
571:
564:
558:
552:
546:
545:
543:
542:
531:
515:
508:
502:
495:
118:Atlantic Charter
3480:
3479:
3475:
3474:
3473:
3471:
3470:
3469:
3395:
3394:
3393:
3388:
3329:Sarah Churchill
3317:Diana Churchill
3297:
3278:Tonypandy riots
3220:Blenheim Palace
3204:
3158:
3103:Memorial Trusts
3057:
3051:
2991:
2871:
2833:
2755:
2750:
2720:
2715:
2679:
2656:Isaac Roosevelt
2644:Sara Ann Delano
2590:
2585:
2579:
2575:Other namesakes
2568:2023 miniseries
2560:2022 miniseries
2528:1997 miniseries
2520:1979 miniseries
2359:
2340:Campobello home
2299:
2214:
2178:
2075:
2069:
1935:
1928:
1862:Cannabis policy
1629:Second New Deal
1572:Inaugurations (
1556:
1548:
1540:
1532:
1521:
1510:
1502:
1497:
1467:
1462:
1441:
1410:
1297:Paris Protocols
1261:Tripartite Pact
1211:
1205:
1024:
1019:
982:
980:
976:
972:
951:
912:Wayback Machine
901:Wayback Machine
867:Danchev, Alex.
857:
855:Further reading
847:
830:
820:
818:Primary sources
815:
814:
807:
792:
791:
787:
778:
774:
765:
761:
751:
749:
736:
735:
731:
721:
719:
702:
701:
697:
687:
685:
672:
671:
667:
654:
653:
649:
639:
637:
622:
621:
617:
607:
605:
592:
591:
587:
578:
574:
566:John Costello,
565:
561:
553:
549:
540:
538:
533:
532:
528:
523:
518:
509:
505:
496:
492:
488:
450:
370:Army Air Forces
368:, Chief of the
252:Colville Wemyss
165:
102:
50:
12:
11:
5:
3478:
3476:
3468:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3397:
3396:
3390:
3389:
3387:
3386:
3383:Leonard Jerome
3380:
3374:
3368:
3365:Jack Churchill
3362:
3356:
3350:
3344:
3338:
3332:
3326:
3320:
3314:
3307:
3305:
3299:
3298:
3296:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3272:The Other Club
3268:
3261:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3216:
3214:
3210:
3209:
3206:
3205:
3203:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3186:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3166:
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3157:
3156:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3121:
3120:
3110:
3105:
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3099:
3098:
3088:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3061:
3059:
3053:
3052:
3050:
3049:
3042:
3035:
3028:
3021:
3014:
3007:
2999:
2997:
2993:
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2990:
2989:
2981:
2973:
2968:
2960:
2952:
2944:
2936:
2928:
2920:
2912:
2904:
2896:
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2841:
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2801:
2796:
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2769:
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2757:
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2751:
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2741:
2734:
2726:
2717:
2716:
2714:
2713:
2700:
2699:
2692:
2684:
2681:
2680:
2678:
2677:
2671:
2665:
2659:
2653:
2652:(half-brother)
2647:
2641:
2635:
2629:
2623:
2617:
2611:
2605:
2598:
2596:
2581:
2580:
2578:
2577:
2572:
2571:
2570:
2562:
2558:The First Lady
2554:
2550:The Roosevelts
2546:
2538:
2530:
2522:
2514:
2500:
2492:
2481:
2473:
2471:Roosevelt dime
2468:
2463:
2456:
2448:
2443:
2435:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2416:
2415:
2405:
2400:
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2373:
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2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2336:
2335:
2325:
2320:
2319:
2318:
2307:
2305:
2304:Life and homes
2301:
2300:
2298:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2281:
2280:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2224:
2222:
2216:
2215:
2213:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2186:
2184:
2180:
2179:
2177:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2134:
2129:
2126:Look to Norway
2122:
2120:Fireside chats
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2079:
2077:
2071:
2070:
2068:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2046:
2045:
2035:
2034:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1986:Four Policemen
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1957:
1956:
1951:
1940:
1938:
1936:foreign policy
1930:
1929:
1927:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1899:March of Dimes
1896:
1891:
1886:
1885:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
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1825:
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1800:
1799:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1770:
1765:
1764:
1763:
1758:
1748:
1747:
1746:
1744:Silver seizure
1741:
1731:
1726:
1725:
1724:
1714:
1713:
1712:
1702:
1701:
1700:
1690:
1689:
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1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1632:
1631:
1626:
1624:First 100 days
1621:
1616:
1606:
1604:Foreign policy
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1570:
1564:
1562:
1550:
1549:
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1546:
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1018:
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1003:
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989:
988:
970:
964:
958:
950:
949:External links
947:
946:
945:
938:
931:
923:Rigby, David.
921:
914:
886:
879:
874:Lacey, James.
872:
865:
856:
853:
852:
851:
845:
828:
819:
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813:
812:
805:
785:
772:
759:
729:
695:
665:
647:
615:
585:
572:
559:
547:
537:. Press.un.org
525:
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503:
489:
487:
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477:
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466:
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444:
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442:
430:
429:
428:
416:
402:P. M. Robinett
399:Lieut. Colonel
396:
384:
383:
382:
373:
363:Lieut. General
360:
345:
344:
343:
337:Thomas Holcomb
331:
324:
314:
305:
295:
280:
279:
278:
266:
265:
264:
255:
245:
242:Charles Little
235:
229:Charles Portal
222:
208:
189:
188:
187:
178:
164:
161:
101:
98:
49:
46:
38:United Nations
34:United Kingdom
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3477:
3466:
3463:
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3458:
3456:
3453:
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3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3402:
3400:
3385:(grandfather)
3384:
3381:
3379:(grandmother)
3378:
3375:
3373:(grandfather)
3372:
3369:
3366:
3363:
3360:
3357:
3354:
3351:
3348:
3345:
3342:
3339:
3336:
3333:
3330:
3327:
3324:
3321:
3318:
3315:
3312:
3309:
3308:
3306:
3304:
3300:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3273:
3269:
3266:
3262:
3259:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3237:
3233:
3231:
3230:Norway Debate
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3217:
3215:
3211:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
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3154:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3137:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3125:Epstein busts
3123:
3119:
3116:
3115:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3097:
3094:
3093:
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3063:
3062:
3060:
3054:
3047:
3043:
3040:
3036:
3033:
3029:
3026:
3022:
3019:
3015:
3012:
3008:
3005:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2994:
2988:
2986:
2982:
2980:
2978:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2965:
2961:
2959:
2957:
2953:
2951:
2949:
2945:
2943:
2941:
2940:My Early Life
2937:
2935:
2933:
2929:
2927:
2925:
2921:
2919:
2917:
2913:
2911:
2909:
2905:
2903:
2901:
2900:The River War
2897:
2895:
2893:
2889:
2887:
2885:
2881:
2880:
2878:
2874:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2847:
2846:
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2842:
2840:
2836:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2774:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2764:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2747:
2742:
2740:
2735:
2733:
2728:
2727:
2724:
2712:
2711:
2702:
2701:
2698:
2697:
2693:
2691:
2690:
2686:
2685:
2682:
2675:
2672:
2669:
2666:
2664:(grandfather)
2663:
2660:
2658:(grandfather)
2657:
2654:
2651:
2648:
2645:
2642:
2639:
2636:
2633:
2630:
2627:
2624:
2621:
2618:
2615:
2612:
2609:
2606:
2603:
2600:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2589:
2582:
2576:
2573:
2569:
2567:
2563:
2561:
2559:
2555:
2553:
2551:
2547:
2545:
2543:
2539:
2537:
2535:
2531:
2529:
2527:
2523:
2521:
2519:
2515:
2513:
2511:
2507:
2505:
2501:
2499:
2497:
2493:
2491:
2489:
2485:
2484:
2482:
2480:
2478:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2461:
2457:
2455:
2453:
2452:Four Freedoms
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2441:
2436:
2434:
2433:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2414:
2411:
2410:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2383:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2368:
2366:
2362:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2334:
2331:
2330:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2317:
2316:Groton School
2314:
2313:
2312:
2309:
2308:
2306:
2302:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2279:
2276:
2275:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2225:
2223:
2221:
2217:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2205:Business Plot
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2187:
2185:
2181:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2139:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2127:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2100:
2099:Four Freedoms
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2080:
2078:
2072:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2044:
2041:
2040:
2039:
2036:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2018:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1946:
1945:
1942:
1941:
1939:
1937:
1931:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1894:"Brain Trust"
1892:
1890:
1887:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1872:Supreme Court
1870:
1869:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1842:Black Cabinet
1840:
1836:
1835:
1831:
1830:
1829:
1828:Four Freedoms
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1797:
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1782:
1779:
1778:
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1766:
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1757:
1754:
1753:
1752:
1749:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
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1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1723:
1720:
1719:
1718:
1715:
1711:
1708:
1707:
1706:
1703:
1699:
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1627:
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1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1611:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1555:
1551:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1513:
1509:
1508:
1505:
1501:
1494:
1489:
1487:
1482:
1480:
1475:
1474:
1471:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1450:
1448:
1444:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1419:
1417:
1415:Organizations
1413:
1406:
1403:
1400:
1397:
1394:
1391:
1388:
1385:
1382:
1379:
1376:
1373:
1370:
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1364:
1361:
1358:
1355:
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1349:
1347:
1344:
1340:
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1334:
1331:
1328:
1325:
1322:
1319:
1316:
1313:
1310:
1307:
1304:
1301:
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2809:As a painter
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2183:Other events
2074:Presidential
2060:Europe first
1934:Presidential
1909:Official car
1832:
1823:Roerich Pact
1212:and treaties
1210:Declarations
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1070:(1941â 1942)
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638:. Retrieved
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539:. Retrieved
529:
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393:J. L. McCrea
366:H. H. Arnold
328:R. K. Turner
318:J. H. Towers
308:Rear Admiral
272:Lord Halifax
202:Dudley Pound
163:Participants
149:
133:Europe first
130:
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51:
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3341:Mary Soames
2855:conferences
2814:As a writer
2350:Top Cottage
2328:Adams House
1944:Banana Wars
1544:(1911â1913)
1536:(1913â1920)
1528:(1929â1932)
1517:(1933â1945)
1030:Conferences
436:T. V. Soong
379:L. T. Gerow
311:F. J. Horne
303:U. S. Fleet
289:H. R. Stark
258:Air Marshal
248:Lt. General
82:Philippines
74:Wake Island
3399:Categories
3349:(grandson)
3343:(daughter)
3337:(daughter)
3331:(daughter)
3319:(daughter)
3058:depictions
3056:Legacy and
2838:Ministries
2610:(daughter)
2278:theme song
1996:Lend-Lease
1568:Transition
1554:Presidency
983:2014-07-21
918:Parameters
905:Chapter VI
541:2022-07-17
521:References
414:U. S. Army
299:E. J. King
80:, and the
48:Background
3367:(brother)
3225:Chartwell
2588:Roosevelt
2454:paintings
2440:Roosevelt
2333:FDR Suite
2220:Elections
2006:Hull note
1914:Criticism
894:Chapter V
752:3 October
688:3 October
555:Drea 1998
320:, Chief,
215:John Dill
66:Hong Kong
62:Singapore
3361:(mother)
3355:(father)
3183:Woodford
2996:Speeches
2876:Writings
2850:timeline
2824:His pets
2710:Category
2646:(mother)
2640:(father)
2076:speeches
1614:overview
1609:New Deal
1559:timeline
908:Archived
897:Archived
746:Archived
716:Archived
682:Archived
634:Archived
602:Archived
448:See also
426:W.D.G.S.
297:Admiral
3213:Related
3195:Toronto
3169:London
3163:Statues
3070:Honours
2892:Savrola
2376:Statues
1889:Cabinet
1446:Related
1335:(1943)
927:(2012)
892:(1953)
608:8 April
390:Captain
351:General
286:Admiral
238:Admiral
159:(ETO).
100:History
90:Germany
26:ARCADIA
3313:(wife)
3303:Family
3118:others
2966:(1938)
2958:(1937)
2942:(1930)
2926:(1906)
2918:(1900)
2910:(1900)
2902:(1899)
2886:(1898)
2604:(wife)
2593:Delano
2584:Family
2483:Films
2364:Legacy
1407:(1990)
1401:(1955)
1395:(1951)
1389:(1947)
1383:(1945)
1377:(1945)
1371:(1945)
1365:(1945)
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871:(1992)
843:
803:
583:, 1997
70:Hawaii
64:, and
58:Malaya
3325:(son)
3190:Paris
2674:Major
2634:(son)
2628:(son)
2622:(son)
2616:(son)
2506:1976,
2174:1945)
977:(PDF)
640:3 May
486:Notes
419:Major
141:China
94:Italy
2760:Life
2668:Fala
2544:2012
2536:2005
2512:1977
2498:1960
2490:1947
2438:USS
2430:USS
2295:1944
2290:1940
2285:1936
2273:1932
2263:1944
2258:1940
2253:1936
2248:1932
2243:1924
2233:1930
2159:1940
2154:1939
2149:1938
1776:9102
1589:4th)
1523:44th
1512:32nd
903:and
841:ISBN
801:ISBN
754:2009
724:2010
690:2009
642:2015
610:2015
510:See
497:See
250:Sir
240:Sir
227:Sir
213:Sir
108:and
92:and
78:Guam
16:The
2566:FDR
1584:3rd
1579:2nd
1574:1st
410:GHQ
406:G-2
199:Sir
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