222:
shrines should be smashed." The
Islamic extremist group claimed that any representation of a God, or statue of worship that was not a representation of the Islamic God (Allah) or Islamic scripture was not fit for display. Only a month after this statement was released, explosives were planted and detonated resulting in the collapse of the two Buddhas as well as causing significant further instability of the cliff niches. Stability has been brought back to the Bamiyan Valley today and the historic Buddhas have been returned to their original stature as 3D light projections. The recent occupation of Afghanistan in February 2021 has put cultural experts on high alert as they remember the past consequences of Taliban rule. Current archaeological heritage sites and historical valuables across the country may be in danger once again. Due to Afghanistanâs long and rich cultural history, what the Taliban would consider âsacrilegiousâ monuments are commonly encountered in the archaeological field and littered across the country. However, soon after reclaiming control, the Taliban released a statement, stating that they would endeavour to "robustly protect, monitor and preserve" ancient artefacts, stop "illegal digs" and protect "all historic sites". Many academics consider this proclamation to be disingenuous and in truth, a strategic political move to avoid negative international attention. The Talibanâs management of cultural sites and archaeological treasures in the future will confirm the validity of this statement.
277:), immediately moved to aid in the reconstruction and rehabilitation of various Afghan cultural heritage sites after the Taliban lost control in 2001. One of UNESCOâs most famous projects in Afghanistan was the safeguard and rehabilitation of The Bamiyan Temples. Initially a team from UNESCO was sent to the site to review the ruins just after the collapse and stabilise the site as best they could. In July 2002 a second party was sent, in conjunction with the International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS), and permanent surveillance of the site was established before work eventually started on the reconstruction and consolidation. This site was placed on the World Heritage list in July 2003. In total there has been significant international support for the restoration of various cultural sites in Afghanistan. Since 2005, UNESCO has organized over seven million dollars of pledge support from countries such as Japan, Italy, Switzerland, Germany, and America. In addition to funding, UNESCO have supported the Afghan government as they endeavour to spread awareness about the importance of Afghanistan cultural heritage. Publishing and funding research papers and hosting cultural events are a few ways they continue to do this.
206:
261:
exported all over the world. Stolen items have been found on their way to Russia, China, the UK, and so far as Japan. Artefacts rarely return to
Afghanistan museums and safeholds. SPACH has in the past been able to reposes very few stolen and traded artefacts, all at a very high asking price. On the 23rd of April, 1997, ten relics originally belonging to the National Museum of Afghanistan were bought from a group of Pakistani traders carrying out business in Peshawar. These articles ranged dated from medallions from approximately the 2nd century AD, and the
242:
cultural education and a feeling of disconnect with the land as a result of civil unrest. Civil war in
Afghanistan in the early 1990s also left many impoverished Afghans to turn to illegal trading for financial stability, as the country suffered economically and the international demand for authentic Afghan artefacts sky rocketed. By 1998, almost 70% of the treasures stored in the National Museum of Afghanistan had been stolen and sold on. Much of the damage inflicted to archaeological sites continue to occur during the search for equitable artefacts.
143:
the nation to France. This agreement was renewed until 1978, not without revisions, and detailed accounts of the research conducted under this agreement can be found in the 32 volumes of the Mémoires des Délégation Archéologique Française en
Afghanistan. One clause of the agreement states that all archeological findings, except for gold, were to be divided evenly between France and Afghanistan until 1965 when all findings would be declared property of Afghanistan. Archeological materials collected by DAFA were sent to the
135:
257:, historically a safe house for foreigners and used by United Nations staff. This move was to protect ancient artefacts from Taliban interference and avoid any damage caused by the museum buildingâs continuous dilapidation. Despite the Talibanâs public destruction of cultural sites such as the Bamiyan Buddhas, looting actually increased after the Taliban was dispelled from authority in 2001. This could be due to the severe punishment inflicted on those found guilty of the crime.
253:)and placed in secure vaults to protect them from damage. In 2003 the collection was reinstated again. Another example of this kind of proactive response occurred just days before the Talibanâs first occupation in 1996. The Society for the Preservation of Afghanistanâs Culture (SPACH) collaborated with employees at the National museum of Afghanistan to gather approximately 30% of artefacts dated before 1992. These relics were packed and transported to the
62:
1343:
1353:
286:
260:
Common practice is for artefacts to be transported to
Pakistan where they are sold to tourists and other interested buyers. Despite Pakistanâs 1975 Antiquities Act, prohibiting the commercial trade of objects that are over 75 years old, transactions still take place. From Pakistan, treasures can be
142:
Further archeological research would not be conducted in the region until the French signed a 30-year contract with a newly independent
Afghanistan in 1921â22. This contract established DĂ©lĂ©gation ArchĂ©ologique Française en Afghanistan (DAFA), giving the exclusive right of archeological research in
94:
Early 19th century marked the first archaeological investigation, both excavation and recording of historic sites in
Afghanistan. This work was commenced mainly after the British Indian Army officers travelled through the mainland and uncovered the treasures of Afghanistan's ancient history. Their
85:
The first records of archaeological monuments in
Afghanistan were observed by international travellers. Chinese voyagers on their way to visit holy Buddhist temples in Northern India were the first recorders of ancient cultural sites and artefacts. Accounts from 400 A.D. still inform historians of
179:
The Afghan
Institute of Archaeology was established in 1966 which attracted the attention of many foreign missions and resulted in important discoveries post-Second World War. This institute also allowed for significant amount of research by Afghans themselves. Ahmad-'Ali Kohzad of the Historical
90:
left records dating from the seventh century and detail descriptions of ancient
Buddhist artefacts such as the Bamiyan temples. Muslim travellers have kept records from their journeys in the eighth century and similarly describe monuments. European travellers subsequently take over the historical
213:
The beginning of Taliban rule in 1996 put significant stress on museum curators and archaeologists in Afghanistan. Historical artefacts and treasures immediately came under threat of destruction. This anxiety was perhaps not seriously recognised until the late 1990s when the National Museum of
221:
from the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan calling for the destruction of all non-Islamic iconography. He declared that "all statues and non-Islamic shrines located in the different parts of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan must be destroyed. Allah almighty is the only real shrine and all false
154:
Archaeological research under DAFA traced the prosperous societies along the silk road mainly focusing on the Buddhist monasteries of the Kushan and Hellenistic periods. Full-scale excavations began in Hadda in 1926 by French Archaeologist, Barthoux. He recovered over 15,000 artefacts and
241:
The Looting of historical artefacts and subsequent illegal trade has been a practice in Afghanistan for decades in almost every area of the country. This has threatened archaeological heritage and cultural sites. One reason for why looting is such a significant venture for locals is a lack of
293:
Afghanistan is famous for its rich cultural and religious history. As a result of the countryâs position on the Silk Road, Afghanistan has been home to many communities from all around Asia, Europe, and the Middle East. It is a country that can date its human activity back to the
171:
that were uncovered by another French Archeologist, Hackin, in 1937. The French monopoly of archeology began to erode in the mid 19th century as Afghanistan began archeological collaborations with nations such as Italy, Germany, Japan, India, U.K., U.S., and the
233:, an ethnic group who has long been persecuted by the Taliban. The statue was blown up in accordance with the groupâs rhetoric about the display of non-Islamic iconography. This incident is reminiscent of the damage done to the Bamiyan statues in 2001.
196:
were leveled and many of the artefacts were destroyed. Looting was also rife during this conflict and continued through the civil wars that broke out after Soviets withdrew their forces in 1989, into the present day with ongoing conflict in the region.
176:. Research came to a halt as a result of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979 and has been slow to resume due to the instability of the region. Afghanistan has suffered civil wars and its conflict with the Taliban persists into the present day.
122:
alongside his discoveries from ancient Kapisa, Kushan capital of Begram in the 1stâ3rd centuries C.E. The 30,000 coins he recovered during these excavations play a large role in defining the basis of Greco-Bactrain, Indo-Parthian, and Kushan
214:
Afghanistan was subject to significant looting and damage under instruction of the Taliban. One of the most shocking exhibits of Taliban power came about with the destruction of the famous Bamiyan Buddhas in March 2001,
77:. The extremist religious group came to power in 1996, and ordered the destruction of many precious artefacts. The group's recent seizure of control once again in 2021 has put many cultural heritage experts on alert.
587:
Cassar, Brendan; RodrĂguez GarcĂa, Ana Rosa (2006). "Chapter One: The Society for the Preservation of Afghanistan's Cultural Heritage: an Overview of Activities since 1994". In van Krieken-Pieters, Juliette (ed.).
180:
Society of Afghanistan (Anjoman-e Tarik-e Afghnestan, q.v.) surveyed portions of central Afghanistan while Shahibiya Mostamandi and Zemaryalai Tarzi initiated full scale excavations at Hadda (Tepe Sotor).
687:
245:
There have been initiatives in the past to try and remove artefacts form harms way and avoid instances of looting during tumultuous periods of time in the country. The Bactrian Gold also known as the
779:
van Krieken-Pieters, Juliette (2006). "Chapter Thirteen: Dilemmas in the Cultural Heritage Field: The Afghan Case and the Lessons for the Future". In van Krieken-Pieters, Juliette (ed.).
217:
The Taliban announced in July 1999 that they would outlaw any exhumation of historical sites in the country going forward. The next step was on February 26, 2001, a statement was made by
34:, Afghanistan boasts a diverse cultural and religious history. The soil is rich with archaeological treasures and art that have for decades come under threat of destruction and damage.
914:
Manhart, Christian (2006). "Chapter Three: UNESCO's Rehabilitation of Afghanistan's Cultural Heritage: Mandate and Recent Activities". In van Krieken-Pieters, Juliette (ed.).
628:
After the Destruction of Giant Buddha Statues in Bamiyan (Afghanistan) In 2001 : A UNESCO's Emergency Activity for the Recovering and Rehabilitation of Cliff and Niches
249:, is a collection of famous gold articles from the first century AD. In the 1980s these pieces were moved by museum staff to the Presidential Palace (also known as the
95:
inexhaustible curiosity and ability to amass raw archaeological information led to many significant discoveries and laid foundations for modern scientific archaeology.
114:
in the Masson Bombay Dispatches in 1834. This British antiquarian is also known to have surveyed and excavated a significant number of Buddhist artefacts around
98:
Two of these many investigation efforts deserve attention. During the period of antiquity, a British envoy by the name of James Lewis abandoned his post for the
695:
333:
73:
or continue to be uncovered in the field. Unfortunately they face serious threat of destruction and damage as a result of illegal trade, looting and the
1257:
163:
are the most well-known artefacts from the Bamiyan Valley for being the largest standing Buddhas in the world and for their destruction by the
984:
554:
1377:
1308:
923:
788:
597:
372:
710:
128:
1318:
205:
1232:
144:
70:
229:
in the province of Bamiyan. In 1995, Mazari was killed by the Taliban because of his leadership and advocacy for the Shiite
1277:
254:
1067:
1313:
1272:
1177:
1007:
1282:
660:
Reza 'Husseini', Said (AprilâJune 2012). "Destruction of Bamiyan Buddhas Taliban Iconoclasm and Hazara Response".
1227:
1192:
1147:
1017:
1117:
1112:
1237:
1212:
1197:
1127:
1107:
1057:
1027:
999:
977:
1323:
1202:
1077:
1267:
1217:
1152:
1142:
1042:
1242:
1172:
1157:
1022:
388:
1287:
1222:
1122:
1102:
1052:
1037:
1032:
1328:
1247:
1207:
1162:
1137:
1097:
1062:
1012:
134:
1167:
1132:
1087:
1082:
189:
54:. The world's oldest-known oil paintings, dating to the 7th c. AD, were found in caves in Afghanistan's
1187:
1092:
1182:
1072:
1047:
889:
916:
Art and archaeology of Afghanistan : its fall and survival : a multi-disciplinary approach
781:
Art and archaeology of Afghanistan : its fall and survival : a multi-disciplinary approach
736:
590:
Art and archaeology of Afghanistan : its fall and survival : a multi-disciplinary approach
225:
On the August 18, 2021, the Taliban caused the destruction of an erected statue of political leader
38:, mainly conducted by British and French antiquarians, has had a heavy focus on the treasure filled
1297:
970:
1352:
127:
history of Afghanistan. Most of the treasures and artefacts that Lewis recovered were sent to the
428:
193:
160:
99:
47:
46:
from the 1st c. BCE â 6th c. AD. Particularly the ancient civilizations in the region during the
562:
334:"The Taliban's rule threatens what's left of Afghanistan's dazzlingly diverse cultural history"
919:
846:
784:
593:
368:
362:
111:
209:
The taller Buddha of Bamiyan before(left) and after(right) destruction by the Taliban in 2001
533:
476:
226:
65:
A detail of the buddhist paintings at Bamiyan, the oldest known oil paintings in the world.
61:
496:
737:"With Taliban Forces in Control, Afghanistan's Cultural Heritage Faces Renewed Threats"
168:
103:
55:
1371:
1346:
265:. These negotiations can be arduous and difficult to secure, dragging on for years.
148:
110:, and Afghanistan and he would later record detailed accounts of his travels for the
51:
688:"The Taliban destroyed Afghanistan's ancient treasures. Will history repeat itself?"
481:
358:
295:
173:
31:
817:
Keeping history alive: safeguarding cultural heritage in post-conflict Afghanistan
763:
The Hellenistic Far East: Archeology, language and Identity in Greek Central Aisia
1356:
246:
218:
124:
285:
262:
250:
850:
537:
119:
43:
641:
Brodie, Neil (December 2018). "Stolen history: looting and illicit trade".
957:
835:"Looting and the World's Archaeological Heritage: The Inadequate Response"
819:. Paris: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization.
303:
107:
87:
39:
432:
834:
307:
230:
164:
74:
962:
711:"Taliban destroy statue of foe, stoking fears after moderation claims"
289:
Stupa from Buddhist Bronze age settlement in Mes Aynak, Logar Province
273:
The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (
167:. However, Bamiyan is also home to the famous Begram glasses and
451:
Archaeology of Afghanistan: From Earliest Times to the Timurid Period
298:
period (c. 30,000 BCE). Although the current national religion is
274:
106:. His three-year travels would take him through Northern India,
555:"Afghanistan: Rediscovering the Past - Two Centuries of Archaeology"
302:, evidence of the existence of various religions such as Buddhism,
159:
that were divided between Kabul and Paris. The world-renowned
864:
Pugachenkova, G.A.; Rempel, L.I. (1991). "Gold from Tillia-pepe".
299:
284:
204:
156:
133:
115:
60:
27:
23:
19:
966:
815:
Cassar, Brendan; Noshadi, Sara; Ashraf Ghani, Mohammad (2015).
524:
Errington, Elizabeth Jane (2001). "Charles Masson and Begram".
58:. The valley is also home to the famous Buddhas of Bamiyan.
419:
Ansari, Massoud (April 2002). "Plundering of Afghanistan".
69:
Many of these valuable artefacts are either stored in the
310:
can be found in archaeological sites across the country.
102:
at Agra in 1827 and headed north-east under the alias of
559:
Center for Environmental Management of Military Lands
332:
Droogan, Julian; Choat, Malcolm (15 September 2021).
1296:
1256:
998:
694:. Photographs by Robert Nickelsberg. Archived from
810:
808:
806:
804:
802:
800:
828:
826:
681:
679:
677:
675:
519:
517:
138:Begram glass sent to Paris after being uncovered
582:
580:
774:
772:
621:
619:
617:
615:
613:
611:
609:
327:
325:
323:
978:
765:. California: University of California Press.
389:"World's oldest oil paintings in Afghanistan"
8:
549:
547:
269:International support and UNESCO involvement
890:"Museum Under Siege: The Plunder Continues"
985:
971:
963:
883:
881:
879:
630:. New York: Springer Berlin / Heidelberg.
480:
444:
442:
155:fragments from eight monasteries and 500
149:Museé national des Arts Asiatiques-Guimet
414:
412:
410:
319:
131:in London where most are housed today.
18:Located on the strategic crossroads of
453:. England: Edinburgh University Press.
237:Looting and Illegal trade of artefacts
833:Brodie, Neil; Renfrew, Colin (2005).
192:archeological sites like the ones at
7:
466:
464:
462:
460:
81:History of archeology in Afghanistan
662:Himalayan and Central Asian Studies
14:
918:. Leiden: Brill. pp. 49â60.
686:Lawler, Andrew (13 August 2021).
592:. Leiden: Brill. pp. 15â37.
1351:
1342:
1341:
367:. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 335.
281:Artefacts of Religious diversity
482:10.1163/2330-4804_eiro_com_9386
1309:British Indian Ocean Territory
941:Amazing wonders of Afghanistan
866:Bulletin of the Asia Institute
783:. Leiden: Brill. p. 206.
71:National Museum of Afghanistan
1:
839:Annual Review of Anthropology
255:Hotel Inter-Continental Kabul
86:these sites.The Chinese monk
692:National Geographic: History
626:Margottini, Claudio (2015).
145:Afghanistan National Museum
42:monasteries that lined the
1394:
1378:Archaeology of Afghanistan
100:British East India Company
36:Archaeology of Afghanistan
1337:
449:Allchin, Raymond (2019).
1058:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
184:Destruction of artefacts
1319:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
538:10.3406/topoi.2001.1941
939:Lee, Jonathan (2014).
761:Mairs, Rachel (2014).
526:Topoi. Orient-Occident
290:
210:
139:
66:
888:Dupree, Nancy Hatch.
501:Encyclopaedia Iranica
473:Encyclopaedia Iranica
288:
208:
137:
64:
1233:United Arab Emirates
993:Archaeology in Asia
741:Architectural Digest
643:Museum International
219:Mullah Mohammed Omar
1260:limited recognition
958:www.archaeology.org
894:Archaeology Archive
565:on 12 November 2020
364:Archaeology of Asia
709:Steinbuch, Yaron.
291:
211:
161:Buddhas of Bamiyan
140:
67:
48:Hellenistic period
1365:
1364:
1302:other territories
735:Ditmars, Hadani.
698:on 29 March 2022.
497:"Masson, Charles"
190:Soviet-Afghan War
147:in Kabul and the
112:Bombay Government
1385:
1355:
1345:
1344:
1314:Christmas Island
1000:Sovereign states
987:
980:
973:
964:
945:
944:
943:. Kabul: Rahmat.
936:
930:
929:
911:
905:
904:
902:
900:
885:
874:
873:
861:
855:
854:
830:
821:
820:
812:
795:
794:
776:
767:
766:
758:
752:
751:
749:
747:
732:
726:
725:
723:
721:
706:
700:
699:
683:
670:
669:
657:
651:
650:
638:
632:
631:
623:
604:
603:
584:
575:
574:
572:
570:
561:. Archived from
551:
542:
541:
521:
512:
511:
509:
507:
493:
487:
486:
484:
468:
455:
454:
446:
437:
436:
416:
405:
404:
402:
400:
385:
379:
378:
359:Stark, Miriam T.
355:
349:
348:
346:
344:
338:The Conversation
329:
306:, Hellenism and
227:Abdul Ali Mazari
1393:
1392:
1388:
1387:
1386:
1384:
1383:
1382:
1368:
1367:
1366:
1361:
1333:
1301:
1292:
1273:Northern Cyprus
1259:
1252:
994:
991:
954:
949:
948:
938:
937:
933:
926:
913:
912:
908:
898:
896:
887:
886:
877:
863:
862:
858:
832:
831:
824:
814:
813:
798:
791:
778:
777:
770:
760:
759:
755:
745:
743:
734:
733:
729:
719:
717:
708:
707:
703:
685:
684:
673:
659:
658:
654:
640:
639:
635:
625:
624:
607:
600:
586:
585:
578:
568:
566:
553:
552:
545:
523:
522:
515:
505:
503:
495:
494:
490:
471:"Excavations".
470:
469:
458:
448:
447:
440:
418:
417:
408:
398:
396:
395:. 22 April 2008
387:
386:
382:
375:
357:
356:
352:
342:
340:
331:
330:
321:
316:
283:
271:
239:
203:
186:
83:
12:
11:
5:
1391:
1389:
1381:
1380:
1370:
1369:
1363:
1362:
1360:
1359:
1349:
1338:
1335:
1334:
1332:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1305:
1303:
1294:
1293:
1291:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1264:
1262:
1254:
1253:
1251:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1004:
1002:
996:
995:
992:
990:
989:
982:
975:
967:
961:
960:
953:
952:External links
950:
947:
946:
931:
925:978-9004151826
924:
906:
875:
856:
822:
796:
790:978-9004151826
789:
768:
753:
727:
701:
671:
652:
633:
605:
599:978-9004151826
598:
576:
543:
532:(1): 357â409.
513:
488:
456:
438:
406:
380:
374:978-1405102131
373:
350:
318:
317:
315:
312:
282:
279:
270:
267:
238:
235:
202:
199:
185:
182:
129:British Museum
104:Charles Masson
82:
79:
56:Bamiyan Valley
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1390:
1379:
1376:
1375:
1373:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1348:
1340:
1339:
1336:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1306:
1304:
1299:
1295:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1283:South Ossetia
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1255:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1005:
1003:
1001:
997:
988:
983:
981:
976:
974:
969:
968:
965:
959:
956:
955:
951:
942:
935:
932:
927:
921:
917:
910:
907:
895:
891:
884:
882:
880:
876:
871:
867:
860:
857:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
829:
827:
823:
818:
811:
809:
807:
805:
803:
801:
797:
792:
786:
782:
775:
773:
769:
764:
757:
754:
742:
738:
731:
728:
716:
715:New York Post
712:
705:
702:
697:
693:
689:
682:
680:
678:
676:
672:
667:
663:
656:
653:
648:
644:
637:
634:
629:
622:
620:
618:
616:
614:
612:
610:
606:
601:
595:
591:
583:
581:
577:
564:
560:
556:
550:
548:
544:
539:
535:
531:
527:
520:
518:
514:
502:
498:
492:
489:
483:
478:
474:
467:
465:
463:
461:
457:
452:
445:
443:
439:
434:
430:
426:
422:
415:
413:
411:
407:
394:
390:
384:
381:
376:
370:
366:
365:
360:
354:
351:
339:
335:
328:
326:
324:
320:
313:
311:
309:
305:
301:
297:
287:
280:
278:
276:
268:
266:
264:
258:
256:
252:
248:
243:
236:
234:
232:
228:
223:
220:
215:
207:
200:
198:
195:
191:
183:
181:
177:
175:
170:
166:
162:
158:
152:
150:
146:
136:
132:
130:
126:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
96:
92:
89:
80:
78:
76:
72:
63:
59:
57:
53:
52:Kushan Empire
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
29:
25:
21:
16:
1298:Dependencies
1228:Turkmenistan
1193:Saudi Arabia
940:
934:
915:
909:
897:. Retrieved
893:
869:
865:
859:
842:
838:
816:
780:
762:
756:
744:. Retrieved
740:
730:
718:. Retrieved
714:
704:
696:the original
691:
665:
661:
655:
646:
642:
636:
627:
589:
567:. Retrieved
563:the original
558:
529:
525:
504:. Retrieved
500:
491:
472:
450:
427:(2): 18â20.
424:
420:
397:. Retrieved
392:
383:
363:
353:
343:15 September
341:. Retrieved
337:
296:Palaeolithic
292:
272:
259:
244:
240:
224:
216:
212:
201:Taliban Rule
187:
178:
174:Soviet Union
153:
141:
97:
93:
84:
68:
35:
32:Central Asia
17:
15:
1357:Asia portal
1258:States with
1178:Philippines
1118:South Korea
1113:North Korea
1008:Afghanistan
845:: 343â361.
668:(2): 15â50.
569:12 November
506:12 November
421:Archaeology
247:Tillya Tepe
188:During the
1238:Uzbekistan
1213:Tajikistan
1128:Kyrgyzstan
1108:Kazakhstan
1028:Bangladesh
1018:Azerbaijan
314:References
263:Bronze Age
251:Arg, Kabul
151:in Paris.
125:numismatic
1324:Hong Kong
1278:Palestine
1203:Sri Lanka
1198:Singapore
1078:Indonesia
851:0084-6570
399:16 August
120:Jalalabad
91:record.
44:silk road
1372:Category
1347:Category
1268:Abkhazia
1218:Thailand
1173:Pakistan
1153:Mongolia
1148:Maldives
1143:Malaysia
1043:Cambodia
872:: 11â25.
746:23 March
720:23 March
433:41779651
361:(2005).
304:Hinduism
108:Pakistan
88:Xuanzang
50:and the
40:Buddhist
1243:Vietnam
1158:Myanmar
1138:Lebanon
1068:Georgia
1023:Bahrain
1013:Armenia
393:Reuters
308:Judaism
231:Hazaras
169:ivories
165:Taliban
75:Taliban
1288:Taiwan
1223:Turkey
1188:Russia
1123:Kuwait
1103:Jordan
1093:Israel
1053:Cyprus
1038:Brunei
1033:Bhutan
922:
899:23 May
849:
787:
649:(3â4).
596:
431:
371:
275:UNESCO
157:stupas
1329:Macau
1248:Yemen
1208:Syria
1183:Qatar
1163:Nepal
1098:Japan
1073:India
1063:Egypt
1048:China
429:JSTOR
300:Islam
194:Hadda
116:Kabul
28:China
24:India
1168:Oman
1133:Laos
1088:Iraq
1083:Iran
920:ISBN
901:2022
847:ISSN
785:ISBN
748:2022
722:2022
594:ISBN
571:2020
508:2020
401:2015
369:ISBN
345:2021
118:and
30:and
20:Iran
1300:and
534:doi
477:doi
1374::
892:.
878:^
868:.
843:34
841:.
837:.
825:^
799:^
771:^
739:.
713:.
690:.
674:^
666:16
664:.
647:55
645:.
608:^
579:^
557:.
546:^
530:11
528:.
516:^
499:.
475:.
459:^
441:^
425:55
423:.
409:^
391:.
336:.
322:^
26:,
22:,
986:e
979:t
972:v
928:.
903:.
870:5
853:.
793:.
750:.
724:.
602:.
573:.
540:.
536::
510:.
485:.
479::
435:.
403:.
377:.
347:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
