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similar stone walls, raised walkways and platforms. One important difference were the greater number of earth ovens uncovered at the Savai'i site. The team at the Mt Olo site had previously theorised that earth ovens were a sign of social ranking and status. When these surveys were completed in 1976, Jackmond's Peace Corp work was extended for a further two years and he carried out field work on the extensive prehistoric settlements in
Palauli district. Earlier mapping of Savai'i including the Pulemelei mound had been carried out by S.D. Scott and Alistair G. Buist in 1969. Their field work on Savai'i in 1969 showed archaeological remains of dense inland settlements prior to European contact in
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700ā900 years ago as a 60x65 meter large and 3 meter high platform which was outlined of cut stone on edge. It was built on top of an earlier settlement that is at least 2000 years old with finds of pot sherds, stone tools and hearths. Around 400ā500 years ago the mound was added on with to reach a high of 12 meter and two walkways were constructed in the west and east side of the mound. Pulemelei mound is a central place in a large scale settlement area on the slopes of
Palauli that were abandoned in the 18th century.
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between 1100 and 1400 AD. In general, the platforms averaged 236 Ā± 251 m in basal area and 46 Ā± 52 cm in height. The platforms were rectangular or oval in shape, except for two small star mounds 7.8 m (7 arms) and 10 m (5 arms) in diameter and 50 cm in height. All the mounds are constructed of basalt stones and boulders.
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and
Vailele. The mounds mainly lay three-quarters of a mile inland at an elevation of 200 ft above sea level. Of the eight mounds in the area, 7 were truncated, rectangular pyramids constructed of earth. The eighth was conical, truncated and made of earth and stone. The largest Laupule, measured
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which had previously been reported by other archaeologists. The
Pulemelei mound is 50 m Ć 61 m and 12 m high. From the ground, it slopes inward and upwards, in steps, to a flat level top. From the top of Pulemelei, one can view the sea looking south. Estimated dates of construction place it
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The prehistoric settlement at Letolo is situated in the
Palauli district on the south coast at the east end of Savai'i. The site is situated on land which is known in modern times as the Nelson Plantation under the Nelson Corporation Board. During colonialism in the late 19th century, the land came
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Part of
Davidson and Green's work was studying the settlement patterns of Samoan communities. Davidson noted, "The archaeologist engaged in site surveys in Samoa is confronted with a bewildering range of archaeological sites which often seem to be continuously distributed over the land". Golson's
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The archaeological survey showed that there were once literally hundreds of household units, which extended far inland beyond the mapped area, past the
Pulemelei stone mound. The main pathway through the settlement went on to cross the mountainous interior of Savai'i in an 'old road' mentioned by
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Jackmond's survey during 1977 - 1978 at Letolo covered an area from the south coast to gently sloping land 3 km inland to an elevation of 135m at the northern edge. The area is bounded on the east side by the
Faleata River and on the west side by the Seugagogo River. Within the 198.8-hectare
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Extensive archaeological excavations were carried out at
Pulemelei mound during the years 2002-2004 by Helene Martinsson-Wallin The Kon-Tiki Museum/Gotland University and adjunct professor at The National University of Samoa. The excavations showed that Pulemelei mound started to be built around
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with radio carbon dates of 930-800 BC. Up to 2008, all known pottery in Samoa is 'plain ware' except for those excavated at
Mulifanua. An important part of Davidson's work in Samoa over the years focused on settlement patterns before European contact. She became the first to make a case based on
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who has made major contributions to the field of archaeology in Samoa and the rest of the Pacific. Green and Davidson laid the groundwork for archaeology in Samoa. Among the many findings of this project were ceramics on Upolu and Apolima. However, a key finding near the end of this trip was the
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where 4,288 pottery sherds and two Lapita type adzes have been recovered. The site has a true age of circa 3,000 BP based on C14 dating on a shell. The submerged Lapita site at Mulifanua was discovered in 1973 during work carried out to expand the inter-island ferry berth. With changing coastal
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on Savai'i. Extensive pre-historic settlement ruins were surveyed, mapped and excavated in August, September and October 1974, 1976 and 1977 under the University of Utah Samoan Archaeological Program. From 1978 to 1979, further field work was carried out with extensive surveys of a pre-historic
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on the south coast. Archaeological work at Sapapali'i was carried out by Jackmond, who surveyed a 20-hectare (49-acre) area and discovered extensive prehistoric ruins. The data from Jackmond's work at Sapapali'i tended to replicate the data collected at the Mt Olo Plantation site on Upolu with
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Davidson was also the first to examine inland settlements at Mt Olo Plantation, at the west end of Upolu. In 1973, another team, unaware of Davidson's earlier examination, located an extensive area of ruined platforms, walls and walkways. The field work at Mt Olo Plantation was carried out at
323:(491-acre) area surveyed, approximately 3,000 features of human manufacture were recorded, including foundation platforms, 64.6 km of stone fences, primary and secondary walkways, and some 300 house sites. A total of 1059 platforms were recorded; the largest of these is
411:). The largest measured 384 ft (which made it longer than the main Laupule mound), with a width of 235 ft and height of 15 ft. According to oral tradition, the Laupule mound was associated with a figure called Tupuivao in the 17th century.
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346 ft Ć 314 ft at the base with a height of 40 ft. Three smaller mounds were situated close to it. All lay on the west side of the Tausala stream. On the other side of the stream were three mounds which all came under the name Tapuitea (
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Samoan Plain Ware Ceramics of Tutuila Island, American SÄmoa:Some thoughts on their Spatial and Chronological Distribution by David J. Addison, Jeffery Toloa, Tuipuavai Tago, Siaki Vaueli, Recent Advances in the Archaeology of the Fiji/West-Polynesia
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Review of Report of 1976 and 1977 field seasons of the University of Utah Samoan Archaeological Program by Janet Davidson, University of Otago, Journal of the Polynesian Society, Vol. 90, No. 4, 1981. Retrieved 2 November
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of New Zealand, in 1944. He found an 'elaborate system of platforms' constructed of lava rocks raised to a height of about 2ā3 feet above the cave floor, stone adzes typical of the prehistoric types found in the country,
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work in 1957 suggested that settlements occurred inland followed by later settlements along the coast, which had been the predominant pattern since the earliest European arrival in Samoa in the 19th century.
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Samoan Village Patterns: Four Examples by Jesse D. Jennings, Richard Holmer and Gregory Jackmond, University of Utah, Journal of the Polynesian Society, Vol. 91, No. 1, 1982. Retrieved 1 November 2009
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Samoan Village Patterns: Four Examples by Jesse D. Jennings, Richard Holmer and Gregory Jackmond, University of Utah, Journal of the Polynesian Society, Vol. 91, No. 1, 1982. Retrieved 1 November 2009
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Samoan Village Patterns:Four Examples by Jesse D. Jennings, Richard Holmer and Gregory Jackmond, University of Utah. Journal of the Polynesian Society, Vol. 91, No.1. 1982. Retrieved 1 November 2009
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Earlier accounts of 'earthmounds' and 'monumental architecture' were known but no scientific surveys were carried out until Golson's in-depth work in 1957. Golson also carried out field work on
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archaeological field work for the distribution of a much greater Samoan population in the 17th and 18th centuries AD. Early population estimates in the 19th century had been vastly different.
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New Information for the Ferry Berth Site, Mulifanua, Western Samoa by Roger C. Green & Helen M. Leach, Journal of the Polynesian Society, Vol. 98, No. 3, 1989. Retrieved 29 December 2009
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New Information for the Ferry Berth Site, Mulifanua, Western Samoa by Roger C. Green and Helen M. Leach, Journal of the Polynesian Society, Vol. 98, 1989, No. 3. Retrieved 1 November 2009
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The Growth and Collapse of Pacific Island Societies: Archaeological and Demographic Perspectives by Patrick Vinton Kirch and Jean-Louis Rallu, p. 222. Retrieved 1 November 2009
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Archaeological Excavations at the Siutu Midden Site, Savaiāi Island by Tomo Ishimura and Tomohiro Inoue, The Journal of Samoan Studies, Vol. 2, 1006. Retrieved 1 November 2009
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214:). These excavations and subsequent field studies by Martinsson-Wallin at the Letolo plantation, Malaefono Starmound and Fale o le Fe'e, led to a collaboration with the
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shorelines over time, scientists studying the site found evidence that the submerged site was once a sandy beach by a lagoon. This is the only site in Samoa where
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Settlement Patterns in Samoa before 1840 by Janet M Davidson, The Journal of the Polynesian Society, Vol. 78 1969, No. 1, p. 44-82. Retrieved 1 November 2009
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In 2002-2004 extensive excavations were carried out at the Pulemelei mound in Savai'i under the leadership of the Swedish archaeologist Helene Martinsson-Wallin (
641:, p. 97, editors David J. Addison and Christophe Sand. University of Otago Studies in Prehistoric Anthropology No. 21, Dunedin 2008. Retrieved 1 November 2009
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Temper sands in prehistoric Oceanian pottery: geotectonics, sedimentology, petrography, provenance by William R. Dickinson, p. 34. Retrieved 2 November 2009
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Settlement Patterns in Samoa before 1840 by Janet M Davidson, The Journal of the Polynesian Society, Vol. 78 1969, No. 1, p.44-82. Retrieved 1 November 2009
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on the island's north coast. There is evidence of human occupation in Samoa's prehistory and that the caves were used as a place of refuge by the people of
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Samoa Observer - local news, reviews & opinion on Samoa, business, sports, movies, travel, books, jobs, education, real estate, cars & more at ..
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Samoan archaeology: a review of research history by Helene Martinsson-Wallin, Archaeology in Oceania, October 01, 2007. Retrieved 1 November 2009
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Samoan archaeology: a review of research history by Helene Martinsson-Wallin, Archaeology in Oceania, October 01, 2007. Retrieved 1 November 2009
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pottery remains, associated with Lapita 'culture', have been found in other parts of Samoa, including the first sample found by Golson at
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Environmental Factors Inhibiting GPS on Tutuila Island, American Samoa by Taylor Houston and Epi Suafo'a, 2001. Retrieved 1 November 2009
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extending inland two to three kilometers. Janet Davidson spent six months carrying out site surveys on Upolu (1965ā1966) in Sasoa'a at
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The Falemauga Caves by JD Freeman, The Journal of the Polynesian Society, Vol. 53, 1944, No. 3, p.86-106. Retrieved 31 January 2010
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research institute/Gotland University) in collaboration with Paul Wallin (Kon-Tiki Museum/Gotland University) and Geoffrey Clark (
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Lagaga: a short history of Western Samoa by Malama Meleisea and Penelope Schoeffel Meleisea, p.20. Retrieved 2 November 2009
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The Vailele Earthmounds by J.D. Freeman, Journal of the Polynesian Society, Vol. 53, No. 4, 1944. Retrieved 2 November 2009
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in Honolulu in 1961, archaeologists decided to make a coordinated approach in investigating the region's pre-history.
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are situated in Falemauga, an area in central Upolu about five and a half miles south (inland) from the village of
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Martinsson-Wallin, Helene; Wallin, Paul; Clark, Geoffrey (2007). "3. The Excavation of Pulemelei Site 2002ā2004".
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village on Upolu is comparable to the Pulemelei Mound on Savai'i. In the 1940s, New Zealand anthropologist
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of the New Zealand High Commission in Samoa during examination of pottery sherds with archaeologist
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There were other archaeologists who carried out important field work in Samoa, including American
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different periods over three years under the University of Utah Samoan Archaeological Programme.
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Samoan Archaeological Program recovered prehistoric pottery remains at two coastal middens on
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Key sites in field work on Savai'i island include prehistoric settlements situated inland at
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village in the Aleipata district and at the government owned WSTEC plantation at Mulifanua.
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have uncovered major findings of settlements, stone and earth mounds including star mounds,
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scientists to a likely true age of circa 3,000 BP (Before Present) from a Lapita site at
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Falemauga Caves showing a large chamber with a group of people inside (1957 photo).
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in the 1970s. Jennings led studies at Mt Olo Plantation on Upolu and inland from
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Hempenstall, Peter (2004). "Our Missionaries and Cultural Change in Samoa".
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During 1963-1964, this work was carried out by an international team led by
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carried out excavations in the early 1940s and published his report in the
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village district, Savai'i Island), on the north coast of the island.
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Other sites on Upolu include archaeological remains found inland at
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began with the first systematic survey of archaeological remains on
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The oldest date so far from pre-historic remains in Samoa has been
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short video of Janet Davidson at Te Ara Encyclopedia New Zealand.
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Entry into the plantation is over the bridge at the west end of
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while he was a school teacher in Samoa during the early 1940s.
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cook sites, marine shellfish remains and kitchen middens.
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where he discovered the first pottery sherds in Samoa at
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in 1957. Since then, surveys and studies in the rest of
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Key sites on Upolu island include the Lapita site at
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under German ownership and sold to a Swedish trader
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266:is situated and a midden site at the village of
31:Sketch map showing the central location of the
153:under the Polynesian Archaeology Programme of
80:involves finding the answer to the origins of
76:An important part of archaeology in Samoa and
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800:2011-05-10 at the
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1357:LGBT rights
1079:Earthquakes
966:Archaeology
120:Jack Golson
101:New Zealand
86:linguistics
82:Polynesians
63:Jack Golson
48:New Zealand
1352:Literature
1336:FaŹ»a SÄmoa
1250:(historic)
1241:(currency)
1198:Parliament
1183:Ministries
1116:(mountain)
890:References
782:1885/33898
733:10 October
432:Luatuanu'u
360:Plain Ware
256:Sapapali'i
201:Sapapali'i
188:Sapapali'i
128:I'iga Pisa
97:calculated
61:island by
1330:Ethnicity
1269:Transport
1159:FaŹ»amatai
1153:Elections
1114:Silisili
1074:Districts
1052:Geography
493:Tuamasaga
356:decorated
351:Mulifanua
345:Mulifanua
245:Key sites
203:village.
172:Mulifanua
105:Mulifanua
1430:Category
1415:Category
1377:Religion
1367:Proverbs
1347:Language
1178:Military
1131:Politics
798:Archived
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691:Archived
676:25169695
631:Archived
613:Archived
456:Lalomanu
444:Lotofaga
436:Lufilufi
404:Fagali'i
281:Fagamalo
233:and the
90:genetics
1406:Outline
1315:Culture
1283:Society
1227:Economy
1143:Cabinet
1094:Hotspot
958:History
396:Vailele
388:Vailele
378:Vailele
364:Vailele
285:Matautu
260:Palauli
250:Savai'i
231:Vailele
193:Palauli
163:Apolima
140:Vailele
124:Vailele
111:History
78:Oceania
59:Savai'i
1382:Sports
1305:Cinema
1295:Anthem
1104:Rivers
976:Crisis
674:
639:Region
462:Mt Olo
440:Falefa
390:, 1957
317:Vailoa
310:Safune
291:Letolo
277:Safune
273:Safotu
71:Lapita
1362:Music
1320:Dance
1239:TÄlÄ
1084:Fauna
949:Samoa
672:JSTOR
551:Notes
507:mauga
489:Malie
340:Upolu
268:Siutu
239:Upolu
159:Upolu
136:Upolu
67:Samoa
1342:Flag
1064:Bays
871:2009
735:2014
502:fale
483:The
448:Lepa
438:and
279:and
182:and
161:and
88:and
1262:.ws
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769:doi
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
